Am-
bivius, encouraged by the success which he hsd expe-
rienced in reviving the condemned plays of Cscilius,
ventured to produce it a third time on the atage, when
it recived a patient hearing, and was frequently repeat-
ed.
bivius, encouraged by the success which he hsd expe-
rienced in reviving the condemned plays of Cscilius,
ventured to produce it a third time on the atage, when
it recived a patient hearing, and was frequently repeat-
ed.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, s.
t.
Tr/lrfvrf.
--
'/. cnobtus, Proverb. , 5, 131. --Hock, Krela, vol. 1, p.
345, seqq. --Id. ib. , vol. 1, p. 354. --Consult remarks
at the commencement of the article Rhodus. )
Tei-euo* or Telkhoks, a people of . -Ltolia, called
also Taphians. (Vid. Taphia;. )
Tei-eboIdes, islands between Leucadia and Acar-
nania. {Vid. Taphie. )
Telegonus, a son of Ulysses and Circe, born in
the island of -Ea-a, where he was educated. When
arrived at the years of manhood, he went to Ithaca to
make himself known to his father, but he was ship-
wrecked on the coast, and, being destitute of provis-
ions, he plundered some of the inhabitants of the isl-
and. Ulysses and Telemachus came to defend the
property of their subjects against this unknown inva-
der; a quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father
without knowing who he was. He afterward returned
to his native country, and, according to Hyginus, he
carried thither his father's body, where it was buried.
Telemachus and Penelope also accompanied him in
his return, and soon after the nuptials of Telegonus
with Penelope were celebrated by order of Miner-
va. Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Iialus.
Telegonus was said to have founded Tusculum in
Italy, and, according to some, he left one daughter
called Mamilia, from whom the patrician family of the
Mamilii at Home were descended. (Horat. , Od. , 3,
29, S. --Orjd, Fatt. , 3, i. --Trial. , 1, l. --Hygin. job. ,
127. )
Txlkhaciics, a son of Ulysses and Peneldpe. He
iras still in the cradle when his father went with the
reat of the Greeks to the Trojan war. At the end of
this celebrated contest, Telemachus, anxious to see
his father, went in quest of him; and, as the place of
his residence and the cause of his long absence were
then unknown, he visited the court of Mcnelaus and
. Nestor to obtain information. He afterward returned
to Ithaca, where the suiters of his mother Penelope
had conspired to destroy him; but he avoided their
snares, and by means of Minerva he discovered his
father, who had arrived in the island two days before
him, and was then in the house of Eumteus. With
this faithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus con-
certed how to deliver his mother from the importuni-
ties of her suiters, and his efforts were crowned with
success. After the death of his father, Telemachus
is said to have gone to the island of /E<<ea, where he
married Circe, or, according to others, Cassiphone, the
daughter of Circe, by whom he had a son called La-
tinus. (Hum. , Od. --Hygin , fab. , 95, 125. )
Telephus, I. a king of Mysia, son of Hercules and
Auge, the daughter of Aleus. He was exposed as
soon as born on Mount Parthenius, on the confines of
Argolis and Arcadia; but the babe was protected by
# thecareof the gods; for a hind, which hadjust calved,
came and suckled him; and the shepherds, finding him,
? ? named him Telephus from that circumstance \"Tri%-
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? TH>
T K. N
here, the waters of which were so exireu ely cold,
that Tiresias was fabled to have died of drinking of
i^em. The site of this place is supposed by Sir W.
Gell to correspond with the kalybea of Vanma (Itin-
erary of the Morea, p. 120); but Miiller is inclined to
identify <it with Kalzioula, which is described by Gell
M a miserable place in the neighbourhood of a large
ruined city. (Dorians, vol. 2, p. 448. Oxford transl.
--Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 323 )
Tbhbnus, son of Aristomachus, and one of the Her-
aclidae. (Vid. Heraclida. )
Tehkriniia, according 'o Pliny (6, 7), the Scythian
name for the Pains Ma? olis. --Compare the re-narks of
Ritler (Vorhalle, p. 161, seqqX
Tehhsa, I. a town of the Bruttii, southwest of
Terina, and near the coast. It was a place of great
antiquity, and celebrated for its copper-mines, to which
Homer is supposed to have referred in the Odyssey (1,
182). This circumstance, however, is doubtful, as
there was a town of the same name in Cypr'j; (? ":^lc,
? 55); while others, again, considered the Hon. tic
Temesa as identical with Brundisium. (Eustath. cd
Horn. . Od. , I. c. ) In Strabo's time these mines ap-
pear to have been exhausted. The situation ~f Tern-
esa is not fully ascertained. Of ::. ;^. ,>> vary between
Malvito, San Lucilo, Torre Lappa, and Torre del pi-
ino del Casale. (Cramer's Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p.
118. )--II. According to some, the same with Brundis-
ium. (Vid. preceding article. )--III. A place in the
island of Cyprus. (Vid. Temesa I. )
Tkmpb (plur. neut), a valley in Thessaly, between
Mount Olympus at the north and Ossa at the south,
through which the river Peneus flowed into the Mge-
an. The poets have described it as a most delightful
? pot, with cool shades and verdant walks, which the
warbling of birds rendered more pleasing and attract-
ive. Tempe extended about five miles in length, but
varied in its breadth so as to be in some places only a
plethrum (about 100 feet) or a little more. --. (Elian has
left a very animated and picturesque description of its
scenery (Var. Hist , 3, 1). --It appears to have been
a generally received notion among the ancients, that
the gorge of Tempe was caused by some great convul-
sion in nature, which, bursting asunder the mountain-
barrier by which the waters of Thessaly were pent up,
afforded them an egress to the sea. Modern travel-
lers differ in their accounts of this celebrated vale.
