The place was said to have derived its
name from an Amazon so called, who, having con-
quered Ephesus, had in the first instance transmitted
her appellation to that city.
name from an Amazon so called, who, having con-
quered Ephesus, had in the first instance transmitted
her appellation to that city.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
The ruins
of Sipontum are said to exist about two miles to the
west of Manfredonin, the foundation of which led to
the final desertion of Sipontum by its inhabitants, as
they were transferred by King Manfred to this modern
town, which is known to have risen under his au-
spices. {Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 279. )
Sir-vi. es, I. a mountain in Lvdia, rising to the
south of Magnesia, and separated by a small valley
from the chain of Tinolus to the southeast, and by
another from Mount Mastinsia to the south. Sipylus
is celebrated in Grecian mythology as the residence
of Tantalus and Niobe, and the cradle of Pelops.
These princes, though more commonly referred to by
classical writers as belonging to Phrygia, must, in re-
ality, have reigned in Lydia if they occupied Sipvlus;
not the mountain merely, but a city of the same name,
situate on its slope. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1,
p. 437. ) "I. was growing dark," observes Mr.
Arundel. , 'or we might have seen, as the traveller by
daylight may, the abrupt termination of Mount Sipy-
lus at a considerable distance on the left, behind which
lies the town of Magnesia. " It is described by Chis-
huli as i stupendous precipice, consisting of a naked
mass of stone, and rising perpendicularly almost a fur-
long high It was here, too, that Chishull saw "a
certain cliff of the rock, representing an exact niche
and statue, with the due shape and proportion of a hu-
man body. " (ArundeU's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 18. )
The rock just mentioned as the termination of Sipy-
\us, and also the rock of the Acropolis behind the
town of Magnesia, have been supposed to contain
some magnetic iron; and the magnet is said to have
taken its name from this locality. Mr. Arundell and
some friends made experiments in this quarter, to test,
as far as it could be done, the truth of the story, and
found clear indications of considerable magnetic in-
fluence. (ArundeU's Asia Minor, I. c, in not. )--II.
A city of Lvdia, situate on the slope of Mount Sipy-
lus. According to traditions preserved in the country,
it was swallowed up at an early period by an earth-
quake, and was plunged into a crater afterward filled
by a lake. The existence of this lake, named Sale or
Sake, is attested hy Pausanias, who reports, that for
some time the ruins of the town, which he calls Idea,
if the word bo not corrupt, could be seen at tho bot-
tom. (Pausan , 7, 2i. --SiebcHs, ad loc. --Cramer's
? ? Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 437. )
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? SIS
SIR
he was well acquainted with its beauties. In the pas-
sage of Atheneus where Archi'. ochus is cited, Alhe-
nxus represents the inhabitants of Siris as rivalling in
all respects the luxury and affluence of the Sybarites.
Siris and Sybaris had reached, about 500 B. C. , the
summit of their prosperity and opulence. Shortly af-
terward, according to Justin (30, 2), the former of the
two was almost destroyed in a war with Metapontum
and Sybaris. When the Tarentines settled at Hera-
clca they removed all tho Sirites to the new town, of
which Siris became the harbour. (Diod, Sic, 12, 36.
--Strabo, 203. ) No vestiges of this ancient colony
are now apparent; but it stood probably on the left
bank, and at the mouth of the Sinno. [Cramer's Anc.
Italy, vol. 2, p. 353. )
Sirius CSelptoc), a name given to the dog-star.
Homer, though he mentions the dog-star twice, docs
not employ the term. Hesiod, however, uses the ap-
pellation on several occasions (Op. el D. , 417, 587,
619. -- Scut. Here. , 397. ) But then, in the first of
these passages, he means by Sirius the sun. Nor is
this the only instance of such a utage. In Hesychius,
for example, wo have, Eripioc, 6 fjXioc, koi 6 roi kv-
viic aoTTjp, " Sinus, the sun, and also the dog-star. "
He then goes on to remark, Zo$ok/. ! jc rbv aorpuov
Kii-a- 6 de 'hpx&ox0? T0V fawv, 'IdvKOc 61 irdira ra
aorpa, "Sophocles calls the dog-star so; Archilochus
the sun; Ibycus, however,all the stars. " Eratosthenes,
moreover (c. 33), observes: "Such stars (as Sirius) as-
tronomers call ietpiovc (Sirios) dm ttjv rrjc fooybe
aivnaiv, "on account of the tremulous motion of their
light. " It would seem, therefore, that oeiptoc was
originally an appellative, in an adjective form, em-
ployed to indicate any bright and sparkling star; but
which originally became a proper name for the bright-
est of the fixed stars. The verb otiptaeiv, formed
from this, is, according to Proclus. a svnonyme of
? . 6fiKeiv, "to shine," "to be bright" (Idelcr, Slern-
Hamen, p. 239, seqq)
Sikiiio, a peninsula on the shores of tho Lacus
Benacus (Logo di Garda), now Sirmione, and the fa-
vourite residence, in former days, of tho poet Catullus.
(Catull. , 31. )
Sirhium, an important city of Pannonia Inferior,
on the northern side of the Saavus or Save, between
Ulmi and Bassiana. Under the Roman sway it waa
the metropolis of Pannonia. The Emperor Probus
was born here. The ruins of Sirmium may be seen at
the presenf day near the town of Milrowitz. (Plin. ,
3, 25. -- Zosim. , 2, 13 -- Herodian, 7, 2. -- Amm.
Marc, 21, 10. )
Sisapo, a town, or, rather, village of Hispania, in the
northern part of Bastica, supposed to answer to Alma-
den, on the southwestern limits of La Mancha. The
territory around this place not only yielded silver,
but excellent cinnabar; and even at the present day
large quantities of quicksilver are still obtained from
the mines at Almade. n. The Sisapone of Ptolemy
(probably the same with the Cissalone of Antoninus)
waa a different place, and lay more to the north-vest
of the former, among the Oretani. (Manner! , Q:?
ogr. , vol. I, p. 316 --Ulcert, vol. 2, p. 378. )
Sisenna, L , a Roman historian, the friend of Pom-
ponius Atticus. He wrote a history, from the taking
? f Rome by the Gauls down to the wars of Sylla, of
which some fragments are quoted in different authors.
