ii (#10) ##############################################
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS
ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS
ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO.
Cambridge Medieval History - v1 - Christian Roman Empire and Teutonic Kingdoms
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Title: The Cambridge medieval history / planned by J. B. Bury . . . ;
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## p. (#1) ##################################################
## p. (#2) ##################################################
(1837
SCIENTIA
ARTES
LIBRARY VERITAS
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
TEEBOK
SI QURIS PENINSULAM AMZNAM
CIRCUMSPIA
## p. (#3) ##################################################
112
С.
„СІ:
сору 6
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## p. (#4) ##################################################
1
## p. (#5) ##################################################
1
## p. (#6) ##################################################
## p. (#7) ##################################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
VOLUME I
## p. (#8) ##################################################
•The
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK. BOSTON CHICAGO • DALLAS
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO
## p. i (#9) ################################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
PLANNED BY
J. B. BURY, M. A.
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
EDITED BY
H. M. GWATKIN, M. A.
J. P. WHITNEY, B. D.
Attention Patron:
E
IS
This volume is too fragile for any future repair.
Please handle with great care.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY-CONSERVATION & BOOK REPAIR
NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1911
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
## p. ii (#10) ##############################################
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS
ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO
## p. iii (#11) #############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
PLANNED BY
J. B. BURY, M. A.
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
EDITED BY
H. M. GWATKIN, M. A.
J. P. WHITNEY, B. D.
VOLUME 1
THE CHRISTIAN ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE
FOUNDATION OF THE TEUTONIC KINGDOMS
NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1911
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
## p. iv (#12) ##############################################
D
117
. C178
vil
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
## p. v (#13) ###############################################
Hist. Currhiedo
Wahr
9-15-25
1504 32
21
GENERAL PREFACE.
TH
THE present work is intended as a comprehensive account of medieval
times, drawn up on the same lines as The Cambridge Modern
History, but with a few improvements of detail suggested by experience.
It is intended partly for the general reader, as a clear and, as far as
possible, interesting narrative; partly for the student, as a summary of
ascertained facts, with indications (not discussions) of disputed points ;
partly as a book of reference, containing all that can reasonably be
required in a comprehensive work of general history. A full biblio-
graphy is added to every chapter, and a portfolio of illustrative maps
is published to accompany each volume.
There is nothing in the English language resembling the present
work. Germany, indeed, has Heeren and Oncken, but in France even
the great work of Lavisse and Rambaud deals with the Middle Ages on a
much smaller scale than is here contemplated. The present volumes are
intended to cover the entire field of European medieval history, so that
in every chapter a specialist sums up recent research upon the subject.
America, France, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Spain and
Russia are represented in the list of contributors.
The principles on which the work is constructed were laid down by
the late Lord Acton for The Cambridge Modern History. Professor
Bury, Lord Acton's successor as Regius Professor of Modern History,
was invited by the Syndics of the Press to plan the History as a whole,
and to draw up the scheme of each volume. The first editors appointed
were the Rev. H. M. Gwatkin, M. A. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Miss Mary Bateson and Mr G. T. Lapsley, M. A. , Fellow of
Trinity College. On Miss Bateson's death, the Rev. J. P. Whitney, B. D. ,
of King's College, was appointed in her stead; but on Mr Lapsley's
## p. vi (#14) ##############################################
vi
General Preface
retirement through ill-health (happily only temporary) his place was not
filled up. The present editors are, therefore, Professor Gwatkin and
Mr Whitney. They wish to place on record their grateful thanks for
the helpful advice which Professor Bury has always been ready to give
them when requested; but it should be understood that the editors are
alone responsible for the matter contained in each volume, for the
selection of the writers of the various chapters and for the general
treatment of the subjects discussed.
It is hoped to publish two volumes yearly in regular succession.
H. M. G.
J. P. W.
September 1911
## p. vii (#15) #############################################
PREFACE TO VOLUME I.
THE present volume covers a space of about two hundred years
beginning with Constantine and stopping a little short of
Justinian. At its opening the Roman Empire is standing in its ancient
majesty, drawing new strength from the reforms of Diocletian and the
statesmanship of Constantine: at its close the Empire has vanished from
the West, while the East is slowly recovering from the pressure of the
barbarians in the fifth century, and gathering strength for Justinian's
wars of conquest. At its opening heathenism is still a mighty power,
society is built up on heathen pride of class, and Rome still seems the
centre of the world: at its ending we see Christianity supreme,
Constantinople the seat of power, and the old heathen order of society
in the West dissolving in the confusion of barbarian devastations. At its
opening Caesar's will is law from the Atlantic to Armenia : at its ending
a great system of Teutonic and Arian kingdoms in the West has just
been grievously shaken by the conversion of the Franks from heathenism
direct to orthodoxy.
In our first chapter we trace the rise of Constantine, his reunion of
the Empire, his conversion to Christianity, the political side of the
Nicene Council, and the foundation of Constantinople. Then follows
Dr Reid's account of the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine, which
fixed for centuries the general outline of the administration. After this
Mr Norman Baynes takes up the struggle with Persia under Constantius
and Julian, and continues in a later chapter the story of the wars of Rome
in East and West in the times of Valentinian and Theodosius. The
victory of Christianity is treated by Principal Lindsay; and he describes
also the rival systems of Neoplatonism and Mithraism, and gives an
account of Julian's reaction and the last struggles of heathenism. The
next chapter is devoted to Arianism. First the doctrine is described,
in itself and in some of its relations to modern thought; then the
religious side of the Nicene Council is given, and the complicated history
of the reaction is traced down to the decisive overthrow of Arianism in
the Empire by Theodosius. After this Mr C. H. Turner describes the
organisation of the Church—clergy, creeds and worship-looking back
to the beginning, but chiefly concerned with its development in the age
of the great Councils.
a
O. MED. H. VOL. I.
b
## p. viii (#16) ############################################
viii
Preface
We now pass to the Teutons. Dr Martin Bang begins in prehistoric
times, describing their migrations and their conquests westward and
southward till the legions brought them to a stand on the Rhine and the
Danube, and their long struggle of four centuries to break through the
Roman frontier before the battle of Hadrianople settled them inside
the Danube. Then Dr Manitius carries down the story through the
administrations of Theodosius and Stilicho to the great collapse—the
passing of the Rhine, the overrunning of Gaul and Spain, the Roman
mutiny at Pavia, and the sack of Rome by Alaric. After this the great
Teutonic peoples have to be dealt with severally. Dr Ludwig Schmidt
begins with the settlement of the Visigoths in Gaul, traces the growth
and culmination of their kingdom of Toulouse, and ends with their
expulsion from Aquitaine by Clovis. Professor Pfister gives the early
history of the Franks; but they are still a feeble folk when he leaves
them, for the conquests of Clovis belong to another volume. Then
Dr Schmidt tells the little that is known of the Sueves and Alans in
Spain, and more fully describes the history and institutions of the
Vandal kingdom in Africa to its destruction by Belisarius.
