When they had him in
their hands, they did not think it safe to part with him:
they bound and set a guard on him in a small apart-
ment, and then prepared for their principal design.
their hands, they did not think it safe to part with him:
they bound and set a guard on him in a small apart-
ment, and then prepared for their principal design.
Plutarch - Lives - v7
It must
be acknowleged, indeed, that the Achaeans at that time
were no very great or powerful people. Their towns
were generally small, their lands neither extensive nor
PLUT. VoL. VII. Q
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? 242
PLUTARCH.
fertile; and they had no harbors on their coasts, the
sea for the most part entering the land in rocky and
impracticable creeks. Yet none gave a better proof
than this people that the power of Greece is invinci-
ble, while good order and harmony prevail amongst
her members, and she has an able general to lead her
armies. In fact, these very Achaeans, though but in-
considerable in comparison of the Greeks in their flo-
rishing times, or, to speak more properly, not equalling
in their whole community the strength of one respect-
able city in the period we are on, yet by good counsels
and unanimity, and by hearkening to any man of supe-
rior virtue, instead of envying his merit, not only kept
themselves free amidst so many powerful states and
tyrants, but saved great part of Greece, or rescued it
from chains.
As to his character, Aratus had something very po-
pular in his behavior; he had a native greatness of
mind, and was more attentive to the public interest
than to his own. He was an implacable enemy to ty-
rants; but with respect to others he made the good of
his country the sole rule of his friendship or opposi-
tion. So that he seems rather to have been a mild
and moderate enemy, than a zealous friend; his re-
gards or aversions to particular men varying as the oc-
casions of the commonwealth dictated. In short, na-
tions and great communities with one voice re-echoed
the declaration of the assemblies and theatres, that
Aratus loved none but good men. With regard to
open wars and pitched battles, he was indeed diffident
and timorous; but in gaining a point by stratagem, in
surprising cities and tyrants, there could not be an
abler man.
To this cause we must assign it, that after he had
exerted great courage, and succeeded in enterprises
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? ARATUS.
243
that were looked on as desperate; through too much
fear and caution he gave up others that were more
practicable, and not of less importance: for, as amongst
animals there are some that can see very clearly in the
night, and yet are next to blind in the day-time, the
dryness of the eye, and the subtilty of its humora, not
suffering them to hear the light; so there is in man a
kind of courage and understanding, which is easily
disconcerted in open dangers and encounters, and yet
resumes a happy boldness in secret enterprises. The
reason of this inequality in men, of parts otherwise ex-
cellent, is their wanting the advantages of philosophy.
Virtue is in them the product of nature, unassisted by
science, like the fruits of the forest, which come with-
out the least cultivation. Of this there are many ex-
amples to be found.
After Aratus had engaged himself and his city in
the Achaean league, he served in the cavalry, and the
generals highly esteemed him for his ready obedience:
for though he had contributed so much to the common
cause by his name and by the forces of Sicyon, yet the
Achaean commander, whether of Dima, or Tritta, or
some more inconsiderable town, found him always as
tractable as the meanest soldier.
When the king of Egypt made him a present of
twenty-five talents, he received it, indeed, but laid out
the whole on his fellow-citizens; relieving the neces-
sitous with part of it, and ransoming such as were pri-
soners with the rest.
But the exiles whom Aratus had recalled would not
be satisfied with any thing less than the restitution of
their estates, and gave the present possessors so much
trouble, that the city was in danger of being ruined by
sedition. In this extremity he saw no resource except
in the generosity of Ptolemy, and therefore determined
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? 244
PLUTARCH.
to take a voyage to Egypt, and apply to him for as
much money as would reconcile all parties. Accord-
ingly he set sail for Methone above the promontory of
Malea, in hopes of taking the shortest passage: but a
contrary wind sprang up, and the seas ran so high that
the pilot, unable to bear up against them, changed his
course, and with much difficulty got into Adria, a town
which was in the enemy's hands; for Antigonus had a
garrison there. To avoid this imminent danger he
landed, and, with only one friend, named Timanthes,
making his way as far as possible from the sea, sought
for shelter in a place well covered with wood, in which
he and his companion spent a very disagreeable night.
Soon after he had left the ship the governor of the fort
came and inquired for him; but he was deceived by
Aratus' servants, who were instructed to say he had
made off in another vessel to Euboea. However, he
detained the ship and servants as lawful prize. Ara-
tus spent some days in this distressful situation, where
one while he looked out to reconnoitre the coast, and
another while kept himself concealed; but at last
by good fortune a Roman ship happened to put in near
the place of his retreat. The ship was bound for Sy-
ria, and Aratus prevailed on the master to land him in
Caria: but he had equal dangers to combat at sea in
this as in his former passages. And when he was in
Caria he had a voyage to take to Egypt, which he
found a very long one. On his arrival however he was
immediately admitted to an audience by the king, who
had long been inclined to serve him on account of the
paintings which he used to compliment him with from
Greece: for Aratus, who had a taste for these things, was
always collecting for him the pieces of the best masters,
particularly those of Pamphilus and Melanthus: for
Sicyon was famed for the cultivation of the arts, par-
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? ARATUS. 245
ticularly the art of painting; and it was believed that
there only the ancient elegance was preserved without
the least corruption. Hence it was that the great
Apelles, at a time when he was much admired, went
to Sicyon, and gave the painters a talent, not so much
for any improvement he expected, as for the reputa-
tion of having been of their school. In consequence
of which, Aratus, when he restored Sicyon to liberty,
and destroyed the portraits of the tyrants, hesitated a
long time on coming to that of Aristratus; for it was
the united work of the disciples of Melanthus, who
had represented him standing in a chariot of victory,
and the pencil of Apelles had contributed to the per-
formance, as we are informed by Polemo the geo-
grapher.
The piece was so admirable that Aratus could not
avoid feeling the art that was displayed in it; but his
hatred of tyrants soon overruled that feeling, and he
ordered it to he defaced. Nealces the painter, who
was honored with his friendship, is said to have im-
plored him with tears to spare that piece: and when
he found him inflexible, said, ' Aratus, continue your
war with tyrants, but not with every thing that belongs
to them. Spare at least the chariot and the victory,
and I shall soon make Aristratus vanish. ' Aratus gave
his consent, and Nealces defaced the figure of Aristra-
tus, but did not venture to put any thing in its place
except a palm-tree. We are told however that there
was still a dim appearance of the feet of Aristratus at
the bottom of the chariot.
This taste for painting had already recommended
Aratus to Ptolemy, and his conversation gained so
much farther on him, that he made him a present of a
hundred and fifty talents for the city; forty of which
he sent with him on his return to Peloponnesus, and
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? 216
PLUTARCH.
he remitted the rest in the several portions and at the
times that he had fixed. It was a glorious thing to
apply so much money to the use of his fellow-citizens,
at a time when it was common to see generals and
demagogues, for much smaller sums which they re-
ceived of the kings, to oppress, enslave, and betray to
them the cities where they were born. But it was still
more glorious, by this money to reconcile the poor to
the rich, to secure the commonwealth, and establish
harmony amongst all ranks of people.
His moderation in the exercise of the great power
he was vested with was truly admirable: for, being
appointed sole arbitrator of the claims of the exiles, he
refused to act alone, and joined fifteen of the citizens
in the commission; with whose assistance, after much
labor and attention, he established peace and friend-
ship amongst the people. Besides the honors which
the whole community conferred on him for these ser-
vices, the exiles in particular erected his statue in
brass, and put on it this inscription:
Far as the pillars which Alcides rear'd,
Thy counsels and thy deeds in arms for Greece
The tongue of Fame has told. But we, Aratus,
We wanderers whom thou hast restored to Sicyon,
Will sing thy justice; place thy pleasing form,
As a benignant power, with gods that save:
For thou hast given that dear equality,
And all the laws which favoring Heaven might give.
Aratus, after such important services, was placed
above envy amongst his people. But king Antigonus,
uneasy at the progress he made, was determined either
to gain him, or to make him obnoxious to Ptolemy.