He was considered superior to all the Roman histo-
? ? rians that had preceded him, and hence Varro entitled
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? SM A
Tril. , p. 55(1. ) It the legendary history, however, we
rind him placed at Corinth, and apparently the repre-
sentative of the trading spirit of that city. He is, as
we have already said, a son of . Eolus, probably on
account of his name (Ajo/lor, " cunning"); or it may
be that the crafty trader is the son of the Windman,
as the wind enables him to import and export his mer-
er andise. He is married to a daughter of the symbol
of navigation, Atlas, and her name would seem to in-
di :ate that he is engaged with men in the active busi-
ness of life (Mf'/ioTrif, mortals, from /ii'ipoc-, death;
enp being a mere adjectival ending). His children are
Glaucus, a name of the sea-god; Ornytion (Quick-
mnter); Theraandraa( Worm-man); and Halmus(Sea-
man), who apparently denote the fervour and bustle
of commerce. (Keightlcy's Mythology, p. 399, seqq.
-- Wclckcr, Till. , p. 550, seqq. -- Vblcker, Myth, der
lap. , p. 118, not. )--II. A dwarf of M. Antony. He
was of very small stature, under two feet, but extreme-
ly shrewd and acute, whence be obtained the name
of Sisyphus, in allusion to the cunning and dexterous
chieftain of fabulous times. (Horal. , Sat. , 1, 3, 47. --
Compare Hcindorf, ad lot. )
Sithoma, the central one of the three promonto-
ries which lie at the southern extremity of Chalcidice
in Macedonia. As Chalcidice was originally a part
of Thrace, the term Sithonia is often applied by the
poets to the latter country; hence the epithet Silhonis.
--The Sithonians are mentioned by more than one
writer as a people of Thrace. (Lycophr. , 1408, el
Sckoi, ad toe. ) Elsewhere the same poet alludes ob-
scurely to a people of Italy descended from the Sitho-
nian giants (v. 1354).
Sitonks, a German tribe in Scandinavia (7'actru*,
Germ. , 54), separated by the range of Mount Sevo
from the Suioncs. Rcichard places them on the
southern side of Lake Malar, where the old city of
Si-turn oi Sig-tuna once lay. (Hischoff und Miller,
Wbrlcrb. der Geogr. , p. 923. )
Sirrius, P. , a Roman knight, a native of Nuceria,
and hence called Nucerinus by Sallust (Cat. , 21).
Having been prosecuted a short time before the dis-
covery of Catiline's conspiracy, he fled from a trial,
and, being accompanied by a body of followers, betook
himself to Africa, where he afterward proved of ser-
vice to Julius Caesar, against Scipio and Juba, and
received the city of Cirta as his reward. (Appian,
Belt. Civ, 4, 55. --Vid. Cirta. )
Si. avi, an ancient and powerful tribe in Sarmatia,
stretching from the Dniester to the Tana'is, and called
also by the name of Antes. Having united with the
Venedi, they moved onward towards Germany and the
Danube, and became engaged in war with the Franks
that dwelt north of the Rhine. In the reign of Jus-
tinian they crossed the Danube, invaded Daltnatia,
and Anally settled in the surrounding territories, espe-
cially in what is now called Slavonia. As belonging
to them were reckoned the Bohemani or Bohemi (Bo-
hemians) \ the Maharenses; the Sorahi, between the
Elbe and Saale; the Silesii, Poloni, Cassubii, Rugii,
cVc. They did not all live under one common rule,
but in separate communities. They are represented
as large, strong, and warlike, but very deficient in per-
nonal cleanliness. Among the descendants of the
Slavonic race may be enumerated the Russians. Poles,
Bohemians. Moravians, Carinthians, cVc. (Consult
Hclmond, Chron. Slavorum. --Karamsin, Histoire de
I'Empire de Rustic, trad, par St. Thomas, Paris,
? ? 1819-26-- Foreign Quarterly, vol. 3, p. lt>2,scqq. )
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? SM y
fice, or the Chrysa here menlicned, were thtje to
wind. Homer has nlhulcd. in the commencement of the
'. list bouk of the Iliad, as the abode of Chryses, the
priest of Apollo. He places these more to the south,
and on the Adramyttian Gulf. (Strab. , 1. c. )--The
best explanation, however, of the whole fable appears
to be that which makes the rat to have been in Egypt
? type of primitive night. Hence this animal, placed
ti the feet of Apollo's statue, indicated the victory of
day over night; and at a later period it was regarded
u an emblem of the prophetic power of the god, which
read the events of the future, notwithstanding the dark-
ness that enveloped them. (Constant, De la Reli-
gion, vol 2, p. 394, IB notit. )
SMYRNA, a celebrated city of Asia Minor, on the
coast of Ionia, and at the head of a bay to which it
gave name.
The place was said to have derived its
name from an Amazon so called, who, having con-
quered Ephesus, had in the first instance transmitted
her appellation to that city. The Ephesians afterward
founded the town, to which it has ever since been ap-
propriated; and Strabo, who dwe|ls at length on this
point, cites several poets to prove that the name of
Smyrna was once applied specifically to a spot near
Ephesus, and afterward generally to the whole of its
precincts. The same writer affirms that the Ephe-
sian colonists were afterward expelled from Smyrna
by the jEolians; but, being aided by the Colophonians,
who had received them into their city, they once more
returned to Smyrna and retook it. (Slrabo, 634. )
Herodotus differs from Strabo in sonic particulars:
he states that Smyrna originally belonged to the J-Jih-
tns, who received into the city some Colophonian ex-
iles. These afterward basely requited the hospitality
of the inhabitants by shutting the gates upon them
while they were without the walls celebrating a festi-
val, and so made themselves masters of the place.
(1'ausan. , 6, 8. ) They were besieged by the toll-
ing, but to no purpose; and at last it was agreed that
they should remain in possession of the place upon
delivering up to the former inhabitants their private
property. (Herod. , 1, 149. ) Smyrna after this ceased
to be an ^Eolian city, and became a member of the
Ionian confederacy. It was subsequently taken and
destroyed by Alyattes, king of Lydia, and the inhabi-
tant* were scattered among the adjacent villages.