Our next chapter differs from the rest in containing very little
history. It is Dr Peisker's account of Central Asia and the Altaian
mounted nomads. It is given as a general (and much needed) intro-
duction to the chapters on the Huns, the Avars, the Turks, and the rest
of the Asiatic hordes who devastated Europe in the Middle Ages. To
this is attached Dr Schmidt's short account of the Huns and Attila. We
next turn to our own country. Professor Haverfield describes the
conquest and organisation of Roman Britain, and the decline and fall
of the Roman power in the island, while Mr Beck deals with the English
in their continental home, and tells the story of their settlement in
Britain from the English side. After this Mr Barker records the last
struggles of the Western Empire—the loyalty of Gaul and the dis-
affection of Africa—under Aëtius and Majorian, concluding with the
barbarian mutiny at Pavia which overthrew the last Augustus of the
West. Then M. Maurice Dumoulin continues the history of Italy under
the barbarian rule of Odovacar and Theodoric, describing the great
king's policy, and shewing how he kept in check for awhile the feud of
Roman and barbarian which had wrecked the Western Empire. Turning
now to the Eastern provinces, the fifth century, which falls to Mr Brooks,
is upon the whole a prosaic period of second-rate rulers and dire financial
strain. Yet even here we have striking events, remarkable characters,
and important movements-the fall of Rufinus and the failure of
Gaïnas ; Pulcheria ruling the Empire as a girl of sixteen, the romance
## p. ix (#17) ##############################################
Preface
ix
of Athenais, and the catastrophe of Basiliscus; the Isaurian policy of
Leo, and the reforms of Anastasius. Then Miss Alice Gardner traces
the history of religious disunion in the East. The fall of Chrysostom
brought to the front the rivalry of Constantinople and Alexandria, the
defeat of Nestorianism at Ephesus and of Monophysitism at Chalcedon
fixed the lines of orthodoxy, but left Egypt and Syria heterodox and
disaffected, and the reconciling Henoticon of Zeno produced nothing
but a new schism. In the next chapter Dom Butler traces the growth
of monasticism and its various forms in East and West, including the
Benedictine rule and the Irish monks. After this Professor Vinogradoff
surveys the whole field of social and economic conditions in the declining
Empire, and shews the part which rotten economics and bad taxation
played in its destruction. Then Mr H. F. Stewart gives his account of
the heathen and Christian literature of the time, and of the various
lines of thought which seemed to converge upon the grand figure of
Augustine. The volume concludes with Mr Lethaby's account of the
beginnings and early development of Christian art.
Shortly: to the student of universal history the Roman Empire is
the bulwark which for near six hundred years kept back the ever-
threatening attacks of Teutonic and Altaian barbarism. Behind that
bulwark rose the mighty structure of Roman Law, and behind it a new
order of the world was beginning to unfold from the fruitful seeds of
Christian thought. So when the years of respite ended, and the
universal Empire went down in universal ruin, the Christian Church
was able from the first to put some check on the northern conquerors,
and then by the long training of the Middle Ages to mould the nations
of Europe into forms which have issued in richer and fuller developments
of life and civilisation than imperial Rome had ever known.
It remains for us to give our best thanks to Dr A. W. Ward for
much counsel and assistance, and to all those who have kindly helped
us by looking over the proofs of particular chapters.
H. M. G.
J. P. W.
September 1911
62
## p. x (#18) ###############################################
1
## p. xi (#19) ##############################################
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
CONSTANTINE AND HIS CITY.
By H. M. GWATKIN, M. A. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Cambridge.
.
Where does Medieval History begin?
Early life of Constantine
Constantine made Caesar
Battle of Saxa Rubra
Edict of Milan
Defeat of Maximin Daza
Wars with Licinius
Constantine's religious policy-coinage--legislation-endowments
Council of Nicaea
Executions of Crispus and Fausta
Site of Constantinople .
Earlier history of Byzantium
Foundation of Constantinople
The Gothic War.
Constantine's later years
Last arrangements
Death of Constantine
PAGE
1
2.
3
4
5
6
7
8-12
13-15
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
CHAPTER II.
THE REORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE.
By J. S. Reid, Litt. D. , Professor of Ancient
History, Cambridge.
Tendency to despotism
Growth of centralisation
New form of the Executive.
ii (#10) ##############################################
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS
ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO
## p. iii (#11) #############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
PLANNED BY
J. B. BURY, M. A.
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
EDITED BY
H. M. GWATKIN, M. A.
J. P. WHITNEY, B. D.
VOLUME 1
THE CHRISTIAN ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE
FOUNDATION OF THE TEUTONIC KINGDOMS
NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1911
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
## p. iv (#12) ##############################################
D
117
. C178
vil
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
## p. v (#13) ###############################################
Hist. Currhiedo
Wahr
9-15-25
1504 32
21
GENERAL PREFACE.
TH
THE present work is intended as a comprehensive account of medieval
times, drawn up on the same lines as The Cambridge Modern
History, but with a few improvements of detail suggested by experience.
It is intended partly for the general reader, as a clear and, as far as
possible, interesting narrative; partly for the student, as a summary of
ascertained facts, with indications (not discussions) of disputed points ;
partly as a book of reference, containing all that can reasonably be
required in a comprehensive work of general history. A full biblio-
graphy is added to every chapter, and a portfolio of illustrative maps
is published to accompany each volume.
There is nothing in the English language resembling the present
work. Germany, indeed, has Heeren and Oncken, but in France even
the great work of Lavisse and Rambaud deals with the Middle Ages on a
much smaller scale than is here contemplated. The present volumes are
intended to cover the entire field of European medieval history, so that
in every chapter a specialist sums up recent research upon the subject.
America, France, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Spain and
Russia are represented in the list of contributors.