He therefore gave him extraordinary marks of his re-
gard, though he wanted no such advances. Amongst
others, this was one. On occasion of a sacrifice which
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? ARATUS.
he offered at Corinth, he sent portions of it to Aratus at
Sicyon; and at the feast which ensued, he said in full
assembly, 'I at first looked on this young Sicyonian
only as a man of a liberal and patriotic spirit, but now I
find that he is also a good judge of the characters and
affairs of princes. At first he overlooked us for the
sake of foreign hopes, and the admiration he had con-=
ceived from stories of the wealth, the elephants, fleets,
and the splendid court of Egypt; but since he has been
on the spot, and seen that all this pomp is merely a
theatrical thing, he is come over intirely to us. I have
received him to my bosom, and am determined to em-
ploy him in all my affairs. I desire therefore you will
all consider him as a friend. ' The envious and male-
volent took occasion from this speech to lay heavy
charges against Aratus in their letters to Ptolemy ; in-
somuch, that the king sent one of his agents to tax him
with his infidelity. Thus, like passionate lovers, the
candidates for the first favors of kings dispute them
with the utmost envy and malignity.
After Aratus was first chosen general of the Achaean
league, he ravaged Locris, which lies on the other side
of the gulf of Corinth, and committed the same spoil
in the territories of Calydon. It was his intention to
assist the Boeotians with ten thousand men; but he
came too late; they were already defeated hy the
/Etolians in an action near Chaeronea, in which Abaso-
critus their general and a thousand of their men were
slain.
The year following Aratus, being elected general
again, undertook that celebrated enterprise of recover-
ing the citadel of Corinth; in which he consulted not
only the benefit of Sicyon and Achaia, but of Greece in
general; for such would be the expulsion of the Mace-
donian garrison, which was nothing better than a ty-
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? 248 PLUTARCH.
rant's yoke. As Chares, the Athenian general, on a
battle which he won of the king of Persia's lieutenants,
wrote to the people that he had gained a victory which
was sister to that of Marathon; sq we may justly call
this exploit of Aratus sister to that of Pelopidas the
Theban, and Thrasybulus the Athenian, when they
killed the tyrants. There is indeed this difference,
that Aratus' enterprise was not against Greeks, but
against a foreign power, which is a difference much to
his honor: for the isthmus of Corinth, which separates
the two seas, joins our continent to that of Peloponne-
sus; and when there is a good garrison in the citadel
of Corinth, which stands on a high hill in the middle,
at an equal distance from the two continents, it cuts off
the communication with those within the isthmus, so
that there can be no passage for troops, nor any kind
of commerce, either by sea or land. In short, he that
is possessed of it is master of all Greece. The younger
Philip of Macedon therefore was not jesting, but spoke
a serious truth, when he called the city of Corinth the
fetters of Greece. Hence the place was always much
contended for, particularly by kings and princes.
Antigonus' passion, for it was not less than that of
love in its greatest madness; and it was the chief ob-
ject of his cares to find a method of taking it by sur-
prise, when the hopes of succeeding by open force
failed. When Alexander, who was master of the cita-
del, died of poison, that is said to have been given him
through Antigonus' means, his wife NicKa, into whose
hands it then fell, guarded it with great care. But
Antigonus, hoping to gain it by means of his son De-
metrius, sent him to make her an offer of his hand. It
was a flattering prospect to a woman somewhat ad-
vanced in years to have such a young prince for her
husband. Accordingly Antigonus caught her by this
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? ARATUS.
bait. However, she did not give up the citadel, but
guarded it with the same attention as before. Antigo-
nus, pretending to take no notice, celebrated the mar-
riage with sacrifices and shows, and spent whole days
in feasting the people, as if his mind had been intirely
taken up with mirth and pleasure. One day, when
Amoebeus was to sing in the theatre, he conducted
Nicaea in person on her way to the entertainment in a
litter set out with royal ornaments. She was elated
with the honor, and had not the least thought of what
was to ensue. But when they came to the point which
bore towards the citadel, he ordered the men that bore
the litter to proceed to the theatre; and bidding fare-
well to Amoebeus and the wedding, he walked up to
the fort much faster than could have been expected
from a man of his years. Finding the gate barred, be
knocked with his staff, and commanded the guard to
open it. Surprised at the sight of him, they complied,
and thus he became master of the place. He was not
able to contain his joy on that occasion: he drank and
revelled in the open streets, and in the market-place,
attended with female musicians, and crowned with
flowers. When we see a man of his age, who had ex-
perienced such changes of fortune, carouse and indulge
his transports, embracing and saluting every one he
meets, we must acknowlege that unexpected joy raises
greater tumults in an unbalanced mind, and oversets it
sooner, than either fear or sorrow.
Antigonus having in this manner made himself mas-
ter of the citadel, garrisoned it with men in whom he
placed the greatest confidence, and made the philoso-
pher Persaeus governor. Whilst Alexander was living,
Aratus had cast his eye on it, as an excellent acquisi-
tion for his country; but, the Achaeatis admitting Alex-
ander into the league, he did not prosecute his design.
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? PLUTARCH.
Afterwards, however, a new occasion presented itself.
There were in Corinth four brothers, natives of Syria;
one of which, named Diocles, served as a soldier in
the garrison. The other three, having stolen some of
the king's money, retired to Sicyon, where they ap-
plied to one jEgias, a banker, whom Aratus used to
employ. Part of this gold they immediately disposed
of to him, and Erginus, one of the three, at several
visits, privately changed the rest. Thus an acquaint-
ance was formed between him and jEgias, who one day
drew him into discourse about the garrison. Erginus
told him, that as he often went up to visit his brother,
he had observed on the steepest side a small winding
path cut in the rock, and leading to a part of the wall
much lower than the rest. On this jEgias said, with
an air of raillery, 'Why will you, my good friend,
purloin the king's treasures for so inconsiderable a
sum, when you might raise yourself to opulence by
one hour's service? Do not you know, that if you are
taken, you will as certainly be put to death for this
trifling theft as if you had betrayed the citadel V Er-
ginus laughed at the hint, and promised to sound his
brother Diocles on the subject; for he could not, he
said, place much confidence in the other two.
A few days after this he returned, and had an inter-
view with Aratus; at which it was agreed that he
should conduct him to a part of the wall that was not
above fifteen feet high, and that both he and his bro-
ther Diocles should assist him in the rest of the enter-
prise. Aratus, on his part, promised to give them
sixty talents if he succeeded ; and in case they failed,
and yet returned all safe to Sicyon, he engaged that
each of them should have a house and one talent. As
it was necessary that the sixty talents should be depo-
sited in the hands of /Egias, for the satisfaction of Er-
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? ARATUS.
251
ginus, and Aratus neither had such a sum nor chose to
borrow it, because that might create some suspicion of
his intentions, he took most of his plate and his wife's
jewels, and pledged them with jEgias for the money.
Such was the greatness of his soul, such his passion
for high achievements, that knowing that Phocion and
Epaminondas were accounted the justest and most ex-
cellent of all the Greeks, for refusing great presents,
and not sacrificing virtue to money, he ascended a step
higher. He privately gave money; he embarked his
estate in an enterprise, where he alone was to expose
himself for the many, who were not even apprised of
his intentions in their favor. Who then can sufficiently
admire his magnanimity? Who is there, even in our
days, that is not fired with an ambition to imitate the
man who purchased so much danger at so great an ex-
pense, who pledged the most valuable of his goods for
the sake of being introduced by night amongst ene-
mies, where he was to fight for his life, without any
other equivalent than the hope of performing a great
action?
This undertaking, which was dangerous enough in
itself, became more so by a mistake which they com-
mitted in the beginning. Technon, one of Aratus'
servants, of whom we have already spoken, was sent
before to Diocles, that they might reconnoitre the wall
together. He had never seen Diocles, but he thought
he should easily know him by the marks which Ergi-
nus had given, which were, curled hair, a swarthy com-
plexion, and want of beard. He went therefore to the
place appointed, and sat down before the city at a
point called Ornis, to wait for Erginus and his brother
Diocles. In the mean time Dionysius, their eldest
brother, who knew nothing of the affair, happened to
come up. He greatly resembled Diocles; and Tech-
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? 252
PLUTARCH.
non, struck with his appearance, which answered the
description, asked him if he had any connexion with
Erginus. He said he was his brother: on which Tech-
non, thoroughly persuaded that he was speaking to
Diocles, without asking his name, or waiting for any
token, gave him his hand, mentioned to him the cir-
cumstances of the appointment with Erginus, and asked
him many questions about it. Dionysius availed him-
self very artfully of the mistake, agreed to every point,
and returning towards the city, held him in discourse
without giving him the least cause of suspicion. They
were now near the town, and he was on the point of
seizing Technon, when by good fortune Erginus met
them, and perceiving how much his friend was imposed
on, and the great danger he was in, beckoned to him
to make his escape. Accordingly they both fled, and
got safe to Aratus. However, Aratus did not give up
his hopes, but immediately sent Erginus to Dionysius,
to offer him money, and intreat him to be silent; in
which he succeeded so well, that he brought Dionysius
along with him to Aratus.