(Herod. , 1, 16. -- Scylax, p. 37) They lived thus
for the space of four hundred years, and the city re-
mained during all thu time deserted and in ruins,
until Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals, charmed
? ? >;i, the situation, founded, about twenty stadia from
:he site of the old, a new city called Smyrna, on the
southern shore of the gulf. Lysimachus completed
what Antigonus had begun, and the new city became
one of the most beautiful in Lower Asia. (Slrabo,
646. ) Another account makes Alexander the founder
of this city, and Pliny and Pausanias both adopt this
opinion; but it is contradicted by the simple fact that
Alexander, in his expedition against Darius, never
came to this spot, but passed on rapidly from Sardis to
Ephesus. (Pliny, 5, 29. --1'ausa. n. , 7, 5. )--Smyrna
was one of the many places that laid claim to being
the birthplace of Homer, and it enjoyed, perhaps, the
best title of all to this distinguished honour. In com-
memoration of the bard, a beautiful square structure
was erected, called Homcrion, in which his statue was
placed. This same name was given to a brass coin,
? truck at Smyrna in commemoration of the same
? ? event. (Strabo, 1. c. -- Cic. , pro Arch. , c. 8. ) The
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? SOCRATES
SOCRATES.
met the hardihood with whicn he endured fatigue.
During the severity of a Thracian winter, while others
were clad in furs, he wore only j:s usual clothing, and
walked barefoot upon the ice. 11 an engagement, in
which he saw Alcibiades, whom he accompanied du-
ring this expedition, falling Jown wounded, he ad-
vanced to defend him, and saved both him and his
arms, and then, v>>un the utmost generosity, entreated
the judges to give the prize of valour, although justly
his own due, to the young Alcibiades. Several years
t/terward, Socrates voluntarily entered upon a military
expedition against the Boeotians, during which, in an un-
successful engagement at Dclium, he retired with great
coolness from the field; when, observing Xenophon
lying wounded on the ground, he took him upon his
shoulders, and bore him out of the reach of the enemy.
Soon afterward he went out a third time, in a military
capacity, in the expedition for the purpose of reducing
Amphipolis; but this proving unsuccessful, he return-
ed to Athens, and remained there until his death. It
was not until Socrates was upward of sixty years of
age that he undertook to servo his country in any
civil office. At that age he was chosen to represent
his own dis'. nct in the senate of five hundred. In this
office, though he at first exposed himself to some de-
gree of ridicule from want of experience in the forms
of business, he soon convinced his colleagues that he
was superior to them all in wisdom and integrity.
While they, intimidated by the clamours of the popu-
lace, were willing to put to the vote the illegal propo-
sition relative to the Athenian commanders who had
conquered at the Arginuss, Socrates, as presiding of-
ficer for the day, remained unshaken, and declared
that he would only act as the law permitted to be done.
Under the subsequent tyranny he never ceased to
condemn the oppressive and cruel proceedings of ihe
thirty tyrants; and when his boldness provoked their
resentment, so that his life was in danger, fearing
neither treachery nor violence, he still continued to
support, with undaunted firmness, the rights of his
fellow-citizens. The tyrants, that they might create
some new ground of complaint against Socrates, sent
an order to him to apprehend, along with several oth-
ers, a wealthy citizen of Salamis: the rest executed
the commission; but Socrates refused, saying that he
v. 1 v. ' i Mine. ' Ir'mself suffer death than be instrument-
al in inflicting it unjustly upon another. Observing
with regret how much the opinions of the Athenian
youth were misled, and their principles and taste cor-
rupted by so-called philosophers, who spent all their
time in refined speculations upon nature and the or gin
of things; and by mischievous sophists, who taugh: in
their schools the arts of false eloquence and deceKul
reasoning, Socrates formed the wise and generous de-
sign of instituting a new and more useful method of
Instruction. He therefore assumed the character of a
moral philosopher: and, looking upon the whole city of
Athens as his school, and all who were disposed to
lend their attention as his pupils, he seized every oc-
casion of communicating moral wisdom to his fellow-
citizens. He passed his lime chiefly in public. It was
his custom in the morning to visit the places of public re-
sort, and those set apart for gymnastic exercises; at
noon to appear among the crowds in the market-place or
courts of law; and to spend the rest of the day in those
parts of the city where he would be likely to meet with
the lai gest number of persons. The method of instruc-
? ? tion which Socrates chiefly made use of was to pro-
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? . SOCRATES
SOCRATES.
ihei possible nor very desirable to arrive at an; certain
conclusion: that he was only careful to exclude from
his notion of the gods all attributes which were incon-
sistent with the moral qualities of the Supreme Being;
and that, with this restriction, he considered the popu-
lar mythology as so harmless that its language and
rites might be innocently adopted. --The motives which
induced Aristophanes to bring Socrates on the stage
in preference to any other of the sophistical teachers,
ire much more obvious than the causes through which
lie was led to confound them together. Socrates, from
the time that he abandoned his hereditary art, became
one of the most conspicuous and notorious persons in
Athens. There was, perhaps, hardly a mechanic who
had not, at some time or other, been puzzled or divert-
ed by his questions. (Mem. , 1, 2,37. ) His features
were so formed by nature, as to serve, with scarcely
any exaggeration, fcr a highly laughable mask. His
usual mien and gait were no bss remarkably adapted
to the comic stage. He was subject to (its of ab-
sence, which seem now and then to have involved him
in ludicrous mistakes and disasters. Altogether, his ex-
terior was such as might of itself have tempted an-
other poet to find a place for him in a comedy. It
would be wrong, however, to suppose, as some have
done, that the holding up of Socrates to ridicule in the
comedy of the "Clouds" was the prelude, and, in
fact, the true cause of his condemnation and death.
In the first place, twenty-four years intervened be-
tween the first representation of the "Clouds" and
the trial of the philosopher; and, besides, Aristopha-
nes was not the only comic poet who traduced him
and his disciples on the stage. Eupolis, for example,
had charged him with a sleight of hand like that de-
scribed in the " Clouds" (Schol. ad Nub. , 180), and
bad also introduced Chsrephon, in his Ko? mki-c, as a
tarasite of Callias. (Schol. , Plat. , Bckker, p. 331. )
lie time, in fact, in which Socrates was brought to
trial, was one in which great zeal was professed, and
some was undoubtedly felt, for the revival of the an-
cient institutions, civil and religious, under which
Athens had attained to her past greatness; and it was
to be expected that all who traced the public calami-
lies to the neglect of the old laws and usages should
consider Socrates as a dangerous person. But there
were also specious reasons, which will presently he
mentioned, for connecting him more immediately with
the tyranny under which the city had lately groaned.
