No More Learning

vol. i. , 434, and (o).
Stokes
:
DajiIIa mbuA'OAch
t)peAc1iA tiAirm hipAilce Veil maic CI1A1I mnoebt)<M
iapAir pupcunACi.
pp. 435,
3 The occurrence to which alusion has
" Basilla the victorious was borne from us
intobliss thefeastofMa—cTailthesainted :
been made is thus related by Dr. Keating : '"Oo I1-01P510T) beAimcop U lAfJ, Ajjup no
niApbAfj a h-eAppoj;, Agup a t)Aoine }<>^-
U&tn&A leo, AmAilbe pe S^pm chomj;Aitl
at Fortunatus' passion. "
Transactions of
plundered by them, they
slew
its bishops
and
the '
the
Series, vol. i. , part i.
Irish
On the Calendar of
learned men, and — fclso broke
they open
"
Royal
Irish
Academy,"
Manuscript
"
,6oib. "—" of Uiidia was •oobpipioT) Bangor
shrine o of Ireland, Comgall. " History
June ii. ]
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
623
appears to have recovered somewhat, during the period of his rule over it. In the Annals of the Four Masters, the death of this saint, called Ragallach, Abbot of Beannchair, is entered at the year 881. 4 The Martyrology of Done- gal, 5 at this day, moreover, enters Reghuil, of Bennchor. The feast of St. Regail, of Bangor, is found also in Rev. Dr. Reeves' Calendar,6 at the same day.
Article III. —Festival of St. Basilla, Roman Martyr. In the
more," Appendix—LL, p. 379.
yEngus, eulogy.
He suffered
martyrdom
on the Via
Salaria,
date, 2 with
x
the feast of St. Basilla is
commemorated at this
Feilire of St.
with a distinctive
other companions on the Via Nomentana,3 without the walls of Rome. They are noticed by the Bollandists, 4 who endeavour to record what is to be found in different authorities regarding them.
ArticleIV. —ReputedFestivalofSt. Silvester. Atthenthof
1
May, in Dempster's Menologium Scotorum, there is a festival of St. Silves-
ter, one of the companions of St. Palladius. From him, Ferrarius appears to have entered St. Silvester in his Catalogue of Saints. If anything more cer-
2
tain could be found regarding that saint, the Bollandists it, when treating about St. Palladius, at the 6th of July.
promised to give
Article V. —Festival of St. Fortunatus, Martyr at Aquileia. The feast of this holy martyr is set down at the nth of June, in the " Feilire "
of St. 1 With his brother, St. Felix, both obtained a ^Engus.
glorious crown, in excruciating sufferings to which they were subjected, during the persecu- tion of Diocletian and Maximianus. Finally, they were beheaded, at Aqui- At this date, their Acts may be read in the great Bollandist collec-
2
Article VI. —Reputed Festival of St. Gajus, Martyr, in the Island of May, Scotland. At this date, Camerarius has noticed in his
leia. tion.
Scottish Calendar,1 a St.
Gajus,
who was in the Island of in martyred May,
book ii.
4 See Dr. O'Donovan's edition, vol. i. ,
Crispolo et Restituto, Via Nomentana,
pp. 530, 531.
5 Edited by Drs.
Article iv. — The feast is thus entered,
Todd and
"
— Socii, B. P. "
Bishop Forbes' "Kalendars of the Scottish Saints," p, 202.
166, 167.
6 See Rev. William Reeves' " Ecclesiasti-
cal Antiquities of Down, Connor and Dro-
2
xi.
See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Junii Among the pretermitted festivals, p.
"
Article hi. See Transactions of
Reeves, pp.
In Marria Silvestri S. Palladii
'
—
Series, vol. i. , part L On the Calendar of Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manuscript
'
Series, vol. i. , part i. On the Calendar of
Oengus, by Whitley Stokes, LL. D. , p. xciii.
a See " Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Junii xi. De Sanctis Fratribus Felice et Fortu-
to nato Martyribus Aquileia, pp. 460 463.