When they had him in
their hands, they did not think it safe to part with him:
they bound and set a guard on him in a small apart-
ment, and then prepared for their principal design.
When every thing was ready, Aratus ordered his
troops to pass the night under arms; and taking with
him four hundred picked men, few of whom knew the
business they were going about, he led them to the
gates of the city near the temple of Juno. It was then
about the middle of the summer, the moon at the full,
and the night without the least cloud. As their arms
glittered with the reflection of the moon, they were
afraid that circumstance would discover them to the
watch. The foremost of them were now near the walls,
when clouds arose from the sea, and covered the city
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? ARATUS,
263
and its environs. The men sat down and took off their
shoes, that they might make the less noise, and mount
the ladders without danger of slipping. But Erginus
took with him seven young men in the hahit of travel-
lers, and getting unobserved to the gate, killed the
keeper and the guard that were with him. At the same
time the ladders were applied to the walls, and Aratus,
with a hundred men, got over with the utmost expedi-
tion. The rest he commanded to follow in the best
manner they could, and having immediately drawn np
his ladders, he marched at the head of his party through
the town towards the citadel, confident of success, be-
cause he was not discovered.
As they advanced they met four of the watch with a
light, which gave Aratus a full and timely view of
them, while he and his company could not be seen by
them, because the moon was still overclouded. He
therefore retired under some ruined walls, and lay in
ambush for them. Three out of the four were killed;
but the other, after he had received a cut on his head,
ran off, crying that the enemy was in the city. A
little after, the trumpets sounded, and the whole town
was in motion on the alarm. The streets were filled
with people running up and down; and so many lights
were brought out, both in the lower town and in the
citadel, that the whole was illuminated, and a confused
noise was heard from every quarter. Aratus went on,
notwithstanding, and attempted the way up the rock.
He proceeded in a slow and difficult manner at first,
because he had lost the path which lay deep beneath
the craggy parts of the rock, and led to the wall by a
great variety of windings and turnings. But at that
moment the moon, as it were by miracle, is said to
have dispersed the clouds, and thrown a light on the
most obscure part of the path, which continued till he
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? 254 PLUTARCH.
reached the wall at the place he wanted. Then the
clouds gathered afresh, and she hid her face again.
In the mean time the three hundred men whom Ara-
tus had left by the temple of Juno had entered the city,
which they found all in an alarm, and full of lights. As
they could not find the way Aratus had taken, nor trace
him in the least, they screened themselves under the
shady side of a high rock, and waited there in great
perplexity and distress. By this time Aratus was en-
gaged with the enemy on the ramparts of the citadel,
and they could distinguish the cries of combatants; but
as the noise was echoed by the neighboring mountains,
it was uncertain from whence it first came. Whilst they
were in doubt what way to turn, Archelaus, who com-
manded the king's forces, took a considerable corps,
and began to ascend the hill with loud shouts, and
trumpets sounding, in order to attack Aratus' rear.
He passed the party of the three hundred without per-
ceiving them ; but he was no sooner gone by, than they
rose as from an ambuscade, fell on him, and killing the
first they attacked, so terrified the rest, and even Arche-
laus himself, that they turned their backs, and were
pursued till they intirely dispersed.
When the party was thus victorious, Erginus came to
them from their friends above, to inform them that Ara-
tus was engaged with the enemy, who defended them-
selves with great vigor; that the wall itself was dis-
puted, and that their general wanted immediate assist-
ance. They bade him lead them to the place that
moment; and as they ascended, they discovered them-
selves by their shouts. Thus their friends were en-
couraged, and the reflection of the full moon on their
arms made their numbers appear greater to their ene-
mies, on account of the length of the path. In the
echoes of the night, too, the shouts seemed to come
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? ARATUS.
from a much larger party. At last they joined Aratus,
and with a united effort beat off the enemy, and took
post on the wall. At break of day the citadel was their
own, and the first rays of the sun did honor to their
victory. At the same time the rest of Aratus' forces
arrived from Sicyon: the Corinthians readily opened
their gates to them, and assisted in taking the king's
soldiers prisoners.
When he thought his victory complete, he went
down from the citadel to the theatre, an innumerable
multitude crowding to see him, and to hear the speech
that he would make to the Corinthians. After he had
disposed the Achaeans on each side of the avenues to
the theatre, he came from behind the scenes, and made
his appearance in his armor. But he was so much
changed by labor and watching, that the joy and ele-
vation which his success might have inspired was
weighed down by the extreme fatigue of his spirits.
On his appearance the people immediately began to
express their high sense of his services; on which he
took his spear in his right hand, and leaning his body
and one knee a little against it, remained a long time
in that posture silent, to receive their plaudits and ac-
clamations, their praises of his virtue, and compliments
on his good fortune.
After their first transports were over, and he per-
ceived that he could be heard, he summoned the
strength he had left, and made a speech in the name of
the Aehaeans suitable to the great event, persuaded the
Corinthians to join the league, and delivered to them
the keys of their city, which they had not been masters
of since the time of Philip. As to the generals of
Antigonus, he set Archelaus, who was his prisoner,
free; but he put Theophrastus to death, because he
refused to leave Corinth. Persa;us, on the taking of
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? 256
PLUTARCH.
the citadel, made his escape to Cenchreae. Some time
after, when he was amusing himself with disputations
in philosophy, and some person advanced this posi-
tion, ' None but the wise man is fit to be a general'--
'It is true,' said he, ' and the gods know it, that this
maxim of Zeno's once pleased me more th,an all the
rest; but I have changed my opinion, since I was
better taught by the young Sicyonian. ' This circum-
stance concerning Persaeus we have from many his-
torians.
Aratus immediately seized the Heraeum, or temple
of Juno, and the harbor of Lechaeum, in which he took
twenty-five of the king's ships. He took also five hun-
dred horses, and four hundred Syrians, whom he sold.
The Achaeans put a garrison of four hundred men in
the citadel of Corinth, which was strengthened with
fifty dogs, and as many men to keep them.
The Romans were great admirers of Philopcemen,
and called him ' the last of the Greeks;' not allowing
that there was any great man amongst that people after
him. But, in my opinion, this exploit of Aratus is the
last which the Greeks have to boast of. Indeed, whe-
ther we consider the boldness of the enterprise, or the
good fortune which attended it, it equals the greatest
on record. The same appears from its immediate
consequences; the Megarensians revolted from Anti-
gonus, and joined Aratus; the Trcezenians and Epi-
daurians, too, ranged themselves on the side of the
Achaeans.
In his first expedition beyond the bounds of Pelo-
ponnesus, Aratus overran Attica, and passing into Sala-
mis, ravaged that island; so that the Achaean forces
thought themselves escaped as it were, out of prison,
and followed him wherever he pleased. On this occa-
sion he set the Athenian prisoners free without ransom,
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? ? ARATUS.
by which he sowed amongst them the first seeds of de-
fection from the Macedonians. He brought Ptolemy
likewise into the Achaean league, by procuring him the
direction of the war both by sea and land. Such was
his influence over the Achsaans, that, as the laws did
not allow him to be general two years together, they
appointed him every other year; and in action, as well
as counsel, he had always in effect the chief command:
for they saw it was not wealth, or glory, or the friend-
ship of kings, or the advantage of his own country, or
any thing else, that he preferred to the promotion of
the Achaaan power. He thought that cities in their
single capacity were weak, and that they could not
provide for their defence without uniting and binding
themselves together for the common good. As the
members of the body cannot be nourished, or live, but
by their connexion with each other, and when sepa-
rated pine and decay; so cities perish when they break
off from the community to which they belonged; and,
on the contrary, gather strength and power, by he-
coming parts of some great body, and enjoying the
fruits of the wisdom of the whole.
