No More Learning

28. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 95.
29. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 96.
30. Durkheim, 1895/1962, pp. 103-106.
31. Durkheim, 1895/1962, p. 110.
32. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 161.
33. Quoted in Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 26.
34. Ortega yGasset, 1935/2001.
35. Montagu, 1973a, p. 9. The portion before the ellipsis is from an earlier edition, quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 209.
36. Benedict, 1934/1959, p. 278.
37. Mead, 1935/1963, p. 280.
38. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 209.
39. Mead, 1928.
40. Geertz, 1973, p. 50.
41. Geertz, 1973, p. 44.
42. Shweder, 1990.
43. Quoted in Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 22.
44. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 208.
45. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 204.
46. Degler, 1991; Shipman, 1994.
47. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 188.
48. Quoted in Degler, 1991, pp. 103-104.
49. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 210.
50. Cowie, 1999; Elman et al. , 1996, pp. 390-391.
51. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 330.
52. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 95.
53. Quoted in Degler, 1991, p. 100.
54. Charles Singer, A short history of biology; quoted in Dawkins, 1998, p. 90.
Chapter 3: The Last Wall to Fall
1. Wilson, 1998. The idea was first developed by John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, 1992.
2. Anderson, 1995; Crevier, 1993; Gardner, 1985; Pinker, 1997.
3. Fodor, 1994; Haugeland, 1981; Newell, 1980; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2.
4. Brutus. 1, by Selmer Bringsjord. S. Bringsjord, "Chess is too easy," Technology Review, March/April 1998, pp. 23-28.
5. EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence), by David Cope. G. Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head," New York Times, November 16,1997, p. 16.
? ? 6. Aaron, by Harold Cohen. G. Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head," New York Times, November 16,1997, p. 16. 7. Goldenberg, Mazursky, & Solomon, 1999.
8. Leibniz, 1768/1996, bk. II, chap, i, p. 111.
9. Leibniz, 1768/1996, preface, p. 68.
10. Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1988b; Fodor, 1981.
11. Elman et al. , 1996; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986.
12. Dennett, 1986.
13. Elman etal. , 1996, p. 82.
14. Elman et al. , 1996, pp. 99-100.
15. Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1993; Chomsky, 2000; Pinker, 1994.
16. See also Miller, Galanter, & Pribram, 1960; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2; Pinker, 1999, chaps. 1,10.
17. Baker, 2001.
18. Baker, 2001.
19. Shweder, 1994; see Ekman & Davidson, 1994, and Lazarus, 1991, for discussion.
20. See Lazarus, 1991, for a review of theories of emotion.
21. Mallon & Stich, 2000.
22. Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Lazarus, 1991.
23. Ekman & Davidson, 1994.
24. Fodor, 1983; Gardner, 1983; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Pinker, 1994; Pinker, 1997.
25. Elman et al. , 1996; Karmiloff-Smith, 1992.
26. Anderson, 1995; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998.
27. Calvin, 1996a; Calvin, 1996b; Calvin & Ojemann, 2001; Crick, 1994; Damasio, 1994; Gazzaniga, 2000a; Gazzaniga, 2000b; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998; Kandel, Schwartz, & Jessell, 2000. {443}
28. Crick, 1994.
29. 1948, translated by C. B. Garnett (New York: Macmillan), p. 664.
30. Damasio, 1994.
31. Damasio, 1994; Dennett, 1991; Gazzaniga, 1998.
32. Gazzaniga, 1992; Gazzaniga, 1998.
33. Anderson et al. , 1999; Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Lykken, 1995.
34. Monaghan & Glickman, 1992.
35. Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001. See also Chapter 5.
36. Thompson etal. , 2001.
37. Thompson etal. , 2001.
38. Witelson, Kigar, & Harvey, 1999.
39. LeVay, 1993.
40. Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000; Raine et al. , 2000.
41. Bouchard, 1994; Hamer & Copeland, 1998; Lykken, 1995; Plomin, 1994; Plomin et al. , 2001; Ridley, 2000.
42. Hyman, 1999; Plomin, 1994.
43. Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard, 1998; Damasio, 2000; Lykken et al.
, 1992; Plomin, 1994; Thompson et al. , 2001; Tramo et al. , 1995; Wright, 1995.
44. Segal, 2000.
45. Lai et al. , 2001; Pinker, 2001b.
46. Frangiskakisetal. , 1996.
47. Chorney et al. , 1998.
48. Benjamin et al. , 1996.
49. Leschetal. , 1996.
50. Lai et al. , 2001; Pinker, 2001b.
51. Charlesworth, 1987; Miller, 2000b; Mousseau & Roff, 1987; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
52. Bock & Goode, 1996; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.
53. Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Hare, 1993; Kirwin, 1997; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.
54. Anderson et al. , 1999; Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Lalumiere, Harris, & Rice, 2001; Lykken, 2000; Mealey, 1995; Rice, 1997.
55. Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992; Betzig, 1997; Buss, 1999; Cartwright, 2000; Crawford & Krebs, 1998; Evans & Zarate, 1999; Gaulin & McBurney, 2000; Pinker, 1997; Pope, 2000; Wright, 1994.
