No More Learning

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1002
TER LLUS.
TERPANDER.
Dunlop. Hist. Rom. Lit. vol. i. p. 110, foll. ; Dry | Rliegium, while on the other hand he maintained
den's “ Essay on Dramatic Pocsie" (works, vol. relations of friendship and hospitality with the
xv. p. 263. Scott. ed. ); Hurd's (Bp. ) Dialogues on Carthaginian general Hamilcar. Hence, when he
“ Poetical Imitution," “ Provinces of the Druma," was expelled from Himera, by Theron, tyrant of
&c. ; Diderot, “ Essai sur la Poesie Dramatique" | Agrigentum, he applied to the Carthaginians for
(oeuvres); Spectator, No. 502 ; Colman's "Te assistance, and his son-in-law Anaxilas not only
rence," &c.
(W. B. D. ) supported his prayers, but gave his own children as
TERES (TÁpris). 1. King of the Odrysae and hostages for his sincerity. The Carthaginians ac-
father of SITALCES, was the founder of the great cordingly determined to undertake his restoration,
Odryssian monarchy A daughter of his married or rather, under pretence of doing so, to extend
Ariapeithes, king of the Scythians. (Herod. iv. 80, their own power in Sicily, and the expulsion of
vii. 137 ; Thuc. ii. 29 ; Xen. Anab. vii. 2. § 22, 5. Terillus thus became the real cause of their great
§ 1. )
expedition under Hamilcar, which terminated in
2. King of a portion of Thrace in the time of the memorable battle of Himera, B. c. 480. (Herod.
Philip of Macedon, with whom he was at first vii. 165. ) Of the fate of Terillus himself after the
allied against the Athenians. Afterwards, how defeat of his allies we know nothing. [E. H. B. ]
ever, he joined Cersobleptes in hostilities to Philip, TE'RMINUS, a Roman divinity presiding over
and, together with his confederate, was subdued boundaries and frontiers. His worship is said to
by the Macedonian king early in B. C. 342. (Phil. have been instituted by Numa who ordered that
Ep. ad Ath. ap. Demost. p. 161; comp. Diod. xvi. every one should mark the boundaries of his landed
71. ) (CERSOBLEPTES. ]
(E. E. ] property by stones to be consecrated to Jupiter
TEREUS (Tnpeús), a son of Ares, a king of the (Zeus Spos), and at which every year sacrifices
Thracians, in Daulis, afterwards Phocis. (Apollod. were to be offered at the festival of the Terminalia.
iii. 14. S 8 ; Thucyd. ii. 29. ) Some traditions place (Dionys. ii. 9, 74. ) These sacred boundaries ex-
Tereus at Pegae, in Megaris. (Pans. i. 41. $ 8. ) | isted not only in regard to private property, but
Pandion, king of Attica, who by his wife Zeux- also in regard to the state itself, the boundary of
ippe had two daughters, Philomela and Procne, which was not to be trangressed by any foreign
and twin sons, Erechtheus and Butes, called in the foe. But in later times the latter must have fallen
assistance of Tereus against some enemy, and gave into oblivion, while the termini of private property
him his daughter Procne in marriage. Tereus be- retained their sacred character even in the days of
came by her the father of Itys, and then concealed Dionysius, who states that sacrifices of cakes, meal,
her somewhere in the country, that he might thus and fruit (for it was unlawful to stain the boundary
be enabled to marry her sister Philomela whom he stones with blood), still continued to be offered.
