No More Learning

67 See Mabillon's " Annates Ordinis S.
September 3. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 53 to her mother's death, in conjunction with her brother, a cleric, who had
68 For this crime, were both con- they
resolved on a avenging
family injury.
demned to a punishment common at the period, which was, to have iron
bands fastened about their arm and 6^ were also to body. They obliged
undertake a pilgrimage, so that while visiting Jerusalem, they might expiate in some measure, their matricide by prayer at the holy places. 7° On return- ing, the guilty brother died, but his sister Godelinde visited Toul, to obtain reliefthroughtheintercessionofSt. Maunsey. Thisinpartwasexperienced, as one of the bands loosened on her arm, the other remaining fast. She was accompanied through a motive of charity, by an innocent brother, named
1
Rodulf ; and they next resolved on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Oldericus,?
of 2 when had come to the forest of patron Augsburg. ? However, they
the
the Vosges mountains, where the monastery known as Vallis-Gaiilese had been founded by St. Deodatus,73 Godelinde had a vision of St. Maunsey in her sleep, and she was recommended by him to return. This warning she would not take, but continued her journey towards the city of Strasburg. Again the vision was repeated during her sleep ; yet notwithstanding the dangers of the journey represented to her, she would persevere in her resolution. The sufferings and privations endured by the pilgrims were great beyond expression ; but, she at length returned to Toul, in the extremity of misery, and offered up her prayers with vigils at the tomb of St. Maunsey. Whenshedespairedofrelief,themomentofmercycame. Theironband burst asunder, and fell from her arm. Astonished at such a result, she fainted on the spot ; but soon her senses were restored, and she returned full of joy and gratitude to the country of her birth. 74
68 " These were of noble birth both on the
father's and mother's side. When about to
die, the father commended his children to
the care of his wife ; but, after his death,
unmindful of the trust committed to her, she
again married, and her second husband,
while retaining the daughter in her paternal
castle, most inhumanly cast out her brothers,
and deprived them of their natural inherit-
ance. Stung to frenzy by this conduct, the si aliquid inconsuetum et capitale crimen cleric, with an armed band, and in the dead
hour of the night, entered the castle, with the aid of his sister. Proceeding to the bed- chamber of his mother and step-father, he endeavoured to kill the latter, but the deadly weapon transfixed the body of the former.
69 It would seem the provocation had been
so great, and probably the parricide having
been unintentional, the culprits escaped
capital punishment ; but, they were obliged Vosges territory. His feast is held on the
to bear iron bands or chains, closely bound on the naked body or limbs. In this case, the brother had " toto trunco corporis artatur
19th of June.
74 The more circumstantial details of this
miracle, as given in the Bollandists' "Acta
strictis circulis," while the sister accepit duos in sinistro brachio. " During the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, such a punish-
ment was frequently inflicted on parricides, or those who murdered relations in blood, sometimes for a term of years, and sometimes
Sanctorum," thus concludes :
Praedicti
for a life-time
;
while were as they enjoined
tamen circuli pendent ad pedes crucifixi
Domini, quorum prior Kalendis Januarii
proruit, necnon alter XIII. Kalendas Junii
cecidit anno ab Incarnatione Domini nono
et milessimo, pontificante Tullense ecclesi—am
domne Bertoldo Indictione vii. " episcopo,
Tomus i. , Septembris iii. De S. Mansueto
Epis. et Conf. Miraculum quod contigit
an expiatory penance to visit Jerusalem, Rome, or some other place, where saints were
Annales Ordinis S. Benedicti," tomus i. , lib. iv. , sect, vii. , pp. 87, 88.
70 Certain abuses seem to have arisen from this usage. Thus, in a Council, held at Aix- la-Chapelle, in the time of Charlemagne, it
"
rantes et servientes et pcenitentiam agentes, secu—ndum quod sibi canonice impositum
"
sit. " Sirmond, Conciliorum," tomus ii. ,
p. 154-
71 St. Oldericus or Uldaricus is venerated
on the 4th day of July.
72 Formerly called Augusta Vindelicorum. 73 Bishop of Nevers and Apostle of the
was decreed,
non sinantur vagari et decep- tiones hominibus agere . . . isti nudi cum ferro, qui dicunt se data sibi poenitentia ire vagantes. Melius videtur, ut,
commiserint, uno in loco permaneant labo-
""
held in particular veneration. Examples of anno Mix. , auctore anonymo, pp. 651 to
this kind are to be found, in Mabillon's
653.