Observing therefore that all the bravest people in
his neighborhood lived according to their own laws, it
gave him pain to see the Argives in slavery, and he
took measures for destroying their tyrant Aristo-
machus. Besides, he was ambitious for restoring Ar-
gos to its liberty, as a reward for the education it had
afforded him, and to unite it to the Achaean league.
Without much difficulty he found them hardy enough
to undertake the commission, at the head of whom was
iEschylus and Charimenes the diviner; but they had
no swords; for they were forbidden to keep arms, and
the tyrant had laid great penalties on such as should
be found to have any in their possession. To supply
PLUT. VoL. VII. , - , It
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? PIUTARCH.
this defect, Aratus provided several daggers for them
at Corinth, and having sewed them up in the pack-
saddles of horses that were to carry some ordinary
wares, they were by that stratagem conveyed to Argos.
In the mean time Charimenes taking in another of his
friends as a partner, jEschylus and his associates were
so much provoked, that they cast him off, and deter-
mined to do the business by themselves. But Chari-
menes perceiving their intention, in resentment of the
flight, informed the tyrant of their purpose, when they
were set out to put it in execution. On which they
fled with precipitation, and most of them escaped to
Corinth.
It was not long, however, before Aristomachus was
despatched by one of his own servants; but before any
measures could be taken to guard against tyranny,
Aristippus took the reins, and proved a worse tyrant
than the former. Aratus, indeed, marched imme-
diately to Argos with all the Acbaeans that were able
to bear arms, in order to support the citizens, whom
he doubted not to find ready to assert their liberty.
But they had been long accustomed to the yoke, and
were willing to be slaves; insomuch, that not one of
them joined him, and he returned with the inconve-
nience of bringing a charge on the Achaeans, that they
had committed acts of hostility in time of full peace:
for they were summoned to answer for this injustice
before the Mantineans.
Aratus did not appear at the trial, and Aristippus
being the prosecutor, got a fine of thirty minea laid on
the Achseans. As that tyrant both hated and feared
Aratus, he meditated his death, and Antigonus entered
into the scheme. They had their emissaries in almost
every quarter, watching their opportunity. But the
surest guard for a prince, or other chief, is the sincere
affection of his people: for when the commons and the
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? ARATUS.
nobility, instead of fearing their chief magistrate, fear
for him, he sees with many eyes, and hears with many
ears. And here I cannot but leave a little the thread
of my story, to describe that manner of life which
Aristippus was under a necessity of leading, if he
chose to keep in his hands that despotism, that state
of an arbitrary sovereign, which is commonly so much
envied, and admired as the highest pitch of happiness.
This tyrant, who had Antigonus for his ally, who
kept so large a body-guard, and had not left one of his
enemies alive in the city, would not suffer his guards
to do duty in the palace, but only in the vestibule and
porticos about it. When supper was over, he sent
away all the servants, barred the door of the hall him-
self, and with his mistress crept through a trap-door
into a small chamber above. On that door he placed
his bed, and slept there as a person in his anxious
state of mind may be supposed to sleep. The ladder
by which he went up his mistress' mother took away,
and secured in another room till morning, when she
brought it again, and called up this wonderful prince,
who crept like a reptile out of his hole. Whereas
Aratus, who acquired a lasting command, not by force
of arms, but by virtue, and in a way agreeable to the
laws; who made his appearance without fear in a plain
vest and cloak, and always showed himself an enemy
to tyrants, left an illustrious posterity among the
Greeks, which flourishes at this day. But of those
who have seized castles, who have maintained guards,
who have fenced themselves with arms, and gates, and
barricadoes, how few can we reckon up that have not,
like timorous hares, died a violent death! and not one
of them has left a family, or even a monument to pre-
serve his memory with honor.
Aratus made many attempts, both private and open,
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? PLUTARCH.
to pull down Aristippus, and rescue Argos but of his
hands ; but he always miscarried. Once he applied his
scaling-ladders, and ascended the wall with a small
party, in spite of the extreme danger that threatened
Mm. He even succeeded so far as to kill the guards
that came to oppose him: but when day appeared, and
the tyrant attacked him on all sides, the people of Ar-
gos, as if he had not been fighting for their liberty,
and they were only presiding at the Nemean games, sat
very impartial spectators of the action, without making
the least motion to assist. Aratus defended himself
with great courage, and though he had his thigh run
through with a spear, maintained his post all day
against such superior numbers. Would his strength
have permitted him to continue the combat in the night
too, he must have carried his point; for the tyrant
now thought of nothing but making his escape, and
had already sent most of his treasure on board his
ships. However, as no one gave Aratus intelligence ?
of this circumstance, as his water failed, and his wound
disqualified him from any farther efforts, he called off
his men and retired.
He now despaired of succeeding by way of surprise,
and therefore openly entered the territories of Argos
with his army, and committed great devastations. He
fought a pitched battle with Aristippus near the river
Chares, and on that occasion he was censured for de-
serting the action, and letting the victory slip out of
his hands: for one part of his army had clearly the
advantage, and was advancing fast in' the pursuit, when,
-he, without being overpowered where he acted in per-
son, merely out of fear and diffidence, retired in great
disorder to his camp. His men, on their return from the
pursuit, expressed their indignation at being prevented
from erecting the trophy, after they had put the enemy
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? , ARATUS.
261
to flight, and killed many more men than they had lost.
Aratus, wounded with these reproaches, determined
to risk a second battle for the trophy. Accordingly,
after his men had rested one day, he drew them out
the next. But finding that the enemy's numbers were
increased, and that their troops were in much higher
spirits than before, he durst not venture on an action,
but retreated, after having obtained a truce to carry off,
the dead. However, by his engaging manners, and his
abilities in the administration, he obviated the conse-
quences of this error, and added the city of Cleonae to
the Achaean league. In Cleonae he caused the Nemean
games to be celebrated; for. he thought that city had
the best and most ancient claim to them. The people
of Argos likewise exhibited them; and on this occa-
sion the freedom and security which had been the pri-
vilege of the champions, were first violated. The
Achaeans considered as enemies all that had repaired
to the games at Argos, and having seized them as they
passed through their territories, sold them for slaves.
So violent and implacable was their general's hatred
of tyrants. . .
Not long after, Aratus had intelligence that Aristip-
pus had a design on Cleonae, but that he was afraid of
him, because he then resided at Corinth, which was
very near Cleonae. In this case he assembled his forces
by proclamation, and having ordered them to take pro-
visions for several days, marched to Cenchreae. By
this manoeuvre he hoped to bring Aristippus against
Cleonae, as supposing him at a distance; and it had
its effect. The tyrant immediately set out from Ar-
gos with his army. But it was no sooner dark, than
Aratus returned from Cenchreae to Corinth, and hav-
ing placed guards in all the roads, led on the Achaeans,
who followed him in such good order, and with so
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? PLUTARCH.
much celerity and pleasure, that they not only made
their inarch, hut entered Cleonae that night, and put
themselves in order of battle; nor did Aristippus gain
the least knowlege of this morement.
Next morning at break of day the gates were opened,
the trumpet sounded, and Aratus advancing at full
speed, and with all the alarm of war, fell on the enemy,
and soon routed them. Then he went on the pursuit,
particularly that way which he imagined Aristippus
might take; for the country had several outlets. The
pursuit was continued as far as Mycenw, and the tyrant,
as Dinias tells us, was overtaken and killed by a Cre-
tan named Tragiscus; and of his army there were
above fifteen hundred slain. Aratus, though he bad
gained this important victory without the loss of one
man, could not make himself master of Argos, nor de-
liver it from slavery; for Agias and young Aristo-
machus entered it with the king of Macedon's troops,
and held it in subjection.
