)
Andronicus
was Mannel was succeeded by Alexis II.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
(Eudoc.
p.
58; gives a wretched attempt at an historical interpre-
Suid. 8. ο. Σιρίκος. )
tation of this mythus. The scene where Andro-
ANDROʻMACHUS ('Avopówaxos). ! . Com- meda was fastened to the rock is placed by sone
monly called “ the Elder," to distinguish him from of the ancients in the neighbourhood of Tope in
his son of the same name, was born in Crete, and was Phoenicia, while others assign to it a place of the
physician to Nero, A. D. 54-68. He is principally same name in Acthiopia. The tragic poets often
celebrated for having been the first person on whom made the story of Andromeda the subject of dramas,
the title of " Archiater" is known to have been which are now lost. The moment in which she
conferred (Dict. of Ani. s. 0. Archiuter), and also is relieved from the rock by Perscus is represented
for having been the inventor of a very famous in an anaglyph still extant. (Les plus beaux
compound medicine and antidote, which was called Monumens de Rome, No. 03. )
(L. S. )
after his name “ Theriaca Andromachi," which ANDRON ('Ανδρων). 1. Of Alexandria,
long enjoyed a great reputation, and which retains whose work entitled Xpovina is referred to by
its place in some foreign Pharmacopoeias to the Athenaeus. (iv. p. 184, b. )
present day. (Dict. of Ant. 8. v. Theriaca. ) An- 2. Of Ephesus, who wrote a work on the
dromachus has left us the directions for making Seven Sages of Greece, which seems to have been
this strange mixture in a Greek elegiac poem, con- entitled Tpimous. (Diog. Laert. i. 30, 119; Schol.
sisting of one hundred and seventy-four lines, and ad Pind. Isth. ii. 17; Clem. Alex. Strom. I. p. 332,
dedicated to Nero. Galen has inserted it entire b. ; Suid. and Phot. s. v. Laziwy o oņuos ; Euseb.
in two of his works (De Antid. i. 6, and De Ther. Praep. Ev. x. 3. )
ad Pis. c. 6. vol xiv. Pp. 32—42), and says, 3. Of Halicarnassus, a Greek historian, who is
that Andromachus chose this form for his re- mentioned by Plutarch (Thes. c. 25) in conjunction
ceipt as being more easily remembered than with Hellanicus. (Comp. Tzetzes, ad Lycophr.
prose, and less likely to be altered. The poem 894, 1283 ; Schol. ad Aesch. l'ers. 183. )
has been published in a separate form by Franc. 4. Of Teos, the author of a Nepitious (Schol.
Tidicaeus, Tiguri, 1607, 4to. , with two Latin ad Apoll. Rhod. ii. 354), who is probably the same
translations, one in prose and the other in verse ; | person as the one referred to by Strabo (ix. pp.
and again by J. S. Leinker, Norimb. 1754, fol. 392, 456, 475), Stephanus of Byzantium, and
It is also inserted in the first volume of Ideler's others. He may also have been the same as the
Physici et Medici Graeci Minores, Berol. 8vo. 1841. author of the Nepl Euryeveiwr. (Harpocrat. s. v.
There is a German translation in E. W. Weber's toplantelov ; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. ii. 946. )
Elegische Dichter der Hellenen, Frankfort, 1826, Comp. Vossius, De Histor. Gruec. p. 285, ed.
8vo. Some persons suppose him to be the author Westermann.
of a work on pharmacy, but this is generally attri- ANDRON (Avopwr), a sculptor, whose age
buted to his son, Andromachus the Younger. and country are unknown, made a stażue of Har-
2. The Younger, so called to distinguish him from monia, the daughter of Mars and Venus. (Tatian,
his father of the same name, was the son of the pre- Orat. in Graec. 55, p. 119, Worth. ) (P. S. )
ceding, and is supposed to have been also physician ANDRON ("Avdpwv), a Greek physician, who
to Nero, A. D. 54–68. Nothing is known of the is supposed by Tiraquelius (De Nobiitate, c. 31),
events of his life, but he is generally supposed to and after him by Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. xiii.
have been the author of a work on pharmacy in p. 58, ed. vet. ), to be the same person as Andreas
three books (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. of Carystus (ANDREAS); this, however, is a mis
Gen. ii. 1. vol. xiii. p. 463), which is quoted very take which has arisen from their reading Andron
frequently and with approbation by Galen, but of in Pliny (H. N. xx, 76) instead of Andreas. He
which only a few fragments remain. (W. A. G. ] is mentioned by Athenaeus (xv. p. 680, e. ), and
ANDROMEDA ('Avopoméon), a daughter of several of his medical prescriptions are preserved
the Aethiopian king Cepheus and Cassiopeia. Her by Celsus, Galen, Caelius Aurelianus, Oribasius,
mother boasted of her beauty, and said that she Aëtius, Paulus Aegineta, and other ancient writers.
surpassed the Nereids. The latter prevailed on None of his works are in existence, nor is any-
Poseidon to visit the country by an inundation, thing known of the events of his life; and with
and a sea-monster was sent into the land.