His accusers, however, were neither common syco-
phants, nor do they appear to havs been impelled by
purely patriotic motives. This, however, is a point
which must always remain involved in great uncer-
tainty. Anytus, who seems to have taken the lead in
the prosecution, and probably set it on foot, is said to
have been a tanner, and to have acquired great wealth
by his trade (Schol. , Plat. , Apol. Socr. , p. 331, Bck-
ker); but he was also a man of great political activ-
ity and influence, for the Thirty thought him consider-
able enough to include him in the same decree of ban-
ishment with Thrasybulus and Alcibiades (Xen. , Hist.
Gr. , 2, 3, 42), and he held the rank of general in the
army at Phyle. (Lysias, Agorat. , p. 137. ) With
him were associated two persons much inferior to him
in reputation and popularity: a tragic poet named
Melitus or Meletus, in whose name the indictment
was brought, and who, if we may judge of him from
the manner in which he is mentioned by Aristopha-
? ? nes, was not very celebrated or successful in his art.
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? 81 ORATES.
SOI.
<uct during tho Anarchy, must have been accounted
one of the party of the city, since he remained there
throughout the whole period, and that the prosecutors
were probably able to give evidence of many express-
ions apparently unfavourable to democracy, which had
fallen from him in his manifold conversations, we can-
not be surprised that the verdict was against him, but
rather, as he himself professed to be, that the votes of
the judges were almost equally divided. It appears,
indeed, most likely, that if his defence had been con-
ducted in the usual manner, he would hare been ac-
quitted; and that, even after the conviction, he would
not have been condemned to death if he had not pro-
voked the anger of the court by a deportment which
must have been interpreted as a sign of profound con-
tempt or of insolent defiance. When the verdict had
been given, the prisoner was entitled to speak in miti-
gation of the penalty proposed by the prosecutor, and
to assign another for the court to decide upon. Soc-
rates is represented as not only disdaining to depre-
cate its severity by such appeals as were usually made
in the Athenian tribunals to the feelings of the jurors,
but as demanding a reward and honour instead of the
punishment of a malefactor; and he was at last only
induced by the persuasions and offers of his friends to
name a trilling pecuniary mulct. The execution of his
sentence was delayed by the departure of the Theoris,
the sacred vessel which carried the yearly offerings of
the Athenians to Delos. From the moment that the
priest of Apollo had crowned its stern with laurel
until its return, the law required that the city should
be kept pure from all pollution, and, therefore, that no
c ::. 'mi>>i should be put to death. The opening cere-
n< . /. <? 'lad taken place on the day before the trial of
Socrates, and thirty days elapsed before the Theoris
again sailed into the Piraeus. During this interval
some of his wealthy friends pressed him to take ad-
vantage of the means of escape which rlii-v could ea-
tily have procured for him. But he refused to prolong
a life which was so near to its natural close--for he
was little less than seventy years old--by a breach of
lie laws, which he had never violated, and in defence
of which he had before braved death; and his attach-
ment to Athens was so strong that life had no charms
for him in a foreign land. His imprisonment was
cheered by the society of his friends, and was probably
spent chiefly in conversation of a more than usually
elevated strain. When the summon* came, he drank
the fatal cup of hemlock in the midst of his weeping
friends, with as much composure, and as little regret,
>> the last draught of a long and cheerful banquet.
The sorrow which the Athenians are said to have man-
ifested for his death, by signs of public mourning, and
by the punishments inflicted on his prosecutors, seems
not to be so well attested as the alarm it excited
among his most eminent disciples, who perhaps con-
sidered it as the signal of a general persecution, and
are said to have taken refuge at Megara and other cit-
ies. (Diog. Laert. , 2, 19, scqq. --Enfield, Hist. Phi-
lot. , vol. 4, p. 164, tenq. --Ritter, Hilt. Philos. , vol.
2, p. 1, 16, icqq. --ThirlwaWs Greece, vol. 4, p. 265,
seqq. )--II. Surnamed Srholasticus, an ecclesiastical
historian, who flourished about the middle of the fifth
century. He . was a native of Constantinople, and a
pupil of the grammarians Ammonius and Helladius.
Socrates wrote an ecclesiastical history in seven books,
from 306 to 439 A. D. He at first took for his guide
? ? the work of Rufous; but having afterward perceived,
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? SOL
SOLON.
\a there was an agreeable plain below, Solon per-
uaded him to raise there a larger and more pleasant
ity, and to transfer thither the inhabitants of the other
-ie also assisted in laying out the whole, and building
t in the best manner for convenience and defence, so
. n:it Philocyprus shortly had it peopled in such a man-
. Ter as to excite the envy of the neighbouring princes:
ind, therefore, though the former city was called ,i? pia,
ret, in honour of Solon, he called the new one Soli.
Th:>> story, however, appears to want confirmation,
I! >>. ? more particularly, as Herodotus, who is fond of
relating such things, makes no mention of the matter.
It is more than probable that the anecdote owed its
origin to the accidental similarity between the name
of Solon and that of the city. Pococke found traces
of the ancient place, which still bore the name of So-
. ea. (vol. 2, p. 324). --The inhabitants of this city, as
well as those of Soloe in Cilicia, were charged with
? peaking very ungrammatical Greek, whence the term
solecism (SototKto/iOf), to demote any gross violation
jf the idiom of a language. (Suidai, s. r. ? 6X01. )--
'. I. A city of Cilicia Campestris, neur the mouih of
. he river Larnus. It was founded by an Argive col-
ony, strengthened by settlers from the city of Lindus
n Rhodes. By intermingling with the rude Cilicianc,
JH inhabitants so far corrupted their own dialect as
o give rise to the term Solecism (SoAoi/tiff^of), to
lenote any violation of the idiom of a language. (Vid.