The principles on which the work is constructed were laid down by
the late Lord Acton for The Cambridge Modern History. Professor
Bury, Lord Acton's successor as Regius Professor of Modern History,
was invited by the Syndics of the Press to plan the History as a whole,
and to draw up the scheme of each volume. The first editors appointed
were the Rev. H. M. Gwatkin, M. A. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Miss Mary Bateson and Mr G. T. Lapsley, M. A. , Fellow of
Trinity College. On Miss Bateson's death, the Rev. J. P. Whitney, B. D. ,
of King's College, was appointed in her stead; but on Mr Lapsley's
## p. vi (#14) ##############################################
vi
General Preface
retirement through ill-health (happily only temporary) his place was not
filled up. The present editors are, therefore, Professor Gwatkin and
Mr Whitney. They wish to place on record their grateful thanks for
the helpful advice which Professor Bury has always been ready to give
them when requested; but it should be understood that the editors are
alone responsible for the matter contained in each volume, for the
selection of the writers of the various chapters and for the general
treatment of the subjects discussed.
It is hoped to publish two volumes yearly in regular succession.
H. M. G.
J. P. W.
September 1911
## p. vii (#15) #############################################
PREFACE TO VOLUME I.
THE present volume covers a space of about two hundred years
beginning with Constantine and stopping a little short of
Justinian. At its opening the Roman Empire is standing in its ancient
majesty, drawing new strength from the reforms of Diocletian and the
statesmanship of Constantine: at its close the Empire has vanished from
the West, while the East is slowly recovering from the pressure of the
barbarians in the fifth century, and gathering strength for Justinian's
wars of conquest. At its opening heathenism is still a mighty power,
society is built up on heathen pride of class, and Rome still seems the
centre of the world: at its ending we see Christianity supreme,
Constantinople the seat of power, and the old heathen order of society
in the West dissolving in the confusion of barbarian devastations. At its
opening Caesar's will is law from the Atlantic to Armenia : at its ending
a great system of Teutonic and Arian kingdoms in the West has just
been grievously shaken by the conversion of the Franks from heathenism
direct to orthodoxy.
In our first chapter we trace the rise of Constantine, his reunion of
the Empire, his conversion to Christianity, the political side of the
Nicene Council, and the foundation of Constantinople. Then follows
Dr Reid's account of the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine, which
fixed for centuries the general outline of the administration. After this
Mr Norman Baynes takes up the struggle with Persia under Constantius
and Julian, and continues in a later chapter the story of the wars of Rome
in East and West in the times of Valentinian and Theodosius. The
victory of Christianity is treated by Principal Lindsay; and he describes
also the rival systems of Neoplatonism and Mithraism, and gives an
account of Julian's reaction and the last struggles of heathenism. The
next chapter is devoted to Arianism. First the doctrine is described,
in itself and in some of its relations to modern thought; then the
religious side of the Nicene Council is given, and the complicated history
of the reaction is traced down to the decisive overthrow of Arianism in
the Empire by Theodosius. After this Mr C. H. Turner describes the
organisation of the Church—clergy, creeds and worship-looking back
to the beginning, but chiefly concerned with its development in the age
of the great Councils.
a
O. MED. H. VOL. I.
b
## p. viii (#16) ############################################
viii
Preface
We now pass to the Teutons. Dr Martin Bang begins in prehistoric
times, describing their migrations and their conquests westward and
southward till the legions brought them to a stand on the Rhine and the
Danube, and their long struggle of four centuries to break through the
Roman frontier before the battle of Hadrianople settled them inside
the Danube. Then Dr Manitius carries down the story through the
administrations of Theodosius and Stilicho to the great collapse—the
passing of the Rhine, the overrunning of Gaul and Spain, the Roman
mutiny at Pavia, and the sack of Rome by Alaric. After this the great
Teutonic peoples have to be dealt with severally. Dr Ludwig Schmidt
begins with the settlement of the Visigoths in Gaul, traces the growth
and culmination of their kingdom of Toulouse, and ends with their
expulsion from Aquitaine by Clovis. Professor Pfister gives the early
history of the Franks; but they are still a feeble folk when he leaves
them, for the conquests of Clovis belong to another volume. Then
Dr Schmidt tells the little that is known of the Sueves and Alans in
Spain, and more fully describes the history and institutions of the
Vandal kingdom in Africa to its destruction by Belisarius.
Our next chapter differs from the rest in containing very little
history. It is Dr Peisker's account of Central Asia and the Altaian
mounted nomads. It is given as a general (and much needed) intro-
duction to the chapters on the Huns, the Avars, the Turks, and the rest
of the Asiatic hordes who devastated Europe in the Middle Ages. To
this is attached Dr Schmidt's short account of the Huns and Attila. We
next turn to our own country. Professor Haverfield describes the
conquest and organisation of Roman Britain, and the decline and fall
of the Roman power in the island, while Mr Beck deals with the English
in their continental home, and tells the story of their settlement in
Britain from the English side. After this Mr Barker records the last
struggles of the Western Empire—the loyalty of Gaul and the dis-
affection of Africa—under Aëtius and Majorian, concluding with the
barbarian mutiny at Pavia which overthrew the last Augustus of the
West. Then M. Maurice Dumoulin continues the history of Italy under
the barbarian rule of Odovacar and Theodoric, describing the great
king's policy, and shewing how he kept in check for awhile the feud of
Roman and barbarian which had wrecked the Western Empire. Turning
now to the Eastern provinces, the fifth century, which falls to Mr Brooks,
is upon the whole a prosaic period of second-rate rulers and dire financial
strain. Yet even here we have striking events, remarkable characters,
and important movements-the fall of Rufinus and the failure of
Gaïnas ; Pulcheria ruling the Empire as a girl of sixteen, the romance
## p. ix (#17) ##############################################
Preface
ix
of Athenais, and the catastrophe of Basiliscus; the Isaurian policy of
Leo, and the reforms of Anastasius. Then Miss Alice Gardner traces
the history of religious disunion in the East. The fall of Chrysostom
brought to the front the rivalry of Constantinople and Alexandria, the
defeat of Nestorianism at Ephesus and of Monophysitism at Chalcedon
fixed the lines of orthodoxy, but left Egypt and Syria heterodox and
disaffected, and the reconciling Henoticon of Zeno produced nothing
but a new schism. In the next chapter Dom Butler traces the growth
of monasticism and its various forms in East and West, including the
Benedictine rule and the Irish monks. After this Professor Vinogradoff
surveys the whole field of social and economic conditions in the declining
Empire, and shews the part which rotten economics and bad taxation
played in its destruction. Then Mr H. F. Stewart gives his account of
the heathen and Christian literature of the time, and of the various
lines of thought which seemed to converge upon the grand figure of
Augustine. The volume concludes with Mr Lethaby's account of the
beginnings and early development of Christian art.