The respect to his date, it can only be said with cer-
oracle of Ammon promised that the people should tainty that, as Celsus is the earliest author who
be delivered from these calamities, if Andromeda mentions him (De Med. v. 20, vi. 14, 18, pp. 92,
was given up to the monster; and Cepheus, being 132, 133, 134), he must have lived some time be
obliged to yield to the wishes of his people, chain- fore the beginning of the Christian era. (Le Clerc,
ed Andromeda to a rock. Here she was found Hist. de la Méd. ; C. G. Kühn, Index Medicorum
and sared by Perseus, who slew the monster and Ocularioruin inter Graccos Romanosque, Fascic. i.
obtained her as his wife. (Apollod. ii. 4. § 3; p. 4, Lips. , 410. , 1829. )
(W. A. G. )
Hygin. Fab. 64; 0v. Mel. iv. 663, &c. ) Andro ANDRONICIANUS (Avdpovlkodós), wrote
meda bad previously been promised to Phineus two books against the Eunomiani. (Phot. Cod. 45. )
(Hyginus calls him Agenor), and this gave rise to ANDRONI'CUS ('Avdpóviros), ambassador of
the famous fight of Phineus and Perseus at the | ATTALUS, sent to Rome in B. c. 156, to inform the
wedding, in which the fornier and all his associates / senate that Prusias bad attacked the territories of
## p. 174 (#194) ############################################
174
ANDRONICUS.
ANDRONICUS.
a
Attalus. (Polyb. xxxii. 26.
) Andronicus was Mannel was succeeded by Alexis II. , whom
again sent to Rome in B. c. 149, and assisted Nico- Andronicus put to death in the month of October
medes in conspiring against his father Prusias. 1183, and thereupon he ascended the throne.
(Appian, Muhr. 4, &c. )
(ALEXIS 11. ) Agnes or Anna, the widow of
ANDRONICUS ('Avopovikos), an AETOLIAN, Alexis, and donghter of Louis VII. king of France,
the son of Andronicus, was put to death by the a child of eleven years, was compelled to marry
Romans, in B. C. 167, because he had borne arms Andronicus, who was then advanced in years.
with his father against the Romans. (Liv. xlv. 31. ) His reign was short. He was hated by the nobles,
ANDRONI'CUS I. COMNENUS ('Avdpo numbers of whom he put to death, but was beloved
víkos Kouinvós), emperor of CONSTANTINOPLE, by the people. His administration was wise ; and
son of Isaac, grandson Alexis I. and first-cousin he remedied several abuses in civil and ecclesias
of the emperor Manuel Comnenus, was born in tical matters. William II. , the Good, king of
the beginning of the twelfth century after Christ. Sicily, whom the fugitive Greek nobles had per-
The life of this highly gifted man, who de sunded to invade Greece, was compelled by
serves the name of the Byzantine Alcibiades, pre- Andronicus to desist from his attack on Constanti-
sents a series of adventures of so extraordinary a nople and to withdraw to his country, after he had
description, as to appear more like a romance than destroyed Thessalonica. Thus Andronicus thought
a history. Nature had lavished upon him her himself quite sure on the throne, when the im-
choicest gifts. His manly beauty was unparalleled, prudence of his lieutenant, the superstitious
and the vigour of his body was animated by an Hagiochristophorites, suddenly caused a dreadful
enterprising mind and an undaunted spirit. En- rebellion. This officer resolved to put to death Isaac
dowed with great capacities, he received a careful | Angelus, a noble but not a dangerous man ; the
education, and the persuasive power of his eloquence people of Constantinople, however, moved to pity,
was so great, that he was equally dangerous to took arms for the rescue of the victim, and Isaac was
kings and queens: three royal princesses were his proclaimed emperor. Andronicus was seized, and
concubines. For love and war were his predomi- | Isaac abandoned him to the revenge of his most im-
nant passions, but they both degenerated into placable enemies. After having been carried through
luxury and cruelty. In every deed or mischief, the streets of the city, he was hanged by the feet be
says Gibbon (ch. 48), he had a heart to resolve, a tween the statues of a sow and a wolf, and in that
head to contrive, and a hand to execute.
position was put to death by the mob. (12th of
In 1141 he was made prisoner by the Turks- September, 1185. ) (Nicetas, Manuel Comnenus,
Seljuks, and remained during a year in their cap i. i, iii. iv. 1-5; Alexis Manuelis Comn. Fil. c.