Soloe I. ) It is doubtful whether the term in question
relongs properly to the city we are now considering,
>r the one in Cyprus; the greater number of authori-
. es appear to be in favour of the former. Soloe suf-
*red severely from Tigranes, king of Armenia, who
created the greater part of Syria, and also Cilicia,
rom the Seleucidae. He carried the inhabitants of
ne place to Tigranocerta, his Armenian capital, in
Jrder to introduce there European culture. Pompey,
herefore, found Soloe nearly desolate in his visit to
these parts during the war with the pirates, and estab-
ished here the remainder of the latter after they were
conquered.
of Sipontum are said to exist about two miles to the
west of Manfredonin, the foundation of which led to
the final desertion of Sipontum by its inhabitants, as
they were transferred by King Manfred to this modern
town, which is known to have risen under his au-
spices. {Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 279. )
Sir-vi. es, I. a mountain in Lvdia, rising to the
south of Magnesia, and separated by a small valley
from the chain of Tinolus to the southeast, and by
another from Mount Mastinsia to the south. Sipylus
is celebrated in Grecian mythology as the residence
of Tantalus and Niobe, and the cradle of Pelops.
These princes, though more commonly referred to by
classical writers as belonging to Phrygia, must, in re-
ality, have reigned in Lydia if they occupied Sipvlus;
not the mountain merely, but a city of the same name,
situate on its slope. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1,
p. 437. ) "I. was growing dark," observes Mr.
Arundel. , 'or we might have seen, as the traveller by
daylight may, the abrupt termination of Mount Sipy-
lus at a considerable distance on the left, behind which
lies the town of Magnesia. " It is described by Chis-
huli as i stupendous precipice, consisting of a naked
mass of stone, and rising perpendicularly almost a fur-
long high It was here, too, that Chishull saw "a
certain cliff of the rock, representing an exact niche
and statue, with the due shape and proportion of a hu-
man body. " (ArundeU's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 18. )
The rock just mentioned as the termination of Sipy-
\us, and also the rock of the Acropolis behind the
town of Magnesia, have been supposed to contain
some magnetic iron; and the magnet is said to have
taken its name from this locality. Mr. Arundell and
some friends made experiments in this quarter, to test,
as far as it could be done, the truth of the story, and
found clear indications of considerable magnetic in-
fluence. (ArundeU's Asia Minor, I. c, in not. )--II.
A city of Lvdia, situate on the slope of Mount Sipy-
lus. According to traditions preserved in the country,
it was swallowed up at an early period by an earth-
quake, and was plunged into a crater afterward filled
by a lake. The existence of this lake, named Sale or
Sake, is attested hy Pausanias, who reports, that for
some time the ruins of the town, which he calls Idea,
if the word bo not corrupt, could be seen at tho bot-
tom. (Pausan , 7, 2i. --SiebcHs, ad loc. --Cramer's
? ? Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 437. )
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? SIS
SIR
he was well acquainted with its beauties. In the pas-
sage of Atheneus where Archi'. ochus is cited, Alhe-
nxus represents the inhabitants of Siris as rivalling in
all respects the luxury and affluence of the Sybarites.
Siris and Sybaris had reached, about 500 B. C. , the
summit of their prosperity and opulence. Shortly af-
terward, according to Justin (30, 2), the former of the
two was almost destroyed in a war with Metapontum
and Sybaris. When the Tarentines settled at Hera-
clca they removed all tho Sirites to the new town, of
which Siris became the harbour. (Diod, Sic, 12, 36.
--Strabo, 203. ) No vestiges of this ancient colony
are now apparent; but it stood probably on the left
bank, and at the mouth of the Sinno. [Cramer's Anc.
Italy, vol. 2, p. 353. )
Sirius CSelptoc), a name given to the dog-star.
Homer, though he mentions the dog-star twice, docs
not employ the term. Hesiod, however, uses the ap-
pellation on several occasions (Op. el D. , 417, 587,
619. -- Scut. Here. , 397. ) But then, in the first of
these passages, he means by Sirius the sun. Nor is
this the only instance of such a utage. In Hesychius,
for example, wo have, Eripioc, 6 fjXioc, koi 6 roi kv-
viic aoTTjp, " Sinus, the sun, and also the dog-star. "
He then goes on to remark, Zo$ok/. ! jc rbv aorpuov
Kii-a- 6 de 'hpx&ox0? T0V fawv, 'IdvKOc 61 irdira ra
aorpa, "Sophocles calls the dog-star so; Archilochus
the sun; Ibycus, however,all the stars. " Eratosthenes,
moreover (c. 33), observes: "Such stars (as Sirius) as-
tronomers call ietpiovc (Sirios) dm ttjv rrjc fooybe
aivnaiv, "on account of the tremulous motion of their
light. " It would seem, therefore, that oeiptoc was
originally an appellative, in an adjective form, em-
ployed to indicate any bright and sparkling star; but
which originally became a proper name for the bright-
est of the fixed stars. The verb otiptaeiv, formed
from this, is, according to Proclus. a svnonyme of
? . 6fiKeiv, "to shine," "to be bright" (Idelcr, Slern-
Hamen, p. 239, seqq)
Sikiiio, a peninsula on the shores of tho Lacus
Benacus (Logo di Garda), now Sirmione, and the fa-
vourite residence, in former days, of tho poet Catullus.
(Catull. , 31. )
Sirhium, an important city of Pannonia Inferior,
on the northern side of the Saavus or Save, between
Ulmi and Bassiana. Under the Roman sway it waa
the metropolis of Pannonia. The Emperor Probus
was born here. The ruins of Sirmium may be seen at
the presenf day near the town of Milrowitz. (Plin. ,
3, 25. -- Zosim. , 2, 13 -- Herodian, 7, 2. -- Amm.
Marc, 21, 10. )
Sisapo, a town, or, rather, village of Hispania, in the
northern part of Bastica, supposed to answer to Alma-
den, on the southwestern limits of La Mancha. The
territory around this place not only yielded silver,
but excellent cinnabar; and even at the present day
large quantities of quicksilver are still obtained from
the mines at Almade. n. The Sisapone of Ptolemy
(probably the same with the Cissalone of Antoninus)
waa a different place, and lay more to the north-vest
of the former, among the Oretani. (Manner! , Q:?
ogr. , vol. I, p. 316 --Ulcert, vol. 2, p. 378. )
Sisenna, L , a Roman historian, the friend of Pom-
ponius Atticus. He wrote a history, from the taking
? f Rome by the Gauls down to the wars of Sylla, of
which some fragments are quoted in different authors.