Shortly: to the student of universal history the Roman Empire is
the bulwark which for near six hundred years kept back the ever-
threatening attacks of Teutonic and Altaian barbarism. Behind that
bulwark rose the mighty structure of Roman Law, and behind it a new
order of the world was beginning to unfold from the fruitful seeds of
Christian thought. So when the years of respite ended, and the
universal Empire went down in universal ruin, the Christian Church
was able from the first to put some check on the northern conquerors,
and then by the long training of the Middle Ages to mould the nations
of Europe into forms which have issued in richer and fuller developments
of life and civilisation than imperial Rome had ever known.
It remains for us to give our best thanks to Dr A. W. Ward for
much counsel and assistance, and to all those who have kindly helped
us by looking over the proofs of particular chapters.
H. M. G.
J. P. W.
September 1911
62
## p. x (#18) ###############################################
1
## p. xi (#19) ##############################################
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
CONSTANTINE AND HIS CITY.
By H. M. GWATKIN, M. A. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Cambridge.
.
Where does Medieval History begin?
Early life of Constantine
Constantine made Caesar
Battle of Saxa Rubra
Edict of Milan
Defeat of Maximin Daza
Wars with Licinius
Constantine's religious policy-coinage--legislation-endowments
Council of Nicaea
Executions of Crispus and Fausta
Site of Constantinople .
Earlier history of Byzantium
Foundation of Constantinople
The Gothic War.
Constantine's later years
Last arrangements
Death of Constantine
PAGE
1
2.
3
4
5
6
7
8-12
13-15
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
CHAPTER II.
THE REORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE.
By J. S. Reid, Litt. D. , Professor of Ancient
History, Cambridge.
Tendency to despotism
Growth of centralisation
New form of the Executive.
The Great Officials of the Court-the Praefects--the provincial
governors
Praefectures and dioeceses
24
26
27
28
31
## p. xii (#20) #############################################
xii
Contents
The Praefectus Praetorio—the Vicarius
The Civil Service.
The Agentes in rebus
The Quaestor
Financial changes
Reform of the currency
Assessment of taxes
Financial administration
Organisation of the army
The Magister militum
Comites.
Patricii—the Consistorium
The Senate
The City of Rome
Subjects of the Empire-Ouriales-Collegia ----Coloni
PAGE
33
34
36
37
38
40
41
43
44
46
47
48
49
50
51
CHAPTER III.
CONSTANTINE'S SUCCESSORS TO JOVIAN: AND THE
STRUGGLE WITH PERSIA.
By Norman H. BAYNES, M. A. , Oxon. , Barrister-at-Law.
Last dispositions of Constantine
The Persian War
Reign of Constans
Revolt of Magnentius
Civil War-Vetranio-Battle of Mursa
Julian's youth and conversion to Paganism
Julian made Caesar-his first campaign in Gaul
Constantius at Rome
Battle of Strassburg
Julian on the Rhine
Constantius on the Danube .
Siege of Amida.
“Julianus Augustus”
Negotiations with Constantius
Death and character of Constantius
Julian's reforms
Julian's religious policy
The Persian Expedition
Death of Julian-Election of Jovian
Disgraceful Peace with Persia
Death of Jovian.
所切&ww似的仍侶的HR仍
55
57
58
59
60
63
65
67
68
69
71
72
73
74
76
78
.
79-80
81-3
84
85
86
.
## p. xiii (#21) ############################################
Contents
xiii
CHAPTER IV.
THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY.
By the Rev. T. M. LINDSAY, D. D. , LL. D. , Principal of the
Glasgow College of the United Free Church of Scotland.
PAGE
87
88
89
92
Nature of the Triumph
Cosmopolitan Society
Oriental Religions Worship of Isis
The new Paganism— Tuurobolia
Neoplatonism and Christianity
Growing strength of Christianity in the third century
Legislation against Paganism
Julian's youth and education
Julian and Paganism
Julian in Gaul
Julian's religious policy
Julian's endeavours to reform Paganism
The Mysteries
Julian's failure
Decay of Paganism in the East and survivals of it
Paganism in the West, and its influence on literature and
Christianity.
.
93-4
95-6
97
98-9
100
101-2
103
105
109
110
112
114
CHAPTER V.
ARIANISM,
By Professor GWATKIN.
Origin of Arianism
The Council of Nicaea
The Creed—hesitation of the bishops
Significance of the decision of Nicaea .
Causes and general course of the conservative Reaction
Marcellus and Athanasius
Death of Constantine •
Council of the Dedication
Council of Sardica
Renewal of the contest—Third exile of Athanasius
The Homoean domination
Julian's policy, and its influence on the Christians
The Homoean domination restored by Valens
Basil of Caesarea .
Last years of Athanasius
Council of Constantinople and Fall of Arianism.
118
120
121
123
125
127
128
129
130
131
133
134
137
138
139
140
141
Theodosius
## p. xiv (#22) #############################################
1
xiv
Contents
CHAPTER VI.
1
i
1
.
THE ORGANISATION OF THE CHURCH.
By C. H. TURNER, M. A. , F. B. A. , Fellow of Magdalen
College, Oxford.
PAGE
The Missionary Ministry
143
The Local Church
145
The Bishop
146
Presbyters
148
Deacons and Minor Orders .
149
The Cursus Honorum
151
Episcopal Elections
152
Relations of the Orders to each other
154
Altered use of Sacerdos
157
Parish clergy in Rome and Alexandria
159
The right of preaching
162
Local Councils
164
General Councils .
165
Equality of Bishops
167
Metropolitans
168
Church and State
170
The three great Sees
171
The Roman Theory
172
Rise of Jerusalem
174
Councils and the Creed
176
Church Law—its origin and codification
178
Greek and Latin Canon Law
181
CHAPTER VII.
EXPANSION OF THE TEUTONS (TO A. D. 378).
I
By Martin Bang, Ph. D.
Origin of the Teutons .
Teutons and Kelts
Migrations and Civilisation of the Kelts
Teutonic migrations and invasion of Gaul
The Bastarnae
Cimbri and Teutons
Ariovistus and Caesar
Marbod
The Marcomanni .
Marcus Aurelius and Commodus.