54 LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [September3.
CHAPTER III.
STATE OF TOUL DURING THE MIDDLE AGES—REPUTED CANONIZATION OF ST. MAUNSEY BY POPE LEO IX. —VARIOUS TRANSLATIONS OF HIS RELICS—THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. STEPHEN, AT TOUL, AND ITS SHRINES—DESTRUCTION OF ST. MAUNSEY's ANCIENT CHURCH IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY—FESTIVALS AND MEMORIALS OF ST. MAUNSEY —COMMEMORATIONS IN CALENDARS AND MARTYROLOGIES—CONCLUSION.
During the Middle Toul maintained a sort of 1 under Ages, independence,
the nominal control of a long line of bishops, and as a free city of the German
Empire.
2 The
prelates
were
sovereigns,
who
regulated
its and government,
appointed its guards and officials, while they sat as magistrates to administer
justice in cases of litigation among their peopled
The public veneration for St. Maunsey continued to increase, when St. Bruno* was consecrated bishop of Toul, a. d. 1027. 5 He entertained the greatest devotion towards the holy patron, whose intercession procured relief for many sufferers, during the period when he presided over that see, and until he was called upon to rule over the universal Church in 1048, under the designation St. Leo IX. 6 Among the afflicted was a person of distinction, named Odelric de Novo-villari,? who had experienced so many benefits from St. Maunsey's prayers, that he desired to be buried in the church, with his wife, and he left certain farms of land to the monastery. This donation bishop Bruno confirmed by his authority, in the year 1034. After his
8
elevation to the chair of St. Peter, and while still in the city of Toul, with a
certain Deacon Peter of the Roman Church, another miracles is recorded to have occurred during the month of September, a. d. 1049. Li tnis> the eleventh century, St. Maunsey was canonized, as we are told, by Pope Leo
the Ninth, 10 He also confirmed the
1
Chapter hi. — The French kings from
the Merovingian period, and afterwards the German Emperors, left the bishops of Toul temporary lords of the city and of its surround- ing territory. The inhabitants of the former had municipal institutions, while the latter was held in fief by the Dukes of Lorraine. See " Nouveau Dictionnaire de Geographie Universelle," tome vi. , p. 758.
2 See Murray's " Handbook for Travellers
in France," sect, ix. , Route 165, p. 618.
3 Even at the present time, a stone seat on which those judgments were delivered is shown in Toul. See Les Petits Bollandistes, "Vies des Saints," tome iv. , Jour xxiiie
d'Avril, p, 623.
* He was son to Hughes, Count of happen to be employed, as explained in Du
Egisheim, cousin-german of the Emperor
Conrad le Salique, and he was born in Alsace,
June 21st, a. d. 1002. His mother, Heilvige,
was the only daughter and heiress of Louis,
Count of Dachsbourg or Dagsbourg, also known as Dabo. His career in the Church
was distinguished. See ibid. , Jour xixe dAvril, pp. 491 to 520.
s He was elected by the clergy and people
on the death of his predecessor, Bishop Ber-
thold. See Michaud, "Biographie Univer-
selle, Ancienne et Moderne," tome xxiv. , p.
15"-
6 He died on the 19th of
8
The Life of this celebrated Pontiff was
a. d.
See an account of his life and pontificate, in
Also, Harris' Ware, vol. ii. "WritersofIreland,"booki. ,chap,i. , p. 4.
April,
1054.
pp. 389, 390.
rights
and
privileges
of the of Chapter
R. P. Natalis Alexandri Ordinis FF. Prredi- catorum, in Sacra Facultate Parisiensi Doc- toris et Emeriti Professoris " Historia Ecclesiastica Veteris Novique Testamenti," tomus xiv. , cap. i. , art. vi. , pp. 12 to 18.