This action silenced in a great measure the calumny
of the enemy, and put a stop to the insolent scoffs of
those, who, to flatter the tyrants, had not scrupled to
say, that whenever the Achaean general prepared for
battle, his bowels lost their retentive faculty; that
when the trumpet sounded, his eyes grew dim, and
his head giddy; and that when he had given the word,
he used to ask his lieutenants, and other officers, what
farther need there could be of him, since the die was
cast, and whether he might not retire, and wait the
event of the day at some distance. These reports bad
prevailed so much, that the philosophers, in their in-
quiries in the schools, whether the palpitation of the
heart and change of color on the appearance of dan-
ger, were arguments of cowardice, or only of some
natural defect, some coldness in the constitution? used
? ?
be acknowleged, indeed, that the Achaeans at that time
were no very great or powerful people. Their towns
were generally small, their lands neither extensive nor
PLUT. VoL. VII. Q
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? 242
PLUTARCH.
fertile; and they had no harbors on their coasts, the
sea for the most part entering the land in rocky and
impracticable creeks. Yet none gave a better proof
than this people that the power of Greece is invinci-
ble, while good order and harmony prevail amongst
her members, and she has an able general to lead her
armies. In fact, these very Achaeans, though but in-
considerable in comparison of the Greeks in their flo-
rishing times, or, to speak more properly, not equalling
in their whole community the strength of one respect-
able city in the period we are on, yet by good counsels
and unanimity, and by hearkening to any man of supe-
rior virtue, instead of envying his merit, not only kept
themselves free amidst so many powerful states and
tyrants, but saved great part of Greece, or rescued it
from chains.
As to his character, Aratus had something very po-
pular in his behavior; he had a native greatness of
mind, and was more attentive to the public interest
than to his own. He was an implacable enemy to ty-
rants; but with respect to others he made the good of
his country the sole rule of his friendship or opposi-
tion. So that he seems rather to have been a mild
and moderate enemy, than a zealous friend; his re-
gards or aversions to particular men varying as the oc-
casions of the commonwealth dictated. In short, na-
tions and great communities with one voice re-echoed
the declaration of the assemblies and theatres, that
Aratus loved none but good men. With regard to
open wars and pitched battles, he was indeed diffident
and timorous; but in gaining a point by stratagem, in
surprising cities and tyrants, there could not be an
abler man.
To this cause we must assign it, that after he had
exerted great courage, and succeeded in enterprises
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? ARATUS.
243
that were looked on as desperate; through too much
fear and caution he gave up others that were more
practicable, and not of less importance: for, as amongst
animals there are some that can see very clearly in the
night, and yet are next to blind in the day-time, the
dryness of the eye, and the subtilty of its humora, not
suffering them to hear the light; so there is in man a
kind of courage and understanding, which is easily
disconcerted in open dangers and encounters, and yet
resumes a happy boldness in secret enterprises. The
reason of this inequality in men, of parts otherwise ex-
cellent, is their wanting the advantages of philosophy.
Virtue is in them the product of nature, unassisted by
science, like the fruits of the forest, which come with-
out the least cultivation. Of this there are many ex-
amples to be found.
After Aratus had engaged himself and his city in
the Achaean league, he served in the cavalry, and the
generals highly esteemed him for his ready obedience:
for though he had contributed so much to the common
cause by his name and by the forces of Sicyon, yet the
Achaean commander, whether of Dima, or Tritta, or
some more inconsiderable town, found him always as
tractable as the meanest soldier.
When the king of Egypt made him a present of
twenty-five talents, he received it, indeed, but laid out
the whole on his fellow-citizens; relieving the neces-
sitous with part of it, and ransoming such as were pri-
soners with the rest.
But the exiles whom Aratus had recalled would not
be satisfied with any thing less than the restitution of
their estates, and gave the present possessors so much
trouble, that the city was in danger of being ruined by
sedition. In this extremity he saw no resource except
in the generosity of Ptolemy, and therefore determined
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? 244
PLUTARCH.
to take a voyage to Egypt, and apply to him for as
much money as would reconcile all parties. Accord-
ingly he set sail for Methone above the promontory of
Malea, in hopes of taking the shortest passage: but a
contrary wind sprang up, and the seas ran so high that
the pilot, unable to bear up against them, changed his
course, and with much difficulty got into Adria, a town
which was in the enemy's hands; for Antigonus had a
garrison there. To avoid this imminent danger he
landed, and, with only one friend, named Timanthes,
making his way as far as possible from the sea, sought
for shelter in a place well covered with wood, in which
he and his companion spent a very disagreeable night.
Soon after he had left the ship the governor of the fort
came and inquired for him; but he was deceived by
Aratus' servants, who were instructed to say he had
made off in another vessel to Euboea. However, he
detained the ship and servants as lawful prize. Ara-
tus spent some days in this distressful situation, where
one while he looked out to reconnoitre the coast, and
another while kept himself concealed; but at last
by good fortune a Roman ship happened to put in near
the place of his retreat. The ship was bound for Sy-
ria, and Aratus prevailed on the master to land him in
Caria: but he had equal dangers to combat at sea in
this as in his former passages. And when he was in
Caria he had a voyage to take to Egypt, which he
found a very long one. On his arrival however he was
immediately admitted to an audience by the king, who
had long been inclined to serve him on account of the
paintings which he used to compliment him with from
Greece: for Aratus, who had a taste for these things, was
always collecting for him the pieces of the best masters,
particularly those of Pamphilus and Melanthus: for
Sicyon was famed for the cultivation of the arts, par-
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? ARATUS. 245
ticularly the art of painting; and it was believed that
there only the ancient elegance was preserved without
the least corruption. Hence it was that the great
Apelles, at a time when he was much admired, went
to Sicyon, and gave the painters a talent, not so much
for any improvement he expected, as for the reputa-
tion of having been of their school. In consequence
of which, Aratus, when he restored Sicyon to liberty,
and destroyed the portraits of the tyrants, hesitated a
long time on coming to that of Aristratus; for it was
the united work of the disciples of Melanthus, who
had represented him standing in a chariot of victory,
and the pencil of Apelles had contributed to the per-
formance, as we are informed by Polemo the geo-
grapher.
The piece was so admirable that Aratus could not
avoid feeling the art that was displayed in it; but his
hatred of tyrants soon overruled that feeling, and he
ordered it to he defaced. Nealces the painter, who
was honored with his friendship, is said to have im-
plored him with tears to spare that piece: and when
he found him inflexible, said, ' Aratus, continue your
war with tyrants, but not with every thing that belongs
to them. Spare at least the chariot and the victory,
and I shall soon make Aristratus vanish. ' Aratus gave
his consent, and Nealces defaced the figure of Aristra-
tus, but did not venture to put any thing in its place
except a palm-tree. We are told however that there
was still a dim appearance of the feet of Aristratus at
the bottom of the chariot.
This taste for painting had already recommended
Aratus to Ptolemy, and his conversation gained so
much farther on him, that he made him a present of a
hundred and fifty talents for the city; forty of which
he sent with him on his return to Peloponnesus, and
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? 216
PLUTARCH.
he remitted the rest in the several portions and at the
times that he had fixed. It was a glorious thing to
apply so much money to the use of his fellow-citizens,
at a time when it was common to see generals and
demagogues, for much smaller sums which they re-
ceived of the kings, to oppress, enslave, and betray to
them the cities where they were born. But it was still
more glorious, by this money to reconcile the poor to
the rich, to secure the commonwealth, and establish
harmony amongst all ranks of people.
His moderation in the exercise of the great power
he was vested with was truly admirable: for, being
appointed sole arbitrator of the claims of the exiles, he
refused to act alone, and joined fifteen of the citizens
in the commission; with whose assistance, after much
labor and attention, he established peace and friend-
ship amongst the people. Besides the honors which
the whole community conferred on him for these ser-
vices, the exiles in particular erected his statue in
brass, and put on it this inscription:
Far as the pillars which Alcides rear'd,
Thy counsels and thy deeds in arms for Greece
The tongue of Fame has told. But we, Aratus,
We wanderers whom thou hast restored to Sicyon,
Will sing thy justice; place thy pleasing form,
As a benignant power, with gods that save:
For thou hast given that dear equality,
And all the laws which favoring Heaven might give.
Aratus, after such important services, was placed
above envy amongst his people. But king Antigonus,
uneasy at the progress he made, was determined either
to gain him, or to make him obnoxious to Ptolemy.
