No More Learning

Carpenter,
FROM THE SNORRA EDDA)
THOR'S ADVENTURES ON HIS JOU'R
CRNEY TO THE LAND OF THE GIANTS
From Northern Antiquities): Bohn's Library (London), 1878
OF
Ne day the god Thor set out, in his car drawn by two he-
goats, and accompanied by Loki, on a journey. Night
coming on, they put up at a peasant's cottage, when Thor
killed his goats, and after flaying them put them in the kettle.
When the flesh was sodden, he sat down with his fellow-traveler
to supper, and invited the peasant and his family to partake of


## p. 5124 (#296) ###########################################

5124
THE EDDAS
the repast.
The peasant's son was named Thjalfi, and his daugh-
ter Röska. Thor bade them throw all the bones into the goats'
skins, which were spread out near the fireplace; but young
Thjalfi broke one of the shank-bones with his knife, to come at
the marrow. Thor having passed the night in the cottage, rose
at the dawn of day; and when he was dressed took his mallet
Mjölnir, and lifting it up, consecrated the goats' skins, which he
had no sooner done than the two goats reassumed their wonted
form, only that one of them now limped in one of its hind legs.
Thor, perceiving this, said that the peasant or one of his family
had handled the shank-bone of this goat too roughly, for he saw
clearly that it was broken. It may readily be imagined how
frightened the peasant was, when he saw Thor knit his brows,
and grasp the handle of his mallet with such force that the joints
of his fingers became white from the exertion. Fearing to be
struck down by the very looks of the god, the peasant and his
family made joint suit for pardon, offering whatever they pos-
sessed as an atonement for the offense committed. Thor, seeing
their fear, desisted from his wrath and became more placable,
and finally contented himself by requiring the peasant's children,
Thjalfi and Röska, who became his bond-servants, and have fol-
lowed him ever since.
Leaving his goats with the peasant, Thor proceeded eastward
on the road to Jötunheim, until he came to the shores of a vast
and deep sea, which having passed over, he penetrated into a
strange country along with his companions, Loki, Thjalfi, and
Röska. They had not gone far before they saw before them an
immense forest, through which they wandered all day. Thjalfi
was of all men the swiftest of foot. He bore Thor's wallet, but
the forest was a bad place for finding anything eatable to stow
in it. When it became dark, they searched on all sides for a
place where they might pass the night, and at last came to a
very large hall, with an entrance that took up the whole breadth
of one of the ends of the building. Here they chose them a
place to sleep in; but towards midnight were alarmed by an
earthquake, which shook the whole edifice. Thor, rising up,
called on his companions to seek with him a place of safety. On
the right they found an adjoining chamber, into which they en-
tered; but while the others, trembling with fear, crept into the
furthest corner of this retreat, Thor remained at the doorway
with his mallet in his hand, prepared to defend himself whatever


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THE EDDAS
5125
a
might happen. A terrible groaning was heard during the night,
and at dawn of day Thor went out and observed lying near him
man of enormous bulk, who slept and snored pretty loudly.
Thor could now account for the noise they had heard over night,
and girding on his Belt of Prowess, increased that divine strength
which he now stood in need of. The giant, awakening, rose up,
and it is said that for once in his life Thor was afraid to make
use of his mallet, and contented himself by simply asking the
giant his name.
“My name is Skrymir," said the other; “but I need not ask
thy name, for I know thou art the god Thor. But what hast
thou done with my glove ? ” And stretching out his hand
Skrymir picked up his glove, which Thor then perceived was
what they had taken over night for a hall, the chamber where
they had sought refuge being the thumb. Skrymir then asked
whether they would have his fellowship, and Thor consenting,
the giant opened his wallet and began to eat his breakfast. Thor
and his companions having also taken their morning repast,
though in another place, Skrymir proposed that they should lay
their provisions together, which Thor also assented to. The
giant then put all the meat into one wallet, which he slung on
his back and went before them, taking tremendous strides, the
whole day, and at dusk sought out for them a place where they
might pass the night, under a large oak-tree. Skrymir then told
them that he would lie down to sleep. “But take ye the wal-
let,” he added, "and prepare your supper. "
Skrymir soon fell asleep, and began to snore strongly, but
incredible though it may appear, it must nevertheless be told
that when Thor came to open the wallet he could not untie a
single knot, nor render a single string looser than it was before.
Seeing that his labor was in vain, Thor became wroth, and
grasping his mallet with both hands while he advanced a step
forward, launched it at the giant's head. Skrymir, awakening,
merely asked whether a leaf had not fallen on his head, and
whether they had supped and were ready to go to sleep. Thor
answered that they were just going to sleep, and so saying, went
and laid himself down under another oak-tree. But sleep came
not that night to Thor, and when he remarked that Skrymir
snored again so loud that the forest re-echoed with the noise, he
arose, and grasping his mallet launched it with such force that
it sunk into the giant's skull up to the handle. Skrymir, awak-
ening, cried out:


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5126
THE EDDAS
What's the matter? did an acorn fall on my head ? How
fares it with thee, Thor? ”
But Thor went away hastily, saying that he had just then
awoke, and that as it was only midnight, there was still time for
sleep. He however resolved that if he had an opportunity of
striking a third blow, it should settle all matters between them.
A little before daybreak he perceived that Skrymir was again
fast asleep, and again grasping his mallet, dashed it with such
violence that it forced its way into the giant's cheek up to the
handle. But Skrymir sat up, and stroking his cheek, said: -
“Are there any birds perched on this tree? Methought when
I awoke some moss from the branches fell on my head. What!
art thou awake, Thor? Methinks it is time for us to get up and
dress ourselves; but you have not now a long way before you to
the city called Utgard. I have heard you whispering to one
another that I am not a man of small dimensions; but if you
come into Utgard you will see there many men much taller than
myself. Wherefore I advise you, when you come there, not to
make too much of yourselves, for the followers of Utgard-Loki
will not brook the boasting of such mannikins as ye are. The
best thing you could do would probably be to turn back again:
but if you persist in going on, take the road that leads east-
ward, for mine now lies northward to those rocks which you may
see in the distance. ”
Hereupon he threw his wallet over his shoulders and turned
away from them into the forest, and I could never hear that
Thor wished to meet with him a second time.
Thor and his companions proceeded on their way, and towards
noon descried a city standing in the middle of a plain. It was
so lofty that they were obliged to bend their necks quite back
on their shoulders, ere they could see to the top of it. On
arriving at the walls they found the gateway closed, with a gate
of bars strongly locked and bolted. Thor, after trying in vain
to open it, crept with his companions through the bars, and
thus succeeded in gaining admission into the city. Seeing a
large palace before them, with the door wide open, they went in
and found a number of men of prodigious stature sitting on
benches in the hall. Going further, they came before the King,
Utgard-Loki, whom they saluted with great respect. Their salu-
tations were however returned by a contemptuous look from the
King, who after regarding them for some time said with a
scornful smile:-
>>