The Alemanni
The Goths--Decius–Claudius-Aurelian-Diocletian
Constantine and the Goths .
Julian and Valentinian on the Rhine .
The Goths in Dacia-their Conversion
Invasion of the Huns.
Battle of Hadrianople .
183
185
186
188
190
191
194
196
197
199
201
202
208
209
211
215
216
.
## p. xv (#23) ##############################################
Contents
XV
CHAPTER VIII.
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1
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1
## p. (#6) ##################################################
## p. (#7) ##################################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
VOLUME I
## p. (#8) ##################################################
•The
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK. BOSTON CHICAGO • DALLAS
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO
## p. i (#9) ################################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
PLANNED BY
J. B. BURY, M. A.
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
EDITED BY
H. M. GWATKIN, M. A.
J. P. WHITNEY, B. D.
Attention Patron:
E
IS
This volume is too fragile for any future repair.
Please handle with great care.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN LIBRARY-CONSERVATION & BOOK REPAIR
NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1911
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
## p. ii (#10) ##############################################
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS
ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO
## p. iii (#11) #############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
PLANNED BY
J. B. BURY, M. A.
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
EDITED BY
H. M. GWATKIN, M. A.
J. P. WHITNEY, B. D.
VOLUME 1
THE CHRISTIAN ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE
FOUNDATION OF THE TEUTONIC KINGDOMS
NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1911
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
## p. iv (#12) ##############################################
D
117
. C178
vil
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
## p. v (#13) ###############################################
Hist. Currhiedo
Wahr
9-15-25
1504 32
21
GENERAL PREFACE.
TH
THE present work is intended as a comprehensive account of medieval
times, drawn up on the same lines as The Cambridge Modern
History, but with a few improvements of detail suggested by experience.
It is intended partly for the general reader, as a clear and, as far as
possible, interesting narrative; partly for the student, as a summary of
ascertained facts, with indications (not discussions) of disputed points ;
partly as a book of reference, containing all that can reasonably be
required in a comprehensive work of general history. A full biblio-
graphy is added to every chapter, and a portfolio of illustrative maps
is published to accompany each volume.
There is nothing in the English language resembling the present
work. Germany, indeed, has Heeren and Oncken, but in France even
the great work of Lavisse and Rambaud deals with the Middle Ages on a
much smaller scale than is here contemplated. The present volumes are
intended to cover the entire field of European medieval history, so that
in every chapter a specialist sums up recent research upon the subject.
America, France, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Spain and
Russia are represented in the list of contributors.
The principles on which the work is constructed were laid down by
the late Lord Acton for The Cambridge Modern History. Professor
Bury, Lord Acton's successor as Regius Professor of Modern History,
was invited by the Syndics of the Press to plan the History as a whole,
and to draw up the scheme of each volume. The first editors appointed
were the Rev. H. M. Gwatkin, M. A. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Miss Mary Bateson and Mr G. T. Lapsley, M. A. , Fellow of
Trinity College. On Miss Bateson's death, the Rev. J. P. Whitney, B. D. ,
of King's College, was appointed in her stead; but on Mr Lapsley's
## p. vi (#14) ##############################################
vi
General Preface
retirement through ill-health (happily only temporary) his place was not
filled up. The present editors are, therefore, Professor Gwatkin and
Mr Whitney. They wish to place on record their grateful thanks for
the helpful advice which Professor Bury has always been ready to give
them when requested; but it should be understood that the editors are
alone responsible for the matter contained in each volume, for the
selection of the writers of the various chapters and for the general
treatment of the subjects discussed.
It is hoped to publish two volumes yearly in regular succession.
H. M. G.
J. P. W.
September 1911
## p. vii (#15) #############################################
PREFACE TO VOLUME I.
THE present volume covers a space of about two hundred years
beginning with Constantine and stopping a little short of
Justinian. At its opening the Roman Empire is standing in its ancient
majesty, drawing new strength from the reforms of Diocletian and the
statesmanship of Constantine: at its close the Empire has vanished from
the West, while the East is slowly recovering from the pressure of the
barbarians in the fifth century, and gathering strength for Justinian's
wars of conquest. At its opening heathenism is still a mighty power,
society is built up on heathen pride of class, and Rome still seems the
centre of the world: at its ending we see Christianity supreme,
Constantinople the seat of power, and the old heathen order of society
in the West dissolving in the confusion of barbarian devastations. At its
opening Caesar's will is law from the Atlantic to Armenia : at its ending
a great system of Teutonic and Arian kingdoms in the West has just
been grievously shaken by the conversion of the Franks from heathenism
direct to orthodoxy.
In our first chapter we trace the rise of Constantine, his reunion of
the Empire, his conversion to Christianity, the political side of the
Nicene Council, and the foundation of Constantinople. Then follows
Dr Reid's account of the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine, which
fixed for centuries the general outline of the administration. After this
Mr Norman Baynes takes up the struggle with Persia under Constantius
and Julian, and continues in a later chapter the story of the wars of Rome
in East and West in the times of Valentinian and Theodosius. The
victory of Christianity is treated by Principal Lindsay; and he describes
also the rival systems of Neoplatonism and Mithraism, and gives an
account of Julian's reaction and the last struggles of heathenism. The
next chapter is devoted to Arianism. First the doctrine is described,
in itself and in some of its relations to modern thought; then the
religious side of the Nicene Council is given, and the complicated history
of the reaction is traced down to the decisive overthrow of Arianism in
the Empire by Theodosius. After this Mr C. H. Turner describes the
organisation of the Church—clergy, creeds and worship-looking back
to the beginning, but chiefly concerned with its development in the age
of the great Councils.
a
O. MED. H. VOL. I.
b
## p. viii (#16) ############################################
viii
Preface
We now pass to the Teutons. Dr Martin Bang begins in prehistoric
times, describing their migrations and their conquests westward and
southward till the legions brought them to a stand on the Rhine and the
Danube, and their long struggle of four centuries to break through the
Roman frontier before the battle of Hadrianople settled them inside
the Danube. Then Dr Manitius carries down the story through the
administrations of Theodosius and Stilicho to the great collapse—the
passing of the Rhine, the overrunning of Gaul and Spain, the Roman
mutiny at Pavia, and the sack of Rome by Alaric. After this the great
Teutonic peoples have to be dealt with severally. Dr Ludwig Schmidt
begins with the settlement of the Visigoths in Gaul, traces the growth
and culmination of their kingdom of Toulouse, and ends with their
expulsion from Aquitaine by Clovis. Professor Pfister gives the early
history of the Franks; but they are still a feeble folk when he leaves
them, for the conquests of Clovis belong to another volume. Then
Dr Schmidt tells the little that is known of the Sueves and Alans in
Spain, and more fully describes the history and institutions of the
Vandal kingdom in Africa to its destruction by Belisarius.
