Aemilius
Paullus [consul, 538], ii.
The history of Rome; tr. with the sanction of the ... v.5. Mommsen, Theodor, 1817-1903
i, Ad Att.
xvi.
Suetoru Caes.
39 Plut.
Brut.
21).
When the well- known epitaph of Licinia Eucharis fourteen years of age, which probably belongs to the end of this period, makes this " girl well instructed and taught in all arts by the Muses themselves" shine as a dancer in the private exhibitions of noble houses and appear first in public on the Greek stage (modo noiilium ludot dtcoravi choro, it Graeca in scaena prima
populo apparui), this doubtless can only mean that she was the first girl that appeared on the public Greek stage in Rome as generally indeed was not till this epoch that women began to come forward publicly in Rome (p. 469).
These "Greek entertainments" in Rome seem not to have been properly scenic, but rather to have belonged to the category of composite exhibitions —primarily musical and declamatory —such as were not of rare occurrence in subsequent times also in Greece (Welcker, Gritch. Trag. p. 1277). This view supported by the prominence of flute-playing in Polybius (xxx. 13) and of dancing in the account of Suetonius regarding the armed dances from Asia Minor performed at Caesar's games and in the epitaph of Eucharis the description also of the citharoedus (Ad Her. iv. 47, 60 comp. Vitruv. v. must have been derived from such "Greek entertainments. " The combinations of these representations in Rome with Greek athletic combats significant (Polyb. c. Liv. xxxix.
Dramatic recitations were by no means excluded from these mixed
aa).
5, is 7)
;
/. ;
5, ;
;
;
is
;
, it 3;
5,
1 ;
;
1
(p.
chaf. xii LITERATURE, AND ART
517
and dancing-girls who exhibited their arts to order at table and elsewhere, and the special choirs of stringed and wind instruments and singers which were no longer rare in noble houses. But that even the world of quality itself played and sang with diligence, is shown by the very adoption of music into the cycle of the generally recognized subjects of instruction 449) as to dancing, was, to say nothing of women, made matter of reproach even against consulars that they exhibited themselves in dancing performances amidst small circle.
Towards the end of this period, however, there appears Incipient with the commencement of the monarchy the beginning of 0f ^J100
better time also in art. We have already mentioned the monarchy, mighty stimulus which building in the capital received, and
building throughout the empire was destined to receive,
through Caesar. Even in the cutting of the dies of the
coins there appears about 700 remarkable change; the M. stamping, hitherto for the most part rude and negligent, thenceforward managed with more delicacy and care.
We have reached the end of the Roman republic. We Conclusion, have seen rule for five hundred years Italy and in the
countries on the Mediterranean we have seen brought
to ruin in politics and morals, religion and literature, not
through outward violence but through inward decay, and thereby making room for the new monarchy of Caesar. There was in the world, as Caesar found much of the
entertainments, since among the players whom Lucius Anicius caused to appear in 587 in Rome, tragedians are expressly mentioned there was 187. however no exhibition of plays in the strict sense, but either whole dramas,
or perhaps still more frequently pieces taken from them, were declaimed
or sung to the flute by single artists. This must accordingly have been
done also in Rome but to all appearance for the Roman public the main matter in these Greek games was the music and dancing, and the text probably had little more significance for them than the texts of the Italian
opera for the Londoners and Parisians of the present day. Those composite entertainments with their confused medley were far better suited for the
Yoman public, and especially for exhibitions in private houses, than proper scenic performances in the Greek language the view that the latter also took place in Rome cannot be refuted, but can as little be proved.