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THE EDDAS
5127
“It is tedious to ask for tidings of a long journey, yet if I do
not mistake me, that stripling there must be Aku-Thor. Per-
haps,” he added, addressing himself to Thor, “thou mayest be
taller than thou appearest to be. But what are the feats that
thou and thy fellows deem yourselves skilled in? for no one is
permitted to remain here who does not in some feat or other
excel all men. ”
« The feat I know,” replied Loki, “is to eat quicker than any
one else; and in this I am ready to give a proof against any one
here who may choose to compete with me. ”
“That will indeed be a feat,” said Utgard-Loki, "if thou
performest what thou promisest; and it shall be tried forthwith. ”
He then ordered one of his men, who was sitting at the
further end of the bench, and whose name was Logi, to come
forward and try his skill with Loki. A trough filled with flesh-
meat having been set on the hall floor, Loki placed himself at
one end and Logi at the other, and each of them began to eat
as fast as he could, until they met in the middle of the trough.
But it was
soon found that Loki had only eaten the flesh,
whereas his adversary had devoured both flesh and bone, and the
trough to boot. All the company therefore adjudged that Loki
was vanquished.
Utgard-Loki then asked what feat the young man who ac-
companied Thor could perform. Thjalfi answered that he would
a race with any one who might be matched against him.
The King observed that skill in running was something to boast
of, but that if the youth would win the match he must display
great agility. He then arose and went with all who were pres-
ent to a plain where there was good ground for running on,
and calling a young man named Hugi, bade him run a match
with Thjalfi. In the first course, Hugi so much outstripped his
competitor that he turned back and met him, not far from the
starting-place.
“Thou must ply thy legs better, Thjalfi,” said Utgard-Loki,
“if thou wilt win the match; though I must needs say that there
never came a man here swifter of foot than thou art. ”
In the second course, Thjalfi was a full bow-shot from the
goal when Hugi arrived at it.
"Most bravely dost thou run, Thjalfi,” said Utgard-Loki,
though thou wilt not, methinks, win the match. But the third
course must decide. ”
run
(


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5128
THE EDDAS
They accordingly ran a third time, but Hugi had already
reached the goal before Thjalfi had got half-way. All who were
present then cried out that there had been a sufficient trial of
skill in this kind of exercise.
Utgard-Loki then asked Thor in what feats he would choose
to give proofs of that dexterity for which he was so famous.
Thor replied that he would begin a drinking match with any one.
Utgard-Loki consented, and entering the palace, bade his cup-
bearer bring the large horn which his followers were obliged to
drink out of, when they had trespassed in any way against estab-
lished usage.
The cup-bearer having presented it to Thor,
U'tgard-Loki said: -
“Whoever is a good drinker will empty that horn at a single
draught, though some men make two of it; but the most puny
drinker of all can do it at three. ”
Thor looked at the horn, which seemed of no extraordinary
size, though somewhat long; however, as he was very thirsty, he
set it to his lips, and without drawing breath, pulled as long and
as deeply as he could, that he might not be obliged to make a
second draught of it; but when he set the horn down and looked
in, he could scarcely perceive that the liquor was diminished.
« 'Tis well drunken,” exclaimed Utgard-Loki, “though nothing
much to boast of; and I would not have believed, had it been
told me, that Asa-Thor could not take a greater draught; but
thou no doubt meanest to make amends at the second pull. ”
Thor without answering went at it again with all his might;
but when he took the horn from his mouth it seemed to him as
if he had drunk rather less than before, although the horn could
now be carried without spilling.
«How now! Thor,” said Utgard-Loki: “Thou must not spare
thyself more, in performing a feat, than befits thy skill; but if
thou meanest to drain the horn at the third draught thou must
pull deeply; and I must needs say that thou wilt not be called so
mighty a man here as thou art among the Æsir, if thou showest
no greater powers in other feats than methinks will be shown in
this. "
Thor, full of wrath, again set the horn to his lips and exerted
himself to the utmost to empty it entirely; but on looking in,
found that the liquor was only a little lower; upon which he
resolved to make no further attempt, but gave back the horn to
the cup-bearer.


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THE EDDAS
5129
“ I now see plainly,” said l'tgard-Loki, “that thou art not quite
so stout as we thought thee; but wilt thou try any other feat ? —
though methinks thou art not likely to bear any prize away with
thee hence. ”
"I will try another feat,” replied Thor; “and I am sure such
draughts as I have been drinking would not have been reckoned
small among the Æsir; but what new trial hast thou to propose ? ”
“We have a very trifling game here," answered Utgard-Loki,
in which we exercise none but children. It consists in merely
lifting my cat from the ground; nor should I have dared to
mention such a feat to Asa-Thor, if I had not already observed
that thou art by no means what we took thee for. ”
As he finished speaking, a large gray cat sprang on the hall
floor. Thor, advancing, put his hand under the cat's belly, and
did his utmost to raise him from the floor; but the cat, bending
his back, had- notwithstanding all Thor's efforts - only one of
his feet lifted up; seeing which, Thor made no further attempt.
“This trial has turned out,” said Utgard-Loki, "just as I im-
agined it would; the cat is large, but Thor is little in compari-
son with our men. ”
"Little as ye call me," answered Thor, “let me
see who
amongst you will come hither, now I am in wrath, and wrestle
with me. ”
"I see no one here," said Utgard-Loki, looking at the men
sitting on the benches, “who would not think it beneath him to
wrestle with thee: let somebody, however, call hither that old
crone, my nurse Elli, and let Thor wrestle with her if he will.
She has thrown to the ground many a man not less strong and
mighty than this Thor is. ”
A toothless old woman then entered the hall, and was told by
Utgard-Loki to take hold of Thor. The tale is shortly told.
The more Thor tightened his hold on the crone the firmer she
stood. At length, after a very violent struggle, Thor began to
lose his footing, and was finally brought down upon one knee.
Utgard-Loki then told them to desist, adding that Thor had now
no occasion to ask any one else in the hall to wrestle with him,
and it was also getting late. He therefore showed Thor and his
companions to their seats, and they passed the night there in good
cheer.
The next morning, at break of day, Thor and his companions
dressed themselves and prepared for their departure. Utgard.


