These were apparently
entertained
by action, cut his way almost alone through a body of
Metellus, while he sought in fact to gain over the Roman cavalry, and escaped from the field of
adherents of the king, and induce them to betray battle.
Metellus, while he sought in fact to gain over the Roman cavalry, and escaped from the field of
adherents of the king, and induce them to betray battle.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
).
The statements cited by Athenaeus (iv.
p.
177, a. 182, a. 183, e. xiv. p. 660) are evidently
taken from this work.
7. Περί γραφικής, περί ζωγράφων. (Phot. JUBE'LLIUS DEʻCIUS. [Decius. )
Bibl. p. 103, a. ; Harpocrat. s. vv. Ilapsáolos and JUBE'LLIUS TAU'REA. [Taurea. ]
Πολύγνωτος. ) It is not clear whether these two JUDACI'LIUS, a native of Asculum in Pi-
titles indicate the same work or not ; but it seems cenum, was one of the chief generals of the allies
probable that it was a general history of painting, in the Social War, B. c. 90. He first commanded
including the lives of the ost eminent painters. in Apulia where he was very successful: Canusium
The eighth book is cited by Harpocration (s. v. Nap- and Venusia, with many other towns, opened their
δάσιος).
gates to him, and some which refused to obey him
8, 5. Two little treatises of a botanical or me- he took by storm ; the Roman nobles who were
dical nature ; the one concerning the plant Eu- made prisoners he put to death, and the common
phorbia, which grew on Mount Atlas, where Juba people and slaves he enrolled among his troops. In
was the first to discover it, and to which he attri- conjunction with T. Afranius (also called Lafrenius)
buted many valuable medical qualities (Plin. and P. Ventidius, Judacilius defeated Cn. Pompeius
H. N. v. 1, xxv. 38); the other, hepl ómoù, con- Strabo ; but when the latter had in his turn gained
cerning the juice of the poppy, or opium, is cited a victory over Afranius and laid siege to Picenum,
by Galen. (Opp. vol. ii. p. 297. )
Judacilius, anxious to save his native town, cut his
10. Tepl poopas deféus, a grammatical work, way through the enemy's lines, and threw himself
of which the second book is cited by Photius in into the city with eight cohorts. Finding, however,
his Lexicon, and by Suidas (s. v. Exou ploai). that it could possibly hold out much longer, and
Lastly, an epigram by Juba upon a bad actor, of resolved not to survive its fall, he first put to death
the name of Leonteus, is preserved to us by Athe- all his enemies, and then erected a funeral pyre within
naeus (viii. p. 343). It is not calculated to give us the precincts of the chief temple in the city, where he
a high opinion of the poetical powers of the royal banquetted with his friends, and, after taking poison,
grammarian.
he laid himself down on the pile, and commanded
His exalted station did not preserve Juba from his friends to set it on fire. (Appian, B. C. i. 40,
the censure of his rivals among men of letters, and 42, 47, 48 ; Oros. v. 18. )
we learn froin Suidas (s. v. 'lóbas) that his con- JUDAS (ʻloúdas), a Greek historian and theo-
temporary Didymus, the celebrated grammarian, logian, who seems to have lived about the time of
attacked him in many of his writings. Besides the Alexander Severus, and wrote a chronological work
passages above cited, many others will be found (xpovoypaqla) from the earliest times down to the
scattered through the works of the later Greek tenth year of the emperor Alexander Severus, and
and Latin authors, and the lexicographers, in which dissertations on the Septuagint, but both works are
the writings of Juba are quoted, but mostly without lost. (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. vi. 7 ; Niceph. iv. 34 ;
any indication of the particular work referred to. Hieronym. Catal. Script. Illustr. 52. ) [L. S. )
An elaborate account of his life and writings, by JUDEX, T. VEʻTTIUS, a name occurring on
the Abbé Sevin, will be found in the Mémoires de coins, a specimen of wbich is given below, but it is
l'Académie des Inscriptions, vol. iv. p. 457, &c. impossible to determine who this person is. Some
(See also Vossius, de Historicis Graecis, p. 219, ed. modern writers have maintained that, in all those
Westermann ; Clinton. F. H. vol. iii. p. 201, 551; passages in which mention is made of the L. Vettius
Wernsdorff, Excursus I. ad Avienum, in the fifth who gave information respecting the conspiracy of
vol. of his Poetae Latini Minores, part iii. p. Catiline, with the surname Index, that we ought
1419. )
to read Judex : but this opinion hardly needs re-
## p. 638 (#654) ############################################
638
JUGURTHA.
JUGURTHA.
IVDEXA
SABINY
S°C
COIN OF T. VETTIUS JUDEX.
1
fultation, as it is clear that he was called Index from had learnt in the camp before Numantia, of the
giving information (indicium) respecting the con- venality and corruption of the Roman nobility: he
spiracy. (Comp. Cic
. ad Att. ii. 24,— Vettius ille, sent ambassadors to Rome to counteract by a lavish
ille noster index. ) It would appear, from the obverse distribution of bribes the effect of the just com-
of the coin, that this T. Vettius Judex had an plaints of Adherbal; and by these means suc-
agnomen Sabinus. (Eckhel, v. p. 336. )
ceeded in averting the indignation of the senate.