" ments,"Introduction,sect. 3,p. 8. May: SanctusGaiusMartyrinMariaIn-
3 The Via Nomentana is adjacent to the sula. " See the Scottish Entries in the
Porta Pia. See ibid.
* See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. ,
Junii xi. De S. Basilla, Via Salaria, ac SS.
the Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manuscript
See "Transactions of the
Oengus, by Whitley Stokes, LL. D. , p. xciii.
3 " La Porta Salaria, ornee de deux tours
en briques, est ainsi nommee de l'ancienne
Voie Salaria qui passait pres de la, c'es—t par
elle
Alaric penetra dans Rome. '' Le
"—
qu'
Chanoine de Bleser's Rome et ses Menu- Article vi. Thus, at the nth of
Martyribus Romanis, pp. 463, 464. '
420. Article v.
Kalendar of David Camerarius, in Bishop "
Forbes' Kalendars of Scottish Saints," p. 238.
624
LI VES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[June i i .
Scotland. St. Adrian and other companions are related to have suffered with him, and to them we have already alluded, at the 4th of March. 2 The Bollandists 3 have only a brief allusion to the entry of Camerarius.
Article VII. —Tocomracht, Virgin. The
territory,withwhichshehadbeenconnected; but,asthisterritorialdesigna-
tion is applied in composition with different localities,* it is not so easy to determine where the present saint lived. At this date, also, in the Rev. Alban
Butler's work,s and in the Circle of the Seasons,6 St. Tochumra, Virgin, is found entered.
andof 2 mentionthat Donegal,
of 3 hadvene- Conmaicne,
Tocomracht, Virgin,
ration paid her, at the nth of June. The latter Calendar only gives the
ArticleVIII. —St. Tochumra. Virgin. Thereisapparentlyanother St. Tochumra, Virgin, whose feast occurs at nth of June, in Butler's Lives of the Saints, where we are told, she belonged to the diocese of Kilmore, and that she was much honoured in invoked women in labour. 1
Ireland, being by ColgancoulddiscovernoActsofher. Likewise,intheCircleoftheSeasons,2
we have the name of this St. Tochumra entered. It is likely, she is not a different person from the preceding Tocomracht.
Article IX. —The Daughter of Laisren, of Caill Cola, or Cill-
Cule. We read, in the of and of 2 that a Martyrologies Tallagh Donegal,
festival to honour the Daughter of Laisren, of Caill Cola, was celebrated at
the n tli of June. The Martyrology of Tallagh uses the Irish equivalent for " Daughters,"3 as if more than one sister had been venerated at Cill Cule. There is a Kilcool, a station on the Dublin, Wicklow and Wexford Railway. There is also a Kilcool, in the parish of Doondonnell, barony of Lower Con- nello, county of Limerick/ and a Kilcoole, in the parish of Gilbertstown, barony of Forth, and county of Carlow. s
a See at that date, in the Third Volume of this work, Art. ii.
3 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Junii xi. Among the pretermitted feasts, p. 419.
of John O'Dubhagain and Giolla na Naomh O'Huidhrin," ediied by Dr. John O'Dono- van, p. xxxviii. , n. 275, and p. xlii. , nn. 217, 218, 220.
Article VII. Kelly, p. xxvi.
a Edited 166, 167.
•
Edited by Rev. Dr. pp.
titular saint of the parish of Tochumracht. in
the diocese of Fenabore, otherwise called
Killfenora. See " Li%- es of the Fathers,
Martyrs and other principal Saints," vol. vi. ,
June xi. However, we are unable to uis-
cover such a parish or denomination there,
nor in any other part of Ireland,
by
—
Drs. Todd and Reeves,
5 The writer
says,
that St. Tochumra was
3 Fergus, the ex-King of Ulster, had three sons by Meadbh, queen of Connaught, viz. , Ciar, ancestor of all the Ciarraighe ; Core, ancestor of the Corcomroe, in Thomond and Conmac, ancestor of all the Conmaicni of Connaught and of Moy-Rein. See
6
Article vm.
Roderick U'Flaherty's cap. xlvi. , pp. 275, 276.