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5130
THE EDDAS
Loki then came and ordered a table to be set for them, on which
there was no lack of either victuals or drink. After the repast
Utgard-Loki led them to the gate of the city, and on parting
asked Thor how he thought his journey had turned out, and
whether he had met with any men stronger than himself. Thor
told him that he could not deny but that he had brought great
shame on himself. "And what grieves me most,” he added, is
that ye call me a man of little worth. ”
“Nay,” said Utgard-Loki, “it behoves me to tell thee the
truth, now thou art out of the city; which so long as I live and
have my way thou shalt never re-enter. And by my troth, had
I known beforehand that thou hadst so much strength in thee,
and wouldst have brought me so near to a great mishap, I would
not have suffered thee to enter this time. Know, then, that I
have all along deceived thee by my illusions: first in the forest,
where I arrived before thee, and there thou wert not able to
untie the wallet, because I had bound it with iron wire, in such
a manner that thou couldst not discover how the knot ought to
be loosened. After this, thou gavest me three blows with thy
mallet; the first, though the least, would have ended my days
had it fallen on me, but I brought a rocky mountain before me
which thou didst not perceive, and in this mountain thou wilt
find three glens, one of them remarkably deep. These are the
dints made by thy mallet. I have made use of similar illusions
in the contests ye have had with my followers. In the first,
Loki, like hunger itself, devoured all that was set before him;
but Logi was in reality nothing else than ardent fire, and there-
fore consumed not only the meat but the trough which held it.
Hugi, with whom Thjalfi contended in running, was Thought;
and it was impossible for Thjalfi to keep pace with that. When
thou in thy turn didst try to empty the horn, thou didst per-
form, by my troth, a deed so marvelous that had I not seen it
myself I should never have believed it. For one end of that
horn reached the sea, which thou wast not aware of, but when
thou comest to the shore thou wilt perceive how much the sea
has sunk by thy draughts, which have caused what is now called
the ebb. Thou didst perform a feat no less wonderful by lifting
up the cat; and to tell thee the truth, when we saw that one of
his paws was off the floor, we were all of us terror-stricken; for
what thou tookest for a cat was in reality the great Midgard
serpent that encompasseth the whole earth, and he was then


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THE EDDAS
5131
barely long enough to inclose it between his head and tail, so
high had thy hand raised him up towards heaven. Thy wres-
tling with Elli was also a most astonishing feat, for there was
never yet a man, nor ever shall be, whom Old Age — for such
in fact was Elli will not sooner or later lay low if he abide
her coming. But now, as we are going to part, let me tell thee
that it will be better for both of us if thou never come near me
again; for shouldst thou do so, I shall again defend myself by
other illusions, so that thou wilt never prevail against me. ”
On hearing these words, Thor in a rage laid hold of his
mallet and would have launched it at him; but Utgard-Loki had
disappeared, and when Thor would have returned to the city to
destroy it, he found nothing around him but a verdant plain.
Proceeding therefore on his way, he returned without stopping
to Thrúdváng.
Translation of I. A. Blackwell.
THE LAY OF THRYM
From the Elder Edda)
W*
ROTH was Vingthor,
when he awoke,
and his haminer
missed;
his beard he shook,
his forehead struck,
the son of earth
felt all around him;
« Hear now,
And first of all
these words he uttered:
Loki!
what I now say,
which no one knows
anywhere on earth,
nor in heaven above:
the As's hammer is stolen ! »
They went to the fair
Freyja's dwelling,
and he these words
first of all said:-


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5132
THE EDDAS
«Wilt thou me, Freyja,
thy feather-garment lend,
that perchance my hammer
I may find ? »
FREYJA
« That I would give thee,
although of gold it were,
and trust it to thee,
though it were of silver. )
Flew then Loki
the plumage rattled
until he came beyond
the Æsir's dwellings,
and came within
the Jötun's land.
On a mound sat Thrym,
the Thursar's lord;
for his greyhounds
plaiting gold bands,
and his horses'
manes smoothing.
THRYM
“How goes it with the Æsir ?
How goes it with the Alfar ?
Why art thou come alone
to Jötunheim ? ”
LOKI
"Ill it goes with the Æsir,
Ill it goes with the Alfar.
Hast thou Hlorridi's
hammer hidden ? >
THRYM
“I have Hlorridi's
hammer hidden
eight rasts
beneath the earth;
it shall no man


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THE EDDAS
5133
get again,
unless he bring me
Freyja to wife. ”
Flew then Loki
the plumage rattled —
until he came beyond
the Jötun's dwellings,
and came within
the Æsir's courts;
there he met Thor,
in the middle court,
who these words
first of all uttered: -
( Hast thou had success,
as well as labor ?
Tell me from the air
the long tidings.
Oft of him who sits
are the tales defective,
and he who lies down
utters falsehood. ”
LOKI
“I have had labor
and success :
Thrym has thy hammer,
the Thursar's lord.
It shall no man
get again.
unless he bring him
Freyja to wife. ”
They went the fair
Freyja to find;
and he those words
first of all said:
« Bind thee, Freyja,
in bridal raiment:
we two must drive
to Jötunheim. ”
Wroth then was Freyja,
and with anger chafed;
all in Æsir's hall