Hawkins (Walpole's Collect, vol. 1, p. 517) states
that ** the scenery by no means corresponds with the
idea that has been generally conceived of it, and that
the eloquence of . 'Elian has given rise to expectations
which the traveller will not find realized. " He would
seem, however, to have confounded the Vale of Tempe
with the narrow defile wh'ch the Peneus traverses be-
tween Mount Olympus and Mount Ossa, near its en-
trance into the sea. Professor Palmer, of Cambridge,
appears to have been more successful in the search.
"After riding ne;rly an hour close to the bay in which,
the Peneus discharges itself, we turned," says this
traveller, "south, through a delightful plain, which. af-
ter a quarter of an hour, brought us to an opening be-
tween Ossa and Olympus ; the entrance to a vale, that,
in aituation, extent, and beauty, amply satisfies what-
ever the poets have said of Tempe. " (Walpole's MS.
fournal, Clarke's Travels, pt. 2, s. 3. p. 274. --Con-
sult Cramer's Description of Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 378. )
? ? TgNcnTHKRi, a ration of Germany, who, in con-
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? TEK
TE R
TiNOt, a small island in the ^Egcan, near Andros.
cajli-d also Hydros*':, from the number of its springs
it was ver mountainous, but produced excellent
wii. bj, universally esteemed by the ancients. Tenos
was about 16 miles in extent. The capital was also
called Tenos. Near the town was situate a temple of
Neptune, held m great veneration, and much frequent
ed by the inhabitants of the surrounding isles, who
came thither to offer sacrifices to the god. (Slrabo,
4S7. --Mela, 2, 7. --Ovid, Met. , 7, 469 )
Tentyba (vtvr. ) and Tentyris, a city of Egypt in
the Thehud, situate on the Nile, to the northwest of
Koptos. *'his city was at variance with Ombos, the
former killing, the latter adoring, the crocodile; a hor-
rid instance of religious fury, which took place in con-
sequence of thia quarrel, forms the subject of the fif-
teenth satire of Juvenal. About half a league from
the ruins of this city stands the modern village of
Denderah. Among the remains of Tentyra is a tem-
ple of Isis, one of the largest structures in the The-
laid, and by far the most beautiful, and in the best
preservation. It contained, until lately, the famous zo-
diac, which was framed in the ceiling of the temple.
This interesting monument of former ages was taken
down by a French traveller, M. Lelorrain, after the
:nost persevering exertions for twenty days, and trans-
ported down the Nile to Alexandrca, whence it was
shipped to France. The King of France purchased it
for 15(1,000 francs. The dimensions of the stone are
twelve feet in length by eight in breadth, including
some ornaments, which were two feet in length on each
aide. In thickness it is three feet. The planisphere
and the square in which it was contained were alone
removed, the side ornaments being allowed to remain.
To obtain this relic of former ages proved a work of
immense labour, as it had actually to be cut out of
the ceiling and lowered to the ground. Many con-
jectures have been advanced by the learned, especially
*( France, on the antiquity of this zodiac; but recent
discoveries have shown the folly of these speculations;
the temple having been, in fact, erected under the Ro-
man sway, and the name of the Emperor Nero appear-
ing upon it. (Am. Quarterly, vol. 4, p. 43. )
f Teos or Teios, a city on the east of Ionia, situated
upon a peninsula southwest of Smyrna. It belonged
to the Ionian confederacy, and had a harbour which
Livy calls Geraesticus (37, 27). During the Persian
sway wc team that the inhabitants, despairing of being
able to resist the power of that great empire, aban-
doned nearly all of them their native city, and retired
to Alnlera in Thrace. This colony became so flour-
ishing in consequence, that it quite eclipsed the parent
state. (Herod. , 1, 169. --Strab. , 633. ) Teos is cel-
ebrated in the literary history of Greece for having
given birth to Anacreon, and also to Hecateus the
historian, though the latter ia more frequently known
by the surname of the Abderite. (Strab. , I. c. ) This
town produced also Protagoras the sophist, Scylh-
tnus an Iambic poet, Andron a geographical writer,
and Apellicon the great book-collector, to whom liter-
ature is indebted for the preservation of the works of
Aristotle. Though deserted, as we have already re-
marked, by the greater part of its inhabitants, Teos
still continued to exrit as an Ionian city, as may be
seen from Thucydides (3, 32). The chief produce of
the Teian territory was wine (lav. 37, 27), and Bac-
chus was the deity principally revered by the inhabi-
? ? tants. It is singular that Pliny (5, 38) should rank
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? TEKENTWS.
TER
knottier way, or whose taste was abhorrent from all
sort of buffoonery, had recourse to the other expedi-
ent of double plots; and this probably gained him the
popular reputation of being the most artful writer for
the stage. The Hecyra is the only one of his come-
dies of the true ancient cast; hence the want of suc-
cess with which it met on its first and second repre-
sentations. When first biought forward, in 589, it
was interrupted by the spectators leaving the theatre,
attracted by the superior interest of a boxing-match
and rope-dancers. A combat of gladiators had the
like unfortunate effect when it was attempted to be
again exhibited in 594. The celebrated actor, L.