"
"
principal Saints,'' vol. vi. , June xi.
2
See p. 163. —
Article ix. Edited by Rev. Dr.
Kelly, p. xxvi.
* From Conmac, son of Fergus and Meadbh, descended the Conmacne of Moy- Rein, in Breifney and the Muinter-Eolias, in the present county of Leitrim ; the Con-
2
Edited by Drs Todd and Reeves, pp.
maicne of Dunmor, now the
of Dun-
3 Thus " Laisren Cill cule. "' : Ingena i
barony
more, in the north of Gahvay County ; the Conmaicne of the Sea, now Connemara,
barony of Ballynahinch, county of Galway ; also the Conmaicne-Cuile-toladh, the pre- sent barony of Kilmain, in the south part of
4 See it shown, on the " Ordnance Survey Townland Maps for the County of Lime- rick," sheet 20.
Mayo County.
Topographical
Poems
Carlow,"
sheets 12,
13.
See "
5 It is de-cribed, on the " Ordnance Sur- vey Townland Maps for the County of
;
Ogygia," pars iii. ,
See
p. 163. —
166, 167.
1 Martyrologies Tallagh,
'
See Rev. Alban Birder's Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and other
of
June 12. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 625
CtoelftI) ©ap of %\\\\u
ARTICLE I. —ST. CHRISTIAN OR CROISTAN O'MORGAIR, BISHOP OF CLOGHER, COUNTY OF TYRONE.
{TWELFTH CENTURY. ]
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION—BIRTH AND PARENTAGE OF ST.
CHRISTIAN OR CRIOSTAN O'MORGAIR —HIS VIRTUES—CONSECRATED BISHOP OF CLOGHER—ORIGIN OF THE CISTERCIAN ORDER IN FRANCE—MERGES INTO THE REFORMED CONGREGATION OF LA TRAPPE —CISTERCIAN ORDER BROUGHT INTO ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND IRELAND—HOUSES ESTABLISHED IN THE LATTER COUNTRY.
beatified servant of Christ, about whom so little has been recorded,
THIS
was nevertheless as a
and a in his time. shining light
regarded
He directed his people and clergy, like a faithful pastorand a devoted minister.
By none could he have been surpassed in piety and virtue, having given the example of holy works, with sound and tender admonitions.
The Bollandists * refer to briefly
at the 12th of but June,
Christianus,
they postpone further notices of him, until treating the Acts of St. Maiachy,
at the 3rd of November. It is probable, that Christian or Criostan O'Morgair was born before the close of the eleventh century, and that he was older than his more celebrated brother, whose feast occurs at the latter date. The holy man, about whom few particulars can be gleaned, and whose feast belongs to this
burning
descended from the race of Cinel Conaill. 2 He was brother to St.
day,
Maelmaedhog, i. e. , Malachias 0'Morgair,3 so greatly renowned among the saints of Ireland, in the twelfth century. Both of these brothers were regarded
by St Bernard, as pillars of the Church in Ireland. Christian is eulogized, as
being a good man, full of grace and virtue, second only to his brother in fame, but possibly not inferior to him in sanctity of life, and in zeal for righteous- ness.
This Gillachrist—meaning "servant of Christ "—was a very holy man in his morals and conversation. His virtues caused him to be selected, to fulfil the office of a bishop. He was advanced to the See of Clogher, over which he presided with distinguished wisdom. He is said to have ruled over that See, from a. d. 1126 to a. d. 1139,4 making a period of thirteen years.
Towards the close of the eleventh century, at Cistercium or Citeaux in France, St. Robert, Abbot of Molesme,5 with a company of fervent monks,
Article i. —Chapter 1. —' See "Acta
Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Junii xii. Among the
several diocese, and Delegate Apostolic of the Holy See for the Kingdom of Ireland," by Rev. John O'Hanlon. Dublin, 1861, 8vo.
pretermitted saints, p. 506. 2""
See Colgan's Trias Thaumaturga," Quarta Appendix ad Acta S. Columbas, cap. iii. , pp. 481, 482.