;
it
;
it, ;
in it
j'
is
;
a
it
a
(p.
a
;
518
RELIGION, CULTURE, LITERATURE, ART book v
noble heritage of past centuries and an infinite abundance of pomp and glory, but little spirit, still less taste, and least of all true delight in life. It was indeed an old world ; and even the richly-gifted patriotism of Caesar could not make it young again. The dawn does not return till after the night has fully set in and run its course. But yet with him there came to the sorely harassed peoples on the Mediterranean a tolerable evening after the sultry noon ; and when at length after a long historical night the new day dawned once more for the peoples, and fresh nations in free self-movement commenced their race towards new and higher goals, there were found among them not a few, in which the seed sown by Caesar had sprung up, and which owed, as they still owe, to him their national individuality.
INDEX
t1n thii Index the names of persons are given under the gentile nomtn\ nod an arranged in the alphabetic order of the f. raenomina, and, under this, in the chrono -logical order of holding the consulate or other official position. Thus Ciceru will /be found under M. Tullius Cicero, and Caesar under C Julius Caesar. The letter
in 1oa,/C, denotes that the subject is continued in the following page ; the letter ml, as in 1oa «. , refers to the not$ either by itself x or in addition to matter in the text. )
Abbreviations, Roman, i. 879 Abdera, ii. 503 ; it. 44
Abella burnt, it.
Abgarus, Arab prince, it. 422. Allied
with the Parthians against Crassus, v.
153. '54, 155
Aborigines, ii. 1o6 ; iii 187
Abrupolis, ii. 493, 496
Abruzzi, i. 5, 6, 147, 434 ; iii. 501, 508 Abydus, ii. 406, 417, 418, 447, 461 Academy, the Newer, iv. 107-200 Acarnania and the Acarnaniana, ii. 216,
2i7. 318, 397, 403, 418, 421, 420, 432, 435, 438i 457. 47*. 5Mi 517
Acca Larentia, i. 209
L. Accius, tragic poet, iv. 222, 22^
Acco, Carnutic knight, beheaded, v. 74 Accusers, professional, iv. 104
Acerrae, it. 304. Victory over the
Italians, iii. 510, 515; iv. 66
Achaeans, ii. 215, 217, 318, 405, 421, 423,
Achaia, province of, iii. 270-272 Achill2s, general of Ptolemaeus Diooy
t. 271, 276
Achilles, ancestor of Pyrrhus, ii. j Achradina, ii 311. /C
Achulla, iii 244. Exempt from
iii. 259
C Aciiius, chronicler, iv. 248
M". Acilius Glabrio [consul, 563], ii. 457.
Attempts to rectify the calendar, iii. 194 M\ Acilius Glabrio [consul, 687], iv. 349/!
383, 395/
Acrae, Syracusan, ii. 804
Acta diutna, iv. 279 «.
Actus, i. 265
Adctnsi velmti, i. iiy
Adherbal, iii. 369-392
Adiabene, Iv. 315, 343
Adoption, i. 73
Adramytium, ii. 462 ; iii. 260. /C ; Iv. 46 Adriatic Sea, origin of the name, i. 418
63
158
Achaeans on the Caucasus, iv. 416 Achaean colonies in Italy and Sicily, i.
165/C Their distinctive character, 170^ League of the cities, i. 170-173 ; recon structed against the Lucanians, i. 454. Agricultural towns, i. 173. Coins, i. 171. Alphabet, i. 173/ Decay, i. 172
Achaeus, Syrian satrap, ii. 444
Achaeus, general of the slaves in first
Sicilian war, iii. 310
flii. ts with them, v. 52, 54
Aeacidea, father of Pyrrhus, ii 6
Aeacus, ancestor of Pyrrhus, ii j
Aeca, ii. 280
Aeclanum, town of the Hirptul, tU. 90%
523
Aedicula, i. 8*5
Atdiles Cerialest v. 946, 374
Aedilee curuZft, their Institution, I. 383.
