No More Learning

and blue in the lovely distance lies hated Maria Island.
must keep well to the eastward," said Greenhill, "or we shall
fall in with the settlers and get taken. " So, passing the isth-
mus, they strike into the bush along the shore, and tightening
their belts over their gnawing bellies, camp under some low-
lying hills.
The fourth day is notable for the indisposition of Bodenham,
who is a bad walker, and falling behind, delays the party by fre-
quent cooeys. Gabbett threatens him with a worse fate than
sore feet if he lingers. Luckily, that evening Greenhill espies a
hut; but not trusting to the friendship of the occupant, they wait
until he quits it in the morning, and then send Vetch to forage.
Vetch, secretly congratulating himself on having by his counsel
prevented violence, returns bending under half a bag of flour.
"'You'd better carry the flour," said he to Gabbett, "and give
me the axe. " Gabbett eyes him for a while, as if struck by his
puny form, but finally gives the axe to his mate Sanders. That
day they creep along cautiously between the sea and the hills,
camping at a creek. Vetch, after much search, finds a handful
of berries, and adds them to the main stock. Half of this hand-
ful is eaten at once, the other half reserved for "to-morrow. "
The next day they come to an arm of the sea, and as they
struggle northward Maria Island disappears, and with it all
danger from telescopes. That evening they reach the camping-
ground by twos and threes; and each wonders-between the
paroxysms of hunger-if his face is as haggard and his eyes as
'blood-shot as those of his neighbor.
On the seventh day Bodenham says his feet are so bad he
can't walk, and Greenhill, with a greedy look at the berries, bids
him stay behind. Being in a very weak condition, he takes his
companion at his word, and drops off about noon the next day.
Gabbett, discovering this defection, however, goes back, and in
an hour or so appears, driving the wretched creature before him
with blows, as a sheep is driven to the shambles. Greenhill
remonstrates at another mouth being thus forced upon the party,
but the giant silences him with a hideous glance. Jemmy Vetch
remembers that Greenhill accompanied Gabbett once before, and
feels uncomfortable. He gives hint of his suspicions to Sanders,
but Sanders only laughs. It is horribly evident that there is an
understanding among the three.


## p. 3752 (#110) ###########################################

3752
MARCUS A. H. CLARKE
secrets.
The ninth sun of their freedom, rising upon sandy and bar-
ren hillocks, bristling thick with cruel scrub, sees the six famine-
stricken wretches cursing their God, and yet afraid to die. All
round is the fruitless, shadeless, shelterless bush. Above, the
pitiless heaven. In the distance the remorseless sea. Something
terrible must happen. That gray wilderness, arched by gray
heaven stooping to gray sea, is a fitting keeper of hideous
Vetch suggests that Oyster Bay cannot be far to the
eastward, the line of ocean is deceitfully close, and though
such a proceeding will take them out of their course, they
resolve to make for it. After hobbling five miles they seem no
nearer than before, and nigh dead with fatigue and starvation,
sink despairingly upon the ground. Vetch thinks Gabbett's eyes
have a wolfish glare in them, and instinctively draws off from
him. Said Greenhill, in the course of a dismal conversation, "I
am so weak that I could eat a piece of a man. "
On the tenth day Bodenham refuses to stir, and the others,
being scarcely able to drag along their limbs, sit on the ground
about him. Greenhill, eyeing the prostrate man, said slowly, “I
have seen the same done before, boys, and it tasted like pork. "
Vetch, hearing his savage comrade give utterance to a
thought all had secretly cherished, speaks out, crying, "It would
be murder to do it; and then perhaps we couldn't eat it. "
"Oh," said Gabbett, with a grin, "I'll warrant you that; but
you must all have a hand in it. "
Gabbett, Sanders, and Greenhill then go aside, and presently
Sanders, coming to the Crow, said, "He consented to act as
flogger. He deserves it. "
―――
-
"So did Gabbett, for that matter," shudders Vetch.
"Ay, but Bodenham's feet are sore," said Sanders, "and 'tis
a pity to leave him. "
Having no fire, they made a little break-wind; and Vetch,
half dozing behind this, at about three in the morning hears
some one cry out "Christ! " and awakes, sweating ice.
No one but Gabbett and Greenhill would eat that night.
That savage pair, however, make a fire, fling ghastly fragments
on the embers, and eat the broil before it is right warm. In
the morning the frightful carcass is divided.
That day's march takes place in silence, and at the mid-
day halt Cornelius volunteers to carry the billy, affecting great
restoration from the food. Vetch gives it him, and in half an