•5 His festival day was held on the 3rd of Novemb-r. See " The Life of St. Maiachy O'Morgair, Bishop of Down and Connor, Archbishop of Armagh, Patron of these
4 See Harris' Ware, vol. i. , Bishops of Clogher," pp. 179, 180.
s See Very Rev. Canon James Craigie
Robertson's
"
History of the Christian
Church," vol. ii. , part ii. , book v. , chap, vii. ,
sect, iv. , p. 771. 6"
See the Rev. Jeremy Collier's Eccle- IR
626 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [June 12.
the foundation of that austere order and severe
the true spirit of monasticism throughout the Christian world. 7 Iongelimus gives a full account of the foundation, rise, and progress of the Cistercian Order,8 which dates from St. Bennet's day, A. D. 1098,' and a sketch of the establishment of those various abbeys connected with it everywhere, down to the period when he wrote. The title page of this elaborate work consists of a
great character," was chosen as second Abbot of Citeaux, when after the rule of one year and some months, St. Robert had been recalled to Molesme. He
began
discipline,
finely-executed copperplate engraving.
10 The Blessed a monk of Alberic,
departed this life, on the 26th of January, a. d. 1109, or n 10, according to J
others," when St. Stephen Harding, an Englishman succeeded him. 3 Labour- ing under almost incredible hardships, he brought the order to a high degree of perfection and renown. 1 * He lived to found thirteen Abbeys of the insti- tute himself, and above one hundred houses were established by monks under his direction. The celebrated St. Bernard, 15 with about thirty noblemen and
gentlemen including
brothers,
Christianity to the End of the Reign
of King Charles the Second ; with a
brief Account of the Affairs of Religion in Ireland," vol. ii. , book iv. , cent, xi. , p. 94,
New edition in nine volumes, by Francis Barham,Esq. London,1841,8vo. man's
7 See an article in the " Christian Remem- brancer," July, 1867. Also Dr. Michael
vol. iii. , book viii. , chap, iv. , pp. 227 to 229.
17 See Very Rev. James Craigie Robert-
Geddes' "Miscellaneous Tract v. , pp. 15 to 18.
vol.
son's " of the Christian History
*
His work in folio appeared at Antwerp,
Tracts,"
iii. ,
Church," vol. ii. , part ii. , book v. , chap, vii. , sect, iv. ,
16 and obtained entrance as novices sought
his
at Citeaux, in the year n 1 3, '7 and he afterwards began the establishment of
Clara-vallis or Clairvaux, a. d. 1 115, in a desert place, belonging to the Dio- ceseofLangres,Champagne. 18 Hisgreatinfluence,zeal,preachingandaustere
soonbecamemanifest. 10 Weneed thathiswasthe hardly state, parent
piety,
house, destined to spread the Cistercian institute in Ireland ; and, while main-
taining for ages after his time the rigid austerity and discipline of that Rule, the order began to extend itself in a wonderful manner, by multiplying its
monasteries
ao 31 in the various European countries.
siastical History of Great Britain, chiefly '* A very interesting and learned work, of England, from the first Planting of " The Life and Times of St. Bernard, Abbot
P-773- 18 A
account of the Cister- bookonthehistoryoftheCistercianOrder. c—iansinthetwelfthcenturyandsubsequently
in MDCXXXX. It is the text- acknowledged
very interesting
9 It was the first com- established, by
panions taking a vow to observe St. Bennet's Rule in its utmost degree of rigour.
with an the — engraved Map showing posi-
tions of their early foundations in France may be seen in the Rev. S. R. Maitland's "Dark Ages ; a Series of Essays, intended to illustrate the state of Religion and Litera- ture in the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries," reprinted from the British Magazine, with corrections and some addi- tions,No. xxi. ,pp. 352,^j<y. Secondedi- tion, London, 1845, 8vo.
15 See Very Rev. Dean Henry Hart Mil- man's "History of Latin Christianity," vol. iii. . book viii. , chap, iv. , p. 230.