Original functions : market-supervision and police, and celebration of the city
/,
25a
427, 430, 435. 437. 439. 45*. 476-480, 497. Adrogatio, i. 95
498/, 517/: i". 234. A 2fi1; ,v- 35. Adsidui, i. 115
War against them, iii. 264-270. Achaean Adsignatia virttMMm, L 840 m.
league dissolved, iii. 271. Province of Aduatuca, v. 73
Achaia, iii. 270-272. Taxation of, iv. Adoatuci, origin of, iii. 445 ; t. 39. Ccav
520
HISTORY OF ROME
fest1val, i. 383 ; 97 iii. 41. Plebe1ans 11i, 379. Sent as envoy to Jugurtha, iii. eligible, 383. Police duties in Rome, 392. Commander in Jugurthine war, ii. 84. Jurisdiction, ii. 66 iv, 128. In iii- 393 J- Against the Taurisci, iii. cluded among curole magistracies, iii. 428. Tried for extort1on, iii. 482. At
6,7
AedUes piebit, founded on model of the
quaestors, 354 n. Original functions
charge of the archives, 349, 354 «•
snpport of the tribunes in their judicial
functions, 351 decrees of the senate Q. Aemilius Papus [consul, 476], ii. 30 deposited in their charge, 369. Juris- Aenaria, 175, 178 iii. 541. Syracusan, diction, iv. 127 416. Withdrawn by Sulla from
AediUs the Municipia, founded on the Neapolis, iv. 107
model of the curule aedileship in Rome, Aeneas in Homer, 1i. 108. Legend of
-. 45-
Aegates Insulae, Phoen1cian,
ii. 143.
Aeneas in Italy, ii. 108-111. Invented by Stesichorus, 1o8. First occurs in the current form with Timaeus, ii. 110. In the Roman chroniclers, iv. 249
Battle at the, ii. 195
Acgina, 308; 319, 402, 417, 423, 437,
treatise ("Tripartita"), iii. 195 Aepulo, ii. 37a
L. Aelius Praeconinus Stilo, ofLanuvium, Aequi, settlements of, 444 n. Their
478. Beetle-stone found there, 307
Aegium, iii. 267
Sex. Aelius Paetus [consul, 556], his legal Aeolus, 117
ii. 107
Aemilius Lepidus, a Sullan, iv. 90
Aemilius Macer, poet, v. 480
L. Aemilius Papus [consul, 529], ii. ? ? . »
L.
Aemilius Paullus [consul, 538], ii. aao, Aerarium, 137. After the abolition of
[consul, 677J, iv. 269
M. Aemilius Lepidus [consul, 567, 579],
ii. 416, 418
M. Aemilius Lepidus Porcina (consul,
617}, defeated by the Vaccaei, iii. 229.
Orator, vs. 215
M. Aemilius Lepidus [consul, 676], his
Remained faithful to the Romans in the Social war, iii. 502-509. Conquered, iii. 510 and held by the Samnites, iii. 524. Conquered by Sulla (1% «*• 91 «. and laid desolate, iv. 108
Aesis, iv. 85. Boundary of Italy, ii. 990; iv. 122 ft.
party-position, iv. vZof. Preparations Aesopus, actor, v. 384
for civil war, iv. 287-290. Insurrection, Aestimatio, derived from ass, 25» iv. 290 Defeat and death, iv. 291 Aes uxarium, 66
M. Aemilius Lepidus, Caesar's city- Aethalia, occupied by the Hellenes, 178, prefect, v. a18 416. Wrested from them by the Etrus
If. Aemilius Scaun1s [consul, 639 censor, cans, 181. Iron of, 182
645], leader of the aristocracy, iii. 376, Aetna, ii. 169
393/. 475t 4*4. 503- His character, Aetolians, 169 «. it 215, 217, 397.