Our next chapter differs from the rest in containing very little
history. It is Dr Peisker's account of Central Asia and the Altaian
mounted nomads. It is given as a general (and much needed) intro-
duction to the chapters on the Huns, the Avars, the Turks, and the rest
of the Asiatic hordes who devastated Europe in the Middle Ages. To
this is attached Dr Schmidt's short account of the Huns and Attila. We
next turn to our own country. Professor Haverfield describes the
conquest and organisation of Roman Britain, and the decline and fall
of the Roman power in the island, while Mr Beck deals with the English
in their continental home, and tells the story of their settlement in
Britain from the English side. After this Mr Barker records the last
struggles of the Western Empire—the loyalty of Gaul and the dis-
affection of Africa—under Aëtius and Majorian, concluding with the
barbarian mutiny at Pavia which overthrew the last Augustus of the
West. Then M. Maurice Dumoulin continues the history of Italy under
the barbarian rule of Odovacar and Theodoric, describing the great
king's policy, and shewing how he kept in check for awhile the feud of
Roman and barbarian which had wrecked the Western Empire. Turning
now to the Eastern provinces, the fifth century, which falls to Mr Brooks,
is upon the whole a prosaic period of second-rate rulers and dire financial
strain. Yet even here we have striking events, remarkable characters,
and important movements-the fall of Rufinus and the failure of
Gaïnas ; Pulcheria ruling the Empire as a girl of sixteen, the romance
## p. ix (#17) ##############################################
Preface
ix
of Athenais, and the catastrophe of Basiliscus; the Isaurian policy of
Leo, and the reforms of Anastasius. Then Miss Alice Gardner traces
the history of religious disunion in the East. The fall of Chrysostom
brought to the front the rivalry of Constantinople and Alexandria, the
defeat of Nestorianism at Ephesus and of Monophysitism at Chalcedon
fixed the lines of orthodoxy, but left Egypt and Syria heterodox and
disaffected, and the reconciling Henoticon of Zeno produced nothing
but a new schism. In the next chapter Dom Butler traces the growth
of monasticism and its various forms in East and West, including the
Benedictine rule and the Irish monks. After this Professor Vinogradoff
surveys the whole field of social and economic conditions in the declining
Empire, and shews the part which rotten economics and bad taxation
played in its destruction. Then Mr H. F. Stewart gives his account of
the heathen and Christian literature of the time, and of the various
lines of thought which seemed to converge upon the grand figure of
Augustine. The volume concludes with Mr Lethaby's account of the
beginnings and early development of Christian art.
Shortly: to the student of universal history the Roman Empire is
the bulwark which for near six hundred years kept back the ever-
threatening attacks of Teutonic and Altaian barbarism. Behind that
bulwark rose the mighty structure of Roman Law, and behind it a new
order of the world was beginning to unfold from the fruitful seeds of
Christian thought. So when the years of respite ended, and the
universal Empire went down in universal ruin, the Christian Church
was able from the first to put some check on the northern conquerors,
and then by the long training of the Middle Ages to mould the nations
of Europe into forms which have issued in richer and fuller developments
of life and civilisation than imperial Rome had ever known.
It remains for us to give our best thanks to Dr A. W. Ward for
much counsel and assistance, and to all those who have kindly helped
us by looking over the proofs of particular chapters.
H. M. G.
J. P. W.
September 1911
62
## p. x (#18) ###############################################
1
## p. xi (#19) ##############################################
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
CONSTANTINE AND HIS CITY.
By H. M. GWATKIN, M. A. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Cambridge.
.
Where does Medieval History begin?
Early life of Constantine
Constantine made Caesar
Battle of Saxa Rubra
Edict of Milan
Defeat of Maximin Daza
Wars with Licinius
Constantine's religious policy-coinage--legislation-endowments
Council of Nicaea
Executions of Crispus and Fausta
Site of Constantinople .
Earlier history of Byzantium
Foundation of Constantinople
The Gothic War.
Constantine's later years
Last arrangements
Death of Constantine
PAGE
1
2.
3
4
5
6
7
8-12
13-15
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
CHAPTER II.
THE REORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE.
By J. S. Reid, Litt. D. , Professor of Ancient
History, Cambridge.
Tendency to despotism
Growth of centralisation
New form of the Executive.
ii (#10) ##############################################
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS
ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO
## p. iii (#11) #############################################
THE
CAMBRIDGE
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
PLANNED BY
J. B. BURY, M. A.
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
EDITED BY
H. M. GWATKIN, M. A.
J. P. WHITNEY, B. D.
VOLUME 1
THE CHRISTIAN ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE
FOUNDATION OF THE TEUTONIC KINGDOMS
NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1911
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
## p. iv (#12) ##############################################
D
117
. C178
vil
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
## p. v (#13) ###############################################
Hist. Currhiedo
Wahr
9-15-25
1504 32
21
GENERAL PREFACE.
TH
THE present work is intended as a comprehensive account of medieval
times, drawn up on the same lines as The Cambridge Modern
History, but with a few improvements of detail suggested by experience.
It is intended partly for the general reader, as a clear and, as far as
possible, interesting narrative; partly for the student, as a summary of
ascertained facts, with indications (not discussions) of disputed points ;
partly as a book of reference, containing all that can reasonably be
required in a comprehensive work of general history. A full biblio-
graphy is added to every chapter, and a portfolio of illustrative maps
is published to accompany each volume.
There is nothing in the English language resembling the present
work. Germany, indeed, has Heeren and Oncken, but in France even
the great work of Lavisse and Rambaud deals with the Middle Ages on a
much smaller scale than is here contemplated. The present volumes are
intended to cover the entire field of European medieval history, so that
in every chapter a specialist sums up recent research upon the subject.
America, France, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Spain and
Russia are represented in the list of contributors.
