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? FINAL 0. 45
Excep. 1. Greek cases written in the original with w:
as, A? idrogeb, Clio; monosyllables ; as, b,prb, do ; ergo?
signifying " for the sake of" -- or, " on account of;" and
datives and ablatives of the second declension ; as, somnd,
tub, ventb -- have the final vowel long.
Excep. 2. Adverbs derived from adjectives and pro-
nouns have the final b long; as, subito, meritb, multb,
rarb, eb. i
Observ. The final o is, however, short in citb, immb,
quomodo, dummodo, postmodo, modb, (the adverb,) ego,$
octo.
Excep. 3. The adverb sero, the conjunction verb, pos-
tremb, idcirco, and the other words enumerated, have the
final o common.
examples by single words.
Rule. Quando, praesto, Apollo, homo. Excep. 1. Atho,
Alecto, pro, sto ; deo, filio. Excep. 2. Certo, tanto, falso.
Observ. 1. Quomodo, Jantummodo, cito. Excep. 3. Id-
circo, porro, adeo, retro.
Promiscuous Examples. Ergo, [3, 30], Clio [Gr. 1, 30],
Cantabro [3, 4, 30], moto [9, 30], data [9, 27], consul
[3, 9, 29], soluto [10, 30], tacito [10, 28], subito [11, 9,
30],viglnti [3, 29], Achille [3, 28], plora [27], facitote
[25, 26, 28], pecuniae [5, 5 -- fr. pecu, " cattle, sheep,"
anciently used in barter for money -- 1, 2].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Ambb Jhrentes cetatibus, Arcades ambb. Virg.
Ambb relucentes, ambo candore togati. Mant.
Exc. 1. Inforibus letum Androgeb ; turn pendere pmnas.
Virg.
1 * Ergo, signifying " therefore," is common, according to the general rule.
t These are commonly considered as ablatives of the second declension; but
might they not be regarded as imitations of the Greek termination cog, with the
s elided ; agreeably to the Greek usage ?
t Carey, however, makes the final vowel in ego common.
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? 46 FINAL U LONG.
Opatribus plebes, o digni consule patres ! Claud.
Auro pulsa fides, aurb venalia jura. Propert.
Exc. 2. Poena autem vehemens, et multo sGevior illis. Juv.
Ibit eo, quo vis, qui zonam perdidit, inquit. Hor.
Obs. Ast ego quce divum incedo regina, Jovisque. Virg.
Exc. 3. Imperium tibi sero datum ; victoria velox. Claud.
Hie verb victus genitor se tollit ad auras. Virg.
RULE XXXI.
Final U long ; B, T, D, short.
U semper produc ; b, t, d, corripe semper.
B produc peregrinum, at contrahe nenuque et indu.
The final u is generally long ; as, manu, cornu, metu,
Panthu, (Gr. voc. ) diu. Latin words terminating in b, t,
or d, usually have the final vowel short; as, ab, quid, et,
amdt. OCT" Foreign words are commonly long ; as, Job,
Jacob ; David, Benaddd.
Excep. Indu and menu have the u short : as also have
many words ending with short us ; by the elision of the
final s, to prevent the vowel from becoming long by its
position before the succeeding consonant ; as, plenu\ for
plenus ; nunciu', for nuncius.
Observ. Third persons singular of the perfect tense,
contracting ivlt or tit into it, or avit into at, -- have the
final vowel long (by Rule II) ; as, petit for petnt or peti-
vit ; obit for obiit or obivit ; irritdt for irritavit.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Vultii, cornu, Melampu, (Gr. voc. ) ob, caput,
audiet, quid. Excep. Nenu, indu ? plenu'. Observ. Ablt
for abivit, petit for petivit, creat for creavit.
Promiscuous Examples. Amaverit [23, 24, 31], peperit
[8, 8, 31], biblt [7, 31], faudico [5, 12, 6, 30], semisopltus
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? FINAL C. 47
[12, 6, JO], profugio [11, 6, 1, 30], idem [neut. 12],
quadrigae [12, 2], alioquin [1, 13], Indu [3, 31], generat
[5, 5, 31], erumpere [11, 3, 24, 28], require [11, 6-- fr.
quairo -- 30].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Parce metu Cytherea, manent immota tuorum. Virg.
Quo res summa loco, Panthu ? quam prendimus arcem ? Id.
Exc. Nee jacere indu manus, via qua munitafidei. Lucret.
Yicimus o socii, et magnampugnavimu pugnam. En.
Obs. Magnus civis obit, et formidatus Othoni. Juv.
RULE XXXII.
Of Final C.
C longum est. Brevia nec,fdc, quibus adjice donee.
Hie pronomen, et hoc primo et quarto variabis.