56. Dawkins, 1983; Dawkins, 1986; Gould, 1980; Maynard Smith, 1975/1993; Ridley, 1986; Williams, 1966.
57. Dawkins, 1983; Dawkins, 1986; Maynard Smith, 1975/1993; Ridley, 1986; Williams, 1966.
58. The improved metaphor "megalomaniacal gene" was suggested by the philosopher Colin McGinn.
59. Etcoff, 1999.
60. Frank, 1988; Haidt, in press; Trivers, 1971.
61. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Frank, 1988.
62. McGuinness, 1997; Pinker, 1994.
63. Brown, 1991; Brown, 2000.
64. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Spelke, 1995.
65. Boyd & Silk, 1996; Calvin & Bickerton, 2000; Kingdon, 1993; Klein, 1989; Mithen, 1996.
66. Gallistel, 1992; Hauser, 1996; Hauser, 2000; Trivers, 1985.
67. James, 1890/1950, vol. 2, chap. 24.
? ? 68. Freeman, 1983; Freeman, 1999.
69. Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
70. Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
71. Keeley, 1996, graph adapted by Ed Hagen from fig. 6. 2 on p. 90. 72. Ghiglieri, 1999; Keeley, 1996; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
73. Ember, 1978. See also Ghiglieri, 1999; Keeley, 1996; Knauft, 1987; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
74. Divale, 1972; see Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989, p. 323, for discussion.
75. Bamforth, 1994; Chagnon, 1996; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Divale, 1972; Edgerton, 1992; Ember, 1978; Ghiglieri, 1999; Gibbons, 1997; Keeley, 1996; Kingdon, 1993; Knauft, 1987; Krech, 1994; Krech, 1999; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.
76. Axelrod, 1984; Brown, 1991; Ridley, 1997; Wright, 2000.
77. Brown, 1991.
Chapter 4: Culture Vultures
1. Borges, 1964, p. 30.
2. Pinker, 1984a.
3. Boyer, 1994; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Norenzayan & Atran, in press; Schaller & Crandall, in press; Sperber, 1994; Talmy, 2000; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992.
4. Adams et al. , 2000.
5. Tomasello, 1999.
6. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Karmiloff-Smith et al. , 1995.
7. Rapin,2001.
8. Baldwin, 1991.
9. Carpenter, Akhtar, & Tomasello, 1998.
10. Meltzoff, 1995.
11. Pinker, 1994; Pinker, 1996; Pinker, 1999.
12. Campbell & Fairey, 1989; Frank, 1985; Kelman, 1958; Latane & Nida, 1981.
13. Deutsch & Gerard, 1955.
14. Harris, 1985.
15. Cronk, 1999; Cronk, Chagnon, & Irons, 2000. {444}
16. Pinker, 1999, chap. 10.
17. Searle, 1995.
18. Sperber, 1985; Sperber, 1994.
19. Boyd & Richerson, 1985; Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981; Durham, 1982; Lumsden & Wilson, 1981.
20. Cavalli-Sforza, 1991; Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981.
21. Toussaint-Samat, 1992.
22. Degler. 1991.
23. Sowell, 1996, p. 378. See also Sowell, 1994, and Sowell,. 1998.
24. Diamond, 1992; Diamond, 1998.
25. Diamond, 1997.
26. Putnam, 1973.
27. Chomsky, 1980, p. 227; Marr, 1982; Tinbergen, 1952.
28. Pinker, 1999.
Chapter 5: The Slate's Last Stand
1. Venter et al. , 2001.
2. See, e. g. , the contributors to Rose & Rose, 2000.
3. R. McKie, in The Guardian, February 11, 2001. See also S. J. Gould, "Humbled by the genome's mysteries," New York Times, February 19, 2001.
4. The Observer, February 11,2001.
5. E. Pennisi, "The human genome," Sriewe, 291, 2001, 1177-1180; see pp. 1178-1179.
6. "Gene count," Science, 295, 2002, p. 29; R. Mishar, "Biotech CEO says map missed much of genome," Boston Globe, April 9, 2001; Wright et al. , 2001.
7. Claverie, 2001; Szathmary, Jordan, & Pal, 2001; Venter et al. , 2001.
8. Szathmary, Jordan, & Pal, 2001.
9. Claverie, 2001.
10. Venter et al. , 2001.
11. Evan Eichler, quoted by G. Vogel, "Objection #2: Why sequence the junk? " Science, 291, 2001, p. 1184.
12. Elman et al. , 1996; McClelland, Rumelhart, & the PDP Research Group, 1986; McLeod, Plunkett, & Rolls, 1998; Pinker, 1997, pp. 98-111; Rumelhart, McClelland, & the PDP Research Group, 1986.
13. Anderson, 1993; Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988; Hadley, 1994a; Hadley, 1994b; Hummel & Holyoak, 1997; Lachter & Bever, 1988; Marcus, 1998; Marcus, 2001a; McCloskey & Cohen, 1989; Minsky & Papert, 1988; Shastri & Ajjanagadde, 1993; Smolensky, 1995; Sougne, 1998.
14. Berent, Pinker, & Shimron, 1999; Marcus et al. , 1995; Pinker, 1997; Pinker, 1999; Pinker, 2001a; Pinker & Prince, 1988.
15.