Am-
bivius, encouraged by the success which he hsd expe-
rienced in reviving the condemned plays of Cscilius,
ventured to produce it a third time on the atage, when
it recived a patient hearing, and was frequently repeat-
ed. Still, however, most of the old critics and com-
mentators speak of it as greatly inferior to the other
plays of Terence. On the whole, however, the plots
of Terence are, in most respects, judiciously laid: the
incidents are aelected with taste, arranged and con-
nected with inimitable art, and painted with exquisite
grace and beauty. --In the representation of characters
and manners, Terence was considered by the ancients
as surpassing all their comic poets. In this depart-
ment of his art, he shows that comprehensive knowl-
edge of the humours and inclinations of mankind,
which enabled him to delineate characters as well as
manners with a genuine and apparently unstudied sim-
plicity. All the inferior passions which form the
range of comedy are so nicely observed and accurately
expressed, that we nowhere find a truer or more lively
representation of human nature. --Erasmus, one of the
best judges of classical literature at the revival of
learning, saya that there is no author from whom we
can better learn the pure Roman style than from the
poet Terence. It haa been farther remarked of him,
that the Romans thought themselves in conversation
when they heard his comedies. Terence, in fact, gave
re the Roman tongue its highest perfection in point of
e. cgancc and grace. For this ineffabilis amanitas, as
It is called by Heinsius, he was equally admired by his
own contemporaries and the writers in the golden pe-
riod of Roman literature. He is called by Ctesar pun
? ermonis amator, and Cicero characterizes him aa
"Quicquid come loquens, ac omnia dulcia dicens. "
Even in the last age of Latin poetry, and when his
pure simplicity was so different from the style sffected
by the writers of the day, he continued to be regarded
as the model of correct composition. Ausonms. in
his beautiful poem addressed to his grandson, hails
him, on account of hia style, as the ornament of I. a-
tium. Among all the Latin writers, indeed, from En-
nius to Ausonius, we meet with nothing so simple, so
full of grace and delicacy--in fine, nothing that can
be compared to his comedies for elegance of dialogue,
presenting a constant flow of easy, genteel, unaf-
fected conversation, which never subsides into vulgar-
ity or grossness, and never rises higher than the ordi-
nary level of polite conversation. Of this, indeed, he
was ao careful, that when he employed any sentence
which he had found in the tragic poets, he stripped it
of that air of grandeur and majesty which rendered it
unsuitable for common life anc comedy. The narra-
tives in particular possess a beautiful and pictureaque
simplicity. As to what may be called the poetical
? ? stylo of Terence, it has been generally allowed that
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? TEH
TER
1 rights, a city of Venetia, in the territor; of the
Uarni, now Trieste. It waa situate at the northeast-
ern extremity of the Sinua Tergeatinus. In Strabo
we find it sometimes called Tergesta, or Tergestas
. n the plural. (Slrab. , 314. ) Tho Greeks knew it
by the name of Tergeatrum. (Artemid. , ap. Steph.
By*. --Damns. Ptrug. ,y. 384) It suffered severe-
ly, on one occasion, from a sudden incursion of the
lapydes. (Appian, B. 111. . 18. --Strabo, 207. )
Tkkina, a town of the Bruttii, on the coast of the
Mare Tyrrhenum. It is now St. Euphcmia. The ad-
jacent bay was called Sinus Terinxus. The earliest
writers who have noticed this place are Scylax (Peri-
plus, p. S) and Lycophron. Strabo informs us that it
was destroyed by Hannibal, when he found that he
could no longer retain it. It was probably restored at
a later period, as we find it named by Pliny and Ptol-
emy. (Cramer's- Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 416. )
TERMlLiE. Vid. Lycia.
Tkkminai. Ii. an annual festival at Rome, observed
in honour of the god Terminus, in the month of Feb-
ruary. It was then usual for peasants to assemble near
the principal landmarks which separated their fields,
and, after they had crowned them with garlands and
Bowers, to make libations of milk and wine, and to
sacrifice a lamb or a young pig. This festival was
originally established by Numa; and though at first
it was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet, in
process of time, landmarks were plentifully sprinkled
with it. (Ovid, Fast. , 2, 641. )
Terminus, a divinity at Rome, who was supposed
to preside over boundaries. His worship was first in-
troduced at Rome by Numa. who persuaded his sub-
jects that the limits of their lands were under the im-
mediate care and superintendence of Heaven. His
temple waa on the Tarpcian rock, and he was rcpre-
nent? d with a human head, without feet or arms, to in-
timate that he never moved, wherever he was. It is
said that w'. ien Tarquin the Proud wished to build a
temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupiter, the god Ter-
minus alone refused to give way. ((hid, Fast. , 2,
im. --Plut. , Vit. Num. )
Terpamikr, a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos,
670 B. C. , whose date is determined by his appearance
ir. the mother-country of Greece: of his early life in
Lesbos nothing is known. The first account of him
describes him in Peloponnesus, which at that time
surpassed the rest of Greece in political power, in well-
ordered governments, and probably also in mental cul-
tivation. It is one of the most certain dates of an-
cient chronology, that, in the 26th Olympiad (B. C. 670),
musical contests were first introduced at the feast of
Apollo Carneius, and at their first celebration Terpan-
der was crowned victor. He was also victor four suc-
cessive times in the musical contest at the Pythian
temple of Delphi. In Laccdsmon, whose citizens,
from the earliest times, had been distinguished for their
love of music and dancing, the first scientific cultiva-
tion of music was ascribed to Terpander (Plut. , de
Mils. , c. 9); and a record of the precise time had been
preserved, probably in the registers of public games.
