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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
*7
Exception I,--Sal,1 sdl,m and nil,0 are long.
Auson. Sal, oleum, fianis, mel, fiifier, herba ; novem.
Stat. Non sal, oxyfiorumve, caseusve.
Ovid. Ulterius sfiatium medio sol alius habebat.
Claud. Nil ofiis externa cufiiens, nil indiga laudis.
Exception II Hebrew names ending in L, have the
final syllable generally long; as Daniel, Rafifiael, Ismail.
Tert. Quam magnus Daniel, qualis vir, quanta fiotestas ?
Fortun. Qualiter aut Rafihael occursum imfienderit alma.
Victor. Nec tamen Ismail, Agar de semine natus.
TINAI. M.
M vorat Ecthlifisis : firisci breviare solebant.
When a syllable ends in M, and is immediately followed
by a word beginning with a vowel, that syllable is struck off
by Ecthlifisis.
Pers. O curas hominum ! o quantum est in rebus inane !
Virg. Monstrum horrendum informe ingens, cui lumen
adtmfitum.
The early poets however, frequently preserved the final
M before a vowel, and made the syllable short.
Ennius. Insignitajere turn millia militum octo.
I Sal comes from the old nominative" sate by apocope, and Charisius even
maintains that the word should alwavs be written sale. The following line
of Ennius, in which the old form sa'e occurs, is quoted by Aulus Gellius,
2, 26.
" Cxruleum spumat sale conferta rate pulsion. "
Dr. Carey is of opinion that sal was in reality short, and that Statins and
Ausonius made it long merely by poetic license, since the apocope could
never of itself lengthen sal from sale.
m Sol is long, because abbreviated from solus. " Cum sol dictus sit,
vel quia solus ex omnibus sideribus est tantus, vel quia, cum est exor-
tus, obscuratis omnibus solus apparet. " Cic. Nat. 1). 2, 27. --So also Bbe-
tliius, Cons. Phil. S, metr. 2.
" Quem quia respicit omnia solas
Ventm possis dicere solem. "
n Nil is long, because formed by contraction from nihil. With regard
to nihil, it is short according to the general rule. Ovid, it is true, makes it
long on two occasions; Met. 7, 644. and Ep. ex Pont. 3, 1, 113. ; but in
botii these instances it is lengthened by the csesai a.
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? 48
FINAL SYLLABLES.
Idem. Dum quidem unus homo Roma totu sufierescit.
Lucii. Pratexts ac tunica Lydorum oftu' sordidum omne.
A few instances also occur in poeis of a later age, as in
Lucretius, 3, 1095. 4, 1266. and in Horace, Sat. 2, 2, 28.
Lucr. Sed dum abest, quod arvemus, id exsufierare vi-
detur.
Idem. Vomerim atque locis avertit seminis ictum. "
Horat. Quam laudas, fllumd ? cocto num adest honor
idem. ?
But the best and purest writers seem, in general, to have
retained this practice only in words compounded of con, and
of circum ; as comes, comedo, eircumeo, circumago.
Ovid. Tu tibi du* cdmiii : tu comes ifisa duci.
Juv. Lactantur fiaucct, comedunt coliphia fiaucte.
Stat. Circumeunt Inlaws et ad alta cubilia ducunt.
Juv. Circumagal madidas a temfiestate cohortes.
See remarks upon the figure " Ecthlipsis. "
FINAL N.
N longum in Greets Latiisque. Sed EN breviabis
Dans breve INIS : Gracian ON (modo non filurale) se-
cundt
e
Jungito ; firater Athon et talia. Corrifle ubique
Graiorum quartum, si sit brevis ultima recti.
Forsitan, in, Forsan, Tamen, an, Viden', et Satin', addas.
N final has the preceding vowel for the most part long,
both in Latin words and in those of Greek origin; as JV6? i,
quin, sin, Titan, Orion, Actaon.
Virg. De grege nSn ausim quicquam defienere tecum.
Ovid. Non fiotuit mea mens, quln esset grata, teneri.
Virg. Sin absumfita salus, et te fiater ofitime, Teucrum.
Luc. Flammiger an Titan ut alentes hauriat undas.