Final c has the preceding vowel generally long ; as, sic,
hue, illic, hie, (adv. ), hoc (abl).
Excep. 1. Nee, donee, and fdc (imperative), have the
final vowel short.
Excep. 2. The pronouns Jtic and hoc (neut. ), are com-
mon, but more frequently long than short. OCT" The
imperatives die and due do not come under this rule,
being only abbreviations of dice and duce, in which the
quantity of i and u is not affected by the apocope of the
final vowel.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Pule. Sic, hoc, illuc. Excep. 1. Donee, nee, fac.
Excep. 2. H! c, hoc.
Promiscuous Examples. Ita [27], Lycida [Gr. voc. 27],
fame [28], facie [1, 28], re [28], tace [28], uti [29],
Alexi [2, Gr. 29], sib! [29], hue [32], nee [31], pronu-
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? 48 FINAL L.
ba [11, 6, 27], ludlbria [5, 4, 1, 27], contulero [3, 7, 24,
30], cicatricis [4, 19].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Made nova virtute, puer : sic itur ad astra. Virg.
Exc. 1. Donee erisfelix, multos numerabis amicos. Ovid.
Exc. 2. Hie gladiofidens, hie acer et arduus hasta. Virg.
Hie vir hie est, iibi quern promitti sapius audis. Id.
RULE XXXIII.
Of Final L.
Corripe L. At produc sal, sol, nil, multaque Hebrsea.
The final vowel before I is short ; as, mil, simul, nihil,
consul, Asdrubal.
Excep. Sdl, sol, and nil, (contracted from nihil,) have
the final vowel long ; and also Hebrew names ; as, Da-
niel, Raphael, Ismail,
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Ride. Pol, fel, semel, famul. Excep. Sol, sal ; Mi-
chael, Daniel.
Promiscuous Examples. Nil [33], nihil [1, 33], hie
[adv. 32], vultu [3, 31], nee [32], amo [30], magistrl
[5-- fr.
magis-- 3, 29], pc^ne [2, 28], Innixa [3, 3, 27],
facitote [25, 26, 28], audiebamlni [2, 1, 24, 23, 25, 29],
lapide [18, 29], llttoris [3, 20, 38], oris [from os, " a
mouth," 20, 38].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Vertit terga citus damnatis, Asdrubal ausis. Silius.
Obstupuit simul ipse, simul perculsus Achates. Virg.
Exc. De nihilo nihil, in nihilum ml posse reverti. Persius.
Quum magnus Daniel, qualis vir, quanta potestas !
Tert.
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? FINAL N. 49
\H/ =a Respecting the quantity of final syllables in m, on
which Prosodians are not agreed -- it has been deemed
advisable to insert no rule : as the subject may be more
properly referred to the " Figures of Prosody;" farther on.
For the convenience, however, of teachers, who prefer
the rule in the order of the letters, it is given below. *
RULE xxxiv.
Final N.
N produc. -- Breviabis at -en quod -Inis breve format ;
Graecorum quartum, si sit brevis ultima recti ;
An, tamen, in cum compositis ; rectumque secundae.
Words, whether in Latin or of Greek origin, termi-
nating with n, have the final vowel generally long; as,
en, splen, quin, sin, Pan, Siren; with Actceon, Lacedce-
mdn, Platon, &c, [written with an u] ; also Greek accu-
satives in an and en, of the first declen. , from the nomi-
natives in as, es, and e long ; as, Mneun, Anchisen, Cal-
liopen ; genitives plural; as, Myrmidonbn, Cimmerion,
epigrammaton ; and Greek accusatives in on of the Attic
dialect having w in the original ; as, Athon, Androgebn.
Excep. 1. Nouns terminating with en, having inis in
the gen. , have the final vowel short; as, carmen, numen,
nomen, tegmen, flumen.
Excep. 2. The final vowel before n, is short in all
Greek accusatives of every declension, whose nomina-
tive has a short final syllable ; as, Maian, Scorpion.
* M vorat Ecthlipsis : prisci breviare solebant.
Final m, succeeded by a vowel [or the letter h. 1 is generally elided by Ecth-
TVpsis : the older poets usually shortened the preceding vowel, preserving the m
firera elision : ex. gr : --
Jnsignita,fere turn millia militum octo. Ennius.
5
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? 50 FINAL N.
Parin, Thetin, Ityn, Alexin, chelyn : and datives plural
in in; as, Arcasin.
Excep. 3. An, tamen, in, with their compounds, for-
san, satin 1 , veruntamen, &c, and vidert, have the final
vowel short.
Excep. 4. Greek nominatives in on, written with an
omicron, and corresponding with the second declension
in Latin, have the final syllable short; as, Pelion, llion,
Erotibn.