A decree was, however, passed for the division of
the kingdom of Numidia between the two com-
petitors, and a committee of senators sent to en-
force its execution ; but as soon as these arrived in
Africa, Jugurtha succeeded in gaining them over
by the same unscrupulous methods, and obtained
in the partition of the kingdom the western divi-
sion, adjacent to Mauritania, by far the larger and
richer portion of the two (B. c. 117). But this ad-
vantage was far from contenting him; and notwith-
standing the obvious danger of disturbing an
JUGA or JUGA'LIS, that is, the goddess of arrangement so formally established by the Roman
marriage, occurs as a surname of Juno, in the same government, he directed all his efforts to the ac-
sense as the Greek Surla. She had a temple under quisition of the whole. For this purpose, he con-
this name in the forum at Rome, below the capitol, tinually harassed the frontiers of the neighbouring
and the street which there took its commencement kingdom by predatory incursions, in hopes of
was called ricus Jugarius. (August. de Civ. Dei, iv. inducing Adherbal to repress these petty assuults
8, 11, v. 9 ; Festus, p. 104, ed. Müller. ) (L. S. ) by arms, and of thus obtaining an excuse for re-
JUGURTHA ('lovyoúpoas or 'loyópias), king presenting him as the aggressor. But this plan
of Numidia, was a grandson of Masinissa, being a being frustrated by the patience and steadiness
son of his youngest son, Mastanabal; but on ac- with which Adherbal adhered to a pacific and de-
count of his illegitimate birth, his mother being fensive system, Jugurtha at length threw aside all
only a concubine, he was neglected by his grand restraint, and invaded his territories with a large
father, and remained in a private situation so long army. Adherbal was defeated in the first conflict,
as Masinissa lived. But when Micipsa succeeded his camp taken, and he himself with difficulty made
to the throne (B. c. 149), he adopted his nephew, his escape to the strong fortress of Cirta. Here he
and caused him to be brought up with his own was closely blockaded by Jugurtha; but before the
sons, Hiempsal and Adherbal. Jugurtha quickly latter could make himself master of the town, an
distinguished himself both by his abilities and his embassy arrived from Rome to interpose, and com-
skill in all bodily exercises, and rose to so much pel both parties to desist from hostilities. Jugurtha,
favour and popularity with the Numidians, that he however, succeeded in putting off the deputies with
began to excite the jealousy of Micipsa, who be fair words; and as soon as they had quitted Africa,
came apprehensive lest he should eventually sup- pressed the siege more vigorously than before. A
plant his two sons. In order to remove him to a second deputation from Rome arrived soon after,
distance, and not without a hope that he might at the head of which was M. Aemilius Scaurus, a
perish in the war, Micipsa sent him, in B. c. 134, man of the highest dignity ; but though Jugurtha
with an auxiliary force, to assist Scipio against obeyed their summons, and presented himself before
Numantia : but this only proved to the young man them, accompanied only by a few horsemen, he did
a fresh occasion of distinction : by his zeal, courage, not raise the siege of Cirta ; and the ambassadors,
and ability, he gained the favour not only of his after many fruitless threats, were obliged to quit
commander, but of all the leading nobles in the Africa without accomplishing the object of their
Roman camp, by many of whom he was secretly mission. Hereupon the garrison of Cirta surren-
stimulated to nourish ambitious schemes for ac- dered, on a promise of their lives being spared :
quiring the sole sovereignty of Numidia ; and not- but these conditions were shamefully violated by
withstanding the contrary advice of Scipio, these Jugurtha, who immediately put to death Adherbal
counsels seem to have sunk deep into the mind of and all his followers, B. c. 112.
Jugurtha. On his return he was received with Indignation was now loud at Rome against the
every demonstration of honour by Micipsa ; nor Numidian king: yet so powerful was the influence
did he allow his ambitious projects to break forth of those whose favour he had gained by his lar-
during the lifetime of the old man. Micipsa, on gesses, that he would probably have prevailed upon
his death-bed, though but too clearly foreseeing the senate to overlook all his misdeeds, had not one
what would happen, commended the two young of the tribunes, C. Memmius, by bringing the
princes to the care of Jugurtha: but at the very matter before the people, compelled the senators to
first interview which took place between them assume a more lofty tone. War was accordingly
after his decease (B. C. 118), their dissensions declared against him, and one of the consuls, L.
broke out with the utmost fierceness. Shortly Calpurnius Bestia, landed in Africa with a large
after, Jugurtha found an opportunity to surprise army, and immediately proceeded to invade Nu-
and assassinate Hiempsal in his logging at Thir- midia. But Jugurtha, having failed in averting
mida {HIEMPSAL]; whereupon Adherbal and his the war by his customary arts, next tried their
partisans rushed to arms, but were defeated in effect upon the general sent against him. The
battle by Jugurtha ; and Adherbal himself fled for avarice of Bestia rendered him easily accessible to
refuge to the Roman province, from whence he these designs; and by means of large sums of
hastened to Rome, to lay his cause before the money given to him and M. Scaurus, who acted as
senate. Jugurtha had now the opportunity, for his principal lientenant, Jugurtha purchased from
the first time, of putting to the test that which he them a favourable peace, on condition only of a
## p. 639 (#655) ############################################
JUGURTHA.