7 He was a man of substance, who before his death bequeathed two Mansi, and other farms, to the Monastery of St. Mansuetus, on the xvii. of the September Kalends, A. D. 1034, while Hunald was Abbot, and this donation was confirmed in due legal form, with the seal of Bruno, Bishop of Toul. See
Mabillon's
"
Annales Ordinis S- Benedicti,"
tomus iv. , lib. lvii. , num. xxxvii. , pp. 392, 393. The term Mansus, Mama or Mansum has
Cange's "Glossarium ad Scriptores Mediae
et Infimae Latinitatis," tomus iv. , sub voce,
col. 432 to 435, Ediiio 1733.
various significations, according as it may
written originally by three contemporaneous authors : Wibert, Archdeacon of the Church
of Toul, Anselm, monk ot Saint-Remi, and Bruno, Bishop of Segni.
9 It is to be found very circumstantially
related, in M. l'Abbe Guillaume's " Histoire
de l'Eglise de Toul. "
10 "
See Archbishop Ussher's Britannica-
rum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates," cap. xvi. ,
September 3. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 55
Canons,attachedtoToulCathedralin1051. " Wehavealreadyseen,that this Sovereign Pontiff is said to have canonized St. Erard or Erhard" of Ratisbon, in Bavaria—another Irish missionary—and at a time when he was
foundations of a tower, which was carried up to the roof of the church. During the time his successor Abbot Grimbaldus1 ^ presided over the mon-
astery of St. Maunsey, he completed that work, which was one of great architectural beauty, while it was surmounted with a gilt cross, and an eagle
with out-spread wings. Moreover, while he built the church exteriorly, he added ornamental features within, having decorated the altar of Saints Peter and Paul with a silver tablet, shining with gems and gold. He was succeeded by Albricus,16 whose eloquence and learning brought a large concourse of persons to the sacred mysteries and ceremonies of the church, so that he was obliged to undertake its enlargement. Albricus therefore raised an ambit of wall, and by a circuit it was brought to the curvature of the arches. In the crypt of this building, the remains of that Abbot were afterwards deposed. *? Next to Albricus came Theomarus. 18 He resumed the work of his predecessor, who had elevated the walls to the vaulted arches, which were to support two towers. These were built very speedily, and it being necessary to continue the work of restoration, the old altars were destroyed, and gave place to new ones. Afterwards, the relics of the Holy Apostles,
1
with a portion of the wood of the True Cross, ? were removed, with a three
1* city.
a visitor to that
While Dodo14 ruled over the monastery of St. Maunsey, he laid the
11 See this decree in Dom
met's " Histoire Ecclesiastique et Civile de Lorraine," and thus dated : "Datum Tulli in majora Ecclesia per manus Udonis Tul- lensis Ecclesise
bibliothecarii Sanctse Apostolicae Sedis xj. Kalend. Novembris, anno Dominica? Incar- nationis milessimo quinquagesimo primo,
Indictione iv. anno — Domini apostolatus
with these lines —
:
"Abbas Albricus sapiens, pius atque pudi* cus
" Hanc fabricam statuit, causa caputque fait"
The same writer has it, that the crypt built by the Abbot Albricus was consecrated—he does not give the patron's title— on the 5th of
Leonis IX. , Papse ij. " Tome
Toul. Father
primicerii,
cancellarii et
i. Preuves de 1' Histoire de Lorraine, cols. 435 to 437.
Limpen supposes
it to likely
12
See his Life, in the First Volume of this work, at the 8th of January, Art. ii. , chap, iii.
have been consecrated to St. Maunsey, and
that his remains had been there deposited.
13 Probably in the year 1052. See L'Abbe "
Fleury's Histoire Ecclesiastique," tome xii. , liv. lix. , sect, lxxix. , p. 594.
according to the old chronicler,
dierum felici exitu migravit ad Dominum, in ecclesia eadem II. Kal. Febr. xxxni. ordi- nationis sua? anno cum digno honore sepul- tus. "
19 These relics were found on the right
side, in the foremost part of the old high
alta'r, and in a stone repository, having on it
this " In hoc conditorio shoe inscription:
sunt reliquiae Sanctorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, insuper etiam de ligno Domini. "
On opening the repository, the assistants found eleven bones of the head, and dust
mingled with blood, seven teeth, and sixteen
pieces of squared dies, portions of the True Cross. This account is taken from a Manu- script of the twelfth century, but written by an unknown author. Wherefore, it seems likely, that ancient church had been dedi- cated to the Apostles, Saints Peter and Paul.