Hence it appears that Terpander was a younger con-
temporary of Callinus and Archilochus; so that the
dispute among the ancients, whether Terpander or Ar-
chilochus were the older, must probably be decided by
supposing them to have lived about the same time. At
the bead of all the inventions of Terpander stands the
? ? aeren-stringed cithara. The only accompaniment for
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? TEU
TEU
? pint cf bis clerical brethren. However this may hare
been, a distinction is carefully observed between the
works which T'/rtullian wrote previous to his separa-
tion from the Catholic Church and those which he
composed afterward, when he had ranged himself
? rnong the followers of Montanus. The former are
four in number, his Apologeticus, and those which
treat of baptism, of penitence, and prayer. The last
? f these is regarded as his first production. Some
luthors add a work in two volumes, addressed to his
wife, in which he gives her directions as to the course
of conduct which she should pursue in the state of
widowhood. Most critics consider this to have been
composed by him at an advanced age. The worke
written by Tertullian after he had become a Monta-
oisi are. Apologies for Christianity, Treatises on Ec-
tlcsiastical Discipline, and two species of polemical
works, the one directed against heretics, and the other
against Catholics. The laiier are four in number, De
Pudtcitia, De Fuga in I'ersecuiione, De Jcjunia, De
Monogamia. His principal work is the Apologeticus
Adtersus Gentes mentioned above. It is addressed
10 the governors of the provinces; it refutes the cal-
umnies which had been uttered against the religion of
the gospel, and shows that its professors were faithful
and obedient subjects. It is the best work written in
favour of Christianity during the early agea of the
Church. It contains a number of very curious histor-
ical passages on the ceremonies of the Christian
Church , as, for example, a description of the agapa
ox love-feasts. Tertullian remoulded this work, and
it appeared under the new title Ad Naliones. In ita
altered state S possesses more method, bu' less fire
than the first The writings of Tertullian show an
ardent and impassioned spirit, a brilliant imagination,
a high degree of natural talent and profound erudition.
His style, however, is obscure, though animated, and
betrays the foreign extraction of the writer. The pe-
rusal of Tertullian is very important for the student of
ecclesiastical history. He informs us, more correctly
than any other writer, respecting the Christian doc-
trines of his time, the constitution of the Church, its
ceremonies, and the attacks of heretics against Chris-
tianity. Tertullian was held in very high esteem by
the subsequent fathers of the Church. St. Cyprian
read his works incessantly, ana used to call him, by
way of eminence, The Master. Vincent of Lerina
used to say " that every word of Tertullian waa a sen-
tence, and every sentence a triumph over error. "
The best edition of the entire works of Tertullian is
that of Scmler, 4 vols. 8vo, Hal. , 1770; and of his
Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo, L. Bat. , W18.
Tethys, the wife of Oceamis, and daughter of Ura-
nus and Terra. Their offspring were the rivers of
the earth, and three thousand daughters, named Oce-
anides cr Ocean-nymphs. (He*. , Thcog , 337, seqq. )
The name of Tcthys (Ttflic) is thought to mean the
Nurse, the Rearer. Hermann renders it Alumina.
[Keightley's Mythology, p. 51. )
Tetrapolis, I. a name given to the city of Antioch,
the capital of Syria, because divided, as it were, into
four cities, each having ita separate wall, besides a
common one enclosing all. (Vii. Antiochia I. )--II.
A name applied to Doris, in Greece (Dorica Tetrap-
olis), from its four cities. (Vid. Doris. )
Tkcckk, I. a king of part of Troas, son of the Sea-
mander by Idsca. His aubjecta were called Teucri,
? ? from his name; and hia daughter Batea married Dar-
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? THA
Vat of Carbo, turned back and spread desolation in
Gaul; and the Romans despatched an army against
them under Spurius Cassius. This army was annihi-
lated by the Celtic hordes, who had associated them-
selves with the Cimbri and Teutones. The barbarians
Unified the Romans by their enormous stature, by
their firmness in order of battle, and by their mode of
fighting, of which the peculiarity consisted in extend-
ing their lines so as to enclose large tracts of ground,
and in forming harriers around them with their wagons
and chariMs. The danger to the Romans from tho
combined German and Celtic populations seemed the
greater, as the Jugurthine wars, in the beginning of
the contest, engaged their best generals. They there-
fore sent into Gaul L. Serrilius Csspio, a consul, with
a consular army. Ca>pio, quite in the spirit of the
senatorial party of his tir. es, plundered the Gauls, and
seized their sacred treasures instead of preserving dis-
cipline. This was in A. U. C. 647. Tho next year,
Cspio was declared proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis,
and Cneius Manlius, the consul, was appointed his
colleague. These two generals, neither of whom pos-
sessed any merit, happening not to agree, separated
their forces, but were both attacked at the same time,
one by the Gauls, the other by the Cimbri, and their
armies were cut to pieces. The consternation which
this occasioned at Rome was increased by the spread-
ing of a report that the enemy were preparing to pass
the Alps. But the barbarians, instead of concentra-
ting their force for a descent upon Italy, wasted Spain
and scoured the Gallic territories. Marius was now
chosen consul; and, while the foe were plundering
Spain and Gaul, he was actively employed in exerci-
sing and disciplining his army. At length, in the third
year of his command in Gaul, in his fourth consulship,
the Teutones and Ambrones made their appearance
in the south of Gaul; while the Cimbri, and all the
tribes united with them, attempted to break into Italy
from the northeast. Marius defeated the Teutones
ind Amblones near Aqua; Sextiff) (now Aix), in Gaul;
and, in the following year, uniting his forces with
those of Catulus, he entirely defeated the Cimbri in
:he plain of Vercella? , to the north of the Po, near the
Sesiitu. In these two battles the Teutones and Am-
orones are said to have lost the incredible number of
290,000 men (200,000 slain, and 90,000 taken pris-
oners), and the Cimbri 300,000 men (140,000 slain,
? nd 60,000 taken prisoners. --Liv. , Epit. , 68. -- Vid.
Marius. )
Thais, a celebrated Greek hetserist, who accom-
panied Alexander on his expedition into Asia, and in-
stigated him, while under the influence of wine, to set
tire to the royal palace at Persepolis. (Vid. Persepo-
lis. ) After the death of Alexander she attached her-
self to Ptolemy, son of Lagus, by whom she had two
sons and a daughter. This daughter was named
Irene, and became the wife of Ennostus, king of Soli,
in the island of Cyprus. There is no good reason for
the opinion that she lived with the poet Menander be-
fore accompanying the army of Alexander. This sup-
|iosition arose from Menander's having composed a
piece entitled Thais. (Athenaus, 13, p. 676, D. --
Bayh, Diet. , s. v. --Michaud, Biogr.