## p. 5134 (#306) ###########################################

51 34
THE EDDAS
beneath her trembled;
in shivers flew the famed
Brisinga necklace:
“Know me to be
of women lewdest,
if with thee I drive
to Jötunheim. ”
Straightway went the Æsir
all to council,
and the Asynjur
all to hold converse;
and deliberated
the mighty gods,
how they Hlorridi's
hammer might get back.
Then said Heimdall,
of Æsir brightest —
he well foresaw
like other Vanir –
« Let us clothe Thor
with bridal raiment,
let him have the famed
Brisinga necklace.
“Let by his side
keys jingle,
and woman's weeds
fall round his knees,
but on his breast
place precious stones,
and a neat coif
set on his head. ”
Then said Thor,
the mighty As:-
“Me the Æsir will
call womanish,
if I let myself be clad
in bridal raiment. ”
Then spake Loki,
Laufey's son:-
“Do thou, Thor! refrain
from such-like words;


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THE EDDAS
5135
forthwith the Jötuns will
Asgard inhabit,
unless thy hammer thou
gettest back. ”
Then they clad Thor
in bridal raiment,
and with the noble
Brisinga necklace;
let by his side
keys jingle,
and woman's weeds
fall round his knees;
and on his breast
placed precious stones,
and a neat coif
set on his head.
Then said Loki,
Laufey's son:-
I will with thee
as a servant go;
we two will drive
to Jötunheim. ”
Straightway were the goats
homeward driven,
hurried to the traces;
they had fast to run.
The rocks were shivered,
the earth was in a blaze;
Odin's son drove
to Jötunheim.
Then said Thrym,
the Thursar's lord: -
“Rise up, Jötuns!
and the benches deck,
now they bring me
Freyja to wife,
Njörd's daughter,
from Noatun.
“Hither to our court let bring
gold-horned cows,
all-black oxen,


## p. 5136 (#308) ###########################################

5136
THE EDDAS
for the Jötuns' joy.
Treasures I have many,
necklaces many;
Freyja alone
seemed to me wanting. ”
In the evening
they early came,
and for the Jötuns
beer was brought forth.
Thor alone an ox devoured,
salmons eight,
and all the sweetmeats
women should have.
Sif's consort drank
three salds of mead.
Then said Thrym,
the Thursar's prince:-
«Where hast thou seen brides
eat more voraciously ?
I never saw brides
feed more amply,
nor a maiden
drink more mead. »
Sat the all-crafty
serving-maid close by,
who words fitting found
against the Jötun's speech:-
“Freyja has nothing eaten
for eight nights,
so eager was she
for Jötunheim. ”
Under her veil he stooped,
desirous to salute her,
but sprang back
along the hall:-
«Why are so piercing
Freyja's looks?
Methinks that fire
burns from her eyes. ”
Sat the all-crafty
serving-maid close by,
who words fitting found


## p. 5137 (#309) ###########################################

THE EDDAS
5137
against the Jötun's speech :-
“Freyja for eight nights
has not slept,
So eager was she
for Jötunheim. ”
In came the Jötun's
luckless sister;
for a bride-gift
she dared to ask:
“Give me from thy hands
the ruddy rings,
if thou wouldst gain
my love,
my love
and favor all. ”
Then said Thrym,
the Thursar's lord:-
“Bring the hammer in,
the bride to consecrate;
lay Mjöllnir
on the maiden's knee;
unite us each with other
by the hand of Vör. ”
Laughed Hlorridi's
soul in his breast,
when the fierce-hearted
his hammer recognized.
He first slew Thrym,
the Thursar's lord,
and the Jötun's race
all crushed;
He slew the Jötun's
aged sister,
her who a bride-gift
had demanded;
she a blow got
instead of skillings,
a hammer's stroke
for many rings.
So got Odin's son
his hammer back.
Translation of Benjamin Thorpe in “The Edda of Sæmund the Learned)
IX-322


## p. 5138 (#310) ###########################################

5138
THE EDDAS
OF THE LAMENTATION OF GUDRUN OVER SIGURD DEAD
FIRST LAY OF GUDRUN
G
UDRUN of old days
Drew near to dying,
As she sat in sorrow
Over Sigurd ;
Yet she sighed not
Nor smote hand on hand,
Nor wailed she aught
As other women.
Then went earls to her,
Full of all wisdom,
Fain help to deal
To her dreadful heart:
Hushed was Gudrun
Of wail, or greeting,
But with heavy woe
Was her heart a-breaking.
Bright and fair
Sat the great earls' brides,
Gold-arrayed
Before Gudrun;
Each told the tale
Of her great trouble,
The bitterest bale
She erst abode.
Then spake Giaflaug,
Giuki's sister:-
"Lo, upon earth
I live most loveless,
Who of five mates
Must see the ending,
Of daughters twain
And three sisters,
Of brethren eight,
And abide behind lonely. "
Naught gat Gudrun
Of wail or greeting,
So heavy was she


## p. 5139 (#311) ###########################################

THE EDDAS
5139
For her dead husband;
So dreadful-hearted
For the King laid dead there.
Then spake Herborg,
Queen of Hunland:
« Crueler tale
Have I to tell of,
Of my seven sons
Down in the Southlands,
And the eighth man, my mate,
Felled in the death-mead.
“Father and mother,
And four brothers,
On the wide sea
The winds and death played with;
The billows beat
On the bulwark boards.
“Alone must I sing o'er them,
Alone must I array them,
Alone must my hands deal with
Their departing;
And all this was
In one season's wearing,
And none was left
For love or solace.
« Then was I bound
A prey of the battle,
When that same season
Wore to its ending;
As a tiring-may
Must I bind the shoon
Of the duke's high dame,
Every day at dawning.
From her jealous hate
Gat I heavy mocking:
Cruel lashes
She laid upon me;
Never met I
Better master
Or mistress worser
In all the wide world. ”