C39
JUGURTHA.
pretended submission, together with the surrender before he withdrew into winter quarters. But he
of 30 elephants and a small sum of money, B. c. had produced such an effect upon the Numidian
111. As soon as the tidings of this disgraceful king, that Jugurtha was induced, in the course of
transaction reached Rome, the indignation excited the ensuing winter, to make offers of unqualified
was so great, that on the proposition of C. Mem- submission, and even actually surrendered all his
mius, it was agreed to send the practor, L. Cassius, elephants, with a number of arnis and horses, and
a man of the highest integrity, to Numidia, in a large sum of money, to the Roman general ; but
order to prevail on the king to repair in person to when called upon to place himself personally in the
Roine, the popular party hoping to be able to con- power of Metellus, his courage failed him, he broke
vict the leaders of the nobility by means of his off the negotiation, and once more had recourse to
evidence. The safe-conduct grinted him by the urins. Not long afterwards he detected a con-
state was religiously observed: but the scheme spiracy formed against liis life by Bomilcar (one of
failed of its effect, for as soon as Jugurtha was his most trusted friends, but who had been secretly
brought forward in the assembly of the people to gained over by Metellus (Bonicar]), together
make his statement, one of the tribunes who had with a Numidian named Nabdalsa : the conspirators
been previously gained over by the friends of were put to death ; but from this moment the
Scaurus and Bestia, forbade him to speak. The suspicions of Jugurtha knew no bounds ; his most
king, nevertheless, remained at Rome for some faithful adherents were either sacrificed to his fears
time longer, engaged in secret intrigues, which or obliged to seek safety in flight, and he wandered
would probably have been ultimately crowned with from place to place in a state of unceasing alarm
success, bad he not in the mean time ventured on
and disquietude. The ensuing campaign ( B. C. 108)
the nefarious act of the assassination of Massiva, was 110t productive of such decisive results as might
whose counter influence he regarded with appre- have been expected. Jugurtha avoided any general
hension. (Massiva. ] It was impossible to over-action, and eluded the pursuit of Metellus by the
look so daring a crime, perpetrated under the very rapidity of his movements: even when driven from
eyes of the senate. Bomilcar, by whose agency it Thala, a stronghold which he had deemed inacces-
had been accomplished, was brought to trial, and sible from its position in the midst of arid deserts,
Jugurtha himself ordered to quit Italy without de- he only retired among the Gaetulians, and quickly
lay. It was on this occasion that he is said, when succeeded in raising among those wild tribes a
leaving Rome, to have uttered the memorable fresh army, with which he once more penetrated
words: “ Urbem venalem, et mature perituram, si into the heart of Numidia. A still more important
emptorem invenerit. ”
accession was that of Bocchus, king of Mauritania,
War was now inevitable; but the incapacity of who was now prevailed upon to raise an army, and
Sp. Postumius Albinus, who arrived to conduct it advance to the support of Jugurtha. Metellus,
(B. C. 11 and still more that of his brother however, who had now relaxed his own efforts,
Aulus, whom he left to command in his absence, from disgust at hearing that C. Marius had been
when called away to hold the comitia at Rome, appointed to succeed him in the command, remained
proved as favourable to Jugurtha as the corruption on the defensive, while he sought to amuse the
of their predecessors. Spurius allowed his wily Moorish king by negotiations.
adversary to protract the war by pretended nego- The arrival of Marius (B. c. 107) infused fresh
tiations and affected delays, until the season for vigour into the Roman arms: he quickly reduced
action was nearly past ; and Aulus, having pene in succession almost all the strongholds that still
trated into the heart of Numidia, to attack a city remained to Jugurtha, in some of which the king
named Suthul, suffered himself to be surprised in had deposited his principal treasures: and the latter
his camp: great part of his army was cut to pieces, seeing himself thus deprived step by step of all his
and the rest only escaped a similar fate by the dominions, at length determined on a desperate
ignominy of passing under the yoke. But Jugurtha attempt to retrieve his fortunes by one grand effort.
had little red on to rejoice in this success, great as He with difficulty prevailed on the wavering Boc-
it might at first appear, for the disgrace at once chus, by the most extensive promises in case of
roused all the spirit of the Roman people: the success, to co-operate with him in this enterprise ;
treaty concluded by Aulus was instantly annulled, and the two kings, with their united forces, at-
great exertions made to raise troops, to provide tacked Marius on his march, when he was about to
arms and other stores, and one of the consuls for retire into winter quarters; but though the Roman
the new year (B. C. 109), Q. Caecilius Metellus, general was taken by surprise for a moment, his
hastened to Numidia to retrieve the honour of the consummate skill and the discipline of his troops
Roman arms.
As soon as Jugurtha found that the proved again triumphant, the Numidians were re-
new commander was at once an able general, and pulsed, and their army, as usual with them in case
a man of the strictest integrity, he began to despair of a defeat, dispersed in all directions. Jugurtha
of success, and made overtures in earnest for sub- himself, after displaying the greatest courage in the
mission.
These were apparently entertained by action, cut his way almost alone through a body of
Metellus, while he sought in fact to gain over the Roman cavalry, and escaped from the field of
adherents of the king, and induce them to betray battle. He quickly again assembled a body of
him to the Romans, at the same time that he con- Numidian horse around him ; but his only hope
tinued to advance into the enemy's territories of continuing the war now rested on Bocchus. The
Jugurtha, in his turn, detecting his designs, at- latter was for some time uncertain what course to
tacked him suddenly ou his march with a numerous adopt, but was at length gained over by Sulla, the
force ; but was, after a severe struggle, repulsed, quaestor of Marius, to the Roman cause, and joined
and bis army totally routed. It is unnecessary to in a plan for seizing the person of the Numidian
follow in detail the remaining operations of the war. i king. Jugurtha fell into the snare: he was in-
Metellus ravaged the greater part of the country, duced, under pretence of a conference, to repair with
but failed in taking the important town of Zama, only a few followers to meet Bocchus, when he was
:
a
## p. 640 (#656) ############################################
640
JULIA.