titude to the proposals of Drusus, ni. 483. His roads, bridges, and drainage, iv. 167, 170
M. Aemilius Scaurus, adjutant of Pom. peius, Iv. 429. /:, 430
Aenus, ii. 417, 465, 486, 510
teacher of Roman literature, iv. 216, 252 Aemilii, clan-village, 45. heir descent,
286-290
L. Aemilius Paullus [consul, 572, 586], ii.
390 m. Opposed to Perseus, 505
His incorruptibility, iii. 31. His de
meanour to the provincials, iii. 33. Aeschylus, iii. 167
Carries Greek art -treasures to Rome, iii. Aesculanus, god of copper, H. 70
soft. His austerity, iii. 18, 42. His Aesculapius, early worshipped in Rome, estate, iii. 89. Augur, ii1. 112. His -230f. Brought thither from Epi- Hellenic culture, iii. 209 iv. 212 daurus, ii. 71. Temple of, in Carthage,
L. Aemilius Regillus [praetor, 564], 462 iii. 248, 257 at Epidaurus, iv. 40 a1 Maraercus Aemilius, Roman commander Pergamus, iv. 53
in the Social war, iii. 526 Aeseput, river, iv. 328
Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus Aesernia, colonized, ii. 39. Ius of, il. 52 m.
conflicts with Rome, 135.
by the Romans, 444 The league dissolved, 484
Aequicuh, 47 444 n.
Aerarii, settlers paying tribute for pro
tection, 1. I21
the monarchy legally under the contra, of the quaestors nominated by, and n presenting, the consuls, 322, 338
Aeropus, ii. 428
Subdued
i.
i.
i. i. ;
:
i.
/,i. i.
ii.
;
;
ii. f.
I.
i.
ii.
i.
i.
i.
i.
f.
in ii.
i.
i. i.
;
;
;
ii.
;
;
i.
f.
;: i.
i.
i.
1 i. i. ;
ii. ;
i. ;
i.
Attitude to Rome In second Funic war, ii- 215-219- Position thereafter, ii. 404. Share in the war with Philip, ii. 409, 410, 420, 421, 42*-430. 433, 435- Treat ment by the Romans, ii. 437. /. Quar rel w1th Rome, and share in the war with Antiochus, ii. 451, 452, 456, 457, 764, 765. Attitude during the war with Perseus, ii. 495-498, 5" f. , 517- Aetolia, a recruiting-ground, ii. 16a
L. Afranius, poet, iv. 230.
L. Afranius, lieutenant of Pompeius in the
Sertorian war, iv. 296. Subdues the Arabs, iv. 429. Triumph, as governor of Cisalpine Gaul, v. 103. In Spain, v. 219. Stain by Caesar's soldiers, v. 300
T. Afranius. Ses Lafrenius.
AJri, i. 185 n.
Africa, before the time of the Gracchi,
iii. 237-260. Made a province, iii. 258. /C Relations after the battle of Pharsalus, v. 269. In the hands of the Pompeians,
5*»
tion of the farmer-class, 245, 343-346* Improvement in the relations of credit, 389-393. Recurrence of the old evils,
iii. 79, 82, 07-100. Condition of, before and at the time of the Gracchi, iii. 304/, 312/ iv. 171/ Revival by the Grac chi, iii 335/ iv. 172. Condition after the Gracchan revolution, iii. 380 Colonizations of Sulla, iv. 17s. In the time of Caesar, v. 377/, 382/, 403. Differences in different parts of Italy, iii. 490 /,, 501. Differences In the provinces, iii- 304-308 iv. 172. Esti mated produce, iii. 81 n. Carthaginian estate - farming, ii. 138. Writings oa agriculture, iii. 194. Compare Soil, division of; Grain.
Agrigentum founded, 28, 145, 156. Oc cupied by the Carthaginians in second Punic war, ii. 31 1. Colonised afresh by the Romans, ii. 314. Occupied by Cleon, iii. 310. Conquered by the Carthagin ians, 166, 183. Besieged and occu pied by the Romans in the first Punic war, ii. 171-/.
Agrius, son of Ulysses and Circe, 17*
v. 301
Agatha, iii, 415
Agathocles, of Syracuse, i. 418, 478, 491 ; Agron, ii. 218.
go ,t la, 209 Agrarian Laws. See
Agrariae
1v. 291. Colonized, 484.