## p. 5140 (#312) ###########################################

5140
THE EDDAS
Naught gat Gudrun
Of wail or greeting,
So heavy was she
For her dead husband;
So dreadful-hearted
For the King laid dead there.
Then spake Gullrond,
Giuki's daughter:-
« O foster-mother,
Wise as thou mayst be,
Naught canst thou better
The young wife's bale. ”
And she bade uncover
The dead King's corpse.
She swept the sheet
Away from Sigurd,
And turned his cheek
Toward his wife's knees:-
«Look on thy loved one,
Lay lips to his lips,
E'en as thou wert clinging
To thy King alive yet! ”
Once looked Gudrun
One look only,
And saw her lord's locks
Lying all bloody,
The great man's eyes
Glazed and deadly,
And his heart's bulwark
Broken by sword-edge.
Back then sank Gudrun,
Back on the bolster;
Loosed was her head-array,
Red did her cheeks grow,
And the rain-drops ran
Down over her knees.
Then wept Gudrun,
Giuki's daughter,
So that the tears flowed
Through the pillow;
As the geese withal


## p. 5141 (#313) ###########################################

THE EDDAS
5141
That were in the home-field,
The fair fowls the may owned,
Fell a-screaming.
Then spake Gullrond,
Giuki's daughter:-
Surely knew I
No love like your love
Among all men,
On the mold abiding;
Naught wouldst thou joy in
Without or within doors,
O my sister,
Save beside Sigurd. ”
Then spake Gudrun,
Giuki's daughter:-
“Such was my Sigurd
Among the sons of Giuki,
As is the king leek
O'er the low grass waxing,
Or a bright stone
Strung on band,
Or a pearl of price
On a prince's brow.
« Once was I counted
By the king's warriors
Higher than any
Of Herjan's mays;
Now am I as little
As the leaf may be,
Amid wind-swept wood,
Now when dead he lieth.
“I miss from my seat,
I miss from my bed,
My darling of sweet speech.
Wrought the sons of Giuki,
Wrought the sons of Giuki,
This sore sorrow;
Yea, for their sister
Most sore sorrow.
“So may your lands
Lie waste on all sides,


## p. 5142 (#314) ###########################################

5142
THE EDDAS
As ye have broken
Your bounden oaths!
Ne'er shalt thou, Gunnar,
The gold have joy of;
The dear-bought rings
Shall drag thee to death,
Whereon thou swarest
Oath unto Sigurd.
“Ah, in the days bygone,
Great mirth in the home-field,
When my Sigurd
Set saddle on Grani,
And they went their ways
For the wooing of Brynhild!
An ill day, an ill woman,
And most ill hap! ”
Then spake Brynhild,
Budli's daughter:-
May the woman lack
Both love and children,
Who gained greeting
For thee, O Gudrun!
Who gave thee this morning
Many words! »
Then spake Gullrond,
Giuki's daughter :-
«Hold peace of such words,
Thou hated of all folk!
The bane of brave men
Hast thou been ever;
All waves of ill
Wash over thy mind;
To seven great kings
Hast thou been a sore sorrow,
And the death of good-will
To wives and women. ”
Then spake Brynhild,
Budli's daughter:-
"None but Atli
Brought bale upon us;
My very brother,
Born of Budli,


## p. 5143 (#315) ###########################################

THE EDDAS
5143
When we saw in the hall
Of the Hunnish people
The gold a-gleaming
On the kingly Giukings:
I have paid for that faring
Oft and fully,
And for the sight
That then I saw. "
By a pillar she stood
And strained its wood to her;
From the eyes of Brynhild,
Budli's daughter,
Flashed out fire,
And she snorted forth venom,
As the sore wounds she gazed on
Of the dead-slain Sigurd.
William Morris in “The Story of the Völsungs and Niblungs); translated by
Magnusson and Morris, London, 1870
THE WAKING OF BRUNHILDE ON THE HINDFELL BY SIGURD
From “The Story of Sigurd the Völsung,' by William Morris
H*
E LOOKETH, and loveth her sore, and he longeth her spirit to
move,
And awaken her heart to the world, that she may behold him
and love.
And he toucheth her breast and her hands, and he loveth her pass-
ing sore;
And he saith, “Awake! I am Sigurd;” but she moveth never the
more.
Then he looked on his bare bright blade, and he said, “Thou — what
wilt thou do?
For indeed as I came by the war-garth thy voice of desire I knew. ”
Bright burnt the pale blue edges, for the sunrise drew anear,
And the rims of the Shield-burg glittered, and the east was exceed-
ing clear:
So the eager edges he setteth to the Dwarf-wrought battle-coat
Where the hammered ring-knit collar constraineth the woman's
throat;
But the sharp Wrath biteth and rendeth, and before it fail the rings,
And, lo, the gleam of the linen, and the light of golden things;


## p. 5144 (#316) ###########################################

5144
THE EDDAS
Then he driveth the blue steel onward, and through the skirt, and
out,
Till naught but the rippling linen is wrapping her about;
Then he deems her breath comes quicker and her breast begins to
heave,
So he turns about the War-Flame and rends down either sleeve,
Till her arms lie white in her raiment, and a river of sun-bright
hair
Flows free o'er bosom and shoulder and floods the desert bare.
Then a flush cometh over her visage and a sigh upheaveth her
breast,
And her eyelids quiver and open, and she wakeneth into rest;
Wide-eyed on the dawning she gazeth, too glad to change or smile,
And but little moveth her body, nor speaketh she yet for a while;
And yet kneels Sigurd moveless, her wakening speech to heed,
While soft the waves of the daylight o'er the starless heavens speed,
And the gleaming rims of the Shield-burg yet bright and brighter
grow,
And the thin moon hangeth her horns dead-white in the golden glow.
Then she turned and gazed on Sigurd, and her eyes met the Völ-
sung's eyes,
And mighty and measureless now did the tide of his love arise.
For their longing had met and mingled, and he knew of her heart
that she loved,
As she spake unto nothing but him, and her lips with the speech-flood
moved :-
“Oh, what is the thing so mighty that my weary sleep hath torn,
And rent the fallow bondage, and the wan woe over-worn ? »
He said, “The hand of Sigurd and the Sword of Sigmund's son,
And the heart that the Völsungs fashioned, this deed for thee have
done. ”
But she said, “Where then is Odin that laid me here alow?
Long lasteth the grief of the world, and man-folk's tangled woe! »
“He dwelleth above,” said Sigurd, “but I on the earth abide,
And I came from the Glittering Heath the waves of thy fire to ride. ”
But therewith the sun rose upward and lightened all the earth,
And the light flashed up to the heavens from the rims of the glo-
rious girth;
Then they turned and were knit together; and oft and o'er again
They craved, and kissed rejoicing, and their hearts were full and fain.