deceived by saying that Procne was dead. At the The god Terminus himself appears to have been
same time he deprived Philomela of her tongue. no other than Jupiter himself, in the capacity of
Ovid (Met. vi. 565) reverses the story by stating the protector of boundaries. (Ov. Fast. ii. 639,
that Tereus told Procne that her sister Philomela &c. ; Lactant. i. 20, 37. ) The Terminus of the
was dead. Philomela, however, soon learned the Roman state originally stood between the fifth and
truth, and made it known by a few words which sixth milestone on the road towards Laurentum,
she wove into a peplus. Procne then came to Phi- near a place called Festi, and that ancient boundary
lomela and killed her own son Itys. Tereus, who of the ager Romanus continued to be revered with
had been cautioned by an oracle against such an the same ceremonies as the boundaries of private
occurrence, suspected his own brother Dryas and estates. (Ov. Fast. I. c. ; Strab. v. p. 230. ) Another
killed him. (Hygin. Fab. 45. ) Procne took fur- public Terminus stood in the temple of Jupiter in
ther vengeance by placing the flesh of her own the Capitol, and above it there was an opening in
child in a dish before Tereus, and then fled with the roof, because no Terminus was allowed to be
her sister. Tereus pursued them with an axe, under cover. (Fest. p. 368, ed. Müller. ) This is
and when the sisters were overtaken they prayed another proof that Terminus was only an attribute
to the gods to change them into birds. Procne, of Jupiter, although tradition gave a different rea-
accordingly, became a nightingale, Philomela a son for this circumstance ; for when that temple
swallow, and Tereus a hoopop. (Tzetz. Chil. was to be founded, and it was necessary to exau-
vii. 142, 459; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1875 ; gurate other sanctuaries standing on the same site,
Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. vi. 78 ; Ov. Mlet. vi. 424 — all the gods readily gave way to Jupiter and Juno,
675. ) According to some, Procne became a swal- but the auguries would not allow the sanctuaries of
low, Philomela a nightingale, and Tereus a hawk. Terminus and Juventas to be removed. This was
(Hygin. Fab. 45. ) According to the Megarian taken as an omen that the Roman state would re-
tradition, Tereus, being unable to overtake the main ever undiminished and young, and the chapels
women, killed himself.
The Megarians showed of the two divinities were inclosed within the walls
the tomb of Tereus in their own country, and an of the new temple. (Serv. ad Aen. ii. 575, ix.
annual sacrifice was offered to him. Procne and 448 ; Ov. Fast. ii. 671. ) Here we may ask, what
Philomela, moreover, were there believed to have had a Terminus to do on the Capitol, unless he was
escaped to Attica, and to have wept themselves to connected or identical with Jupiter ? (Comp. Liv.
death. (Paus. i. 41. $ 8. )
[L. S. ] i. 55, v. 54, xliii. 13, xlv. 44 ; Polyb. iii. 25
TERIDATES. [Tiridates. ]
Hartung, Die Relig. der Röm. ii. p. 50, &c. ) (L. S. ]
TERILLUS (Týpiados), son of Crinippus, ty- TERPANDER (Tépravopos), of Lesbos, was
rant of Himera, in Sicily. We know nothing of the father of Greek music, and through it of lyric
the means by which he rose to power, or of the poetry, although his own poetical compositions were
duration or events of his reign : it is only from few and in extremely simple rhythms.
subsequent circumstances that we learn that he had
Müller, whose account of Terpander is so excel-
Bought to fortify his power by giving his daughter lent, that it is necessary to follow him to a great ex.
Cydippe in marriage to Anaxilas, the ruler of tent, has justly remarked that, setting aside the my.
a
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## p. 1003 (#1019) ##########################################

TERPANDER.
1003
TERPANDER.
p. 627,
thological traditions about early minstrels, such as of the oldest cities of Boeotia, is another indication
Orpheus, Philammon, Chrysothemis, and others, the of his descent from the Pierians, while the ciaim
history of Greek music begins with Terpander. But of Cyme is probably connected with the traditions
Müller, and other scholars, have pointed out the fact, which derived his genealogy froin Homer or from
that Terpander may be connected with one of the Hesiod. (See Plehn, Lesbiucu, pp. 140-142. ) The
most interesting and important of those traditions. statement of Diodorus (vi. 23, ap. Tzetz. Chil. i.
The beautiful fable, which told how the head and 16) that he was a native of Methymna, must be
lyre of Orpheus, cast upon the waves by the Thra- regarded as simply a mistake.