tivity. After being released, he received the com- 2, 9, &c. ; Andronicus Comnenus ; Guilielmus Ty-
mand in Cilicia, and he went there accompanied rensis, xxi. 13. )
(W. P. )
by Eudoxia Comnena, the niece of the emperor ANDRONI'CUS II. PALAEOʻLOGUS, the
Manuel
, who lived on a similar footing with her Elder (Avdpovíxos Malaboyos), emperor of Con-
sister Theodora. At the close of this war he re- STANTINOPLE, the eldest son of the emperor
ceived the government of Naissus, Braniseba, and Michael Palaeologus, was born A. D. 1260.
Castoria ; but the emperor soon afterwards ordered the age of fifteen he was associated with his
him to be imprisoned in Constantinople. He father in the government, and he ascended the
escaped from captivity after having been confined throne in 1283. Michael had consented to a
twelve years, and fled to Jaroslav, grand duke of union between the Greek and Latin churches on
Russia, and at Kiev obtained the pardon of his the second general council at Lyon, but Andronicus
offended sovereign. He contrived an alliance be- was opposed to this measure, and was at length
tween Manuel and Jaroslav against Hungary, and excommunicated by pope Clement V. in 1307.
at the head of a Russian arıny distinguished him- During this the Greek armies were beaten by Os-
self in the siege of Semlin. Still suspected by man, the founder of the Turkish empire, who
Manuel, he was again sent to Cilicia. He staid gradually conquered all the Byzantine possessions
some time at Antioch, and there seduced Philippa, in Asia. In this extremity Andronicus engaged
the daughter of Raymond of Poitou, prince of the army and the fleet of the Catalans, a numerous
Antioch, and the sister-in-law of the emperor band of warlike adventurers, to assist him against
Manuel, who had married her sister Maria. To the Turks. Roger de Flor, or de Floria, the son
escape the resentment of the emperor, he filed to of a German noble at the court of the emperor
Jerusalem, and thence eloped with Theodora the Frederic II. , the commander of these adventurers,
widow of Baldwin III. king of Jerusalem, a Com- accordingly went to Constantinople with a nu-
nenian princess who was renowned for her beauty. merous fleet and an army of 8000 men. The
They first took refuge at the court of Nured-din, emperor appointed him admiral of the empire, and
sultan of Damascus; thence they went to Baghdad conferred upon him the title of Caesar. This
and Persia, and at length settled among the Turks. famous captain defeated the Turks in several en-
He then proceeded to make war upon the emperor gagements, but his troops ravaged the country of
of Constantinople, and invaded the province of their allies with as much rapacity as that of their
Trebizond, but the governor of this town succeeded common enemies, and in order to get rid of them,
in taking queen Theodora and the two cbildren the emperor caused Roger to be assassinated at
she had borne to Andronicus, and sent them to Adrianople. But the Catalans now turned their
Constantinople. To regain them Andronicus im- arms against the Greeks, and after having deras-
plored the mercy of his sovereign, and after pros- tated Thrace and Macedonia, they retired to the
trating himself laden with chains to the foot of the Peloponnesus, where they conquered several dis-
emperor's throne, he retired to Oenoe, now Unieh, tricts in which they maintained themselves.
a town on the Black Sea in the present eyalet of Michael, the son of Andronicus, was associated
Trebizond. There he lived quietly till the death with his father in the throne. Michael had two
of the emperor Manuel in 1180.
sons, Andronicus and Manuel. Both loved the
At
## p. 175 (#195) ############################################
· ANDRONICUS.
176
ANDRONICUS.
B. C.
same woman without knowing that they were figures of the winds in bas-relief. The entrancen,
rivals, and by an unhappy mistake Manuel was of which there are two, on the north-east and the
slain by the hand of his brother. Their father, north-west, have distyle porticoes of the Corinthian
Michael, died of grief, and the emperor, exasperat order. Within, the reinains of the clepsydra are
ed against his grandson, showed some intention to still visible, as are the dial lines on the outer
exclude him from the throne. Thus a dreadful walls.
civil war, or rather three wars, arose between the The date of the building is uncertnin, but the
emperor and his grandson, which lasted from 1321 style of the sculpture and architecture is thought
till 1328, when at last the emperor was obliged to to belong to the period after Alexander the Great.