315 514
INDEX
v. 285-290.
Its regulation by Caesar,
ii. 18, 28, 145, 161. Takes the Mamer- Agylla, Phoenician name of Caere,
163
tines into his pay, ii.
populo apparui), this doubtless can only mean that she was the first girl that appeared on the public Greek stage in Rome as generally indeed was not till this epoch that women began to come forward publicly in Rome (p. 469).
These "Greek entertainments" in Rome seem not to have been properly scenic, but rather to have belonged to the category of composite exhibitions —primarily musical and declamatory —such as were not of rare occurrence in subsequent times also in Greece (Welcker, Gritch. Trag. p. 1277). This view supported by the prominence of flute-playing in Polybius (xxx. 13) and of dancing in the account of Suetonius regarding the armed dances from Asia Minor performed at Caesar's games and in the epitaph of Eucharis the description also of the citharoedus (Ad Her. iv. 47, 60 comp. Vitruv. v. must have been derived from such "Greek entertainments. " The combinations of these representations in Rome with Greek athletic combats significant (Polyb. c. Liv. xxxix.
Dramatic recitations were by no means excluded from these mixed
aa).
5, is 7)
;
/. ;
5, ;
;
;
is
;
, it 3;
5,
1 ;
;
1
(p.
chaf. xii LITERATURE, AND ART
517
and dancing-girls who exhibited their arts to order at table and elsewhere, and the special choirs of stringed and wind instruments and singers which were no longer rare in noble houses. But that even the world of quality itself played and sang with diligence, is shown by the very adoption of music into the cycle of the generally recognized subjects of instruction 449) as to dancing, was, to say nothing of women, made matter of reproach even against consulars that they exhibited themselves in dancing performances amidst small circle.
Towards the end of this period, however, there appears Incipient with the commencement of the monarchy the beginning of 0f ^J100
better time also in art. We have already mentioned the monarchy, mighty stimulus which building in the capital received, and
building throughout the empire was destined to receive,
through Caesar. Even in the cutting of the dies of the
coins there appears about 700 remarkable change; the M. stamping, hitherto for the most part rude and negligent, thenceforward managed with more delicacy and care.
We have reached the end of the Roman republic. We Conclusion, have seen rule for five hundred years Italy and in the
countries on the Mediterranean we have seen brought
to ruin in politics and morals, religion and literature, not
through outward violence but through inward decay, and thereby making room for the new monarchy of Caesar. There was in the world, as Caesar found much of the
entertainments, since among the players whom Lucius Anicius caused to appear in 587 in Rome, tragedians are expressly mentioned there was 187. however no exhibition of plays in the strict sense, but either whole dramas,
or perhaps still more frequently pieces taken from them, were declaimed
or sung to the flute by single artists. This must accordingly have been
done also in Rome but to all appearance for the Roman public the main matter in these Greek games was the music and dancing, and the text probably had little more significance for them than the texts of the Italian
opera for the Londoners and Parisians of the present day. Those composite entertainments with their confused medley were far better suited for the
Yoman public, and especially for exhibitions in private houses, than proper scenic performances in the Greek language the view that the latter also took place in Rome cannot be refuted, but can as little be proved.
;
it
;
it, ;
in it
j'
is
;
a
it
a
(p.
a
;
518
RELIGION, CULTURE, LITERATURE, ART book v
noble heritage of past centuries and an infinite abundance of pomp and glory, but little spirit, still less taste, and least of all true delight in life. It was indeed an old world ; and even the richly-gifted patriotism of Caesar could not make it young again. The dawn does not return till after the night has fully set in and run its course. But yet with him there came to the sorely harassed peoples on the Mediterranean a tolerable evening after the sultry noon ; and when at length after a long historical night the new day dawned once more for the peoples, and fresh nations in free self-movement commenced their race towards new and higher goals, there were found among them not a few, in which the seed sown by Caesar had sprung up, and which owed, as they still owe, to him their national individuality.