'/. cnobtus, Proverb. , 5, 131. --Hock, Krela, vol. 1, p.
345, seqq. --Id. ib. , vol. 1, p. 354. --Consult remarks
at the commencement of the article Rhodus. )
Tei-euo* or Telkhoks, a people of . -Ltolia, called
also Taphians. (Vid. Taphia;. )
Tei-eboIdes, islands between Leucadia and Acar-
nania. {Vid. Taphie. )
Telegonus, a son of Ulysses and Circe, born in
the island of -Ea-a, where he was educated. When
arrived at the years of manhood, he went to Ithaca to
make himself known to his father, but he was ship-
wrecked on the coast, and, being destitute of provis-
ions, he plundered some of the inhabitants of the isl-
and. Ulysses and Telemachus came to defend the
property of their subjects against this unknown inva-
der; a quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father
without knowing who he was. He afterward returned
to his native country, and, according to Hyginus, he
carried thither his father's body, where it was buried.
Telemachus and Penelope also accompanied him in
his return, and soon after the nuptials of Telegonus
with Penelope were celebrated by order of Miner-
va. Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Iialus.
Telegonus was said to have founded Tusculum in
Italy, and, according to some, he left one daughter
called Mamilia, from whom the patrician family of the
Mamilii at Home were descended. (Horat. , Od. , 3,
29, S. --Orjd, Fatt. , 3, i. --Trial. , 1, l. --Hygin. job. ,
127. )
Txlkhaciics, a son of Ulysses and Peneldpe. He
iras still in the cradle when his father went with the
reat of the Greeks to the Trojan war. At the end of
this celebrated contest, Telemachus, anxious to see
his father, went in quest of him; and, as the place of
his residence and the cause of his long absence were
then unknown, he visited the court of Mcnelaus and
. Nestor to obtain information. He afterward returned
to Ithaca, where the suiters of his mother Penelope
had conspired to destroy him; but he avoided their
snares, and by means of Minerva he discovered his
father, who had arrived in the island two days before
him, and was then in the house of Eumteus. With
this faithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus con-
certed how to deliver his mother from the importuni-
ties of her suiters, and his efforts were crowned with
success. After the death of his father, Telemachus
is said to have gone to the island of /E<<ea, where he
married Circe, or, according to others, Cassiphone, the
daughter of Circe, by whom he had a son called La-
tinus. (Hum. , Od. --Hygin , fab. , 95, 125. )
Telephus, I. a king of Mysia, son of Hercules and
Auge, the daughter of Aleus. He was exposed as
soon as born on Mount Parthenius, on the confines of
Argolis and Arcadia; but the babe was protected by
# thecareof the gods; for a hind, which hadjust calved,
came and suckled him; and the shepherds, finding him,
? ? named him Telephus from that circumstance \"Tri%-
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? TH>
T K. N
here, the waters of which were so exireu ely cold,
that Tiresias was fabled to have died of drinking of
i^em. The site of this place is supposed by Sir W.
Gell to correspond with the kalybea of Vanma (Itin-
erary of the Morea, p. 120); but Miiller is inclined to
identify <it with Kalzioula, which is described by Gell
M a miserable place in the neighbourhood of a large
ruined city. (Dorians, vol. 2, p. 448. Oxford transl.
--Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 323 )
Tbhbnus, son of Aristomachus, and one of the Her-
aclidae. (Vid. Heraclida. )
Tehkriniia, according 'o Pliny (6, 7), the Scythian
name for the Pains Ma? olis. --Compare the re-narks of
Ritler (Vorhalle, p. 161, seqqX
Tehhsa, I. a town of the Bruttii, southwest of
Terina, and near the coast. It was a place of great
antiquity, and celebrated for its copper-mines, to which
Homer is supposed to have referred in the Odyssey (1,
182). This circumstance, however, is doubtful, as
there was a town of the same name in Cypr'j; (? ":^lc,
? 55); while others, again, considered the Hon. tic
Temesa as identical with Brundisium. (Eustath. cd
Horn. . Od. , I. c. ) In Strabo's time these mines ap-
pear to have been exhausted. The situation ~f Tern-
esa is not fully ascertained. Of ::. ;^. ,>> vary between
Malvito, San Lucilo, Torre Lappa, and Torre del pi-
ino del Casale. (Cramer's Ane. Italy, vol. 2, p.
118. )--II. According to some, the same with Brundis-
ium. (Vid. preceding article. )--III. A place in the
island of Cyprus. (Vid. Temesa I. )
Tkmpb (plur. neut), a valley in Thessaly, between
Mount Olympus at the north and Ossa at the south,
through which the river Peneus flowed into the Mge-
an. The poets have described it as a most delightful
? pot, with cool shades and verdant walks, which the
warbling of birds rendered more pleasing and attract-
ive. Tempe extended about five miles in length, but
varied in its breadth so as to be in some places only a
plethrum (about 100 feet) or a little more. --. (Elian has
left a very animated and picturesque description of its
scenery (Var. Hist , 3, 1). --It appears to have been
a generally received notion among the ancients, that
the gorge of Tempe was caused by some great convul-
sion in nature, which, bursting asunder the mountain-
barrier by which the waters of Thessaly were pent up,
afforded them an egress to the sea. Modern travel-
lers differ in their accounts of this celebrated vale.