abdicate in favour of the latter. Andronicus the The clepsydra also was probably of that improved
elder retired to a convent at Drama in Thessaly, kind which was invented by Ctesibius, about 135
where he lived as monk under the name of Anto- (Dict. of Ant. s. r. Ilorologium. ) Müller
nius. He died in 1332, and his body was buried places Andronicus at 100 B. C. (Attika, in Ersch
in Constantinople. (Pachymeres, Andronicus Pa- and Gruber's Encyclop. vi. p. 233. )
laeologus ; Nicephorus Gregoras, lib. vi. —X. ; Canta- From the words of Vitruvius it seems probable
cuzenus, i. 1, &c. )
(W. P. ] that Andronicus was an astronomer. The mecha-
ANDRONI'CUS III. PALAEOʻLOGUS, the nical arrangements of his “horologium” were of
Younger ('Avdpovlxos Malaubaogos), emperor of course his work, but whether he was properly the
CONSTANTINOPLE, was born in 1296, and suc- architect of the building we have nothing to deter-
ceeded his grandfather in 1328, as has been re- mine, except the absence of any statement to the
lated in the preceding article. He was unsuc- contrary.
[P. S. ]
cessful in his wars with the Turks; he lost the
ANDRONI'CUS, LI'VIUS, the earliest Roman
battle of Philocrene against sultan Urkhan and poet, as far as poetical literature is concerned ; for
his brother Alá-ed-dín, who had just organized whatever popular poetry there may hare existed
the body of the Jannisaries, by whom Thrace was at Rome, its poetical literature begins with this
ravaged as far as the Haemus. Equally unsuccess writer. (Quintil
. x. 2. $ 7. ) He was a Greek
ful against the Catalans in Greece, he was more and probably a native of Tarentum, and was made
fortunate against the Bulgarians, the Tartars of prisoner by the Romans during their wars in
Kiptschak, and the Servians.
southern Italy. He then became the slave of M.
He was twice married, first to Agnes or Irene, Livius Salinator, perhaps the same who was consul
the daughter of Henry, duke of Brunswick, and in B. c. 219, and again in B. C. 207. Andronicus
after her death to Anna, countess of Savoy, by instructed the children of his master, but was after-
whom he had two sons, John and Emanuel At wards restored to freedom, and received from his
his death, in 1341, he left them under the patron the Roman name Livius. (Hieron. in Euseb.
guardianship of John Cantacuzenus, who soon be Chron. ad Ol. 148. ). During his stay at Rome,
gan to reign in his own name. (Nicephorus Andronicus made himself a perfect master of the
Gregoras, lib. ix. --. . ; Cantacuzenus, i. c. 58, Latin language, and appears to have exerted him-
&c. , ii. c. 1—40; Phranzes, i. c. 10–13; comp. self chiefly in creating a taste for regular dramatic
Pachymeres, Andronicus Palaeologus. ) (W. P. ) representations. His first drama was acted in B. C.
ANDRONI'CUS CYRRHESTÉS (50 called 240, in the consulship of C. Claudius and M. Tudi-
from his native place, Cyrrha), was the builder tanus (Cic. Brut. . 18, comp. Tusc. Quaest. i. 1, de
of the octagonal tower at Athens, vulgarly called Senect. 14; Liv. vii. 2; Gellius, xvii. 21); but
"the tower of the winds. " Vitruvius i. 6. $ 4), whether it was a tragedy or a comedy is uncertain.
after stating, that some make the number of That he wrote comedies as well as tragedies, is
the winds to be four, but that those who have attested beyond all doubt. (Diomedes, iii
. P. 486 ;
examined the subject more carefully distinguished Flavius Vopisc. Numerian, 13; the author of the
eight, adds, “ Especially Andronicus Cyrrhestes, work de Comoed. et Trag. ) The number of his
who also set up at Athens, as a representation dramas was considerable, and we still possess the
thereof (exemplum), an octagonal tower of marble, titles and fragments of at least fourteen. The sub-
and on the several sides of the octagon he made jects of them were all Greek, and they were little
sculptured images of the several winds, each image more than translations or imitations of Greek dra-
looking towards the wind it represented,” (that mas. (Suet. de Illustr. Grammat. 1 ; Diomed. I. c. )
is, the figure of the north wind was sculptured on Andronicus is said to have died in B C. 221, and
the north side of the building, and so with the cannot have lived beyond B. C. 214. (Osann, Anal.
rest), “and above this tower he set up a marble Crit. p. 28. ) As to the poetical merit of these
pillar (melam), and on the top he placed a Triton compositions we are unable to form an accurate
in bronze, holding out a wand in his right hand : idea, since the extant fragments are few and short.
and this figure was so contrived as to be driven The language in them appears yet in a rude and
round by the wind, and always to stand oppo undeveloped form, but it has nevertheless a solid
site the blowing wind, and to hold the wand basis for further development. Cicero (Brut. 18)
As an index above the image of that wind. says, that in his time they were no longer worth
farto calls the building “ horologium. ” (R. R. reading, and that the 600 mules in the Clytem-
iii.