## p. 5145 (#317) ###########################################

5145
ALFRED EDERSHEIM
(1825-1889)
MONG writers on Biblical topics Dr. Alfred Edersheim occupies
a unique place. Bred in the Jewish faith, he brought to his
writings the traditions of his ancestry. The history of the
Children of Israel was a reality to him, who had known the Talmud
and the Old Testament through the lessons of his boyhood, and had
been taught to reverence the Hebrew sacred rites handed down
through the ages. All the intangible, unconscious religious influences
of his youth entered into the work of his manhood. And although
this converted Rabbi wrote as a Christian, yet the Bible stories were
colored and vivified for him by his Jewish sympathies. Thus his
work had the especial value of a double point of view.
Born in Vienna in 1825 of German parents, he studied at the uni-
versity of his native city and in Berlin, finishing his theological edu-
cation in Edinburgh. He became a minister of the Free Church of
Scotland in 1849, passing over to the Church of England in 1875.
In 1881 he received from Oxford an honorary A. M. , and was for a
time lecturer on the Septuagint at the university. He died in Men-
tone, France, on March 16th, 1889.
The earlier writings of Dr. Edersheim consist almost entirely of
translations from the German, and of Jewish stories written for edu-
cational purposes. Of his later works the most important are — _' The
Bible History,' his largest work, in seven volumes; «The Temple, its
Ministers and Services as they were at the Time of Christ'; (Sketches
of Jewish Social Life in the Days of Christ'; and a History of the
Jewish Nation after the Destruction of Jerusalem under Titus. From
the evangelical point of view, his Life and Times of Jesus the Mes-
siah’ is of final authority, brilliantly exemplifying his peculiar fitness
to be the interpreter of Jewish life and thought at the period of the
rise of Christianity. He presents not only the story of the Christ of
the Gospels, but draws a picture of the whole political and social life
of the Jews, and of their intellectual and religious condition a pic-
ture which his Rabbinical learning and his race sympathies make
authentic. He wrote English with unaffected directness, embodying
in the simplest forms the results of his wide scholarship. His books
have a very wide and constant sale.


## p. 5146 (#318) ###########################################

5146
ALFRED EDERSHEIM
THE WASHING OF HANDS
From «The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah)
THE
He externalism of all these practices (ceremonial practices of
the Hebrews] will best appear from the following account
which the Talmud gives of "a feast. ” As the guests enter,
they sit down on chairs, and water is brought to them, with
which they wash one hand. Into this the cup is taken, when
each speaks the blessing over the wine partaken of before din-
ner. Presently they all lie down at table. Water is again brought
them, with which they now wash both hands, preparatory to
the meal, when the blessing is spoken over the bread, and then
over the cup, by the chief person at the feast, or else by one
selected by way of distinction. The company respond by Amen,
always supposing the benediction to have been spoken by an
Israelite, not a heathen, slave, nor law-breaker. Nor was it law.
ful to say it with an unlettered man, although it might be said
with a Cuthæan (heretic, or Samaritan,) who was learned. After
dinner the crumbs, if any, are carefully gathered — hands are
again washed, and he who first had done so leads in the prayer
of thanksgiving. The formula in which he is to call on the rest
to join him by repeating the prayers after him is prescribed, and
differs according to the number of those present. The blessing
and the thanksgiving are allowed to be said not only in Hebrew,
but in any other language.
In regard to the position of the guests, we know that the
uppermost seats were occupied by the Rabbis. The Talmud
formulates it in this manner: That the worthiest lies down first,
on his left side, with his feet hanging down. If there are two
cushions” (divans), the next worthiest lies at his feet; if there
are three cushions, the third worthiest lies above the first (at his
left), so that the chief person is in the middle. The water
before eating is first handed to the worthiest, and so in regard
to the washing after meat. But if a very large number are
present, you begin after dinner with the least worthy till you
come to the last five, when the worthiest in the company washes
his hands, and the other four after him. The guests being thus
arranged, the head of the house, or the chief person at table,
speaks the blessing and then cuts the bread. By some it was
not deemed etiquette to begin till after he who had said the


## p. 5147 (#319) ###########################################

ALFRED EDERSHEIM
5147
prayer had done so, but this does not seem to have been the
rule among the Palestinian Jews. Then, generally, the bread
was dipped into salt or something salted, etiquette demanding
that where there were two they should wait one for the other,
but not where there were three or more.
This is not the place to furnish what may be termed a list of
menus at Jewish tables. In earlier times the meal was no doubt
very simple. It became otherwise when intercourse with Rome,
Greece, and the East made the people familiar with foreign lux-
ury, while commerce supplied its requirements. Indeed, it would
scarcely be possible to enumerate the various articles which seem
to have been imported from different, and even distant, countries.
To begin with: The wine was mixed with water, and indeed,
some thought that the benediction should not be pronounced till
the water had been added to the wine. According to one state-
ment two parts, according to another three parts, of water were
to be added to the wine. Various vintages are mentioned: among
them a red wine of Saron, and a black wine. Spiced wine was
made with honey and pepper. Another mixture, chiefly used for
invalids, consisted of old wine, water, and balsam; yet another
was “wine of myrrh ”; we also read of a wine in which capers
had been soaked. To these we should add wine spiced either
with pepper or with absinthe, and what is described as vinegar, a
cooling drink made either of grapes that had not ripened, or of
the lees. Besides these, palm wine was also in use. Of foreign
drinks, we read of wine from Ammon and from the province
Asia, the latter a kind of “must” boiled down. Wine in ice
came from Lebanon; a certain kind of vinegar from Idumæa;
beer from Media and Babylon; barley wine (zythos) from Egypt.
Finally, we ought to mention Palestinian apple cider, and the
juice of other fruits. If we adopt the rendering of some, even
liqueurs were known and used.
Long as this catalogue is, that of the various articles of food,
whether native or imported, would occupy a much larger space.
Suffice it that as regarded the various kinds of grain, meat, fish,
and fruits, either in their natural state or preserved, it embraced
almost everything known to the ancient world. At feasts there
was an introductory course, consisting of appetizing salted meat,
or of some light dish. This was followed by the dinner itself,
which finished with dessert (aphikomon or terugima), consisting of
pickled olives, radishes and lettuce, and fruits, among which even