Hawkins (Walpole's Collect, vol. 1, p. 517) states
that ** the scenery by no means corresponds with the
idea that has been generally conceived of it, and that
the eloquence of . 'Elian has given rise to expectations
which the traveller will not find realized. " He would
seem, however, to have confounded the Vale of Tempe
with the narrow defile wh'ch the Peneus traverses be-
tween Mount Olympus and Mount Ossa, near its en-
trance into the sea. Professor Palmer, of Cambridge,
appears to have been more successful in the search.
"After riding ne;rly an hour close to the bay in which,
the Peneus discharges itself, we turned," says this
traveller, "south, through a delightful plain, which. af-
ter a quarter of an hour, brought us to an opening be-
tween Ossa and Olympus ; the entrance to a vale, that,
in aituation, extent, and beauty, amply satisfies what-
ever the poets have said of Tempe. " (Walpole's MS.
fournal, Clarke's Travels, pt. 2, s. 3. p. 274. --Con-
sult Cramer's Description of Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 378. )
? ? TgNcnTHKRi, a ration of Germany, who, in con-
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? TEK
TE R
TiNOt, a small island in the ^Egcan, near Andros.
cajli-d also Hydros*':, from the number of its springs
it was ver mountainous, but produced excellent
wii. bj, universally esteemed by the ancients. Tenos
was about 16 miles in extent. The capital was also
called Tenos. Near the town was situate a temple of
Neptune, held m great veneration, and much frequent
ed by the inhabitants of the surrounding isles, who
came thither to offer sacrifices to the god. (Slrabo,
4S7. --Mela, 2, 7. --Ovid, Met. , 7, 469 )
Tentyba (vtvr. ) and Tentyris, a city of Egypt in
the Thehud, situate on the Nile, to the northwest of
Koptos. *'his city was at variance with Ombos, the
former killing, the latter adoring, the crocodile; a hor-
rid instance of religious fury, which took place in con-
sequence of thia quarrel, forms the subject of the fif-
teenth satire of Juvenal. About half a league from
the ruins of this city stands the modern village of
Denderah. Among the remains of Tentyra is a tem-
ple of Isis, one of the largest structures in the The-
laid, and by far the most beautiful, and in the best
preservation. It contained, until lately, the famous zo-
diac, which was framed in the ceiling of the temple.
This interesting monument of former ages was taken
down by a French traveller, M. Lelorrain, after the
:nost persevering exertions for twenty days, and trans-
ported down the Nile to Alexandrca, whence it was
shipped to France. The King of France purchased it
for 15(1,000 francs. The dimensions of the stone are
twelve feet in length by eight in breadth, including
some ornaments, which were two feet in length on each
aide. In thickness it is three feet. The planisphere
and the square in which it was contained were alone
removed, the side ornaments being allowed to remain.
To obtain this relic of former ages proved a work of
immense labour, as it had actually to be cut out of
the ceiling and lowered to the ground. Many con-
jectures have been advanced by the learned, especially
*( France, on the antiquity of this zodiac; but recent
discoveries have shown the folly of these speculations;
the temple having been, in fact, erected under the Ro-
man sway, and the name of the Emperor Nero appear-
ing upon it. (Am. Quarterly, vol. 4, p. 43. )
f Teos or Teios, a city on the east of Ionia, situated
upon a peninsula southwest of Smyrna. It belonged
to the Ionian confederacy, and had a harbour which
Livy calls Geraesticus (37, 27). During the Persian
sway wc team that the inhabitants, despairing of being
able to resist the power of that great empire, aban-
doned nearly all of them their native city, and retired
to Alnlera in Thrace. This colony became so flour-
ishing in consequence, that it quite eclipsed the parent
state. (Herod. , 1, 169. --Strab. , 633. ) Teos is cel-
ebrated in the literary history of Greece for having
given birth to Anacreon, and also to Hecateus the
historian, though the latter ia more frequently known
by the surname of the Abderite. (Strab. , I. c. ) This
town produced also Protagoras the sophist, Scylh-
tnus an Iambic poet, Andron a geographical writer,
and Apellicon the great book-collector, to whom liter-
ature is indebted for the preservation of the works of
Aristotle. Though deserted, as we have already re-
marked, by the greater part of its inhabitants, Teos
still continued to exrit as an Ionian city, as may be
seen from Thucydides (3, 32). The chief produce of
the Teian territory was wine (lav. 37, 27), and Bac-
chus was the deity principally revered by the inhabi-
? ? tants. It is singular that Pliny (5, 38) should rank
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? TEKENTWS.
TER
knottier way, or whose taste was abhorrent from all
sort of buffoonery, had recourse to the other expedi-
ent of double plots; and this probably gained him the
popular reputation of being the most artful writer for
the stage. The Hecyra is the only one of his come-
dies of the true ancient cast; hence the want of suc-
cess with which it met on its first and second repre-
sentations. When first biought forward, in 589, it
was interrupted by the spectators leaving the theatre,
attracted by the superior interest of a boxing-match
and rope-dancers. A combat of gladiators had the
like unfortunate effect when it was attempted to be
again exhibited in 594. The celebrated actor, L.