Suid. 8. ο. Σιρίκος. )
tation of this mythus. The scene where Andro-
ANDROʻMACHUS ('Avopówaxos). ! . Com- meda was fastened to the rock is placed by sone
monly called “ the Elder," to distinguish him from of the ancients in the neighbourhood of Tope in
his son of the same name, was born in Crete, and was Phoenicia, while others assign to it a place of the
physician to Nero, A. D. 54-68. He is principally same name in Acthiopia. The tragic poets often
celebrated for having been the first person on whom made the story of Andromeda the subject of dramas,
the title of " Archiater" is known to have been which are now lost. The moment in which she
conferred (Dict. of Ani. s. 0. Archiuter), and also is relieved from the rock by Perscus is represented
for having been the inventor of a very famous in an anaglyph still extant. (Les plus beaux
compound medicine and antidote, which was called Monumens de Rome, No. 03. )
(L. S. )
after his name “ Theriaca Andromachi," which ANDRON ('Ανδρων). 1. Of Alexandria,
long enjoyed a great reputation, and which retains whose work entitled Xpovina is referred to by
its place in some foreign Pharmacopoeias to the Athenaeus. (iv. p. 184, b. )
present day. (Dict. of Ant. 8. v. Theriaca. ) An- 2. Of Ephesus, who wrote a work on the
dromachus has left us the directions for making Seven Sages of Greece, which seems to have been
this strange mixture in a Greek elegiac poem, con- entitled Tpimous. (Diog. Laert. i. 30, 119; Schol.
sisting of one hundred and seventy-four lines, and ad Pind. Isth. ii. 17; Clem. Alex. Strom. I. p. 332,
dedicated to Nero. Galen has inserted it entire b. ; Suid. and Phot. s. v. Laziwy o oņuos ; Euseb.
in two of his works (De Antid. i. 6, and De Ther. Praep. Ev. x. 3. )
ad Pis. c. 6. vol xiv. Pp. 32—42), and says, 3. Of Halicarnassus, a Greek historian, who is
that Andromachus chose this form for his re- mentioned by Plutarch (Thes. c. 25) in conjunction
ceipt as being more easily remembered than with Hellanicus. (Comp. Tzetzes, ad Lycophr.
prose, and less likely to be altered. The poem 894, 1283 ; Schol. ad Aesch. l'ers. 183. )
has been published in a separate form by Franc. 4. Of Teos, the author of a Nepitious (Schol.
Tidicaeus, Tiguri, 1607, 4to. , with two Latin ad Apoll. Rhod. ii. 354), who is probably the same
translations, one in prose and the other in verse ; | person as the one referred to by Strabo (ix. pp.
and again by J. S. Leinker, Norimb. 1754, fol. 392, 456, 475), Stephanus of Byzantium, and
It is also inserted in the first volume of Ideler's others. He may also have been the same as the
Physici et Medici Graeci Minores, Berol. 8vo. 1841. author of the Nepl Euryeveiwr. (Harpocrat. s. v.
There is a German translation in E. W. Weber's toplantelov ; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. ii. 946. )
Elegische Dichter der Hellenen, Frankfort, 1826, Comp. Vossius, De Histor. Gruec. p. 285, ed.
8vo. Some persons suppose him to be the author Westermann.
of a work on pharmacy, but this is generally attri- ANDRON (Avopwr), a sculptor, whose age
buted to his son, Andromachus the Younger. and country are unknown, made a stażue of Har-
2. The Younger, so called to distinguish him from monia, the daughter of Mars and Venus. (Tatian,
his father of the same name, was the son of the pre- Orat. in Graec. 55, p. 119, Worth. ) (P. S. )
ceding, and is supposed to have been also physician ANDRON ("Avdpwv), a Greek physician, who
to Nero, A. D. 54–68. Nothing is known of the is supposed by Tiraquelius (De Nobiitate, c. 31),
events of his life, but he is generally supposed to and after him by Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. xiii.
have been the author of a work on pharmacy in p. 58, ed. vet. ), to be the same person as Andreas
three books (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. of Carystus (ANDREAS); this, however, is a mis
Gen. ii. 1. vol. xiii. p. 463), which is quoted very take which has arisen from their reading Andron
frequently and with approbation by Galen, but of in Pliny (H. N. xx, 76) instead of Andreas. He
which only a few fragments remain. (W. A. G. ] is mentioned by Athenaeus (xv. p. 680, e. ), and
ANDROMEDA ('Avopoméon), a daughter of several of his medical prescriptions are preserved
the Aethiopian king Cepheus and Cassiopeia. Her by Celsus, Galen, Caelius Aurelianus, Oribasius,
mother boasted of her beauty, and said that she Aëtius, Paulus Aegineta, and other ancient writers.
surpassed the Nereids. The latter prevailed on None of his works are in existence, nor is any-
Poseidon to visit the country by an inundation, thing known of the events of his life; and with
and a sea-monster was sent into the land.