The principles on which the work is constructed were laid down by
the late Lord Acton for The Cambridge Modern History. Professor
Bury, Lord Acton's successor as Regius Professor of Modern History,
was invited by the Syndics of the Press to plan the History as a whole,
and to draw up the scheme of each volume. The first editors appointed
were the Rev. H. M. Gwatkin, M. A. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Miss Mary Bateson and Mr G. T. Lapsley, M. A. , Fellow of
Trinity College. On Miss Bateson's death, the Rev. J. P. Whitney, B. D. ,
of King's College, was appointed in her stead; but on Mr Lapsley's
## p. vi (#14) ##############################################
vi
General Preface
retirement through ill-health (happily only temporary) his place was not
filled up. The present editors are, therefore, Professor Gwatkin and
Mr Whitney. They wish to place on record their grateful thanks for
the helpful advice which Professor Bury has always been ready to give
them when requested; but it should be understood that the editors are
alone responsible for the matter contained in each volume, for the
selection of the writers of the various chapters and for the general
treatment of the subjects discussed.
It is hoped to publish two volumes yearly in regular succession.
H. M. G.
J. P. W.
September 1911
## p. vii (#15) #############################################
PREFACE TO VOLUME I.
THE present volume covers a space of about two hundred years
beginning with Constantine and stopping a little short of
Justinian. At its opening the Roman Empire is standing in its ancient
majesty, drawing new strength from the reforms of Diocletian and the
statesmanship of Constantine: at its close the Empire has vanished from
the West, while the East is slowly recovering from the pressure of the
barbarians in the fifth century, and gathering strength for Justinian's
wars of conquest. At its opening heathenism is still a mighty power,
society is built up on heathen pride of class, and Rome still seems the
centre of the world: at its ending we see Christianity supreme,
Constantinople the seat of power, and the old heathen order of society
in the West dissolving in the confusion of barbarian devastations. At its
opening Caesar's will is law from the Atlantic to Armenia : at its ending
a great system of Teutonic and Arian kingdoms in the West has just
been grievously shaken by the conversion of the Franks from heathenism
direct to orthodoxy.
In our first chapter we trace the rise of Constantine, his reunion of
the Empire, his conversion to Christianity, the political side of the
Nicene Council, and the foundation of Constantinople. Then follows
Dr Reid's account of the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine, which
fixed for centuries the general outline of the administration. After this
Mr Norman Baynes takes up the struggle with Persia under Constantius
and Julian, and continues in a later chapter the story of the wars of Rome
in East and West in the times of Valentinian and Theodosius. The
victory of Christianity is treated by Principal Lindsay; and he describes
also the rival systems of Neoplatonism and Mithraism, and gives an
account of Julian's reaction and the last struggles of heathenism. The
next chapter is devoted to Arianism. First the doctrine is described,
in itself and in some of its relations to modern thought; then the
religious side of the Nicene Council is given, and the complicated history
of the reaction is traced down to the decisive overthrow of Arianism in
the Empire by Theodosius. After this Mr C. H. Turner describes the
organisation of the Church—clergy, creeds and worship-looking back
to the beginning, but chiefly concerned with its development in the age
of the great Councils.
a
O. MED. H. VOL. I.
b
## p. viii (#16) ############################################
viii
Preface
We now pass to the Teutons. Dr Martin Bang begins in prehistoric
times, describing their migrations and their conquests westward and
southward till the legions brought them to a stand on the Rhine and the
Danube, and their long struggle of four centuries to break through the
Roman frontier before the battle of Hadrianople settled them inside
the Danube. Then Dr Manitius carries down the story through the
administrations of Theodosius and Stilicho to the great collapse—the
passing of the Rhine, the overrunning of Gaul and Spain, the Roman
mutiny at Pavia, and the sack of Rome by Alaric. After this the great
Teutonic peoples have to be dealt with severally. Dr Ludwig Schmidt
begins with the settlement of the Visigoths in Gaul, traces the growth
and culmination of their kingdom of Toulouse, and ends with their
expulsion from Aquitaine by Clovis. Professor Pfister gives the early
history of the Franks; but they are still a feeble folk when he leaves
them, for the conquests of Clovis belong to another volume. Then
Dr Schmidt tells the little that is known of the Sueves and Alans in
Spain, and more fully describes the history and institutions of the
Vandal kingdom in Africa to its destruction by Belisarius.
Our next chapter differs from the rest in containing very little
history. It is Dr Peisker's account of Central Asia and the Altaian
mounted nomads. It is given as a general (and much needed) intro-
duction to the chapters on the Huns, the Avars, the Turks, and the rest
of the Asiatic hordes who devastated Europe in the Middle Ages. To
this is attached Dr Schmidt's short account of the Huns and Attila. We
next turn to our own country. Professor Haverfield describes the
conquest and organisation of Roman Britain, and the decline and fall
of the Roman power in the island, while Mr Beck deals with the English
in their continental home, and tells the story of their settlement in
Britain from the English side. After this Mr Barker records the last
struggles of the Western Empire—the loyalty of Gaul and the dis-
affection of Africa—under Aëtius and Majorian, concluding with the
barbarian mutiny at Pavia which overthrew the last Augustus of the
West. Then M. Maurice Dumoulin continues the history of Italy under
the barbarian rule of Odovacar and Theodoric, describing the great
king's policy, and shewing how he kept in check for awhile the feud of
Roman and barbarian which had wrecked the Western Empire. Turning
now to the Eastern provinces, the fifth century, which falls to Mr Brooks,
is upon the whole a prosaic period of second-rate rulers and dire financial
strain. Yet even here we have striking events, remarkable characters,
and important movements-the fall of Rufinus and the failure of
Gaïnas ; Pulcheria ruling the Empire as a girl of sixteen, the romance
## p. ix (#17) ##############################################
Preface
ix
of Athenais, and the catastrophe of Basiliscus; the Isaurian policy of
Leo, and the reforms of Anastasius. Then Miss Alice Gardner traces
the history of religious disunion in the East. The fall of Chrysostom
brought to the front the rivalry of Constantinople and Alexandria, the
defeat of Nestorianism at Ephesus and of Monophysitism at Chalcedon
fixed the lines of orthodoxy, but left Egypt and Syria heterodox and
disaffected, and the reconciling Henoticon of Zeno produced nothing
but a new schism. In the next chapter Dom Butler traces the growth
of monasticism and its various forms in East and West, including the
Benedictine rule and the Irish monks. After this Professor Vinogradoff
surveys the whole field of social and economic conditions in the declining
Empire, and shews the part which rotten economics and bad taxation
played in its destruction. Then Mr H. F. Stewart gives his account of
the heathen and Christian literature of the time, and of the various
lines of thought which seemed to converge upon the grand figure of
Augustine. The volume concludes with Mr Lethaby's account of the
beginnings and early development of Christian art.