cian Maenads, were borne to Lesbos, and there The age at which Terpander flourished is genc-
received with religious honours, was doubtless an rally considered one of the best ascertained dites
allegory, signifying the trans'erence of the art of of that remote period of chronology ; although the
music to that island from Pieria, which the ancients still more important question of his relation, in
afterwards confounded with Thrace; a transference point of time, to the other early musicians, Olym-
which is confirmed by the undoubted tradition, pus and Clonas, and to the earliest iambic and
thut Lesbos was colonised by the Aeolians of Boco elegiac poets, Archilochus and Cullinus, and the
tia, who were of the same race as the Pieriang, lyric poets Tyrtaeus and Alcman, is allowed to
and who had among them one of the carliest sents present very great difficulties. As to the first
of the worship of the Muses, upon Mount llelicon. point, C. O. Miiller snys that " it is one of the
(Orpheus. ) Now the very town in Lesbos, at most certain dates of the more * ancient chro-
which the grave of Orpheus was shown, and where nology, that in the 26th Olympiad (1. C. 676)
the nightingales were said to sing most sweetly, musical contests were first introduced at the feast
Antissa, was the birthplace of Terpander. The of Apollo Carneius [at Sparta), and at their first
presumption that he belonged to one of those fami- celebration Terpander was crowned victor. ” (llist.
lies in which, according to the Greek custom, the Lit. Anc. Greece, vol. i. p. 150, vol. i. p. 268 of the
art was handed down from father to son, is German ; comp. Dor. b. iv. c. 6. § 1; and Mr. Grotu
strengthened by the significancy of his name; and echoes the statement, that “ this is one of the best
this significant name, again, finds numerous paral- ascertained points among the obscure chronology
lels in the early history of other arts as well as of the seventh century” (Hist. of Greece, vol. ir.
music (CHERISOPHUS, EUCH EIRUS, EUGRAM- p. 102); and in the two great chronological works
MUS). It is not unreasonable to suppose, fur- of Clinton and Fischer (s. a. 676), the date is laid
ther, that the race of musicians, from which Ter- down as certain. ) The ancient authorities for this
pander was descended, preserved traditions and statement are Hellanicus (Athen. xiv. p. 635, f. ,
rules which they had originally derived from the Fr. 122, ed. Car. Müller, Frag. Hist. vol. i.
Pierian bards. The tradition which made him a in Didot's Bibliotheca), and Sosibius the Lacedae-
decendant of Hesiod (Suid. 8. v. ) furnishes inci- monian (Ath. l. C. , Fr. 3, ed. Müller, ibid. vol. ii.
dentally a certain gree of confirmation of these p. 625); of whom the former gives us only the
views. What Terpander himself effected for the fact, that Terpander was the first victor at the
art is thus described by Müller: Terpander Carneia, without the date ; and the latter gives
appears to have been properly the founder of Greek us only the date of the institution of the Carneia,
music. He first reduced to rule the different modes without mentioning the victory of Terpander: the
of singing which prevailed in different countries, combination of the two statements, on which the
and formed, out of these rude strains, a connected force of the chronological argument rests, is made
system, from which the Greek music never de by Athenaeus, whose only object, however, in
parted throughout all the improvements and refine-making it is to prove that Terpander was older
ments of later ages. Though endowed with an than Anacreon; and who, in the very same sen-
inventive mind, and the commencer of a new era tence, quotes the statement of Hieronymus (no
of music, he attempted no more than to systematize Poctis), that Terpander was contemporary with
the musical styles which existed in the tunes of Lycurgus. Mr. Grote says (p. 103, note), " That
Greece and Asia Minor. ” (Hist. of the Lit. of Anc. Terpander was victor at the Spartan festival of
Greece, vol. i. p. 149. )
the Karneia, in 676, B. C. , may well have been de-
His father's name is said to have been Derde- rived by Hellanikus from the Spartan registers ;"
neus (Murm. Par. Ep. 34), while another account and a similar meaning has been put upon the
inade him the son of Boeus, the son of Phoceus, phrase used by Athenaeus, ás 'Emnávixos iotopei,
the son of Homer. (Suid. s. v. ) There can be no έν τε τοις εμμέτρους Καρνεονίκαις, κάν τοϊς κατα-
doubt that he was a Lesbian, and that Antissa royádny; but, granting this supposition its full
was his native town. (Pind. ap. Ath. xiv. p. 635, force, Hellanicus does not say that Terpander
d. ; Marm. Par. I. c. ; Plut. de Mus. 30, p. 1141, was victor“ in 676, B. C. ;" but he does give us,
c. ; Clem. Alex. Strom. vol. i. p. 309; Steph. Byz. in another fragment, a date irreconcileable with
*. v. "Articoa; Suid. S. ev. Tepravôpos, Metà néo- this,
namely, that Terpander flourished in the time
βιον ωδόν. ) The other accounts, preserved by of Midas. (Clem. Alex. Strom. vol. i. p. 398,
Suidas (s. v. ), which made him a native either of Potter; Fr. 123, ed. Müller. l. c. ) The date 676,
Arne in Boeotia, or of Cyme in Aeolis, are easily B. C. , for the institution of the Carneia, therefore,
explained, and are connected with what bas been rests alone on the testimony of Sosibius, for it can
already said in an interesting manner. Both Ame hardly be doubted that the same date, as given by
and Cyme were among the Aeolian cities which Africanus (Euseb. Chron. pars i. Ol. 26. p. 141,
were said to have sent colonies to Lesbos, and both ed. Mai, vol. i. p. 285, ed. Aucher) was copied from
might therefore have claimed to reckon Terpander the xpóvwv åvaypaon of Sosibius. Still Sosibius
amor. g their citizens, on the general principle by
which the natives of Grecian colonies were re- * Der ältern Chronologie, not, as the English
garded as citizens of the parent state ; and, besides translator gives it, ancient chronology, as if Müller
this, the tradition connecting him with Arne, one meant the whole range of ancient chronology.