JULIA.
instantly surrounded, his attendants cut to pieces, besieging Dec. Brutus in Mutina, B. C. 43, Julia
and he himself made prisoner, and delivered in exerted her own and her family's influence in
chains to Sulla, by whom he was conveyed Rome to prevent his being outlawed by the senate
directly to the camp of Marius. This occurred (App. B. C. iii. 51), and after the triumvirate was
early in the year 106. He remained in captivity forned, she rescued her brother, L. Julius Caesar
till the return of Marius to Rome, when, after (CAESAR, No. 11), from her son, and interceded
adorning the triumph of his conqueror (Jan. 1, with him for many rich and high-born women
B. c. 104), he was thrown into a dungeon, and whose wealth exposed them to proscription. (App.
there starved to death. His two sons, who were, B. C. ii. 32. ) In the Perusine war, B. C. 41,
together with himself, led in chains before the car Julia fled from Rome, although Augustus had uni-
of Marius, were afterwards allowed to spend their formly treated her with kindness, and now up-
lives in captivity at Venusia.
braided her distrust of him, to Sext. Pompey in
There is no doubt that Jugurtha occupies a more Sicily, by whom she was sent with a distin-
prominent place in history than he would other guished escort and convoy of triremes to M. An-
wise deserve, in consequence of the war against tony in Greece. (App. B. C. v. 52, 63. ) At
him having been made the subject, by Sallust, of Athens Julia forwarded a reconciliation of the
one of the most beautiful historical works that triumvirs, and returned with her son to Italy in
has been preserved to us from antiquity. From B. C. 39, and was probably present at their meeting
that work the above narrative is almost wholly with Sext. Pompey at Misenum. (Plut. Ant. 19;
taken, the other authorities now extant adding Dion Cass. xlvii. 8, xlviii. 16 ; Cic. Phil. ii. 6, 8;
scarcely any thing to our information, except the Schol. Bob. in Vat. p. 321, Orelli. )
circumstances of the death of Jugurtha, which are 3. The elder of the two sisters of Caesar the dic-
given in detail by Plutarch. Of his personal cha-tator, married, but in what order is uncertain, L. Pi-
racter it is unnecessary to say much, the picture of narius, of a very ancient patrician family (Liv. i. 7),
him, preserved by Sallust, though drawn by one of and Q. Pedius, by each of whom she had at least one
his enemies, has all the appearance of a true por- son. (App. B. C. jii. 22, 23; Suet. Caes. 83. ) It is
trait. It is that of a genuine barbarian chief-bold, doubtful whether it was the elder or the younger of
reckless, faithless, and sanguinary-daring and the dictator's sisters who gave her evidence against
fertile of resource in action, but fickle and wavering P. Clodius [Clodius, No. 40), when impeached for
in policy, and incapable of that steadiness of pur- impiety in B. C. 61. (Suet. Caes. 74 ; Schol. Bob.
pose which can alone command success. The in Clod. p. 337, Orelli. )
peculiar character of Numidian warfare, and the 4. The younger sister of Caesar the dictator,
disasters of the generals first employed against him, was the wife of M. Atius Balbus (BALBUS ATIUS),
appear to have excited in the minds of the Romans by whom she had Atia, the mother of Augustus
themselves an exaggerated idea of the abilities and [ATIA). Julia died in B. C. 52–51, when her
resources of their adversary, which the subsequent grandson, Augustus, was in his twelfth year
events of the war, as relnted by Sallust, hardly seem (Suet. Aug. 8 ; Quint. xii. 6), and he pronounced
to justify. (Sall. Jugurtha ; Liv. Epit. lxii. lxiv her funeral oration. Nicolaus of Damascus (c. 3),
- lxvii ; Plut. Mar. 7--10, Sull. 3, 6; Appian, indeed, places her decease three years earlier, in
Hisp. 89, Numid. 2–4; Diod. Exc. xxxv. pp. her grandson's ninth year, and, as a contemporary,
605, 607, 630 ; Dion Cass. Fragm. 167–169 ; his evidence might be preferable, were there not
Vell. Pat. ii. 11, 12 ; Oros. v. 15; Eutrop. iv. 26, apparent in his narrative a wish to exalt the genius
27 ; Flor. iii. 2. )
[E. H. B. ] of Augustus by abating from his age at the time
JUʻLIA. 1. A daughter of C. Julius Caesar he pronounced the oration. (See Weichert, de
[Caesar, No. 14] and Marcia, and aunt of Caesar Imp. Caes. Aug. Script. i. p. 11, Grimae, 1835. )
the dictator. She married C. Marius the elder, by 5. Daughter of Caesar the dictator, by Cornelia
whom she had one son, C. Marius, slain at Prae- (CORNELIA, 2], and his only child in marriage
neste in B. C. 82. Julia died B. C. 68, and her (Tac. Ann. iii. 6). She was born B. C. 83—82,
nephew, C. Julius Caesar, pronounced her funeral and was betrothed to Servilius Caepio (CAEPIO,
oration, in which he traced her descent through No. 14], but married Cn. Pompey, B. C. 59. This
the Marcii to Ancus, the fourth king of Rome, family-alliance of its two great chiefs was regarded
and through the Julii to Anchises and Venus. At as the firmest bond of the so-called first triumvirate,
the funeral of Julia were exhibited, for the first and was accordingly viewed with much alarm by
time since Sulla's dictatorship in B. C. 81, the the oligarchal party in Rome, especially by Cicero
statues and inscriptive titles of the elder Marius. and Cato (Cic. ad Att. ii. 17, viii. 3 ; Plut. Caes.
(Plut. Mar. 6, Cacs. 1, 5; Suet. Caes. 6. ) 14, Pomp. 48, Cat. Min. 31 ; App. B. C. ii. 14;
2. A daughter of L. Julius Caesar (CAESAR, No. Suet. Caes. 50 ; Dion Cass. xxxviii. 9; Gell. iv.
9] and Fulvia. She married M. Antonius Cre- 10. $ 5; comp. August. Civ. Dei. iii. 13). The per-
ticus (ANTONIUS, No.