Shortly: to the student of universal history the Roman Empire is
the bulwark which for near six hundred years kept back the ever-
threatening attacks of Teutonic and Altaian barbarism. Behind that
bulwark rose the mighty structure of Roman Law, and behind it a new
order of the world was beginning to unfold from the fruitful seeds of
Christian thought. So when the years of respite ended, and the
universal Empire went down in universal ruin, the Christian Church
was able from the first to put some check on the northern conquerors,
and then by the long training of the Middle Ages to mould the nations
of Europe into forms which have issued in richer and fuller developments
of life and civilisation than imperial Rome had ever known.
It remains for us to give our best thanks to Dr A. W. Ward for
much counsel and assistance, and to all those who have kindly helped
us by looking over the proofs of particular chapters.
H. M. G.
J. P. W.
September 1911
62
## p. x (#18) ###############################################
1
## p. xi (#19) ##############################################
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
CONSTANTINE AND HIS CITY.
By H. M. GWATKIN, M. A. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Cambridge.
.
Where does Medieval History begin?
Early life of Constantine
Constantine made Caesar
Battle of Saxa Rubra
Edict of Milan
Defeat of Maximin Daza
Wars with Licinius
Constantine's religious policy-coinage--legislation-endowments
Council of Nicaea
Executions of Crispus and Fausta
Site of Constantinople .
Earlier history of Byzantium
Foundation of Constantinople
The Gothic War.
Constantine's later years
Last arrangements
Death of Constantine
PAGE
1
2.
3
4
5
6
7
8-12
13-15
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
CHAPTER II.
THE REORGANISATION OF THE EMPIRE.
By J. S. Reid, Litt. D. , Professor of Ancient
History, Cambridge.
Tendency to despotism
Growth of centralisation
New form of the Executive.
The Great Officials of the Court-the Praefects--the provincial
governors
Praefectures and dioeceses
24
26
27
28
31
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The Praefectus Praetorio—the Vicarius
The Civil Service.
The Agentes in rebus
The Quaestor
Financial changes
Reform of the currency
Assessment of taxes
Financial administration
Organisation of the army
The Magister militum
Comites.
Patricii—the Consistorium
The Senate
The City of Rome
Subjects of the Empire-Ouriales-Collegia ----Coloni
PAGE
33
34
36
37
38
40
41
43
44
46
47
48
49
50
51
CHAPTER III.
CONSTANTINE'S SUCCESSORS TO JOVIAN: AND THE
STRUGGLE WITH PERSIA.
By Norman H. BAYNES, M. A. , Oxon. , Barrister-at-Law.
Last dispositions of Constantine
The Persian War
Reign of Constans
Revolt of Magnentius
Civil War-Vetranio-Battle of Mursa
Julian's youth and conversion to Paganism
Julian made Caesar-his first campaign in Gaul
Constantius at Rome
Battle of Strassburg
Julian on the Rhine
Constantius on the Danube .
Siege of Amida.
“Julianus Augustus”
Negotiations with Constantius
Death and character of Constantius
Julian's reforms
Julian's religious policy
The Persian Expedition
Death of Julian-Election of Jovian
Disgraceful Peace with Persia
Death of Jovian.
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55
57
58
59
60
63
65
67
68
69
71
72
73
74
76
78
.
79-80
81-3
84
85
86
.
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xiii
CHAPTER IV.
THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY.
By the Rev. T. M. LINDSAY, D. D. , LL. D. , Principal of the
Glasgow College of the United Free Church of Scotland.
PAGE
87
88
89
92
Nature of the Triumph
Cosmopolitan Society
Oriental Religions Worship of Isis
The new Paganism— Tuurobolia
Neoplatonism and Christianity
Growing strength of Christianity in the third century
Legislation against Paganism
Julian's youth and education
Julian and Paganism
Julian in Gaul
Julian's religious policy
Julian's endeavours to reform Paganism
The Mysteries
Julian's failure
Decay of Paganism in the East and survivals of it
Paganism in the West, and its influence on literature and
Christianity.
.
93-4
95-6
97
98-9
100
101-2
103
105
109
110
112
114
CHAPTER V.
ARIANISM,
By Professor GWATKIN.
Origin of Arianism
The Council of Nicaea
The Creed—hesitation of the bishops
Significance of the decision of Nicaea .
Causes and general course of the conservative Reaction
Marcellus and Athanasius
Death of Constantine •
Council of the Dedication
Council of Sardica
Renewal of the contest—Third exile of Athanasius
The Homoean domination
Julian's policy, and its influence on the Christians
The Homoean domination restored by Valens
Basil of Caesarea .
Last years of Athanasius
Council of Constantinople and Fall of Arianism.
118
120
121
123
125
127
128
129
130
131
133
134
137
138
139
140
141
Theodosius
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Contents
CHAPTER VI.
1
i
1
.
THE ORGANISATION OF THE CHURCH.
By C. H. TURNER, M. A. , F. B. A. , Fellow of Magdalen
College, Oxford.
PAGE
The Missionary Ministry
143
The Local Church
145
The Bishop
146
Presbyters
148
Deacons and Minor Orders .
149
The Cursus Honorum
151
Episcopal Elections
152
Relations of the Orders to each other
154
Altered use of Sacerdos
157
Parish clergy in Rome and Alexandria
159
The right of preaching
162
Local Councils
164
General Councils .
165
Equality of Bishops
167
Metropolitans
168
Church and State
170
The three great Sees
171
The Roman Theory
172
Rise of Jerusalem
174
Councils and the Creed
176
Church Law—its origin and codification
178
Greek and Latin Canon Law
181
CHAPTER VII.
EXPANSION OF THE TEUTONS (TO A. D. 378).
I
By Martin Bang, Ph. D.
Origin of the Teutons .
Teutons and Kelts
Migrations and Civilisation of the Kelts
Teutonic migrations and invasion of Gaul
The Bastarnae
Cimbri and Teutons
Ariovistus and Caesar
Marbod
The Marcomanni .
Marcus Aurelius and Commodus.
The Alemanni
The Goths--Decius–Claudius-Aurelian-Diocletian
Constantine and the Goths .
Julian and Valentinian on the Rhine .
The Goths in Dacia-their Conversion
Invasion of the Huns.
Battle of Hadrianople .
183
185
186
188
190
191
194
196
197
199
201
202
208
209
211
215
216
.
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CHAPTER VIII.