## p. 1004 (#1020) ##########################################

1004
TERPANDER.
TE
alone would undoubtedly be a very high authority ; note). These di
but, in addition to the caution which is required uncertainty attent
in dealing with indirect evidence, and in addition period, and the d
to the tesumonies which assign a different date to apparently definite
Terpander, it may be questioned whether the date case, the general
of Sosibius for the institution of the Curneia is to makes it far from
be understood literally, or whether it was not assigned is about
derived from some other epoch by a computation said, with any ap
which, on a different chronological system, would pander flourished
have given a different result. There can be little and 650, and tha
doubt that the records of Sparta, which Sosibius extended either a
may well have” followed were kept, not by probably, a little
Olympiads, but by the reigns of the kings, and Fortunately, w
that, in turning the dates of those early kings into specting the scene
Olympiads, Sosibius computed from the date which labours. From
he assumed for the Trojan War, namely B. c. 1180; stated by traditi
and that, if he had taken a different date for the Sparta, and there
Trojan War, c. g. that of B. c. 1217, he would, by music, and establ
the same computation, have placed the institution system (katártao
of the Carneia at Ol. 16, a date which would agree c Mus. 9, p. 113. 1.
well enough with that really given by Hellanicus. ing the migration
(See Car. Müller, Frag. Ilist. vol. ii. p. 626. ) On of his music on t
the whole, then, it seems probable that the date which they held h
of B. C. 676 is not quite so certain as it has been death, are collected
represented.
In order to exp
With respect to the other testimonies, that of ments introduced
Hellanicus, already referred to, is rendered some- sary to enter into
what indefinite by the, at least partly, mythological greater length tha:
character of Midas ; but, if the date has any this article, or the
historical value at all, it would place Terpander at of the subject wil
least as high as Ol. 20, B. c. 700, the date of the Antiquities, art. M/
death of Midas, according to Eusebius, confirmed Literature of Anc
by Herodotus (i. 14), who makes Midas a little (de Metr. Pind. ii
older than Gyges. To the same effect is the testi- state that Terpand
mony of the Lydian historian Xanthus, who lived lyre from a tetra
before Hellanicus, and who placed Terpander at peculiar manner.
Ol. 18, B. C. 708 (Clem. Alex. Strom. vol. i. p. 398, which were so tu
Potter). Glaucus of Rhegium also, who lived not to one another th
long after Hellanicus, stated that Terpander was dià teooápwv, the
older than Archilochus, and that he came next after notes were such,
those who first composed aulodic music, meaning genus of music, na
perhaps Olympus and Clonas ; and Plutarch, who vailing mode, the
quotes this statement (ie Mus. iv. p. 1132, e. ) (ascending) semit
introduces it with the remark, kad tois xpóvois de
o odpa malaiós érti, and presently afterwards (5,
p. 1133, a) he adds, as a general historical tradition
(Tapasidotai) that Archilochus flourished after
Terpander and Clonas. Mr. Grote accepts these
testimonies ; but draws from them the inference,
that Archilochus should be placed lower than he To this tetrachor
usually is, about B. C. 670 instead of 700. The lowest note of w
statement of Hieronymus (Ath. l. c.