Manil. Mersit et ardentcs Orion aureus ignes.
To these add Greek accusatives m" AN from nominatives
in AS, and accusatives in EN from nominatives in E or ES,
6 This lice is given according to the reading of the Bipont edition.
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
49
as also Greek genitives plural in ON of every declension;
as JEnean, Tiresidn, Penelofien, Anchisen, Cimmerion, The-
reon, Philanon.
Virg. Et savum JEnedn, agnovit Turnus in armU.
Idem. Occurrit, veterem Anchisen agnoscit amicum.
Tibul. Cimmerion etiam obscuras accessiC ad oras.
Exception X. --Forsitcm, in, forsan, tamen, an, viden',
and satin', are short; and likewise nouns in EN, which in-
crease short in INIS in the genitive case; as Women, fiec-
ten, Jlumen, Jlamen.
Virg. Forsilan et Priami fuerint qua fata, requiras?
Ovid. Non tamen ut Priamus Nympha socer esse recuset.
Tibul. Volacadunt: viden', ut trepidantibus ttdvolet alis?
Ovid. Nomen Aribniwm Siculas impleverat urbes.
Exception II. --ON is short in the singular cases of
Greek nouns, which have those cases written in the original
with an O (micron); as, nom. IliHn, Erotion, Ptlion; acc.
Cerberon, Menelaon, Rhodon.
Ovid. Ilion, et Tenedos, Simoisque, et Xanthus, et Ide.
Mart. Pallida nec nigras horrescat Erotion umbras.
Ovid. Cerberdn abstraxit, rabida qui percitus ira.
Idem. Tu fore tam lentum credis Menelaon in armis ?
Horat. Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon, aut Mitylenen.
But Greek accusatives in ON, of the Attic dialect, having
an O (mega) in the original, are long; as Athbn, Androgeon,
Peneleon, Demoledn.
Exception III. --Greek accusatives in AN, of the femi-
nine gender, are also short; as Maian, Jflhigenidn, &ginan,
Oriihyian.
Ovid. Maian et Electram Taygetamque Jovi.
Stat. Namque ferunt raptam patriis JEgindn ab undis.
Ovid. Orithyian amansfulvis amplectitur alis.
Exception IV Greek accusatives in IN and YN are
likewise short; as Thyrsin, Dafihnin, Parin, Thetin, Itijn.
Prop. Thyrsin et attritis Daphnin arundinibus.
Ovid. TaiHaque nox animi est, Ityn hue arcessite, dixit,
-
E
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? . 50
FINAL SYLLABLES.
FINAL R.
R breve. Cur firoduc, Fur, Far, quibus adjice Ver, Nar,
Et Graium quotquot longum dant ERIS, et ^Ether,
Aer, Ser, et Iber. --Sit Cor breve. Celtiber ancefis.
Par cum comfiositis, et Lar, firoducere vulgo
Norma jubet: ted tu monitus variabis utrumque.
R final has the preceding vowel for the most part short; ,
as calcar, mulier, vlr, arbor.
Ovid. Nil nocet admisso subdere calcar equo.
Horat. Quod si pudica mulier in partem juvans.
Virg. Hie vir, hie est, tibi quem promitti sepius audis.
Ovid. Et mala radices altius arbor agit.
Exception I. --Cur is long, and also Nar, far, fur, vers
Ovid. Cur non ipsa venit ? cur heec certamina vitat ?
Virg. Sulfured Ndr albus aqua, fontesque Velini.
Ovid. Far erat, et puri lucida mica salis.
Mart. Callidus effracta nummosfur auferet area.
Virg. Ver adeofrondi nemorum, ver utile sylvis.
Exception II.
--Greek nouns in ER, originally termi-
nating in <<{, and which form their genitive in ERIS long,
lengthen the final syllable; as Aer, tether, crater, firester,
Ser; to which add Iber, though its compound Celtiber is
common.
Lucr. Inde mare, inde air, inde ather ignifer ipse.
Manil. Crater auratis surgit ctelatus ab astris.
Lucan. Si tibi durus Iber, aut si tibi terga dedisset.
Catul. Nunc Celtiber in Celtiberid terra.
Mart. Ducit ad auriferas quod me Salo Celtibe'r oras.