INDEX
t1n thii Index the names of persons are given under the gentile nomtn\ nod an arranged in the alphabetic order of the f. raenomina, and, under this, in the chrono -logical order of holding the consulate or other official position. Thus Ciceru will /be found under M. Tullius Cicero, and Caesar under C Julius Caesar. The letter
in 1oa,/C, denotes that the subject is continued in the following page ; the letter ml, as in 1oa «. , refers to the not$ either by itself x or in addition to matter in the text. )
Abbreviations, Roman, i. 879 Abdera, ii. 503 ; it. 44
Abella burnt, it.
Abgarus, Arab prince, it. 422. Allied
with the Parthians against Crassus, v.
153. '54, 155
Aborigines, ii. 1o6 ; iii 187
Abrupolis, ii. 493, 496
Abruzzi, i. 5, 6, 147, 434 ; iii. 501, 508 Abydus, ii. 406, 417, 418, 447, 461 Academy, the Newer, iv. 107-200 Acarnania and the Acarnaniana, ii. 216,
2i7. 318, 397, 403, 418, 421, 420, 432, 435, 438i 457. 47*. 5Mi 517
Acca Larentia, i. 209
L. Accius, tragic poet, iv. 222, 22^
Acco, Carnutic knight, beheaded, v. 74 Accusers, professional, iv. 104
Acerrae, it. 304. Victory over the
Italians, iii. 510, 515; iv. 66
Achaeans, ii. 215, 217, 318, 405, 421, 423,
Achaia, province of, iii. 270-272 Achill2s, general of Ptolemaeus Diooy
t. 271, 276
Achilles, ancestor of Pyrrhus, ii. j Achradina, ii 311. /C
Achulla, iii 244. Exempt from
iii. 259
C Aciiius, chronicler, iv. 248
M". Acilius Glabrio [consul, 563], ii. 457.
Attempts to rectify the calendar, iii. 194 M\ Acilius Glabrio [consul, 687], iv. 349/!
383, 395/
Acrae, Syracusan, ii. 804
Acta diutna, iv. 279 «.
Actus, i. 265
Adctnsi velmti, i. iiy
Adherbal, iii. 369-392
Adiabene, Iv. 315, 343
Adoption, i. 73
Adramytium, ii. 462 ; iii. 260. /C ; Iv. 46 Adriatic Sea, origin of the name, i. 418
63
158
Achaeans on the Caucasus, iv. 416 Achaean colonies in Italy and Sicily, i.
165/C Their distinctive character, 170^ League of the cities, i. 170-173 ; recon structed against the Lucanians, i. 454. Agricultural towns, i. 173. Coins, i. 171. Alphabet, i. 173/ Decay, i. 172
Achaeus, Syrian satrap, ii. 444
Achaeus, general of the slaves in first
Sicilian war, iii. 310
flii. ts with them, v. 52, 54
Aeacidea, father of Pyrrhus, ii 6
Aeacus, ancestor of Pyrrhus, ii j
Aeca, ii. 280
Aeclanum, town of the Hirptul, tU. 90%
523
Aedicula, i. 8*5
Atdiles Cerialest v. 946, 374
Aedilee curuZft, their Institution, I. 383.