He therefore gave him extraordinary marks of his re-
gard, though he wanted no such advances. Amongst
others, this was one. On occasion of a sacrifice which
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? ARATUS.
he offered at Corinth, he sent portions of it to Aratus at
Sicyon; and at the feast which ensued, he said in full
assembly, 'I at first looked on this young Sicyonian
only as a man of a liberal and patriotic spirit, but now I
find that he is also a good judge of the characters and
affairs of princes. At first he overlooked us for the
sake of foreign hopes, and the admiration he had con-=
ceived from stories of the wealth, the elephants, fleets,
and the splendid court of Egypt; but since he has been
on the spot, and seen that all this pomp is merely a
theatrical thing, he is come over intirely to us. I have
received him to my bosom, and am determined to em-
ploy him in all my affairs. I desire therefore you will
all consider him as a friend. ' The envious and male-
volent took occasion from this speech to lay heavy
charges against Aratus in their letters to Ptolemy ; in-
somuch, that the king sent one of his agents to tax him
with his infidelity. Thus, like passionate lovers, the
candidates for the first favors of kings dispute them
with the utmost envy and malignity.
After Aratus was first chosen general of the Achaean
league, he ravaged Locris, which lies on the other side
of the gulf of Corinth, and committed the same spoil
in the territories of Calydon. It was his intention to
assist the Boeotians with ten thousand men; but he
came too late; they were already defeated hy the
/Etolians in an action near Chaeronea, in which Abaso-
critus their general and a thousand of their men were
slain.
The year following Aratus, being elected general
again, undertook that celebrated enterprise of recover-
ing the citadel of Corinth; in which he consulted not
only the benefit of Sicyon and Achaia, but of Greece in
general; for such would be the expulsion of the Mace-
donian garrison, which was nothing better than a ty-
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? 248 PLUTARCH.
rant's yoke. As Chares, the Athenian general, on a
battle which he won of the king of Persia's lieutenants,
wrote to the people that he had gained a victory which
was sister to that of Marathon; sq we may justly call
this exploit of Aratus sister to that of Pelopidas the
Theban, and Thrasybulus the Athenian, when they
killed the tyrants. There is indeed this difference,
that Aratus' enterprise was not against Greeks, but
against a foreign power, which is a difference much to
his honor: for the isthmus of Corinth, which separates
the two seas, joins our continent to that of Peloponne-
sus; and when there is a good garrison in the citadel
of Corinth, which stands on a high hill in the middle,
at an equal distance from the two continents, it cuts off
the communication with those within the isthmus, so
that there can be no passage for troops, nor any kind
of commerce, either by sea or land. In short, he that
is possessed of it is master of all Greece. The younger
Philip of Macedon therefore was not jesting, but spoke
a serious truth, when he called the city of Corinth the
fetters of Greece. Hence the place was always much
contended for, particularly by kings and princes.
Antigonus' passion, for it was not less than that of
love in its greatest madness; and it was the chief ob-
ject of his cares to find a method of taking it by sur-
prise, when the hopes of succeeding by open force
failed. When Alexander, who was master of the cita-
del, died of poison, that is said to have been given him
through Antigonus' means, his wife NicKa, into whose
hands it then fell, guarded it with great care. But
Antigonus, hoping to gain it by means of his son De-
metrius, sent him to make her an offer of his hand. It
was a flattering prospect to a woman somewhat ad-
vanced in years to have such a young prince for her
husband. Accordingly Antigonus caught her by this
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? ARATUS.
bait. However, she did not give up the citadel, but
guarded it with the same attention as before. Antigo-
nus, pretending to take no notice, celebrated the mar-
riage with sacrifices and shows, and spent whole days
in feasting the people, as if his mind had been intirely
taken up with mirth and pleasure. One day, when
Amoebeus was to sing in the theatre, he conducted
Nicaea in person on her way to the entertainment in a
litter set out with royal ornaments. She was elated
with the honor, and had not the least thought of what
was to ensue. But when they came to the point which
bore towards the citadel, he ordered the men that bore
the litter to proceed to the theatre; and bidding fare-
well to Amoebeus and the wedding, he walked up to
the fort much faster than could have been expected
from a man of his years. Finding the gate barred, be
knocked with his staff, and commanded the guard to
open it. Surprised at the sight of him, they complied,
and thus he became master of the place. He was not
able to contain his joy on that occasion: he drank and
revelled in the open streets, and in the market-place,
attended with female musicians, and crowned with
flowers. When we see a man of his age, who had ex-
perienced such changes of fortune, carouse and indulge
his transports, embracing and saluting every one he
meets, we must acknowlege that unexpected joy raises
greater tumults in an unbalanced mind, and oversets it
sooner, than either fear or sorrow.
Antigonus having in this manner made himself mas-
ter of the citadel, garrisoned it with men in whom he
placed the greatest confidence, and made the philoso-
pher Persaeus governor. Whilst Alexander was living,
Aratus had cast his eye on it, as an excellent acquisi-
tion for his country; but, the Achaeatis admitting Alex-
ander into the league, he did not prosecute his design.
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? PLUTARCH.
Afterwards, however, a new occasion presented itself.
There were in Corinth four brothers, natives of Syria;
one of which, named Diocles, served as a soldier in
the garrison. The other three, having stolen some of
the king's money, retired to Sicyon, where they ap-
plied to one jEgias, a banker, whom Aratus used to
employ. Part of this gold they immediately disposed
of to him, and Erginus, one of the three, at several
visits, privately changed the rest. Thus an acquaint-
ance was formed between him and jEgias, who one day
drew him into discourse about the garrison. Erginus
told him, that as he often went up to visit his brother,
he had observed on the steepest side a small winding
path cut in the rock, and leading to a part of the wall
much lower than the rest. On this jEgias said, with
an air of raillery, 'Why will you, my good friend,
purloin the king's treasures for so inconsiderable a
sum, when you might raise yourself to opulence by
one hour's service? Do not you know, that if you are
taken, you will as certainly be put to death for this
trifling theft as if you had betrayed the citadel V Er-
ginus laughed at the hint, and promised to sound his
brother Diocles on the subject; for he could not, he
said, place much confidence in the other two.
A few days after this he returned, and had an inter-
view with Aratus; at which it was agreed that he
should conduct him to a part of the wall that was not
above fifteen feet high, and that both he and his bro-
ther Diocles should assist him in the rest of the enter-
prise. Aratus, on his part, promised to give them
sixty talents if he succeeded ; and in case they failed,
and yet returned all safe to Sicyon, he engaged that
each of them should have a house and one talent. As
it was necessary that the sixty talents should be depo-
sited in the hands of /Egias, for the satisfaction of Er-
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? ARATUS.
251
ginus, and Aratus neither had such a sum nor chose to
borrow it, because that might create some suspicion of
his intentions, he took most of his plate and his wife's
jewels, and pledged them with jEgias for the money.
Such was the greatness of his soul, such his passion
for high achievements, that knowing that Phocion and
Epaminondas were accounted the justest and most ex-
cellent of all the Greeks, for refusing great presents,
and not sacrificing virtue to money, he ascended a step
higher. He privately gave money; he embarked his
estate in an enterprise, where he alone was to expose
himself for the many, who were not even apprised of
his intentions in their favor. Who then can sufficiently
admire his magnanimity? Who is there, even in our
days, that is not fired with an ambition to imitate the
man who purchased so much danger at so great an ex-
pense, who pledged the most valuable of his goods for
the sake of being introduced by night amongst ene-
mies, where he was to fight for his life, without any
other equivalent than the hope of performing a great
action?
This undertaking, which was dangerous enough in
itself, became more so by a mistake which they com-
mitted in the beginning. Technon, one of Aratus'
servants, of whom we have already spoken, was sent
before to Diocles, that they might reconnoitre the wall
together. He had never seen Diocles, but he thought
he should easily know him by the marks which Ergi-
nus had given, which were, curled hair, a swarthy com-
plexion, and want of beard. He went therefore to the
place appointed, and sat down before the city at a
point called Ornis, to wait for Erginus and his brother
Diocles. In the mean time Dionysius, their eldest
brother, who knew nothing of the affair, happened to
come up. He greatly resembled Diocles; and Tech-
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? 252
PLUTARCH.
non, struck with his appearance, which answered the
description, asked him if he had any connexion with
Erginus. He said he was his brother: on which Tech-
non, thoroughly persuaded that he was speaking to
Diocles, without asking his name, or waiting for any
token, gave him his hand, mentioned to him the cir-
cumstances of the appointment with Erginus, and asked
him many questions about it. Dionysius availed him-
self very artfully of the mistake, agreed to every point,
and returning towards the city, held him in discourse
without giving him the least cause of suspicion. They
were now near the town, and he was on the point of
seizing Technon, when by good fortune Erginus met
them, and perceiving how much his friend was imposed
on, and the great danger he was in, beckoned to him
to make his escape. Accordingly they both fled, and
got safe to Aratus. However, Aratus did not give up
his hopes, but immediately sent Erginus to Dionysius,
to offer him money, and intreat him to be silent; in
which he succeeded so well, that he brought Dionysius
along with him to Aratus.