14 Dodo was the nineteenth Bishop of Toul in the order of succession. See Dom Aug. Calmet's " Histoire Ecclesiastique et Civile de Lorraine," tome i. Preuves de
l'Histoire de Lorraine, cols. 127, 170.
'5 He nourished about the middle of the eleventh century, and his signature is found as witness to a document of Udo,
appended
Bishop of Toul, and dated a. d. 1065.
16 He ruled over the monastery of St.
Maunsey, after the middle of the eleventh
century. In 1076, his signature is found in a concession of Pibo, who succeeded Udo as Bishop of Toul. Grimbaldus had died not long before that date, and Albricus departed this life, A. D. 1092 or 1093.
** In the crypt of that ancient church in which he had been buried, Calmet states, that an epitaph had been found inscribed
Augustin
Cal-
September,
a. d. 1090, Bishop of by Pipo,
18
He seems to have been Abbot for a consider- able length of time, extending from A. D. 1092 or 1093 to A. D. 1125 or 1 126, when,
"
Also, his name is written Thiemarus.
plenus
56 LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. 'Septkmiskr3.
days' fast and solemn ceremonies. However, rumours spread in Ton], that in the time of St. Gerard, the head of St. Maunsey was separated from the body on the occasion of that translation of his remains to which allusion has been already made ; and those reports naturally caused great anxiety and uneasiness among the people there, especially to Theomarus and his com- munity of monks. To resolve such a doubt, as the old wooden shrine of St. Maunsey was unornamented and showing signs of decay, the abbot pro- posed to Bishop Pibo,20 who then ruled over the See of Toul, that a new shrine should be prepared, and that the remains should be again transferred to it. This process was calculated to remove all ambiguity, as it should include an exposure and examination of their actual state. Accordingly, the bishop convened a meeting of the leading ecclesiastics and chief laics of the city ; then with their counsel and approval, it was resolved to avail of the week after Pentecost, when a general synod was to be held in Toul, as a time most suitable for such a purpose. An announcement was made by the bishop regarding the intended translation. This drew a great assemblage of clergy and laity, even from places very remote, to witness the solemn cere- monies. Wherefore, in the year 1104, a new wooden shrine, ornamented with gold, silver and precious stones, was procured. Bishop Pibo officiated
at that 21 attended translation,
the Abbot
the Abbot Widric of
Theomarus,
St. Aper,-the Abbot Stephen of Besuensis, the Abbot Odelric of St. Urban,
with a great number of religious, and a vast crowd of people, among them some of the most distinguished persons. The old shrine was raised to a position in the church where it could be seen by all within the sacred build- ing. The lid was removed, and to the great joy of all, the head of St. Maunsey was found joined to the other members of his body, covered over with a long garment. As the church was unable to contain the enormous multitude of visitors to Toul on this occasion, the shrine was brought out into the adjoining field, the sun shining with uncommon brightness. There all had an opportunity for seeing, that the head and other members of St. Maunsey had been preserved, so that occasion for doubt on the subject no longer remained. As described—and probably by an eye-witness—psalms were sung, great enthusiasm pervaded the multitude assembled, the shrine was carried back in procession to the church, and votive offerings were made. With suitable and reverent ceremonial, the saints' remains were elevated from
the old receive them. 3
shrine, 2
costly
by
22 and transferred to the new and more
one to prepared
Again, in 1106, and during the reign of the Emperor of Germany a
Henry IV. , « the church was solemnly consecrated, Pibo the Bishop of Toul officiating. Theobald was the Abbot immediately succeeding Theomarus, in the year 1125 or 1126, and during his presidency at Toul, several miracles
20 He was the thirty-eighth bishop in succession over the See of Toul, and he came
immediately after Udo. He died, the thirty- eighth year after his ordination, on the 8ih
Aug.
"Nova ergo archa miro opere fabricata
subiit, et pra:sentem thesaurum, corpus scili- cet sanctissimum ferro undique obserata ser-
vandum suscepit. "
= 3 See the Bollandists' " Acta Sanctorum,"
of December, a. D. See Dom
1107.
Calmet's Histoire Ecclesiastique et Civile tomus i. , Septembris iii. I)e S. Mansueto
"
de Lorraine," tome i. Preuvesdel'IIistoire
de Lorraine ; HistoriaEpiscoporum Tullen- sium, col. 178.