177, a. 182, a. 183, e. xiv. p. 660) are evidently
taken from this work.
7. Περί γραφικής, περί ζωγράφων. (Phot. JUBE'LLIUS DEʻCIUS. [Decius. )
Bibl. p. 103, a. ; Harpocrat. s. vv. Ilapsáolos and JUBE'LLIUS TAU'REA. [Taurea. ]
Πολύγνωτος. ) It is not clear whether these two JUDACI'LIUS, a native of Asculum in Pi-
titles indicate the same work or not ; but it seems cenum, was one of the chief generals of the allies
probable that it was a general history of painting, in the Social War, B. c. 90. He first commanded
including the lives of the ost eminent painters. in Apulia where he was very successful: Canusium
The eighth book is cited by Harpocration (s. v. Nap- and Venusia, with many other towns, opened their
δάσιος).
gates to him, and some which refused to obey him
8, 5. Two little treatises of a botanical or me- he took by storm ; the Roman nobles who were
dical nature ; the one concerning the plant Eu- made prisoners he put to death, and the common
phorbia, which grew on Mount Atlas, where Juba people and slaves he enrolled among his troops. In
was the first to discover it, and to which he attri- conjunction with T. Afranius (also called Lafrenius)
buted many valuable medical qualities (Plin. and P. Ventidius, Judacilius defeated Cn. Pompeius
H. N. v. 1, xxv. 38); the other, hepl ómoù, con- Strabo ; but when the latter had in his turn gained
cerning the juice of the poppy, or opium, is cited a victory over Afranius and laid siege to Picenum,
by Galen. (Opp. vol. ii. p. 297. )
Judacilius, anxious to save his native town, cut his
10. Tepl poopas deféus, a grammatical work, way through the enemy's lines, and threw himself
of which the second book is cited by Photius in into the city with eight cohorts. Finding, however,
his Lexicon, and by Suidas (s. v. Exou ploai). that it could possibly hold out much longer, and
Lastly, an epigram by Juba upon a bad actor, of resolved not to survive its fall, he first put to death
the name of Leonteus, is preserved to us by Athe- all his enemies, and then erected a funeral pyre within
naeus (viii. p. 343). It is not calculated to give us the precincts of the chief temple in the city, where he
a high opinion of the poetical powers of the royal banquetted with his friends, and, after taking poison,
grammarian.
he laid himself down on the pile, and commanded
His exalted station did not preserve Juba from his friends to set it on fire. (Appian, B. C. i. 40,
the censure of his rivals among men of letters, and 42, 47, 48 ; Oros. v. 18. )
we learn froin Suidas (s. v. 'lóbas) that his con- JUDAS (ʻloúdas), a Greek historian and theo-
temporary Didymus, the celebrated grammarian, logian, who seems to have lived about the time of
attacked him in many of his writings. Besides the Alexander Severus, and wrote a chronological work
passages above cited, many others will be found (xpovoypaqla) from the earliest times down to the
scattered through the works of the later Greek tenth year of the emperor Alexander Severus, and
and Latin authors, and the lexicographers, in which dissertations on the Septuagint, but both works are
the writings of Juba are quoted, but mostly without lost. (Euseb. Hist. Eccl. vi. 7 ; Niceph. iv. 34 ;
any indication of the particular work referred to. Hieronym. Catal. Script. Illustr. 52. ) [L. S. )
An elaborate account of his life and writings, by JUDEX, T. VEʻTTIUS, a name occurring on
the Abbé Sevin, will be found in the Mémoires de coins, a specimen of wbich is given below, but it is
l'Académie des Inscriptions, vol. iv. p. 457, &c. impossible to determine who this person is. Some
(See also Vossius, de Historicis Graecis, p. 219, ed. modern writers have maintained that, in all those
Westermann ; Clinton. F. H. vol. iii. p. 201, 551; passages in which mention is made of the L. Vettius
Wernsdorff, Excursus I. ad Avienum, in the fifth who gave information respecting the conspiracy of
vol. of his Poetae Latini Minores, part iii. p. Catiline, with the surname Index, that we ought
1419. )
to read Judex : but this opinion hardly needs re-
## p. 638 (#654) ############################################
638
JUGURTHA.
JUGURTHA.
IVDEXA
SABINY
S°C
COIN OF T. VETTIUS JUDEX.
1
fultation, as it is clear that he was called Index from had learnt in the camp before Numantia, of the
giving information (indicium) respecting the con- venality and corruption of the Roman nobility: he
spiracy. (Comp. Cic
. ad Att. ii. 24,— Vettius ille, sent ambassadors to Rome to counteract by a lavish
ille noster index. ) It would appear, from the obverse distribution of bribes the effect of the just com-
of the coin, that this T. Vettius Judex had an plaints of Adherbal; and by these means suc-
agnomen Sabinus. (Eckhel, v. p. 336. )
ceeded in averting the indignation of the senate.