When they had him in
their hands, they did not think it safe to part with him:
they bound and set a guard on him in a small apart-
ment, and then prepared for their principal design.
When every thing was ready, Aratus ordered his
troops to pass the night under arms; and taking with
him four hundred picked men, few of whom knew the
business they were going about, he led them to the
gates of the city near the temple of Juno. It was then
about the middle of the summer, the moon at the full,
and the night without the least cloud. As their arms
glittered with the reflection of the moon, they were
afraid that circumstance would discover them to the
watch. The foremost of them were now near the walls,
when clouds arose from the sea, and covered the city
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? ARATUS,
263
and its environs. The men sat down and took off their
shoes, that they might make the less noise, and mount
the ladders without danger of slipping. But Erginus
took with him seven young men in the hahit of travel-
lers, and getting unobserved to the gate, killed the
keeper and the guard that were with him. At the same
time the ladders were applied to the walls, and Aratus,
with a hundred men, got over with the utmost expedi-
tion. The rest he commanded to follow in the best
manner they could, and having immediately drawn np
his ladders, he marched at the head of his party through
the town towards the citadel, confident of success, be-
cause he was not discovered.
As they advanced they met four of the watch with a
light, which gave Aratus a full and timely view of
them, while he and his company could not be seen by
them, because the moon was still overclouded. He
therefore retired under some ruined walls, and lay in
ambush for them. Three out of the four were killed;
but the other, after he had received a cut on his head,
ran off, crying that the enemy was in the city. A
little after, the trumpets sounded, and the whole town
was in motion on the alarm. The streets were filled
with people running up and down; and so many lights
were brought out, both in the lower town and in the
citadel, that the whole was illuminated, and a confused
noise was heard from every quarter. Aratus went on,
notwithstanding, and attempted the way up the rock.
He proceeded in a slow and difficult manner at first,
because he had lost the path which lay deep beneath
the craggy parts of the rock, and led to the wall by a
great variety of windings and turnings. But at that
moment the moon, as it were by miracle, is said to
have dispersed the clouds, and thrown a light on the
most obscure part of the path, which continued till he
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? 254 PLUTARCH.
reached the wall at the place he wanted. Then the
clouds gathered afresh, and she hid her face again.
In the mean time the three hundred men whom Ara-
tus had left by the temple of Juno had entered the city,
which they found all in an alarm, and full of lights. As
they could not find the way Aratus had taken, nor trace
him in the least, they screened themselves under the
shady side of a high rock, and waited there in great
perplexity and distress. By this time Aratus was en-
gaged with the enemy on the ramparts of the citadel,
and they could distinguish the cries of combatants; but
as the noise was echoed by the neighboring mountains,
it was uncertain from whence it first came. Whilst they
were in doubt what way to turn, Archelaus, who com-
manded the king's forces, took a considerable corps,
and began to ascend the hill with loud shouts, and
trumpets sounding, in order to attack Aratus' rear.
He passed the party of the three hundred without per-
ceiving them ; but he was no sooner gone by, than they
rose as from an ambuscade, fell on him, and killing the
first they attacked, so terrified the rest, and even Arche-
laus himself, that they turned their backs, and were
pursued till they intirely dispersed.
When the party was thus victorious, Erginus came to
them from their friends above, to inform them that Ara-
tus was engaged with the enemy, who defended them-
selves with great vigor; that the wall itself was dis-
puted, and that their general wanted immediate assist-
ance. They bade him lead them to the place that
moment; and as they ascended, they discovered them-
selves by their shouts. Thus their friends were en-
couraged, and the reflection of the full moon on their
arms made their numbers appear greater to their ene-
mies, on account of the length of the path. In the
echoes of the night, too, the shouts seemed to come
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? ARATUS.
from a much larger party. At last they joined Aratus,
and with a united effort beat off the enemy, and took
post on the wall. At break of day the citadel was their
own, and the first rays of the sun did honor to their
victory. At the same time the rest of Aratus' forces
arrived from Sicyon: the Corinthians readily opened
their gates to them, and assisted in taking the king's
soldiers prisoners.
When he thought his victory complete, he went
down from the citadel to the theatre, an innumerable
multitude crowding to see him, and to hear the speech
that he would make to the Corinthians. After he had
disposed the Achaeans on each side of the avenues to
the theatre, he came from behind the scenes, and made
his appearance in his armor. But he was so much
changed by labor and watching, that the joy and ele-
vation which his success might have inspired was
weighed down by the extreme fatigue of his spirits.
On his appearance the people immediately began to
express their high sense of his services; on which he
took his spear in his right hand, and leaning his body
and one knee a little against it, remained a long time
in that posture silent, to receive their plaudits and ac-
clamations, their praises of his virtue, and compliments
on his good fortune.
After their first transports were over, and he per-
ceived that he could be heard, he summoned the
strength he had left, and made a speech in the name of
the Aehaeans suitable to the great event, persuaded the
Corinthians to join the league, and delivered to them
the keys of their city, which they had not been masters
of since the time of Philip. As to the generals of
Antigonus, he set Archelaus, who was his prisoner,
free; but he put Theophrastus to death, because he
refused to leave Corinth. Persa;us, on the taking of
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? 256
PLUTARCH.
the citadel, made his escape to Cenchreae. Some time
after, when he was amusing himself with disputations
in philosophy, and some person advanced this posi-
tion, ' None but the wise man is fit to be a general'--
'It is true,' said he, ' and the gods know it, that this
maxim of Zeno's once pleased me more th,an all the
rest; but I have changed my opinion, since I was
better taught by the young Sicyonian. ' This circum-
stance concerning Persaeus we have from many his-
torians.
Aratus immediately seized the Heraeum, or temple
of Juno, and the harbor of Lechaeum, in which he took
twenty-five of the king's ships. He took also five hun-
dred horses, and four hundred Syrians, whom he sold.
The Achaeans put a garrison of four hundred men in
the citadel of Corinth, which was strengthened with
fifty dogs, and as many men to keep them.
The Romans were great admirers of Philopcemen,
and called him ' the last of the Greeks;' not allowing
that there was any great man amongst that people after
him. But, in my opinion, this exploit of Aratus is the
last which the Greeks have to boast of. Indeed, whe-
ther we consider the boldness of the enterprise, or the
good fortune which attended it, it equals the greatest
on record. The same appears from its immediate
consequences; the Megarensians revolted from Anti-
gonus, and joined Aratus; the Trcezenians and Epi-
daurians, too, ranged themselves on the side of the
Achaeans.
In his first expedition beyond the bounds of Pelo-
ponnesus, Aratus overran Attica, and passing into Sala-
mis, ravaged that island; so that the Achaean forces
thought themselves escaped as it were, out of prison,
and followed him wherever he pleased. On this occa-
sion he set the Athenian prisoners free without ransom,
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? ? ARATUS.
by which he sowed amongst them the first seeds of de-
fection from the Macedonians. He brought Ptolemy
likewise into the Achaean league, by procuring him the
direction of the war both by sea and land. Such was
his influence over the Achsaans, that, as the laws did
not allow him to be general two years together, they
appointed him every other year; and in action, as well
as counsel, he had always in effect the chief command:
for they saw it was not wealth, or glory, or the friend-
ship of kings, or the advantage of his own country, or
any thing else, that he preferred to the promotion of
the Achaaan power. He thought that cities in their
single capacity were weak, and that they could not
provide for their defence without uniting and binding
themselves together for the common good. As the
members of the body cannot be nourished, or live, but
by their connexion with each other, and when sepa-
rated pine and decay; so cities perish when they break
off from the community to which they belonged; and,
on the contrary, gather strength and power, by he-
coming parts of some great body, and enjoying the
fruits of the wisdom of the whole.