Par with its compounds, and Lar, are usually accounted
long, but it is more consistent with accuracy to call them
p Cur, according to Vossius, who cites Velius Longus dc Orthog. is con.
tracted from quur, which is itself a contraction, from quare. --The
? t ' jt f . . -v"u nvuuu, Hum vHwe. --jine noun
far, if we may judge from its genitive/arm, was originally written fair --
1 he Latin fur, according to Aulus Gellius (1, 18,1 is derived frota the
Greek And lastly, yer is from the Greek >>{ (a contraction from
<<*S> witjh the d. gamma prefixed.
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
51
common. i--The quantity of Cot* in like manner has been
? made a subject of dispute. The best opinion is in favour of
its being considered short.
FINAL AS.
AS firoduc. Breve Anas. Grtecorum tertia quarlum
Corriftit; et rectum, fier ADIS si fiatrius exit.
A S final is for the most part long; as AZneas, Pallas
(Pallantis,) fiietds, amds, eras, mas.
Virg. JEneds ignarus abest: nunquamne levari ?
Idem. Ante urbem in luco. Pallas huic Jilius una.
Mart. Quam longe eras istud ? ubi est ? aut unde petendum ?
Exception I. --dnas has the AS short.
Petron. Et piclus anas enotata pennis.
Exception II. --But the AS is short in Greek nouns
which form their genitive singular in DOS (or Latin DIS);
as Areas, Arcddos (or Arcadia); Pallas, Pallddos (or PaUd-
dis) ; &c.
Mart. Cum quibus Alcides, et pius Areas erat.
Ovid. Bellica Pallas adest, et prolegit tegide fratrem.
Exception III. --The AS is also short in Greek accusa-
tives plural, of the third declension ; as Heroas, lamfiadds,
ielfihinas.
Virg. Permistos heroas, et ipse videbiiur illis.
Tibul. Accendit geminas lampadas acer Amor.
Virg. Orpheus in By his, infer delphinus Arion.
q Vide Carey's Lntin Prosody, p. 118.
r Cor, if we consider its derivation, (from xJig, a contraction for xeatg)
should he accounted long. It is shortened however by Cicero, Tusc. (in. est.
. >>, '20; by Ovid, Trist. 5, 8. Bp. cx Port. 1, 3, 32. Met 5, 384; by Mar-
tial, 10, 15 ; and by Pnulinus, de Cels. Ob. 379. In opposition to all these
authorities, the following line has been cited from Ovid, Bp. 15, 79. to prove
that he also made the word long; " Jtlolle ineum levibus cor est violabile
telie. " The difficulty however is removed by adopting the reading recom-
mended hyDurinann--" Molte mihi, levibusque cor est violabile telis. "
Or else that which is found in other editions--<< JHolle ineum levibusque
cor est violubile telis. "
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? 52 FINAL SYLLABLES.
FINAL ES.
ES dabitur longis. Breviat sed tenia rectum,
Cum fiatrii brevis est crescens fienultima. Pes hinc
Excifiitur, Paries, Aries, Abiesque, Ccr&que.
Corrifiito Es de Sum, Penes, et neutrulia Greeca.
His quintum et rectum numeri dent Grteca secundi.
ES final is for the most part long; as Sjies, Anchiscs, Pe-
nelofies, Libyes, nodes, dices, fugisses. *
Ovid. Una tamen spes est, qua me soletur in istis.
Virg. Suscipit Anchises, atque ordine singula pandit.
Sil. Fatali Dido Libyes appelliiur one.
Virg. Nodes atque dies patet atrijanua Ditis.
Claud. Dices o quo tits, hoc tnihi dulcius.
Exception I. --Nouns in ES of the third declension,
which increase short in the genitive, have ES in the nomi-
native short; as Hosfies, aesftes, interfires, fircfies.
Ovid. Vivitur ex rapfo: non hospes ab kosfiite tutus.
Rutil. Exiguua regum rectores ctespes habebat.
Val. Flac. Regius Eois Myraces interpres ab oris.
Virg. Acer, anhelanti similis; quem prapes ab Ida.