He was considered superior to all the Roman histo-
? ? rians that had preceded him, and hence Varro entitled
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? SM A
Tril. , p. 55(1. ) It the legendary history, however, we
rind him placed at Corinth, and apparently the repre-
sentative of the trading spirit of that city. He is, as
we have already said, a son of . Eolus, probably on
account of his name (Ajo/lor, " cunning"); or it may
be that the crafty trader is the son of the Windman,
as the wind enables him to import and export his mer-
er andise. He is married to a daughter of the symbol
of navigation, Atlas, and her name would seem to in-
di :ate that he is engaged with men in the active busi-
ness of life (Mf'/ioTrif, mortals, from /ii'ipoc-, death;
enp being a mere adjectival ending). His children are
Glaucus, a name of the sea-god; Ornytion (Quick-
mnter); Theraandraa( Worm-man); and Halmus(Sea-
man), who apparently denote the fervour and bustle
of commerce. (Keightlcy's Mythology, p. 399, seqq.
-- Wclckcr, Till. , p. 550, seqq. -- Vblcker, Myth, der
lap. , p. 118, not. )--II. A dwarf of M. Antony. He
was of very small stature, under two feet, but extreme-
ly shrewd and acute, whence be obtained the name
of Sisyphus, in allusion to the cunning and dexterous
chieftain of fabulous times. (Horal. , Sat. , 1, 3, 47. --
Compare Hcindorf, ad lot. )
Sithoma, the central one of the three promonto-
ries which lie at the southern extremity of Chalcidice
in Macedonia. As Chalcidice was originally a part
of Thrace, the term Sithonia is often applied by the
poets to the latter country; hence the epithet Silhonis.
--The Sithonians are mentioned by more than one
writer as a people of Thrace. (Lycophr. , 1408, el
Sckoi, ad toe. ) Elsewhere the same poet alludes ob-
scurely to a people of Italy descended from the Sitho-
nian giants (v. 1354).
Sitonks, a German tribe in Scandinavia (7'actru*,
Germ. , 54), separated by the range of Mount Sevo
from the Suioncs. Rcichard places them on the
southern side of Lake Malar, where the old city of
Si-turn oi Sig-tuna once lay. (Hischoff und Miller,
Wbrlcrb. der Geogr. , p. 923. )
Sirrius, P. , a Roman knight, a native of Nuceria,
and hence called Nucerinus by Sallust (Cat. , 21).
Having been prosecuted a short time before the dis-
covery of Catiline's conspiracy, he fled from a trial,
and, being accompanied by a body of followers, betook
himself to Africa, where he afterward proved of ser-
vice to Julius Caesar, against Scipio and Juba, and
received the city of Cirta as his reward. (Appian,
Belt. Civ, 4, 55. --Vid. Cirta. )
Si. avi, an ancient and powerful tribe in Sarmatia,
stretching from the Dniester to the Tana'is, and called
also by the name of Antes. Having united with the
Venedi, they moved onward towards Germany and the
Danube, and became engaged in war with the Franks
that dwelt north of the Rhine. In the reign of Jus-
tinian they crossed the Danube, invaded Daltnatia,
and Anally settled in the surrounding territories, espe-
cially in what is now called Slavonia. As belonging
to them were reckoned the Bohemani or Bohemi (Bo-
hemians) \ the Maharenses; the Sorahi, between the
Elbe and Saale; the Silesii, Poloni, Cassubii, Rugii,
cVc. They did not all live under one common rule,
but in separate communities. They are represented
as large, strong, and warlike, but very deficient in per-
nonal cleanliness. Among the descendants of the
Slavonic race may be enumerated the Russians. Poles,
Bohemians. Moravians, Carinthians, cVc. (Consult
Hclmond, Chron. Slavorum. --Karamsin, Histoire de
I'Empire de Rustic, trad, par St. Thomas, Paris,
? ? 1819-26-- Foreign Quarterly, vol. 3, p. lt>2,scqq. )
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? SM y
fice, or the Chrysa here menlicned, were thtje to
wind. Homer has nlhulcd. in the commencement of the
'. list bouk of the Iliad, as the abode of Chryses, the
priest of Apollo. He places these more to the south,
and on the Adramyttian Gulf. (Strab. , 1. c. )--The
best explanation, however, of the whole fable appears
to be that which makes the rat to have been in Egypt
? type of primitive night. Hence this animal, placed
ti the feet of Apollo's statue, indicated the victory of
day over night; and at a later period it was regarded
u an emblem of the prophetic power of the god, which
read the events of the future, notwithstanding the dark-
ness that enveloped them. (Constant, De la Reli-
gion, vol 2, p. 394, IB notit. )
SMYRNA, a celebrated city of Asia Minor, on the
coast of Ionia, and at the head of a bay to which it
gave name.
The place was said to have derived its
name from an Amazon so called, who, having con-
quered Ephesus, had in the first instance transmitted
her appellation to that city. The Ephesians afterward
founded the town, to which it has ever since been ap-
propriated; and Strabo, who dwe|ls at length on this
point, cites several poets to prove that the name of
Smyrna was once applied specifically to a spot near
Ephesus, and afterward generally to the whole of its
precincts. The same writer affirms that the Ephe-
sian colonists were afterward expelled from Smyrna
by the jEolians; but, being aided by the Colophonians,
who had received them into their city, they once more
returned to Smyrna and retook it. (Slrabo, 634. )
Herodotus differs from Strabo in sonic particulars:
he states that Smyrna originally belonged to the J-Jih-
tns, who received into the city some Colophonian ex-
iles. These afterward basely requited the hospitality
of the inhabitants by shutting the gates upon them
while they were without the walls celebrating a festi-
val, and so made themselves masters of the place.
(1'ausan. , 6, 8. ) They were besieged by the toll-
ing, but to no purpose; and at last it was agreed that
they should remain in possession of the place upon
delivering up to the former inhabitants their private
property. (Herod. , 1, 149. ) Smyrna after this ceased
to be an ^Eolian city, and became a member of the
Ionian confederacy. It was subsequently taken and
destroyed by Alyattes, king of Lydia, and the inhabi-
tant* were scattered among the adjacent villages.