The respect to his date, it can only be said with cer-
oracle of Ammon promised that the people should tainty that, as Celsus is the earliest author who
be delivered from these calamities, if Andromeda mentions him (De Med. v. 20, vi. 14, 18, pp. 92,
was given up to the monster; and Cepheus, being 132, 133, 134), he must have lived some time be
obliged to yield to the wishes of his people, chain- fore the beginning of the Christian era. (Le Clerc,
ed Andromeda to a rock. Here she was found Hist. de la Méd. ; C. G. Kühn, Index Medicorum
and sared by Perseus, who slew the monster and Ocularioruin inter Graccos Romanosque, Fascic. i.
obtained her as his wife. (Apollod. ii. 4. § 3; p. 4, Lips. , 410. , 1829. )
(W. A. G. )
Hygin. Fab. 64; 0v. Mel. iv. 663, &c. ) Andro ANDRONICIANUS (Avdpovlkodós), wrote
meda bad previously been promised to Phineus two books against the Eunomiani. (Phot. Cod. 45. )
(Hyginus calls him Agenor), and this gave rise to ANDRONI'CUS ('Avdpóviros), ambassador of
the famous fight of Phineus and Perseus at the | ATTALUS, sent to Rome in B. c. 156, to inform the
wedding, in which the fornier and all his associates / senate that Prusias bad attacked the territories of
## p. 174 (#194) ############################################
174
ANDRONICUS.
ANDRONICUS.
a
Attalus. (Polyb. xxxii. 26.
) Andronicus was Mannel was succeeded by Alexis II. , whom
again sent to Rome in B. c. 149, and assisted Nico- Andronicus put to death in the month of October
medes in conspiring against his father Prusias. 1183, and thereupon he ascended the throne.
(Appian, Muhr. 4, &c. )
(ALEXIS 11. ) Agnes or Anna, the widow of
ANDRONICUS ('Avopovikos), an AETOLIAN, Alexis, and donghter of Louis VII. king of France,
the son of Andronicus, was put to death by the a child of eleven years, was compelled to marry
Romans, in B. C. 167, because he had borne arms Andronicus, who was then advanced in years.
with his father against the Romans. (Liv. xlv. 31. ) His reign was short. He was hated by the nobles,
ANDRONI'CUS I. COMNENUS ('Avdpo numbers of whom he put to death, but was beloved
víkos Kouinvós), emperor of CONSTANTINOPLE, by the people. His administration was wise ; and
son of Isaac, grandson Alexis I. and first-cousin he remedied several abuses in civil and ecclesias
of the emperor Manuel Comnenus, was born in tical matters. William II. , the Good, king of
the beginning of the twelfth century after Christ. Sicily, whom the fugitive Greek nobles had per-
The life of this highly gifted man, who de sunded to invade Greece, was compelled by
serves the name of the Byzantine Alcibiades, pre- Andronicus to desist from his attack on Constanti-
sents a series of adventures of so extraordinary a nople and to withdraw to his country, after he had
description, as to appear more like a romance than destroyed Thessalonica. Thus Andronicus thought
a history. Nature had lavished upon him her himself quite sure on the throne, when the im-
choicest gifts. His manly beauty was unparalleled, prudence of his lieutenant, the superstitious
and the vigour of his body was animated by an Hagiochristophorites, suddenly caused a dreadful
enterprising mind and an undaunted spirit. En- rebellion. This officer resolved to put to death Isaac
dowed with great capacities, he received a careful | Angelus, a noble but not a dangerous man ; the
education, and the persuasive power of his eloquence people of Constantinople, however, moved to pity,
was so great, that he was equally dangerous to took arms for the rescue of the victim, and Isaac was
kings and queens: three royal princesses were his proclaimed emperor. Andronicus was seized, and
concubines. For love and war were his predomi- | Isaac abandoned him to the revenge of his most im-
nant passions, but they both degenerated into placable enemies. After having been carried through
luxury and cruelty. In every deed or mischief, the streets of the city, he was hanged by the feet be
says Gibbon (ch. 48), he had a heart to resolve, a tween the statues of a sow and a wolf, and in that
head to contrive, and a hand to execute.
position was put to death by the mob. (12th of
In 1141 he was made prisoner by the Turks- September, 1185. ) (Nicetas, Manuel Comnenus,
Seljuks, and remained during a year in their cap i. i, iii. iv. 1-5; Alexis Manuelis Comn. Fil. c.
tivity. After being released, he received the com- 2, 9, &c. ; Andronicus Comnenus ; Guilielmus Ty-
mand in Cilicia, and he went there accompanied rensis, xxi. 13. )
(W. P. )
by Eudoxia Comnena, the niece of the emperor ANDRONI'CUS II. PALAEOʻLOGUS, the
Manuel
, who lived on a similar footing with her Elder (Avdpovíxos Malaboyos), emperor of Con-
sister Theodora. At the close of this war he re- STANTINOPLE, the eldest son of the emperor
ceived the government of Naissus, Braniseba, and Michael Palaeologus, was born A. D. 1260.