Observ. Greek accusatives also in on [omicron], have
the final vowel short ; as, Ceroeron, Rhodbn, Menelabn.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Splen, Titan, Siren, Salamin,Cimmerion, Athon.
Excep. 1. Pecten, flamen, crimen. Excep. 2. Ibin, iEgi-
nan, Alexin. Excep. 3. Attamen, viden', satin', nostin'.
Excep. 4. Erotion, llion, Pelion. Observ. Rhodon, Cer-
beron.
Promiscuous Examples. Timid! [5, -- fr. ttmeo -- 14,
29], ? iate [2, 15, 28], C^sare [2, 15, 28], exemplaria
[3, 3, 15, 1, 27], mulieribus [1, 17, 22], stemmata [3,
16, 27], renes [17], hymenceos [17, 2], mansueti [3,
17,29], regibus [17, 22], reflcio [11, 6, 1, 30], Inlquo-
rum [11, 6, -- fr. asquus, 29].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. De grege nbn ausim quicqua? n deponere tecum. Virg.
Finierat Titan; omnemque ref tiger at Orpheus. Ov.
Actceon ego sum ! dominum cognoscite vestrum- Id.
Amitto Anchisen, hie me, pater optime, fessum. Virg.
Cimmeribn etiam ohscuras accessit ad oras. Tibul.
Ex. 1. Tegmen habent capiti; vestigia nuda sinistri. Vir.
Ex. 2. Namqueferunt raptampatriis Mginan ab undis. St.
Ex. 3. Mittite; -- -for san et hcec olim meminisse juvabit. Vir.
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? FINAL R. 51
Ex. 4. Ilion et Tenedos, Simo'isque et Xanthus et Ide. Ov.
Obs. Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon, aut Mitylenen. Hor.
rule xxxv,
Final R.
R breve. -- Cur produc, Fur, Far, quibus ad j ice Ver, Ndr;
Et Graium quotquot longum dant eris et JEtker,
Aer, ser, et Iber. -- Sit Cor breve. -- Celtiber anceps. --
Par cum compositis, et lar, producere vulgo
Norma jubet : sed tu monitus variabis utrumque.
Words ending in ? *, have the last vowel or syllable, for
the most part, short ; as, Amilcar, mtdier, puer, ter, Hec-
tor, martyr, semper, precor, audientur.
Excep. 1. Cur, far, far, ver, and ndr, have the final
vowel long ; -- as also have all words of Greek origin,
forming the genitive sing, in eris long; as, crater, stater ;
aer, aether, Scr, and iber : -- but the compound of iber is
common ; as, Celtiber,
Obser. 1. Pater and mater, although increasing in the
genitive, have the final vowel short, agreeably to the rule.
Obser. 2. Cor has the vowel short.
Excep. 2. Par with its compounds, and Lcir have the
final vowel generally common. *
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Ver, timor, turtur, Hector, amamur. Excep. 1.
Cur, ver ; stater, spinter, Kecimer ; aer, Ser, iber : --
Celtiber. Observ. Pater, mater. Excep. 2. Par, Lar.
* Although the quantity of these two words is, incompliance with the authority
of some excellent Prosodians, given as common, it must not he concealed, that
many others of equal authority, agree with Alvary, in regarding it as always
long.
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? 52 FINAL AS.
Promiscuous Examples. Amaretur [23, 24, 35], setbere,
[2, 27, 28], tapetlbus [17, 22], vlrgine [3, 18, 28], Sala-
minl [Gr. 18, 29], cornice [3, 19, 28], vigoris [5,-- fr. vfgeo,
--20], gequora [2, 20, 27], doctiora [3, 1. 20, 27], me-
mori [5, -- fr. memini, -- 20, 29].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Semper er is pauper, si pauper es, Mmiliane. Mart.
Angustum formica terens iter, et bibit in gens. Virg.
Exc. 1. Multa quidem dixi, cur excusatus abirem. Hor.
Inde mare, inde aer, inde cether ignifer ipse'. Lucret.
Ob. 1. Est mihi namque domi pater, est injusta noverca.
Virg.
Ob. 2. Molle mihi levibusque cor est violable telis. Ovid.
Exc. 2. Luderepdrimpdr,equitare in arundinelonga. Hor.
RULE xxxvi.
Final AS.
As produc. -- Breve Anas. -- Grsecorum tertia quartum.
Corripit -- et rectum per adis si patrius exit.
Words ending in as have the final vowel generally-
long ; as, eras, tempestas, Mneas, Pallas, (Pallantis),
mas, musas;--a)\ verbs terminating in as; such ^s,amds,
doceds, legebds ; -- gentile nouns ; as, Arpinds, Antias ; --
and antique genitives; as, vids,familias.
Excep.