Original functions : market-supervision and police, and celebration of the city
/,
25a
427, 430, 435. 437. 439. 45*. 476-480, 497. Adrogatio, i. 95
498/, 517/: i". 234. A 2fi1; ,v- 35. Adsidui, i. 115
War against them, iii. 264-270. Achaean Adsignatia virttMMm, L 840 m.
league dissolved, iii. 271. Province of Aduatuca, v. 73
Achaia, iii. 270-272. Taxation of, iv. Adoatuci, origin of, iii. 445 ; t. 39. Ccav
520
HISTORY OF ROME
fest1val, i. 383 ; 97 iii. 41. Plebe1ans 11i, 379. Sent as envoy to Jugurtha, iii. eligible, 383. Police duties in Rome, 392. Commander in Jugurthine war, ii. 84. Jurisdiction, ii. 66 iv, 128. In iii- 393 J- Against the Taurisci, iii. cluded among curole magistracies, iii. 428. Tried for extort1on, iii. 482. At
6,7
AedUes piebit, founded on model of the
quaestors, 354 n. Original functions
charge of the archives, 349, 354 «•
snpport of the tribunes in their judicial
functions, 351 decrees of the senate Q. Aemilius Papus [consul, 476], ii. 30 deposited in their charge, 369. Juris- Aenaria, 175, 178 iii. 541. Syracusan, diction, iv. 127 416. Withdrawn by Sulla from
AediUs the Municipia, founded on the Neapolis, iv. 107
model of the curule aedileship in Rome, Aeneas in Homer, 1i. 108. Legend of
-. 45-
Aegates Insulae, Phoen1cian,
ii. 143.
Aeneas in Italy, ii. 108-111. Invented by Stesichorus, 1o8. First occurs in the current form with Timaeus, ii. 110. In the Roman chroniclers, iv. 249
Battle at the, ii. 195
Acgina, 308; 319, 402, 417, 423, 437,
treatise ("Tripartita"), iii. 195 Aepulo, ii. 37a
L. Aelius Praeconinus Stilo, ofLanuvium, Aequi, settlements of, 444 n. Their
478. Beetle-stone found there, 307
Aegium, iii. 267
Sex. Aelius Paetus [consul, 556], his legal Aeolus, 117
ii. 107
Aemilius Lepidus, a Sullan, iv. 90
Aemilius Macer, poet, v. 480
L. Aemilius Papus [consul, 529], ii. ? ? . »
L.
Aemilius Paullus [consul, 538], ii. aao, Aerarium, 137. After the abolition of
[consul, 677J, iv. 269
M. Aemilius Lepidus [consul, 567, 579],
ii. 416, 418
M. Aemilius Lepidus Porcina (consul,
617}, defeated by the Vaccaei, iii. 229.
Orator, vs. 215
M. Aemilius Lepidus [consul, 676], his
Remained faithful to the Romans in the Social war, iii. 502-509. Conquered, iii. 510 and held by the Samnites, iii. 524. Conquered by Sulla (1% «*• 91 «. and laid desolate, iv. 108
Aesis, iv. 85. Boundary of Italy, ii. 990; iv. 122 ft.
party-position, iv. vZof. Preparations Aesopus, actor, v. 384
for civil war, iv. 287-290. Insurrection, Aestimatio, derived from ass, 25» iv. 290 Defeat and death, iv. 291 Aes uxarium, 66
M. Aemilius Lepidus, Caesar's city- Aethalia, occupied by the Hellenes, 178, prefect, v. a18 416. Wrested from them by the Etrus
If. Aemilius Scaun1s [consul, 639 censor, cans, 181. Iron of, 182
645], leader of the aristocracy, iii. 376, Aetna, ii. 169
393/. 475t 4*4. 503- His character, Aetolians, 169 «. it 215, 217, 397.
titude to the proposals of Drusus, ni. 483. His roads, bridges, and drainage, iv. 167, 170
M. Aemilius Scaurus, adjutant of Pom. peius, Iv. 429. /:, 430
Aenus, ii. 417, 465, 486, 510
teacher of Roman literature, iv. 216, 252 Aemilii, clan-village, 45. heir descent,