Castoria ; but the emperor soon afterwards ordered the age of fifteen he was associated with his
him to be imprisoned in Constantinople. He father in the government, and he ascended the
escaped from captivity after having been confined throne in 1283. Michael had consented to a
twelve years, and fled to Jaroslav, grand duke of union between the Greek and Latin churches on
Russia, and at Kiev obtained the pardon of his the second general council at Lyon, but Andronicus
offended sovereign. He contrived an alliance be- was opposed to this measure, and was at length
tween Manuel and Jaroslav against Hungary, and excommunicated by pope Clement V. in 1307.
at the head of a Russian arıny distinguished him- During this the Greek armies were beaten by Os-
self in the siege of Semlin. Still suspected by man, the founder of the Turkish empire, who
Manuel, he was again sent to Cilicia. He staid gradually conquered all the Byzantine possessions
some time at Antioch, and there seduced Philippa, in Asia. In this extremity Andronicus engaged
the daughter of Raymond of Poitou, prince of the army and the fleet of the Catalans, a numerous
Antioch, and the sister-in-law of the emperor band of warlike adventurers, to assist him against
Manuel, who had married her sister Maria. To the Turks. Roger de Flor, or de Floria, the son
escape the resentment of the emperor, he filed to of a German noble at the court of the emperor
Jerusalem, and thence eloped with Theodora the Frederic II. , the commander of these adventurers,
widow of Baldwin III. king of Jerusalem, a Com- accordingly went to Constantinople with a nu-
nenian princess who was renowned for her beauty. merous fleet and an army of 8000 men. The
They first took refuge at the court of Nured-din, emperor appointed him admiral of the empire, and
sultan of Damascus; thence they went to Baghdad conferred upon him the title of Caesar. This
and Persia, and at length settled among the Turks. famous captain defeated the Turks in several en-
He then proceeded to make war upon the emperor gagements, but his troops ravaged the country of
of Constantinople, and invaded the province of their allies with as much rapacity as that of their
Trebizond, but the governor of this town succeeded common enemies, and in order to get rid of them,
in taking queen Theodora and the two cbildren the emperor caused Roger to be assassinated at
she had borne to Andronicus, and sent them to Adrianople. But the Catalans now turned their
Constantinople. To regain them Andronicus im- arms against the Greeks, and after having deras-
plored the mercy of his sovereign, and after pros- tated Thrace and Macedonia, they retired to the
trating himself laden with chains to the foot of the Peloponnesus, where they conquered several dis-
emperor's throne, he retired to Oenoe, now Unieh, tricts in which they maintained themselves.
a town on the Black Sea in the present eyalet of Michael, the son of Andronicus, was associated
Trebizond. There he lived quietly till the death with his father in the throne. Michael had two
of the emperor Manuel in 1180.
sons, Andronicus and Manuel. Both loved the
At
## p. 175 (#195) ############################################
· ANDRONICUS.
176
ANDRONICUS.
B. C.
same woman without knowing that they were figures of the winds in bas-relief. The entrancen,
rivals, and by an unhappy mistake Manuel was of which there are two, on the north-east and the
slain by the hand of his brother. Their father, north-west, have distyle porticoes of the Corinthian
Michael, died of grief, and the emperor, exasperat order. Within, the reinains of the clepsydra are
ed against his grandson, showed some intention to still visible, as are the dial lines on the outer
exclude him from the throne. Thus a dreadful walls.
civil war, or rather three wars, arose between the The date of the building is uncertnin, but the
emperor and his grandson, which lasted from 1321 style of the sculpture and architecture is thought
till 1328, when at last the emperor was obliged to to belong to the period after Alexander the Great.