Am-
bivius, encouraged by the success which he hsd expe-
rienced in reviving the condemned plays of Cscilius,
ventured to produce it a third time on the atage, when
it recived a patient hearing, and was frequently repeat-
ed. Still, however, most of the old critics and com-
mentators speak of it as greatly inferior to the other
plays of Terence. On the whole, however, the plots
of Terence are, in most respects, judiciously laid: the
incidents are aelected with taste, arranged and con-
nected with inimitable art, and painted with exquisite
grace and beauty. --In the representation of characters
and manners, Terence was considered by the ancients
as surpassing all their comic poets. In this depart-
ment of his art, he shows that comprehensive knowl-
edge of the humours and inclinations of mankind,
which enabled him to delineate characters as well as
manners with a genuine and apparently unstudied sim-
plicity. All the inferior passions which form the
range of comedy are so nicely observed and accurately
expressed, that we nowhere find a truer or more lively
representation of human nature. --Erasmus, one of the
best judges of classical literature at the revival of
learning, saya that there is no author from whom we
can better learn the pure Roman style than from the
poet Terence. It haa been farther remarked of him,
that the Romans thought themselves in conversation
when they heard his comedies. Terence, in fact, gave
re the Roman tongue its highest perfection in point of
e. cgancc and grace. For this ineffabilis amanitas, as
It is called by Heinsius, he was equally admired by his
own contemporaries and the writers in the golden pe-
riod of Roman literature. He is called by Ctesar pun
? ermonis amator, and Cicero characterizes him aa
"Quicquid come loquens, ac omnia dulcia dicens. "
Even in the last age of Latin poetry, and when his
pure simplicity was so different from the style sffected
by the writers of the day, he continued to be regarded
as the model of correct composition. Ausonms. in
his beautiful poem addressed to his grandson, hails
him, on account of hia style, as the ornament of I. a-
tium. Among all the Latin writers, indeed, from En-
nius to Ausonius, we meet with nothing so simple, so
full of grace and delicacy--in fine, nothing that can
be compared to his comedies for elegance of dialogue,
presenting a constant flow of easy, genteel, unaf-
fected conversation, which never subsides into vulgar-
ity or grossness, and never rises higher than the ordi-
nary level of polite conversation. Of this, indeed, he
was ao careful, that when he employed any sentence
which he had found in the tragic poets, he stripped it
of that air of grandeur and majesty which rendered it
unsuitable for common life anc comedy. The narra-
tives in particular possess a beautiful and pictureaque
simplicity. As to what may be called the poetical
? ? stylo of Terence, it has been generally allowed that
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? TEH
TER
1 rights, a city of Venetia, in the territor; of the
Uarni, now Trieste. It waa situate at the northeast-
ern extremity of the Sinua Tergeatinus. In Strabo
we find it sometimes called Tergesta, or Tergestas
. n the plural. (Slrab. , 314. ) Tho Greeks knew it
by the name of Tergeatrum. (Artemid. , ap. Steph.
By*. --Damns. Ptrug. ,y. 384) It suffered severe-
ly, on one occasion, from a sudden incursion of the
lapydes. (Appian, B. 111. . 18. --Strabo, 207. )
Tkkina, a town of the Bruttii, on the coast of the
Mare Tyrrhenum. It is now St. Euphcmia. The ad-
jacent bay was called Sinus Terinxus. The earliest
writers who have noticed this place are Scylax (Peri-
plus, p. S) and Lycophron. Strabo informs us that it
was destroyed by Hannibal, when he found that he
could no longer retain it. It was probably restored at
a later period, as we find it named by Pliny and Ptol-
emy. (Cramer's- Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 416. )
TERMlLiE. Vid. Lycia.
Tkkminai. Ii. an annual festival at Rome, observed
in honour of the god Terminus, in the month of Feb-
ruary. It was then usual for peasants to assemble near
the principal landmarks which separated their fields,
and, after they had crowned them with garlands and
Bowers, to make libations of milk and wine, and to
sacrifice a lamb or a young pig. This festival was
originally established by Numa; and though at first
it was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet, in
process of time, landmarks were plentifully sprinkled
with it. (Ovid, Fast. , 2, 641. )
Terminus, a divinity at Rome, who was supposed
to preside over boundaries. His worship was first in-
troduced at Rome by Numa. who persuaded his sub-
jects that the limits of their lands were under the im-
mediate care and superintendence of Heaven. His
temple waa on the Tarpcian rock, and he was rcpre-
nent? d with a human head, without feet or arms, to in-
timate that he never moved, wherever he was. It is
said that w'. ien Tarquin the Proud wished to build a
temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupiter, the god Ter-
minus alone refused to give way. ((hid, Fast. , 2,
im. --Plut. , Vit. Num. )
Terpamikr, a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos,
670 B. C. , whose date is determined by his appearance
ir. the mother-country of Greece: of his early life in
Lesbos nothing is known. The first account of him
describes him in Peloponnesus, which at that time
surpassed the rest of Greece in political power, in well-
ordered governments, and probably also in mental cul-
tivation. It is one of the most certain dates of an-
cient chronology, that, in the 26th Olympiad (B. C. 670),
musical contests were first introduced at the feast of
Apollo Carneius, and at their first celebration Terpan-
der was crowned victor. He was also victor four suc-
cessive times in the musical contest at the Pythian
temple of Delphi. In Laccdsmon, whose citizens,
from the earliest times, had been distinguished for their
love of music and dancing, the first scientific cultiva-
tion of music was ascribed to Terpander (Plut. , de
Mils. , c. 9); and a record of the precise time had been
preserved, probably in the registers of public games.
Hence it appears that Terpander was a younger con-
temporary of Callinus and Archilochus; so that the
dispute among the ancients, whether Terpander or Ar-
chilochus were the older, must probably be decided by
supposing them to have lived about the same time. At
the bead of all the inventions of Terpander stands the
? ? aeren-stringed cithara. The only accompaniment for
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? TEU
TEU
? pint cf bis clerical brethren. However this may hare
been, a distinction is carefully observed between the
works which T'/rtullian wrote previous to his separa-
tion from the Catholic Church and those which he
composed afterward, when he had ranged himself
? rnong the followers of Montanus. The former are
four in number, his Apologeticus, and those which
treat of baptism, of penitence, and prayer. The last
? f these is regarded as his first production. Some
luthors add a work in two volumes, addressed to his
wife, in which he gives her directions as to the course
of conduct which she should pursue in the state of
widowhood. Most critics consider this to have been
composed by him at an advanced age. The worke
written by Tertullian after he had become a Monta-
oisi are. Apologies for Christianity, Treatises on Ec-
tlcsiastical Discipline, and two species of polemical
works, the one directed against heretics, and the other
against Catholics. The laiier are four in number, De
Pudtcitia, De Fuga in I'ersecuiione, De Jcjunia, De
Monogamia. His principal work is the Apologeticus
Adtersus Gentes mentioned above. It is addressed
10 the governors of the provinces; it refutes the cal-
umnies which had been uttered against the religion of
the gospel, and shows that its professors were faithful
and obedient subjects. It is the best work written in
favour of Christianity during the early agea of the
Church. It contains a number of very curious histor-
ical passages on the ceremonies of the Christian
Church , as, for example, a description of the agapa
ox love-feasts. Tertullian remoulded this work, and
it appeared under the new title Ad Naliones. In ita
altered state S possesses more method, bu' less fire
than the first The writings of Tertullian show an
ardent and impassioned spirit, a brilliant imagination,
a high degree of natural talent and profound erudition.