(Herod. , 1, 16. -- Scylax, p. 37) They lived thus
for the space of four hundred years, and the city re-
mained during all thu time deserted and in ruins,
until Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals, charmed
? ? >;i, the situation, founded, about twenty stadia from
:he site of the old, a new city called Smyrna, on the
southern shore of the gulf. Lysimachus completed
what Antigonus had begun, and the new city became
one of the most beautiful in Lower Asia. (Slrabo,
646. ) Another account makes Alexander the founder
of this city, and Pliny and Pausanias both adopt this
opinion; but it is contradicted by the simple fact that
Alexander, in his expedition against Darius, never
came to this spot, but passed on rapidly from Sardis to
Ephesus. (Pliny, 5, 29. --1'ausa. n. , 7, 5. )--Smyrna
was one of the many places that laid claim to being
the birthplace of Homer, and it enjoyed, perhaps, the
best title of all to this distinguished honour. In com-
memoration of the bard, a beautiful square structure
was erected, called Homcrion, in which his statue was
placed. This same name was given to a brass coin,
? truck at Smyrna in commemoration of the same
? ? event. (Strabo, 1. c. -- Cic. , pro Arch. , c. 8. ) The
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? SOCRATES
SOCRATES.
met the hardihood with whicn he endured fatigue.
During the severity of a Thracian winter, while others
were clad in furs, he wore only j:s usual clothing, and
walked barefoot upon the ice. 11 an engagement, in
which he saw Alcibiades, whom he accompanied du-
ring this expedition, falling Jown wounded, he ad-
vanced to defend him, and saved both him and his
arms, and then, v>>un the utmost generosity, entreated
the judges to give the prize of valour, although justly
his own due, to the young Alcibiades. Several years
t/terward, Socrates voluntarily entered upon a military
expedition against the Boeotians, during which, in an un-
successful engagement at Dclium, he retired with great
coolness from the field; when, observing Xenophon
lying wounded on the ground, he took him upon his
shoulders, and bore him out of the reach of the enemy.
Soon afterward he went out a third time, in a military
capacity, in the expedition for the purpose of reducing
Amphipolis; but this proving unsuccessful, he return-
ed to Athens, and remained there until his death. It
was not until Socrates was upward of sixty years of
age that he undertook to servo his country in any
civil office. At that age he was chosen to represent
his own dis'. nct in the senate of five hundred. In this
office, though he at first exposed himself to some de-
gree of ridicule from want of experience in the forms
of business, he soon convinced his colleagues that he
was superior to them all in wisdom and integrity.
While they, intimidated by the clamours of the popu-
lace, were willing to put to the vote the illegal propo-
sition relative to the Athenian commanders who had
conquered at the Arginuss, Socrates, as presiding of-
ficer for the day, remained unshaken, and declared
that he would only act as the law permitted to be done.
Under the subsequent tyranny he never ceased to
condemn the oppressive and cruel proceedings of ihe
thirty tyrants; and when his boldness provoked their
resentment, so that his life was in danger, fearing
neither treachery nor violence, he still continued to
support, with undaunted firmness, the rights of his
fellow-citizens. The tyrants, that they might create
some new ground of complaint against Socrates, sent
an order to him to apprehend, along with several oth-
ers, a wealthy citizen of Salamis: the rest executed
the commission; but Socrates refused, saying that he
v. 1 v. ' i Mine. ' Ir'mself suffer death than be instrument-
al in inflicting it unjustly upon another. Observing
with regret how much the opinions of the Athenian
youth were misled, and their principles and taste cor-
rupted by so-called philosophers, who spent all their
time in refined speculations upon nature and the or gin
of things; and by mischievous sophists, who taugh: in
their schools the arts of false eloquence and deceKul
reasoning, Socrates formed the wise and generous de-
sign of instituting a new and more useful method of
Instruction. He therefore assumed the character of a
moral philosopher: and, looking upon the whole city of
Athens as his school, and all who were disposed to
lend their attention as his pupils, he seized every oc-
casion of communicating moral wisdom to his fellow-
citizens. He passed his lime chiefly in public. It was
his custom in the morning to visit the places of public re-
sort, and those set apart for gymnastic exercises; at
noon to appear among the crowds in the market-place or
courts of law; and to spend the rest of the day in those
parts of the city where he would be likely to meet with
the lai gest number of persons. The method of instruc-
? ? tion which Socrates chiefly made use of was to pro-
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? . SOCRATES
SOCRATES.
ihei possible nor very desirable to arrive at an; certain
conclusion: that he was only careful to exclude from
his notion of the gods all attributes which were incon-
sistent with the moral qualities of the Supreme Being;
and that, with this restriction, he considered the popu-
lar mythology as so harmless that its language and
rites might be innocently adopted. --The motives which
induced Aristophanes to bring Socrates on the stage
in preference to any other of the sophistical teachers,
ire much more obvious than the causes through which
lie was led to confound them together. Socrates, from
the time that he abandoned his hereditary art, became
one of the most conspicuous and notorious persons in
Athens. There was, perhaps, hardly a mechanic who
had not, at some time or other, been puzzled or divert-
ed by his questions. (Mem. , 1, 2,37. ) His features
were so formed by nature, as to serve, with scarcely
any exaggeration, fcr a highly laughable mask. His
usual mien and gait were no bss remarkably adapted
to the comic stage. He was subject to (its of ab-
sence, which seem now and then to have involved him
in ludicrous mistakes and disasters. Altogether, his ex-
terior was such as might of itself have tempted an-
other poet to find a place for him in a comedy. It
would be wrong, however, to suppose, as some have
done, that the holding up of Socrates to ridicule in the
comedy of the "Clouds" was the prelude, and, in
fact, the true cause of his condemnation and death.
In the first place, twenty-four years intervened be-
tween the first representation of the "Clouds" and
the trial of the philosopher; and, besides, Aristopha-
nes was not the only comic poet who traduced him
and his disciples on the stage. Eupolis, for example,
had charged him with a sleight of hand like that de-
scribed in the " Clouds" (Schol. ad Nub. , 180), and
bad also introduced Chsrephon, in his Ko? mki-c, as a
tarasite of Callias. (Schol. , Plat. , Bckker, p. 331. )
lie time, in fact, in which Socrates was brought to
trial, was one in which great zeal was professed, and
some was undoubtedly felt, for the revival of the an-
cient institutions, civil and religious, under which
Athens had attained to her past greatness; and it was
to be expected that all who traced the public calami-
lies to the neglect of the old laws and usages should
consider Socrates as a dangerous person. But there
were also specious reasons, which will presently he
mentioned, for connecting him more immediately with
the tyranny under which the city had lately groaned.