abdicate in favour of the latter. Andronicus the The clepsydra also was probably of that improved
elder retired to a convent at Drama in Thessaly, kind which was invented by Ctesibius, about 135
where he lived as monk under the name of Anto- (Dict. of Ant. s. r. Ilorologium. ) Müller
nius. He died in 1332, and his body was buried places Andronicus at 100 B. C. (Attika, in Ersch
in Constantinople. (Pachymeres, Andronicus Pa- and Gruber's Encyclop. vi. p. 233. )
laeologus ; Nicephorus Gregoras, lib. vi. —X. ; Canta- From the words of Vitruvius it seems probable
cuzenus, i. 1, &c. )
(W. P. ] that Andronicus was an astronomer. The mecha-
ANDRONI'CUS III. PALAEOʻLOGUS, the nical arrangements of his “horologium” were of
Younger ('Avdpovlxos Malaubaogos), emperor of course his work, but whether he was properly the
CONSTANTINOPLE, was born in 1296, and suc- architect of the building we have nothing to deter-
ceeded his grandfather in 1328, as has been re- mine, except the absence of any statement to the
lated in the preceding article. He was unsuc- contrary.
[P. S. ]
cessful in his wars with the Turks; he lost the
ANDRONI'CUS, LI'VIUS, the earliest Roman
battle of Philocrene against sultan Urkhan and poet, as far as poetical literature is concerned ; for
his brother Alá-ed-dín, who had just organized whatever popular poetry there may hare existed
the body of the Jannisaries, by whom Thrace was at Rome, its poetical literature begins with this
ravaged as far as the Haemus. Equally unsuccess writer. (Quintil
. x. 2. $ 7. ) He was a Greek
ful against the Catalans in Greece, he was more and probably a native of Tarentum, and was made
fortunate against the Bulgarians, the Tartars of prisoner by the Romans during their wars in
Kiptschak, and the Servians.
southern Italy. He then became the slave of M.
He was twice married, first to Agnes or Irene, Livius Salinator, perhaps the same who was consul
the daughter of Henry, duke of Brunswick, and in B. c. 219, and again in B. C. 207. Andronicus
after her death to Anna, countess of Savoy, by instructed the children of his master, but was after-
whom he had two sons, John and Emanuel At wards restored to freedom, and received from his
his death, in 1341, he left them under the patron the Roman name Livius. (Hieron. in Euseb.
guardianship of John Cantacuzenus, who soon be Chron. ad Ol. 148. ). During his stay at Rome,
gan to reign in his own name. (Nicephorus Andronicus made himself a perfect master of the
Gregoras, lib. ix. --. . ; Cantacuzenus, i. c. 58, Latin language, and appears to have exerted him-
&c. , ii. c. 1—40; Phranzes, i. c. 10–13; comp. self chiefly in creating a taste for regular dramatic
Pachymeres, Andronicus Palaeologus. ) (W. P. ) representations. His first drama was acted in B. C.
ANDRONI'CUS CYRRHESTÉS (50 called 240, in the consulship of C. Claudius and M. Tudi-
from his native place, Cyrrha), was the builder tanus (Cic. Brut. . 18, comp. Tusc. Quaest. i. 1, de
of the octagonal tower at Athens, vulgarly called Senect. 14; Liv. vii. 2; Gellius, xvii. 21); but
"the tower of the winds. " Vitruvius i. 6. $ 4), whether it was a tragedy or a comedy is uncertain.
after stating, that some make the number of That he wrote comedies as well as tragedies, is
the winds to be four, but that those who have attested beyond all doubt. (Diomedes, iii
. P. 486 ;
examined the subject more carefully distinguished Flavius Vopisc. Numerian, 13; the author of the
eight, adds, “ Especially Andronicus Cyrrhestes, work de Comoed. et Trag. ) The number of his
who also set up at Athens, as a representation dramas was considerable, and we still possess the
thereof (exemplum), an octagonal tower of marble, titles and fragments of at least fourteen. The sub-
and on the several sides of the octagon he made jects of them were all Greek, and they were little
sculptured images of the several winds, each image more than translations or imitations of Greek dra-
looking towards the wind it represented,” (that mas. (Suet. de Illustr. Grammat. 1 ; Diomed. I. c. )
is, the figure of the north wind was sculptured on Andronicus is said to have died in B C. 221, and
the north side of the building, and so with the cannot have lived beyond B. C. 214. (Osann, Anal.
rest), “and above this tower he set up a marble Crit. p. 28. ) As to the poetical merit of these
pillar (melam), and on the top he placed a Triton compositions we are unable to form an accurate
in bronze, holding out a wand in his right hand : idea, since the extant fragments are few and short.
and this figure was so contrived as to be driven The language in them appears yet in a rude and
round by the wind, and always to stand oppo undeveloped form, but it has nevertheless a solid
site the blowing wind, and to hold the wand basis for further development. Cicero (Brut. 18)
As an index above the image of that wind. says, that in his time they were no longer worth
farto calls the building “ horologium. ” (R. R. reading, and that the 600 mules in the Clytem-
iii.