Observing therefore that all the bravest people in
his neighborhood lived according to their own laws, it
gave him pain to see the Argives in slavery, and he
took measures for destroying their tyrant Aristo-
machus. Besides, he was ambitious for restoring Ar-
gos to its liberty, as a reward for the education it had
afforded him, and to unite it to the Achaean league.
Without much difficulty he found them hardy enough
to undertake the commission, at the head of whom was
iEschylus and Charimenes the diviner; but they had
no swords; for they were forbidden to keep arms, and
the tyrant had laid great penalties on such as should
be found to have any in their possession. To supply
PLUT. VoL. VII. , - , It
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? PIUTARCH.
this defect, Aratus provided several daggers for them
at Corinth, and having sewed them up in the pack-
saddles of horses that were to carry some ordinary
wares, they were by that stratagem conveyed to Argos.
In the mean time Charimenes taking in another of his
friends as a partner, jEschylus and his associates were
so much provoked, that they cast him off, and deter-
mined to do the business by themselves. But Chari-
menes perceiving their intention, in resentment of the
flight, informed the tyrant of their purpose, when they
were set out to put it in execution. On which they
fled with precipitation, and most of them escaped to
Corinth.
It was not long, however, before Aristomachus was
despatched by one of his own servants; but before any
measures could be taken to guard against tyranny,
Aristippus took the reins, and proved a worse tyrant
than the former. Aratus, indeed, marched imme-
diately to Argos with all the Acbaeans that were able
to bear arms, in order to support the citizens, whom
he doubted not to find ready to assert their liberty.
But they had been long accustomed to the yoke, and
were willing to be slaves; insomuch, that not one of
them joined him, and he returned with the inconve-
nience of bringing a charge on the Achaeans, that they
had committed acts of hostility in time of full peace:
for they were summoned to answer for this injustice
before the Mantineans.
Aratus did not appear at the trial, and Aristippus
being the prosecutor, got a fine of thirty minea laid on
the Achseans. As that tyrant both hated and feared
Aratus, he meditated his death, and Antigonus entered
into the scheme. They had their emissaries in almost
every quarter, watching their opportunity. But the
surest guard for a prince, or other chief, is the sincere
affection of his people: for when the commons and the
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? ARATUS.
nobility, instead of fearing their chief magistrate, fear
for him, he sees with many eyes, and hears with many
ears. And here I cannot but leave a little the thread
of my story, to describe that manner of life which
Aristippus was under a necessity of leading, if he
chose to keep in his hands that despotism, that state
of an arbitrary sovereign, which is commonly so much
envied, and admired as the highest pitch of happiness.
This tyrant, who had Antigonus for his ally, who
kept so large a body-guard, and had not left one of his
enemies alive in the city, would not suffer his guards
to do duty in the palace, but only in the vestibule and
porticos about it. When supper was over, he sent
away all the servants, barred the door of the hall him-
self, and with his mistress crept through a trap-door
into a small chamber above. On that door he placed
his bed, and slept there as a person in his anxious
state of mind may be supposed to sleep. The ladder
by which he went up his mistress' mother took away,
and secured in another room till morning, when she
brought it again, and called up this wonderful prince,
who crept like a reptile out of his hole. Whereas
Aratus, who acquired a lasting command, not by force
of arms, but by virtue, and in a way agreeable to the
laws; who made his appearance without fear in a plain
vest and cloak, and always showed himself an enemy
to tyrants, left an illustrious posterity among the
Greeks, which flourishes at this day. But of those
who have seized castles, who have maintained guards,
who have fenced themselves with arms, and gates, and
barricadoes, how few can we reckon up that have not,
like timorous hares, died a violent death! and not one
of them has left a family, or even a monument to pre-
serve his memory with honor.
Aratus made many attempts, both private and open,
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? PLUTARCH.
to pull down Aristippus, and rescue Argos but of his
hands ; but he always miscarried. Once he applied his
scaling-ladders, and ascended the wall with a small
party, in spite of the extreme danger that threatened
Mm. He even succeeded so far as to kill the guards
that came to oppose him: but when day appeared, and
the tyrant attacked him on all sides, the people of Ar-
gos, as if he had not been fighting for their liberty,
and they were only presiding at the Nemean games, sat
very impartial spectators of the action, without making
the least motion to assist. Aratus defended himself
with great courage, and though he had his thigh run
through with a spear, maintained his post all day
against such superior numbers. Would his strength
have permitted him to continue the combat in the night
too, he must have carried his point; for the tyrant
now thought of nothing but making his escape, and
had already sent most of his treasure on board his
ships. However, as no one gave Aratus intelligence ?
of this circumstance, as his water failed, and his wound
disqualified him from any farther efforts, he called off
his men and retired.
He now despaired of succeeding by way of surprise,
and therefore openly entered the territories of Argos
with his army, and committed great devastations. He
fought a pitched battle with Aristippus near the river
Chares, and on that occasion he was censured for de-
serting the action, and letting the victory slip out of
his hands: for one part of his army had clearly the
advantage, and was advancing fast in' the pursuit, when,
-he, without being overpowered where he acted in per-
son, merely out of fear and diffidence, retired in great
disorder to his camp. His men, on their return from the
pursuit, expressed their indignation at being prevented
from erecting the trophy, after they had put the enemy
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? , ARATUS.
261
to flight, and killed many more men than they had lost.
Aratus, wounded with these reproaches, determined
to risk a second battle for the trophy. Accordingly,
after his men had rested one day, he drew them out
the next. But finding that the enemy's numbers were
increased, and that their troops were in much higher
spirits than before, he durst not venture on an action,
but retreated, after having obtained a truce to carry off,
the dead. However, by his engaging manners, and his
abilities in the administration, he obviated the conse-
quences of this error, and added the city of Cleonae to
the Achaean league. In Cleonae he caused the Nemean
games to be celebrated; for. he thought that city had
the best and most ancient claim to them. The people
of Argos likewise exhibited them; and on this occa-
sion the freedom and security which had been the pri-
vilege of the champions, were first violated. The
Achaeans considered as enemies all that had repaired
to the games at Argos, and having seized them as they
passed through their territories, sold them for slaves.
So violent and implacable was their general's hatred
of tyrants. . .
Not long after, Aratus had intelligence that Aristip-
pus had a design on Cleonae, but that he was afraid of
him, because he then resided at Corinth, which was
very near Cleonae. In this case he assembled his forces
by proclamation, and having ordered them to take pro-
visions for several days, marched to Cenchreae. By
this manoeuvre he hoped to bring Aristippus against
Cleonae, as supposing him at a distance; and it had
its effect. The tyrant immediately set out from Ar-
gos with his army. But it was no sooner dark, than
Aratus returned from Cenchreae to Corinth, and hav-
ing placed guards in all the roads, led on the Achaeans,
who followed him in such good order, and with so
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? PLUTARCH.
much celerity and pleasure, that they not only made
their inarch, hut entered Cleonae that night, and put
themselves in order of battle; nor did Aristippus gain
the least knowlege of this morement.
Next morning at break of day the gates were opened,
the trumpet sounded, and Aratus advancing at full
speed, and with all the alarm of war, fell on the enemy,
and soon routed them. Then he went on the pursuit,
particularly that way which he imagined Aristippus
might take; for the country had several outlets. The
pursuit was continued as far as Mycenw, and the tyrant,
as Dinias tells us, was overtaken and killed by a Cre-
tan named Tragiscus; and of his army there were
above fifteen hundred slain. Aratus, though he bad
gained this important victory without the loss of one
man, could not make himself master of Argos, nor de-
liver it from slavery; for Agias and young Aristo-
machus entered it with the king of Macedon's troops,
and held it in subjection.
This action silenced in a great measure the calumny
of the enemy, and put a stop to the insolent scoffs of
those, who, to flatter the tyrants, had not scrupled to
say, that whenever the Achaean general prepared for
battle, his bowels lost their retentive faculty; that
when the trumpet sounded, his eyes grew dim, and
his head giddy; and that when he had given the word,
he used to ask his lieutenants, and other officers, what
farther need there could be of him, since the die was
cast, and whether he might not retire, and wait the
event of the day at some distance. These reports bad
prevailed so much, that the philosophers, in their in-
quiries in the schools, whether the palpitation of the
heart and change of color on the appearance of dan-
ger, were arguments of cowardice, or only of some
natural defect, some coldness in the constitution? used
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