Epis. et Conf. Elevatio Corporis facta an.
MCIv. , auctore anonymo, pp. 655, 656.
24 He reigned from a. d. 1056 to the 7th of August, a. d. 1 106, when he died at Liege,
"
21
See Guillaume's "Notice historique et
archeologique sur l'Abbaye de Saint-Man-
suy," 1879, 8vo.
22
The account of the old and anonymous
chronicler, as given in Martene, states: A. Guinefolle. Quatrieme Epoque, p. 135.
See Kohlrausch,
depuis les Temps les plus recutes jusqu'a l'Annee, 1838," traduit de l'Allemand, par
Histoire d'Allemagne,
September 3. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 57
were wrought, through the intercession of St. Maunsey. At this time, also, some troubles had arisen in consequence of a neighbouring tyrannical Count
ofSanctensishavingdestroyedsomepropertybelongingtotheCanons. As a protest, and to obtain their intercession against such an unjust invasion of secular power, the shrines of St. Maunsey, St. Aper and St. Gerard were elevated in the cathedral church—that of St. Maunsey, as being the principal patron of the city, having been raised highest in position. There the faith- ful assembled in united prayers and special devotions. Among them was a woman, whose nerves had been so contracted that she was obliged to use crutches, but who miraculously recovered the use of her limbs in presence of many worshippers. In like manner, the faith of two other women and of a young girl, who had been similarly afflicted, was rewarded by miraculous restorations. A boy recovered from paralysis, and another relieved from a swollen tongue and face, with a blind woman restored to sight, are recorded in the list of miracles. Another person quite disabled and mute, named Bruno, owed his recovery to the saint's intercession. Still more wonderful was the restoration to his parents and to life of a son, who was thought to be dead, and who was bewailed as such, preparations having been made for his interment. However, he revived before such a fate had overtaken him, and to his mother lamenting cried out: " O devout mother, immediately entreat the saint of God, whom you promise to invoke, and bring me with you, since through his bounty I revive, having scarcely escaped the bonds of death with my approaching funeral. "25 This happened at Rogeville, about five French leagues from Toul, and on the iii. of the September Nones, while the faithful were engaged celebrating the Natalis of St. Maunsey. Furthermore are mentioned instances of a soldier miraculously escaping from his enemies, who had made him a prisoner, and of a young man who was released, through prayers to the saint, from the power of a robber, who had bound him in chains. 26 In the time of Theomarus' successor, Rainald, Simon I. , Duke of Lotharingia, and his wife, the Duchess Adelaide, granted the farm of Monces
in perpetuity to the monastery. This was done in a solemn and public
manner, their sons, Mathew and Baldwin, consenting, while before a great
congregation of clerics and laics, the charter of donation, duly signed by witnesses, was laid on the altar of St. Maunsey. 2?
The last public translation of St. Maunsey's relics took place in the year
28 The
of Toul had
charters at various to the periods
bishops
the was under French territory placed
Bruxelles, 1839, sm. fol.
23 The writer of the foregoing account
cum eundem altari sancto puerum
Saints," iiie Jour de Septembre, p. 433.
29 " D'accord avec i'autorite ecclesiastique denigrata fades, cute partim depilata jam et s'administrant eux-memes, les Toulois se firent respecter des seigneurs du voisinage et prirent sur eux, in 1545, de se mettre sous la protection des rois de Fiance, prehulaut ainsi a 1'annexion d—es Trois-Eveches, con- summee en Nouveau Dictionnaire
758.
"
seriatim tandem nobis mater ipsa reiulit ;
^ See the Bollandists' " Acta Sanctorum,'' tomus i. , Septembris iii. De S. Mansueto Epis. et Conf. Commentarius Proevius, sect, v. , pp. 631 to 633.
2B See Les Peiits Bollandistes, "Vies des
adds:
Talia redevivum perorasse filium,
mancipa- turn obiulit, et ad fletum circumstantes ipsa
gemens impulit.
Testabatur
jam
id
ipsum
rara canaries, squalens vultus, pallens color et rugosa macies ; a vivente fere dispar, ut
ab igne glacies. "
20 "
Acta Sanctorum,'' De S. Mansueto Epis. et Conf. Miracula ab anno circiter mdcxxv. usque ad mcxxxvi. , pp. 656 to 658.