## p. 5148 (#320) ###########################################

5148
ALFRED EDERSHEIM
preserved ginger from India is mentioned. The most diverse
and even strange statements are made as to the healthiness, or
the reverse, of certain articles of diet, especially vegetables. Fish
was a favorite dish, and never wanting at a Sabbath meal. It
was a saying that both salt and water should be taken at every
meal, if health was to be preserved. Condiments, such as mus-
tard or pepper, were to be sparingly used. Very different were
the meals of the poor.
Locusts— fried in flour or honey, or pre-
served - required, according to the Talmud, no blessing; since the
animal was really among the curses of the land. Eggs were a
common article of food, and sold in the shops. Then there was
a milk dish, into which people dipped their bread. Others who
were better off had a soup made of vegetables, especially onions,
and meat; while the very poor would satisfy the cravings of hun-
ger with bread and cheese, or bread and fruit, or some vegetables,
such as cucumbers, lentils, beans, peas, or onions.
At meals the rules of etiquette were strictly observed, espe-
cially as regarded the sages. Indeed, there are added to the
Talmud two tractates, one describing the general etiquette, the
other that of sages, » of which the title may be translated as
(The Way of the World (Derech Eres), being a sort of code of
good manners. According to some, it was not good breeding
to speak while eating. The learned and most honored occupied
not only the chief places, but were sometimes distinguished by a
double portion. According to Jewish etiquette, a guest should
conform in everything to his host, even though it were unpleas-
ant. Although hospitality was the greatest and most prized
social virtue, which, to use a rabbinic expression, might make
every home a sanctuary and every table an altar, an unbidden
guest, or a guest who brought another guest, was proverbially
an unwelcome apparition. Sometimes, by way of self-righteous-
ness, the poor were brought in, and the best part of the meal
ostentatiously given to them. At ordinary entertainments, people
were to help themselves. It was not considered good manners
to drink as soon as you were asked, but you ought to hold the
cup for a little in your hand. But it would be the height of
rudeness either to wipe the plates, to scrape together the bread,
as though you had not had enough to eat, or to drop it, to the
inconvenience of your neighbor. If a piece were taken out of a
dish, it must of course not be put back; still less must you offer
from your cup or plate to your neighbor. From the almost


## p. 5149 (#321) ###########################################

ALFRED EDERSHEIM
5149
religious value attaching to bread, we scarcely wonder that these
rules were laid down: not to steady a cup or plate upon bread, nor
to throw away bread, and that after dinner the bread was to be
carefully swept together. Otherwise, it was thought, demons
would sit upon it. (The Way of the World' for sages lays
down these as the marks of a rabbi: that he does not eat stand-
ing; that he does not lick his fingers; that he sits down only
beside his equals — in fact, many regarded it as wrong to eat
with the unlearned; that he begins cutting the bread where it is
best baked, nor ever breaks off a bit with his hand; and that
when drinking, he turns away his face from the company.
other saying was, that the sage was known by four things: at
his cups, in money matters, when angry, and in his jokes. After
dinner, the formalities concerning hand-washing and prayer,
already described, were gone through, and then frequently aro-
matic spices burnt, over which a special benediction was pro-
nounced. We have only to add that on Sabbaths it was deemed
a religious duty to have three meals, and to procure the best
that money could obtain, even though one were to save and fast
for it all the week. Lastly, it was regarded as a special obliga-
tion and honor to entertain sages.
We have no difficulty now in understanding what passed at
the table of the Pharisee. When the water for purification was
presented to him, Jesus would either refuse it, or if, as
more likely at a morning meal, each guest repaired by himself for
the prescribed purification, he would omit to do so, and sit
down to meat without this formality. No one who knows the
stress which Pharisaism laid on this rite would argue that Jesus
might have conformed to the practice. Indeed, the controversy
was long and bitter between the Schools of Shammai and Hillel,
on such a point as whether the hands were to be washed before
the cup was filled with wine, or after that, and where the towel
was to be deposited. With such things the most serious ritual
inferences were connected on both sides. A religion which spent
its energy on such trivialities must have lowered the moral tone.
All the more that Jesus insisted so earnestly, as the substance of
his teaching, on that corruption of our nature which Judaism
ignored and on that spiritual purification which was needful for
the reception of his doctrine, - would he publicly and openly
set aside ordinances of man which diverted thoughts of purity
into questions of the most childish character. On the other hand,
seems


## p. 5150 (#322) ###########################################

5150
ALFRED EDERSHEIM
a
we can also understand what bitter thoughts must have filled the
mind of the Pharisee whose guest Jesus was, when he observed
his neglect of the cherished rite. It was an insult to himself,
defiance of Jewish law, a revolt against the most cherished tra-
ditions of the synagogue.
Remembering that a Pharisee ought
not to sit down to a meal with such, he might feel that he should
not have asked Jesus to his table.