His accusers, however, were neither common syco-
phants, nor do they appear to havs been impelled by
purely patriotic motives. This, however, is a point
which must always remain involved in great uncer-
tainty. Anytus, who seems to have taken the lead in
the prosecution, and probably set it on foot, is said to
have been a tanner, and to have acquired great wealth
by his trade (Schol. , Plat. , Apol. Socr. , p. 331, Bck-
ker); but he was also a man of great political activ-
ity and influence, for the Thirty thought him consider-
able enough to include him in the same decree of ban-
ishment with Thrasybulus and Alcibiades (Xen. , Hist.
Gr. , 2, 3, 42), and he held the rank of general in the
army at Phyle. (Lysias, Agorat. , p. 137. ) With
him were associated two persons much inferior to him
in reputation and popularity: a tragic poet named
Melitus or Meletus, in whose name the indictment
was brought, and who, if we may judge of him from
the manner in which he is mentioned by Aristopha-
? ? nes, was not very celebrated or successful in his art.
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? 81 ORATES.
SOI.
<uct during tho Anarchy, must have been accounted
one of the party of the city, since he remained there
throughout the whole period, and that the prosecutors
were probably able to give evidence of many express-
ions apparently unfavourable to democracy, which had
fallen from him in his manifold conversations, we can-
not be surprised that the verdict was against him, but
rather, as he himself professed to be, that the votes of
the judges were almost equally divided. It appears,
indeed, most likely, that if his defence had been con-
ducted in the usual manner, he would hare been ac-
quitted; and that, even after the conviction, he would
not have been condemned to death if he had not pro-
voked the anger of the court by a deportment which
must have been interpreted as a sign of profound con-
tempt or of insolent defiance. When the verdict had
been given, the prisoner was entitled to speak in miti-
gation of the penalty proposed by the prosecutor, and
to assign another for the court to decide upon. Soc-
rates is represented as not only disdaining to depre-
cate its severity by such appeals as were usually made
in the Athenian tribunals to the feelings of the jurors,
but as demanding a reward and honour instead of the
punishment of a malefactor; and he was at last only
induced by the persuasions and offers of his friends to
name a trilling pecuniary mulct. The execution of his
sentence was delayed by the departure of the Theoris,
the sacred vessel which carried the yearly offerings of
the Athenians to Delos. From the moment that the
priest of Apollo had crowned its stern with laurel
until its return, the law required that the city should
be kept pure from all pollution, and, therefore, that no
c ::. 'mi>>i should be put to death. The opening cere-
n< . /. <? 'lad taken place on the day before the trial of
Socrates, and thirty days elapsed before the Theoris
again sailed into the Piraeus. During this interval
some of his wealthy friends pressed him to take ad-
vantage of the means of escape which rlii-v could ea-
tily have procured for him. But he refused to prolong
a life which was so near to its natural close--for he
was little less than seventy years old--by a breach of
lie laws, which he had never violated, and in defence
of which he had before braved death; and his attach-
ment to Athens was so strong that life had no charms
for him in a foreign land. His imprisonment was
cheered by the society of his friends, and was probably
spent chiefly in conversation of a more than usually
elevated strain. When the summon* came, he drank
the fatal cup of hemlock in the midst of his weeping
friends, with as much composure, and as little regret,
>> the last draught of a long and cheerful banquet.
The sorrow which the Athenians are said to have man-
ifested for his death, by signs of public mourning, and
by the punishments inflicted on his prosecutors, seems
not to be so well attested as the alarm it excited
among his most eminent disciples, who perhaps con-
sidered it as the signal of a general persecution, and
are said to have taken refuge at Megara and other cit-
ies. (Diog. Laert. , 2, 19, scqq. --Enfield, Hist. Phi-
lot. , vol. 4, p. 164, tenq. --Ritter, Hilt. Philos. , vol.
2, p. 1, 16, icqq. --ThirlwaWs Greece, vol. 4, p. 265,
seqq. )--II. Surnamed Srholasticus, an ecclesiastical
historian, who flourished about the middle of the fifth
century. He . was a native of Constantinople, and a
pupil of the grammarians Ammonius and Helladius.
Socrates wrote an ecclesiastical history in seven books,
from 306 to 439 A. D. He at first took for his guide
? ? the work of Rufous; but having afterward perceived,
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? SOL
SOLON.
\a there was an agreeable plain below, Solon per-
uaded him to raise there a larger and more pleasant
ity, and to transfer thither the inhabitants of the other
-ie also assisted in laying out the whole, and building
t in the best manner for convenience and defence, so
. n:it Philocyprus shortly had it peopled in such a man-
. Ter as to excite the envy of the neighbouring princes:
ind, therefore, though the former city was called ,i? pia,
ret, in honour of Solon, he called the new one Soli.
Th:>> story, however, appears to want confirmation,
I! >>. ? more particularly, as Herodotus, who is fond of
relating such things, makes no mention of the matter.
It is more than probable that the anecdote owed its
origin to the accidental similarity between the name
of Solon and that of the city. Pococke found traces
of the ancient place, which still bore the name of So-
. ea. (vol. 2, p. 324). --The inhabitants of this city, as
well as those of Soloe in Cilicia, were charged with
? peaking very ungrammatical Greek, whence the term
solecism (SototKto/iOf), to demote any gross violation
jf the idiom of a language. (Suidai, s. r. ? 6X01. )--
'. I. A city of Cilicia Campestris, neur the mouih of
. he river Larnus. It was founded by an Argive col-
ony, strengthened by settlers from the city of Lindus
n Rhodes. By intermingling with the rude Cilicianc,
JH inhabitants so far corrupted their own dialect as
o give rise to the term Solecism (SoAoi/tiff^of), to
lenote any violation of the idiom of a language. (Vid.
Soloe I. ) It is doubtful whether the term in question
relongs properly to the city we are now considering,
>r the one in Cyprus; the greater number of authori-
. es appear to be in favour of the former. Soloe suf-
*red severely from Tigranes, king of Armenia, who
created the greater part of Syria, and also Cilicia,
rom the Seleucidae. He carried the inhabitants of
ne place to Tigranocerta, his Armenian capital, in
Jrder to introduce there European culture. Pompey,
herefore, found Soloe nearly desolate in his visit to
these parts during the war with the pirates, and estab-
ished here the remainder of the latter after they were
conquered.