20 There was published before the close of the fifteenth century a thick 4to intituled, " Privilegiumde Confirmatione, Statutorum etConventus Cisterciensis. ufsunt carta cari- tas, usus Ordinis, et ea que antiqua dicuntur Cisterce, Instituta," A. D. 1498. This is now a very rare book, but of great interest as a record of the Cistercian Order.
10
Said to have been designed by Peter
Paul Rubeus.
11 "
See Rev. Jeremy Collier's Ecclesias-
tical History of Great Britain, chiefly of England," &c, vol. ii. , book iv. , cent, xi. , P-93-
" See Very Rev. James Craigie Robert-
"
History of the Christian Church," vol.
son's
ii. , part ii. , book v. , chap, vii. , sect, iv. , p. 77 2 *
13 He may be regarded as the true founder of this order. See Very Rev. Dean Henry Hart Milman's "History of Latin Chris- tianity," vol. iii. , book viii. , chap, iv. , p 226.
14 See Rev. Jeremy Collier's "Ecclesiasti- cal History of Great Britain, chiefly of England," &c, vol. ii. , book iv. , cent, xi. , PP- 93. 94-
of Clairvaux, A. D. 1091-1153," written by James Cotter Morison, M. A. , Lincoln Col- lege, Oxford, issued from the London press,
1863, in octavo.
16 See Very Rev. Dean Henry Hart Mil-
"
History of Latin Christianity,"
6 which revived
June 12. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 627
During succeeding ages, the extreme primitive austerity of the order had relaxed; butvariousreformationswereestablishedtorestoreitsformerrigour. The French Cistercians had merged into the Reformed Congregation of La Trappe,underthedirectionofJohnleBouthillierdeRanee,32 anecclesiastic of a distinguished family, in 1664. This monastery was situated in a forest, known as Le Perche, near Normandy, and he had become its Abbot. 23 For
a most austere Life in this 2* where he in- solitude,
he
troduced mortifications and penitential exercises of great severity among his
thirty-seven years,
spent
9* and even now
Rome, in reference to the History of the Trappist Order ; and, it gives an
account of this religious institute, as it existed in that year. This shows, also, that La Trappe is the Order of Citeaux, and that the Trappists are the true Cistercian Monks.
The Order of Cistercians went over into England, a. d. U28,2? and
20
Waverley,
before the Cistercian Order had been extended throughout England, and
afterwards it was introduced to the principality of Wales. For a very com- plete account of those several Abbeys belonging to this order, the reader may consult Roger Dodsworth's and Sir William Dugdale's learned work,31 which appeared in three great folio volumes, in the years 1655,32 i66i,33 and 1673. 3+
religious.
In
1864,
a valuable
tract,
scarce,
26 was at published
founded28 the of Abbey
Surrey.
30 Some however, years elapsed,
21
Their number had increased to 500 in
cal History of Great Britain, chiefly of Eng- land," &c, vol. ii. , bookiv. , cent, xi. , p. 94. 31 The first volume is intituled " Monasti- con Anglicanum, sive Pandectae Coenobio- rum Benedictinorum Cluniascensium Cister- ciensium Carthusianorum a Primordiis ad eorum usque dissolutionem ex MSS. Codd. ad Monasiena olim pertinentibus ; Archivis Turrium Londinensis, Eboracensis ; Curia- rum Scaccaiii, Augmentationum ; Bibliothe- cis Bodleiana ; Coll. Reg. Coll. Bened.
Arundelliana, Cottoniana, Seldeniana, Hat- Militaires, et des Congregations Seculieres toniana aliisque digesti. " Per Rogerum
1 151 ; while, in the following century they had reached to 1,800. See Very Rev. Canon
Robertson's " of the History
James Craigie
Christian Church," vol. ii. , part ii. , book v. , chap vii. , sect, iv. , p. 774.
22 See a very complete account of this dis-
tinguished Abbot in the Lives published by Marsollier and Le Nain.
23 The history and progress of La Trappe may be found in "Histoire Complete et Cos-
tumes des Ordres Monastiques, Religieux et
des deux Sexes;" par le R. P.