I? ut Abies, aries, Ceres, and fiaries, are long; as also fies.
with its compounds, bifies, trifies, cornifies, sonifies, &c. <<
Vftg. Populus influviis, abips in monlibus altis.
s Ennius furnishes one instance of the Latin plural ES short--" Virgint'
nam sibi quisque domes Pomanu' rapit sas. " Cicero is said to furnish
another in the following line--" Obruitur Procyon ; emergunt alites una. "
Arat. Phten. 472. But Ernesti reads--" Obruitur Procyon,- emergunt
elite lapsu E terris volucres. " The line from Ovid, Ep. 10, 86. in which
tigres is said to occur with a short final quantity, is given by Burmatm as
follows: " Quis sett, an huec sxvas tigriaas insula habet ? The common
reading is, " Quit scit an hcec scevas insula tigres habet? Of which he
observes, " Duo sunt qua in hoc versu offendunt. Prima quod Jjatine
haud dicitur, Quis scit an habet j deinde quod posteriorem in tigres corri.
pit. "--Dr. Carey prefers reading tigris, a Greek form; ny^is being formed
by syncope from rtyyts, and remaining short.
t Dr. Carey seems inclined to consider the ES, in every one of these ex-
cepted nouns, as in reality short, or common. His reasons for this opinion
are these, viz. that abies, aries, paries, sonipes, (supposing them to have
the ES short) could not hare been introduced into heroic verse without a
license of some kind--that instances of pes and its compounds are found
with the ES short in Ausonius and Prudentius, authorized besides by the
testimony of the grammarian Probus, who asserts that they are properly
khort--and that Ceres also has the final syllable short in the following line
if Unethius, Cons. Phil. 3, metr. 1.
" Ut nova fruge gravis Certs eat. "
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
Idem. Creditor: ipse aries etiam nunc vellera siccat.
Mart. Hie farcta premitur angulo Ceres omni.
Manil. Desuper Auriga dexter pes imminet astro.
Horat. Omniamagnaloquens: modo sit mihi mensa tripeset.
Virg. Siat sonipes, acfrana ferox gpumantia mandit.
Exception II. --Es, in the present tense of the verb Sum,
is also short, together with its compounds, Potes, abes, ades,
obes, firodes," Sec. --likewise the preposition flenes.
Virg. Quisquis es, amissos hinc jam obliviscere Graios.
Idem. Tu potes unanimos armare in prodia fratres.
Ovid. Nunc ades o captis, fiava Minerva meis.
Idem. Et penes Augustos patria tutelq manebit.
Exception III. --ES is likewise short in Greek neuters;
as Cacoei/ies, hiftfiomanes; and in Greek nominatives and
vocatives plural of the third declension, from nouns which
increase in the genitive singular, but which do not form that
case in EOS; as Tritones, Arcades, Troes, Amazones,
Troades, JEneades, Italides, JVere'ides.
Juv. Scribendi cacoethes, et agro in enrde senescit.
Stat. Armigeri Tritones eunt, scopulosaque cete.
Virg. Ambo Jlorentes atatibus, Arcades ambo.
Idem. Pulsant, et piciis bellantur Amaztm. es armis.
Stat. Vos quoque caruleum, diva Nere'idest agmen.
But nominatives and vocatives plural in ES, of Greek
nouns forming the genitive singular in EOS, are long; as,
H<? reses, crises, fi/irases, metamozfl/ioses, &c. v
u Vossius maintains lliat Et (thou eatest) is long, being a contraction
from litis. Carey insisis that no such contraction could )iossibly have taken
place, since if it "had been effected by a syncope of the Iti, the, E would
still remain short, as in the original word ; or if only the I was at first struck
out, leaving Ed's to be afterwards softened into Ji'i, in that case the third
person, syncopated in the same maimer, would he Ed't, E't, not Est: and
even then it would be difficult to say how the imperative Es, found in
Plautus, Mil. 3, 1, 82. could be formed from Eile or from Edits. He sup-
poses, on the contrary, that Es, (thou art,) and Es, (thou eatest,) were
originallv the same word, and that when the Bomans employed the phrase,
" Est pattem" they spoke elliptically, viz. " He exists by means o/bread,"
the accusative being governed by a preposition understood, as in " Oramina
pastus," .