## p. 5151 (#323) ###########################################

5151
MARIA EDGEWORTH
(1767-1849)
were
He famous author of Irish novels and didactic tales was the
daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth and his first wife
Chelo Anna Ehrs, and was born at Black Bourton, Oxfordshire,
January ist, 1767. When she was twelve years old the family set-
tled on the estate at Edgeworth's-town, County Longford, Ireland,
which was her home during the remainder of her long life. It was
a singularly happy family circle, of which Maria was the centre.
Her father married four times, and had twenty-two children, on
whom he exercised his peculiar educational
ideas. He devoted himself most particu-
larly to Maria's training, and made her his
most confidential companion. Several of
her works
written in conjunction
with her father, and over almost all he
exercised a supervision which doubtless
hindered the free expression of her genius.
Her first publication, Letters to Literary
Ladies,' on the education of women, ap-
peared in 1795. This was followed by
educational and juvenile works illustrating
the theories of Mr. Edgeworth: The Par MARIA EDGEWORTH
ent's Assistant,' Practical Education' (a
joint production), supplemented later by Early Lessons'; Rosamond,'
Harry and Lucy,' and a sequel to the 'Parent's Assistant. " In 1800
appeared Castle Rackrent,' the first of her novels of Irish life, and
her best known work; soon followed by Belinda,' and the well-known
(Essay on Irish Bulls,' by her father and herself. Miss Edgeworth's
reputation was now established, and on a visit to Paris at this time
she received much attention. Here occurred the one recorded romance
of her life, the proposal of marriage from Count Edelcrantz, a Swedish
gentleman. On her return she wrote Leonora. In 1804 she pub-
lished Popular Tales'; in 1809 the first series of Fashionable Tales. '
These tales include Almeria) and (The Absentee, considered by
many critics her masterpiece. «Patronage was begun years before
as “The Freeman Family. ' In 1817 she published Harrington and
Ormond,' which rank among her best works. In the same year her
father died, leaving to her the completion of his Memoirs, which



## p. 5152 (#324) ###########################################

5152
MARIA EDGEWORTH
appeared in 1820. Her last novel, (Helen,' published in 1834, shows
no diminution of her charm and grace. With occasional visits to
Paris and London, and a memorable trip to Scotland in 1823, when
she was entertained at Abbotsford, she lived serene and happy at
Edgeworth's-town until her sudden death, May 21st 1849.
Miss Edgeworth was extremely small, not beautiful; but a brilliant
talker and a great favorite in the exclusive society to which she
everywhere had access. Her greatest success was in the new field
opened in her Irish stories, full of racy, rollicking Irish humor, and
valuable pictures of bygone conditions,— for the genial peasant of her
pages is now rarely found. Not the least we owe her is the influ-
ence which her national tales had on Sir Walter Scott, who declared
that her success led him to do the same for his own country in the
Waverley Novels. Miss Edgeworth's style is easy and animated. Her
tales show her extraordinary power of observation, her good sense,
and remarkable skill in dialogue, though they are biased by the
didactic purpose which permeates all her writings. As Madame de
Staël remarked, she was “lost in dreary utility. ” And doubtless this
is why she just missed greatness, and has been consigned to the
ranks of (standard” authors who are respectfully alluded to but sel-
dom read. The lack of tenderness and imagination was perhaps the
result of her unusual self-control, shown in her custom of writing in
the family sitting-room, and so concentrating her mind on her work
that she was deaf to all that went on about her. Surely some of the
creative power of her mind must have been lost in that strenuous
effort. Her noble character, as well as her talents, won for her the
friendship of many distinguished people of her day. With Scott she
was intimate, Byron found her charming and Macaulay was
enthusiastic admirer. In her recently edited letters are found many
interesting and valuable accounts of the people she met in the course
of her long life.
Miss Edgeworth's life has been written by Helen Zimmern and
Grace A. Oliver; her (Life and Letters,' edited by Augustus J. C.
Hare, appeared in 1895. Pen Portraits of Literary Women,' by
Helen Gray Cone and Jeannette L. Gilder, contains a sketch of her.
an


## p. 5153 (#325) ###########################################

MARIA EDGEWORTH
5153
SIR CONDY'S WAKE
From Castle Rackrent)
W**
HEN they were made sensible that Sir Condy was going to
leave Castle Rackrent for good and all, they set up a
whillaluh that could be heard to the farthest end of the
street; and one fine boy he was, that my master had given an
apple to that morning, cried the loudest; but they all were the
same sorry, for Sir Condy was greatly beloved among the child-
her, for letting them go a-nutting in the demesne without saying
a word to them, though my lady objected to them. The people
in the town, who were the most of them standing at their doors,
hearing the childher cry, would know the reason of it; and when
the report was made known the people one and all gathered in
great anger against my son Jason, and terror at the notion of
his coming to be landlord over them, and they cried, “No Jason !
no Jason! Sir Condy! Sir Condy! Sir Condy Rackrent forever! »
and the mob grew so great and so loud I was frightened, and
made my way back to the house to warn my son to make his
escape or hide himself, for fear of the consequences. Jason
would not believe me till they came all round the house and
to the windows with great shouts; then he grew quite pale, and
asked Sir Condy what had he best do? "I'll tell you what you'd
best do,” said Sir Condy, who was laughing to see his fright:
finish your glass first; then let's go to the window and show
ourselves, and I'll tell 'em, or you shall if you please, that I'm
going to the lodge for change of air for my health, and by my
own desire, for the rest of my days. " "Do so,” said Jason who
never meant it should have been so, but could not refuse him
the lodge at this unseasonable time. Accordingly Sir Condy
threw up the sash and explained matters, and thanked all his
friends, and bid 'em look in at the punch-bowl, and observe that
Jason and he had been sitting over it very good friends; so the
mob was content, and he sent 'em out some whisky to drink his
health, and that was the last time his Honor's health was ever
drunk at Castle Rackrent.
The very next day, being too proud, as he said to me, to stay
an hour longer in a house that did not belong to him, he sets
off to the lodge, and I along with him not many hours after.
And there was great bemoaning through all O'Shaughlin's Town,
IX-323


## p. 5154 (#326) ###########################################

5154
MARIA EDGEWORTH
which I stayed to witness, and gave my poor master a full account
of when I got to the lodge. He was very low and in his bed
when I got there, and complained of a great pain about his
heart; but I guessed it was only trouble, and all the business,
let alone vexation, he had gone through of late; and knowing
the nature of him from a boy, I took my pipe, and while smok-
ing it by the chimney, began telling him how he was beloved
and regretted in the county, and it did him a deal of good to
hear it. “Your Honor has a great many friends yet, that you
don't know of, rich and poor in the country,” says I; "for as I
was coming along the road, I met two gentlemen in their own
carriages, who asked after you, knowing me, and wanted to
know where you was, and all about you, and even how old I
was: think of that! ” Then he wakened out of his doze, and be-
gan questioning me who the gentlemen were.