A decree was, however, passed for the division of
the kingdom of Numidia between the two com-
petitors, and a committee of senators sent to en-
force its execution ; but as soon as these arrived in
Africa, Jugurtha succeeded in gaining them over
by the same unscrupulous methods, and obtained
in the partition of the kingdom the western divi-
sion, adjacent to Mauritania, by far the larger and
richer portion of the two (B. c. 117). But this ad-
vantage was far from contenting him; and notwith-
standing the obvious danger of disturbing an
JUGA or JUGA'LIS, that is, the goddess of arrangement so formally established by the Roman
marriage, occurs as a surname of Juno, in the same government, he directed all his efforts to the ac-
sense as the Greek Surla. She had a temple under quisition of the whole. For this purpose, he con-
this name in the forum at Rome, below the capitol, tinually harassed the frontiers of the neighbouring
and the street which there took its commencement kingdom by predatory incursions, in hopes of
was called ricus Jugarius. (August. de Civ. Dei, iv. inducing Adherbal to repress these petty assuults
8, 11, v. 9 ; Festus, p. 104, ed. Müller. ) (L. S. ) by arms, and of thus obtaining an excuse for re-
JUGURTHA ('lovyoúpoas or 'loyópias), king presenting him as the aggressor. But this plan
of Numidia, was a grandson of Masinissa, being a being frustrated by the patience and steadiness
son of his youngest son, Mastanabal; but on ac- with which Adherbal adhered to a pacific and de-
count of his illegitimate birth, his mother being fensive system, Jugurtha at length threw aside all
only a concubine, he was neglected by his grand restraint, and invaded his territories with a large
father, and remained in a private situation so long army. Adherbal was defeated in the first conflict,
as Masinissa lived. But when Micipsa succeeded his camp taken, and he himself with difficulty made
to the throne (B. c. 149), he adopted his nephew, his escape to the strong fortress of Cirta. Here he
and caused him to be brought up with his own was closely blockaded by Jugurtha; but before the
sons, Hiempsal and Adherbal. Jugurtha quickly latter could make himself master of the town, an
distinguished himself both by his abilities and his embassy arrived from Rome to interpose, and com-
skill in all bodily exercises, and rose to so much pel both parties to desist from hostilities. Jugurtha,
favour and popularity with the Numidians, that he however, succeeded in putting off the deputies with
began to excite the jealousy of Micipsa, who be fair words; and as soon as they had quitted Africa,
came apprehensive lest he should eventually sup- pressed the siege more vigorously than before. A
plant his two sons. In order to remove him to a second deputation from Rome arrived soon after,
distance, and not without a hope that he might at the head of which was M. Aemilius Scaurus, a
perish in the war, Micipsa sent him, in B. c. 134, man of the highest dignity ; but though Jugurtha
with an auxiliary force, to assist Scipio against obeyed their summons, and presented himself before
Numantia : but this only proved to the young man them, accompanied only by a few horsemen, he did
a fresh occasion of distinction : by his zeal, courage, not raise the siege of Cirta ; and the ambassadors,
and ability, he gained the favour not only of his after many fruitless threats, were obliged to quit
commander, but of all the leading nobles in the Africa without accomplishing the object of their
Roman camp, by many of whom he was secretly mission. Hereupon the garrison of Cirta surren-
stimulated to nourish ambitious schemes for ac- dered, on a promise of their lives being spared :
quiring the sole sovereignty of Numidia ; and not- but these conditions were shamefully violated by
withstanding the contrary advice of Scipio, these Jugurtha, who immediately put to death Adherbal
counsels seem to have sunk deep into the mind of and all his followers, B. c. 112.
Jugurtha. On his return he was received with Indignation was now loud at Rome against the
every demonstration of honour by Micipsa ; nor Numidian king: yet so powerful was the influence
did he allow his ambitious projects to break forth of those whose favour he had gained by his lar-
during the lifetime of the old man. Micipsa, on gesses, that he would probably have prevailed upon
his death-bed, though but too clearly foreseeing the senate to overlook all his misdeeds, had not one
what would happen, commended the two young of the tribunes, C. Memmius, by bringing the
princes to the care of Jugurtha: but at the very matter before the people, compelled the senators to
first interview which took place between them assume a more lofty tone. War was accordingly
after his decease (B. C. 118), their dissensions declared against him, and one of the consuls, L.
broke out with the utmost fierceness. Shortly Calpurnius Bestia, landed in Africa with a large
after, Jugurtha found an opportunity to surprise army, and immediately proceeded to invade Nu-
and assassinate Hiempsal in his logging at Thir- midia. But Jugurtha, having failed in averting
mida {HIEMPSAL]; whereupon Adherbal and his the war by his customary arts, next tried their
partisans rushed to arms, but were defeated in effect upon the general sent against him. The
battle by Jugurtha ; and Adherbal himself fled for avarice of Bestia rendered him easily accessible to
refuge to the Roman province, from whence he these designs; and by means of large sums of
hastened to Rome, to lay his cause before the money given to him and M. Scaurus, who acted as
senate. Jugurtha had now the opportunity, for his principal lientenant, Jugurtha purchased from
the first time, of putting to the test that which he them a favourable peace, on condition only of a
## p. 639 (#655) ############################################
JUGURTHA.
C39
JUGURTHA.