His style, however, is obscure, though animated, and
betrays the foreign extraction of the writer. The pe-
rusal of Tertullian is very important for the student of
ecclesiastical history. He informs us, more correctly
than any other writer, respecting the Christian doc-
trines of his time, the constitution of the Church, its
ceremonies, and the attacks of heretics against Chris-
tianity. Tertullian was held in very high esteem by
the subsequent fathers of the Church. St. Cyprian
read his works incessantly, ana used to call him, by
way of eminence, The Master. Vincent of Lerina
used to say " that every word of Tertullian waa a sen-
tence, and every sentence a triumph over error. "
The best edition of the entire works of Tertullian is
that of Scmler, 4 vols. 8vo, Hal. , 1770; and of his
Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo, L. Bat. , W18.
Tethys, the wife of Oceamis, and daughter of Ura-
nus and Terra. Their offspring were the rivers of
the earth, and three thousand daughters, named Oce-
anides cr Ocean-nymphs. (He*. , Thcog , 337, seqq. )
The name of Tcthys (Ttflic) is thought to mean the
Nurse, the Rearer. Hermann renders it Alumina.
[Keightley's Mythology, p. 51. )
Tetrapolis, I. a name given to the city of Antioch,
the capital of Syria, because divided, as it were, into
four cities, each having ita separate wall, besides a
common one enclosing all. (Vii. Antiochia I. )--II.
A name applied to Doris, in Greece (Dorica Tetrap-
olis), from its four cities. (Vid. Doris. )
Tkcckk, I. a king of part of Troas, son of the Sea-
mander by Idsca. His aubjecta were called Teucri,
? ? from his name; and hia daughter Batea married Dar-
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? THA
Vat of Carbo, turned back and spread desolation in
Gaul; and the Romans despatched an army against
them under Spurius Cassius. This army was annihi-
lated by the Celtic hordes, who had associated them-
selves with the Cimbri and Teutones. The barbarians
Unified the Romans by their enormous stature, by
their firmness in order of battle, and by their mode of
fighting, of which the peculiarity consisted in extend-
ing their lines so as to enclose large tracts of ground,
and in forming harriers around them with their wagons
and chariMs. The danger to the Romans from tho
combined German and Celtic populations seemed the
greater, as the Jugurthine wars, in the beginning of
the contest, engaged their best generals. They there-
fore sent into Gaul L. Serrilius Csspio, a consul, with
a consular army. Ca>pio, quite in the spirit of the
senatorial party of his tir. es, plundered the Gauls, and
seized their sacred treasures instead of preserving dis-
cipline. This was in A. U. C. 647. Tho next year,
Cspio was declared proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis,
and Cneius Manlius, the consul, was appointed his
colleague. These two generals, neither of whom pos-
sessed any merit, happening not to agree, separated
their forces, but were both attacked at the same time,
one by the Gauls, the other by the Cimbri, and their
armies were cut to pieces. The consternation which
this occasioned at Rome was increased by the spread-
ing of a report that the enemy were preparing to pass
the Alps. But the barbarians, instead of concentra-
ting their force for a descent upon Italy, wasted Spain
and scoured the Gallic territories. Marius was now
chosen consul; and, while the foe were plundering
Spain and Gaul, he was actively employed in exerci-
sing and disciplining his army. At length, in the third
year of his command in Gaul, in his fourth consulship,
the Teutones and Ambrones made their appearance
in the south of Gaul; while the Cimbri, and all the
tribes united with them, attempted to break into Italy
from the northeast. Marius defeated the Teutones
ind Amblones near Aqua; Sextiff) (now Aix), in Gaul;
and, in the following year, uniting his forces with
those of Catulus, he entirely defeated the Cimbri in
:he plain of Vercella? , to the north of the Po, near the
Sesiitu. In these two battles the Teutones and Am-
orones are said to have lost the incredible number of
290,000 men (200,000 slain, and 90,000 taken pris-
oners), and the Cimbri 300,000 men (140,000 slain,
? nd 60,000 taken prisoners. --Liv. , Epit. , 68. -- Vid.
Marius. )
Thais, a celebrated Greek hetserist, who accom-
panied Alexander on his expedition into Asia, and in-
stigated him, while under the influence of wine, to set
tire to the royal palace at Persepolis. (Vid. Persepo-
lis. ) After the death of Alexander she attached her-
self to Ptolemy, son of Lagus, by whom she had two
sons and a daughter. This daughter was named
Irene, and became the wife of Ennostus, king of Soli,
in the island of Cyprus. There is no good reason for
the opinion that she lived with the poet Menander be-
fore accompanying the army of Alexander. This sup-
|iosition arose from Menander's having composed a
piece entitled Thais. (Athenaus, 13, p. 676, D. --
Bayh, Diet. , s. v. --Michaud, Biogr.