See the Bollandists'
tomus i. , Septembris iii.
1552. "
de Geographie Universelle," tome vi. , p.
granted
1506.
citizens, which enlarged their privileges ; but, they experienced more difficulty in preserving their suzerainty over the Dukes of Lorraine. These disputes were not wholly settled, until in the middle of the sixteenth century, when
protection,
2^ as down to the
year 1552,
58 LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [September3.
Toul had been a free city of the German Empire. 3° At that time, having formed an alliance with Prince Maurice of Saxony, the King of France, Henry II. , took the field against the Emperor Charles V. Marching into
J
Lorraine, he gained possession of Toul, Verdun and Metz,3
tant conquests, he annexed to the French monarchy.
Emperor could not brook such a dishonour as to allow a territory of especial consequence to be dismembered from the German Empire. Accordingly, he approached Metz*2 with a great army in 1552. The French then destroyedtheancientChurchofSt. Maunsey,inthesuburbsofToul. 33 This was done, doubtless, to defend better the old fortifications3* of that place. In the church of the former Abbey had been long preserved a stone, on which, according to a tradition current among the people, the impression of the knees of St. Martin of Tours could be seen, and which indicated their belief, that he had frequently visited the city of their patron,35 At the period of invasion, that stone had been brought within the walls, and deposited in the Church of St. Gengulph. Afterwards, for many years, it was to be seen with an inscription, which purported, that St. Martin had visitedToul,andprayedatthetombofSt. Mansuetus. However,thisstone
36
of that ancient temple, dedicated to the Prince of the Apostles, and over- turned in 1552. The sepulchral stone, which covered the saints' vault, represents him in pontifical habiliments, and removing the emblems of
paganism, with an infant engaged in prayer by his side. At the present time, this object of interest is to be seen ; but, it is now on the property of a lay possessor. Again, there is an image of an infant carved on a stone in the rampart of St. Mansuy's bastion ; and doubtless, this is intended to represent the governor's son, who had been brought to life, through the miraculous interposition of the holy bishop. It is furthermore confirmatory of the ancient tradition of the Toulois, in reference to their venerated Patron. 37 Toul was definitely added to France, after the middle of the sixteenth century.
Still, on
be seen the monastery and church of the Benedictines, occupying the site
can no longer be discovered.
the northern side of the are to city
8 and The Cathedral of Nancy39 is a large modern edifice, of fine proportions. * Nancy
The vast diocese of Toul was dismembered in the
suppressed in 1790, to create the dioceses of Nancy and Saint Die.
" Handbook for Travellers in France," sect, ix. , Route 165, p. 618.
31 See Jac. Augusti Thuani " Historiarum sui Temporis," tomus i. , lib. x. , num. vi. , p. 347. Londini, 1733, fol.
32 See Rev. Dr. Wm. Robertson's " His- tory of the Reign of Charles the Fifth," book xi.
33 See Dom Aug. Calmet's " Histoire Ecclesiastique et Civile de Lorraine," tome iii. , liv. xxxiii. , num. Ixvi. , col. 80.
34 These were levelled in 1700. The place
30 See
Murray's
church in had not been destroyed 1552
restored ; but, the Benedictine monks had converted the old refectory of the monastery into a chapel, in which they recited the Divine Office. There, too, is supposed to remain the body of St. Maunsey, according to the statement of the two Benedictines, in the "Itinerarium Literarium," pars ii. , p. 130, Paris 1717.
36
See Augustine Calmet's "Histoire Ecclesiastique et Civile de Lorraine," tome
iii. , liv. xxxiii. , num. 66.
37 See Les Petits Bollandistes'
" afterwards, by the construction of a new Saints," iii Jour de Septembre, p. 433.
was considerably improved and enlarged
Vies des
rampart, flanked with bastions. " Toul a &e tr&s-souvent asstegee, prise, devastee ; en 1870, elle a tres-energiquement resiste
aux armees prussienns et les a longtemps forcees & se detourne—r de leur route dans leur marche sur Paris. " Elisee Reclus' "Nou- velle Geographie Universelle," liv. ii. , chap, xiii. , sect, iv. , p.