pretended submission, together with the surrender before he withdrew into winter quarters. But he
of 30 elephants and a small sum of money, B. c. had produced such an effect upon the Numidian
111. As soon as the tidings of this disgraceful king, that Jugurtha was induced, in the course of
transaction reached Rome, the indignation excited the ensuing winter, to make offers of unqualified
was so great, that on the proposition of C. Mem- submission, and even actually surrendered all his
mius, it was agreed to send the practor, L. Cassius, elephants, with a number of arnis and horses, and
a man of the highest integrity, to Numidia, in a large sum of money, to the Roman general ; but
order to prevail on the king to repair in person to when called upon to place himself personally in the
Roine, the popular party hoping to be able to con- power of Metellus, his courage failed him, he broke
vict the leaders of the nobility by means of his off the negotiation, and once more had recourse to
evidence. The safe-conduct grinted him by the urins. Not long afterwards he detected a con-
state was religiously observed: but the scheme spiracy formed against liis life by Bomilcar (one of
failed of its effect, for as soon as Jugurtha was his most trusted friends, but who had been secretly
brought forward in the assembly of the people to gained over by Metellus (Bonicar]), together
make his statement, one of the tribunes who had with a Numidian named Nabdalsa : the conspirators
been previously gained over by the friends of were put to death ; but from this moment the
Scaurus and Bestia, forbade him to speak. The suspicions of Jugurtha knew no bounds ; his most
king, nevertheless, remained at Rome for some faithful adherents were either sacrificed to his fears
time longer, engaged in secret intrigues, which or obliged to seek safety in flight, and he wandered
would probably have been ultimately crowned with from place to place in a state of unceasing alarm
success, bad he not in the mean time ventured on
and disquietude. The ensuing campaign ( B. C. 108)
the nefarious act of the assassination of Massiva, was 110t productive of such decisive results as might
whose counter influence he regarded with appre- have been expected. Jugurtha avoided any general
hension. (Massiva. ] It was impossible to over-action, and eluded the pursuit of Metellus by the
look so daring a crime, perpetrated under the very rapidity of his movements: even when driven from
eyes of the senate. Bomilcar, by whose agency it Thala, a stronghold which he had deemed inacces-
had been accomplished, was brought to trial, and sible from its position in the midst of arid deserts,
Jugurtha himself ordered to quit Italy without de- he only retired among the Gaetulians, and quickly
lay. It was on this occasion that he is said, when succeeded in raising among those wild tribes a
leaving Rome, to have uttered the memorable fresh army, with which he once more penetrated
words: “ Urbem venalem, et mature perituram, si into the heart of Numidia. A still more important
emptorem invenerit. ”
accession was that of Bocchus, king of Mauritania,
War was now inevitable; but the incapacity of who was now prevailed upon to raise an army, and
Sp. Postumius Albinus, who arrived to conduct it advance to the support of Jugurtha. Metellus,
(B. C. 11 and still more that of his brother however, who had now relaxed his own efforts,
Aulus, whom he left to command in his absence, from disgust at hearing that C. Marius had been
when called away to hold the comitia at Rome, appointed to succeed him in the command, remained
proved as favourable to Jugurtha as the corruption on the defensive, while he sought to amuse the
of their predecessors. Spurius allowed his wily Moorish king by negotiations.
adversary to protract the war by pretended nego- The arrival of Marius (B. c. 107) infused fresh
tiations and affected delays, until the season for vigour into the Roman arms: he quickly reduced
action was nearly past ; and Aulus, having pene in succession almost all the strongholds that still
trated into the heart of Numidia, to attack a city remained to Jugurtha, in some of which the king
named Suthul, suffered himself to be surprised in had deposited his principal treasures: and the latter
his camp: great part of his army was cut to pieces, seeing himself thus deprived step by step of all his
and the rest only escaped a similar fate by the dominions, at length determined on a desperate
ignominy of passing under the yoke. But Jugurtha attempt to retrieve his fortunes by one grand effort.
had little red on to rejoice in this success, great as He with difficulty prevailed on the wavering Boc-
it might at first appear, for the disgrace at once chus, by the most extensive promises in case of
roused all the spirit of the Roman people: the success, to co-operate with him in this enterprise ;
treaty concluded by Aulus was instantly annulled, and the two kings, with their united forces, at-
great exertions made to raise troops, to provide tacked Marius on his march, when he was about to
arms and other stores, and one of the consuls for retire into winter quarters; but though the Roman
the new year (B. C. 109), Q. Caecilius Metellus, general was taken by surprise for a moment, his
hastened to Numidia to retrieve the honour of the consummate skill and the discipline of his troops
Roman arms.
As soon as Jugurtha found that the proved again triumphant, the Numidians were re-
new commander was at once an able general, and pulsed, and their army, as usual with them in case
a man of the strictest integrity, he began to despair of a defeat, dispersed in all directions. Jugurtha
of success, and made overtures in earnest for sub- himself, after displaying the greatest courage in the
mission.
These were apparently entertained by action, cut his way almost alone through a body of
Metellus, while he sought in fact to gain over the Roman cavalry, and escaped from the field of
adherents of the king, and induce them to betray battle. He quickly again assembled a body of
him to the Romans, at the same time that he con- Numidian horse around him ; but his only hope
tinued to advance into the enemy's territories of continuing the war now rested on Bocchus. The
Jugurtha, in his turn, detecting his designs, at- latter was for some time uncertain what course to
tacked him suddenly ou his march with a numerous adopt, but was at length gained over by Sulla, the
force ; but was, after a severe struggle, repulsed, quaestor of Marius, to the Roman cause, and joined
and bis army totally routed. It is unnecessary to in a plan for seizing the person of the Numidian
follow in detail the remaining operations of the war. i king. Jugurtha fell into the snare: he was in-
Metellus ravaged the greater part of the country, duced, under pretence of a conference, to repair with
but failed in taking the important town of Zama, only a few followers to meet Bocchus, when he was
:
a
## p. 640 (#656) ############################################
640
JULIA.