286-290
L. Aemilius Paullus [consul, 572, 586], ii.
390 m. Opposed to Perseus, 505
His incorruptibility, iii. 31. His de
meanour to the provincials, iii. 33. Aeschylus, iii. 167
Carries Greek art -treasures to Rome, iii. Aesculanus, god of copper, H. 70
soft. His austerity, iii. 18, 42. His Aesculapius, early worshipped in Rome, estate, iii. 89. Augur, ii1. 112. His -230f. Brought thither from Epi- Hellenic culture, iii. 209 iv. 212 daurus, ii. 71. Temple of, in Carthage,
L. Aemilius Regillus [praetor, 564], 462 iii. 248, 257 at Epidaurus, iv. 40 a1 Maraercus Aemilius, Roman commander Pergamus, iv. 53
in the Social war, iii. 526 Aeseput, river, iv. 328
Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus Aesernia, colonized, ii. 39. Ius of, il. 52 m.
conflicts with Rome, 135.
by the Romans, 444 The league dissolved, 484
Aequicuh, 47 444 n.
Aerarii, settlers paying tribute for pro
tection, 1. I21
the monarchy legally under the contra, of the quaestors nominated by, and n presenting, the consuls, 322, 338
Aeropus, ii. 428
Subdued
i.
i.
i. i. ;
:
i.
/,i. i.
ii.
;
;
ii. f.
I.
i.
ii.
i.
i.
i.
i.
f.
in ii.
i.
i. i.
;
;
;
ii.
;
;
i.
f.
;: i.
i.
i.
1 i. i. ;
ii. ;
i. ;
i.
Attitude to Rome In second Funic war, ii- 215-219- Position thereafter, ii. 404. Share in the war with Philip, ii. 409, 410, 420, 421, 42*-430. 433, 435- Treat ment by the Romans, ii. 437. /. Quar rel w1th Rome, and share in the war with Antiochus, ii. 451, 452, 456, 457, 764, 765. Attitude during the war with Perseus, ii. 495-498, 5" f. , 517- Aetolia, a recruiting-ground, ii. 16a
L. Afranius, poet, iv. 230.
L. Afranius, lieutenant of Pompeius in the
Sertorian war, iv. 296. Subdues the Arabs, iv. 429. Triumph, as governor of Cisalpine Gaul, v. 103. In Spain, v. 219. Stain by Caesar's soldiers, v. 300
T. Afranius. Ses Lafrenius.
AJri, i. 185 n.
Africa, before the time of the Gracchi,
iii. 237-260. Made a province, iii. 258. /C Relations after the battle of Pharsalus, v. 269. In the hands of the Pompeians,
5*»
tion of the farmer-class, 245, 343-346* Improvement in the relations of credit, 389-393. Recurrence of the old evils,
iii. 79, 82, 07-100. Condition of, before and at the time of the Gracchi, iii. 304/, 312/ iv. 171/ Revival by the Grac chi, iii 335/ iv. 172. Condition after the Gracchan revolution, iii. 380 Colonizations of Sulla, iv. 17s. In the time of Caesar, v. 377/, 382/, 403. Differences in different parts of Italy, iii. 490 /,, 501. Differences In the provinces, iii- 304-308 iv. 172. Esti mated produce, iii. 81 n. Carthaginian estate - farming, ii. 138. Writings oa agriculture, iii. 194. Compare Soil, division of; Grain.
Agrigentum founded, 28, 145, 156. Oc cupied by the Carthaginians in second Punic war, ii. 31 1. Colonised afresh by the Romans, ii. 314. Occupied by Cleon, iii. 310. Conquered by the Carthagin ians, 166, 183. Besieged and occu pied by the Romans in the first Punic war, ii. 171-/.
Agrius, son of Ulysses and Circe, 17*
v. 301
Agatha, iii, 415
Agathocles, of Syracuse, i. 418, 478, 491 ; Agron, ii. 218.
go ,t la, 209 Agrarian Laws. See
Agrariae
1v. 291. Colonized, 484.
315 514
INDEX
v. 285-290.
Its regulation by Caesar,
ii. 18, 28, 145, 161. Takes the Mamer- Agylla, Phoenician name of Caere,
163
tines into his pay, ii.