JULIA.
instantly surrounded, his attendants cut to pieces, besieging Dec. Brutus in Mutina, B. C. 43, Julia
and he himself made prisoner, and delivered in exerted her own and her family's influence in
chains to Sulla, by whom he was conveyed Rome to prevent his being outlawed by the senate
directly to the camp of Marius. This occurred (App. B. C. iii. 51), and after the triumvirate was
early in the year 106. He remained in captivity forned, she rescued her brother, L. Julius Caesar
till the return of Marius to Rome, when, after (CAESAR, No. 11), from her son, and interceded
adorning the triumph of his conqueror (Jan. 1, with him for many rich and high-born women
B. c. 104), he was thrown into a dungeon, and whose wealth exposed them to proscription. (App.
there starved to death. His two sons, who were, B. C. ii. 32. ) In the Perusine war, B. C. 41,
together with himself, led in chains before the car Julia fled from Rome, although Augustus had uni-
of Marius, were afterwards allowed to spend their formly treated her with kindness, and now up-
lives in captivity at Venusia.
braided her distrust of him, to Sext. Pompey in
There is no doubt that Jugurtha occupies a more Sicily, by whom she was sent with a distin-
prominent place in history than he would other guished escort and convoy of triremes to M. An-
wise deserve, in consequence of the war against tony in Greece. (App. B. C. v. 52, 63. ) At
him having been made the subject, by Sallust, of Athens Julia forwarded a reconciliation of the
one of the most beautiful historical works that triumvirs, and returned with her son to Italy in
has been preserved to us from antiquity. From B. C. 39, and was probably present at their meeting
that work the above narrative is almost wholly with Sext. Pompey at Misenum. (Plut. Ant. 19;
taken, the other authorities now extant adding Dion Cass. xlvii. 8, xlviii. 16 ; Cic. Phil. ii. 6, 8;
scarcely any thing to our information, except the Schol. Bob. in Vat. p. 321, Orelli. )
circumstances of the death of Jugurtha, which are 3. The elder of the two sisters of Caesar the dic-
given in detail by Plutarch. Of his personal cha-tator, married, but in what order is uncertain, L. Pi-
racter it is unnecessary to say much, the picture of narius, of a very ancient patrician family (Liv. i. 7),
him, preserved by Sallust, though drawn by one of and Q. Pedius, by each of whom she had at least one
his enemies, has all the appearance of a true por- son. (App. B. C. jii. 22, 23; Suet. Caes. 83. ) It is
trait. It is that of a genuine barbarian chief-bold, doubtful whether it was the elder or the younger of
reckless, faithless, and sanguinary-daring and the dictator's sisters who gave her evidence against
fertile of resource in action, but fickle and wavering P. Clodius [Clodius, No. 40), when impeached for
in policy, and incapable of that steadiness of pur- impiety in B. C. 61. (Suet. Caes. 74 ; Schol. Bob.
pose which can alone command success. The in Clod. p. 337, Orelli. )
peculiar character of Numidian warfare, and the 4. The younger sister of Caesar the dictator,
disasters of the generals first employed against him, was the wife of M. Atius Balbus (BALBUS ATIUS),
appear to have excited in the minds of the Romans by whom she had Atia, the mother of Augustus
themselves an exaggerated idea of the abilities and [ATIA). Julia died in B. C. 52–51, when her
resources of their adversary, which the subsequent grandson, Augustus, was in his twelfth year
events of the war, as relnted by Sallust, hardly seem (Suet. Aug. 8 ; Quint. xii. 6), and he pronounced
to justify. (Sall. Jugurtha ; Liv. Epit. lxii. lxiv her funeral oration. Nicolaus of Damascus (c. 3),
- lxvii ; Plut. Mar. 7--10, Sull. 3, 6; Appian, indeed, places her decease three years earlier, in
Hisp. 89, Numid. 2–4; Diod. Exc. xxxv. pp. her grandson's ninth year, and, as a contemporary,
605, 607, 630 ; Dion Cass. Fragm. 167–169 ; his evidence might be preferable, were there not
Vell. Pat. ii. 11, 12 ; Oros. v. 15; Eutrop. iv. 26, apparent in his narrative a wish to exalt the genius
27 ; Flor. iii. 2. )
[E. H. B. ] of Augustus by abating from his age at the time
JUʻLIA. 1. A daughter of C. Julius Caesar he pronounced the oration. (See Weichert, de
[Caesar, No. 14] and Marcia, and aunt of Caesar Imp. Caes. Aug. Script. i. p. 11, Grimae, 1835. )
the dictator. She married C. Marius the elder, by 5. Daughter of Caesar the dictator, by Cornelia
whom she had one son, C. Marius, slain at Prae- (CORNELIA, 2], and his only child in marriage
neste in B. C. 82. Julia died B. C. 68, and her (Tac. Ann. iii. 6). She was born B. C. 83—82,
nephew, C. Julius Caesar, pronounced her funeral and was betrothed to Servilius Caepio (CAEPIO,
oration, in which he traced her descent through No. 14], but married Cn. Pompey, B. C. 59. This
the Marcii to Ancus, the fourth king of Rome, family-alliance of its two great chiefs was regarded
and through the Julii to Anchises and Venus. At as the firmest bond of the so-called first triumvirate,
the funeral of Julia were exhibited, for the first and was accordingly viewed with much alarm by
time since Sulla's dictatorship in B. C. 81, the the oligarchal party in Rome, especially by Cicero
statues and inscriptive titles of the elder Marius. and Cato (Cic. ad Att. ii. 17, viii. 3 ; Plut. Caes.
(Plut. Mar. 6, Cacs. 1, 5; Suet. Caes. 6. ) 14, Pomp. 48, Cat. Min. 31 ; App. B. C. ii. 14;
2. A daughter of L. Julius Caesar (CAESAR, No. Suet. Caes. 50 ; Dion Cass. xxxviii. 9; Gell. iv.
9] and Fulvia. She married M. Antonius Cre- 10. $ 5; comp. August. Civ. Dei. iii. 13). The per-
ticus (ANTONIUS, No.