## p. 3753 (#111) ###########################################

MARCUS A. H. CLARKE
3753
hour afterward Cornelius is missing. Gabbett and Greenhill
pursue him in vain, and return with curses. "He'll die like a
dog," said Greenhill, "alone in the bush. " Jemmy Vetch, with
his intellect acute as ever, thinks that Cornelius prefers such a
death to the one in store for him, but says nothing.
The twelfth morning dawns wet and misty, but Vetch, seeing
the provision running short, strives to be cheerful, telling stories
of men who have escaped greater peril. Vetch feels with dis-
may that he is the weakest of the party, but has some sort of
ludicro-horrible consolation in remembering that he is also the
leanest. They come to a creek that afternoon, and look until
nightfall in vain for a crossing-place. The next day Gabbett and
Vetch swim across, and Vetch directs Gabbett to cut a long sap-
ling, which being stretched across the water, is seized by Green-
hill and the Moocher, who are dragged over.
"What would you do without me? " said the Crow, with a
ghastly grin.
They cannot kindle a fire, for Greenhill, who carries the tin-
der, has allowed it to get wet. The giant swings his axe in
savage anger at enforced cold, and Vetch takes an opportunity
to remark privately to him what a big man Greenhill is.
On the fourteenth day they can scarcely crawl, and their
limbs pain them. Greenhill, who is the weakest, sees Gabbett
and the Moocher go aside to consult, and crawling to the Crow,
whimpers, "For God's sake, Jemmy, don't let 'em murder me! »
"I can't help you," says Vetch, looking about in terror.
"Think of poor Tom Bodenham. "
"But he was no murderer. If they kill me, I shall go to hell
with Tom's blood on my soul. "
He writhes on the ground in sickening terror, and Gabbett,
arriving, bids Vetch bring wood for the fire. Vetch going, sees
Greenhill clinging to wolfish Gabbett's knees, and Sanders calls
after him, "You will hear it presently, Jem. "
The nervous Crow puts his hands to his
scious, nevertheless, of a dull crash and a groan.
back, Gabbett is putting on the dead man's shoes, which are
better than his own.
«<
"We'll stop here a day or so and rest," said he, now we've
got provisions. "
Two more days pass, and the three, eying each other sus-
piciously, resume their march. The third day-the sixteenth of
ears, but is con-
When he comes


## p. 3754 (#112) ###########################################

MARCUS A. H. CLARKE
3754
their awful journey—such portions of the carcass as they have
with them prove nfit to eat. They look into each other's famine-
sharpened faces, and wonder "Who next? »
"We must all die together," said Sanders, quickly, "before
anything else must happen. "
Vetch marks the terror concealed in the words, and when the
dreaded giant is out of ear-shot, says, "For God's sake, let's go
on alone, Alick. You see what sort of a cove that Gabbett is,—
he'd kill his father before he'd fast one day. "
They made for the bush, but the giant turned and strode
toward them. Vetch skipped nimbly on one side, but Gabbett
struck the Moocher on the forehead with the axe. "Help! Jem,
help! " cried the victim, cut but not fatally, and in the strength
of his desperation tore the axe from the monster who bore it,
and flung it to Vetch. "Keep it, Jemmy," he cried; "let's have
no more murder done! "
They fare again through the horrible bush until nightfall,
when Vetch, in a strange voice, called the giant to him.
"He must die. "
"Give me the axe. "
>>>
"Either you or he," laughs Gabbett.
"No, no," said the Crow, his thin malignant face distorted
by a horrible resolution. "I'll keep the axe. Stand back! You
shall hold him, and I'll do the job. "
Sanders, seeing them approach, knew his end had come, and
submitted, crying, "Give me half an hour to pray for myself. "
They consent, and the bewildered wretch knelt down and
folded his hands like a child. His big stupid face worked with
emotion. His great cracked lips moved in desperate agony.
He wagged his head from side to side, in pitiful confusion of
his brutalized senses. "I can't think o' the words, Jem! "
"Pah," snarled the cripple, swinging the axe, we can't
starve here all night. "
((
Four days had passed, and the two survivors of this awful
journey sat watching each other. The gaunt giant, his eyes
gleaming with hate and hunger, sat sentinel over the dwarf.
The dwarf, chuckling at his superior sagacity, clutched the fatal
axe. For two days they had not spoken to each other. For two
days each had promised himself that on the next his companion
must sleep-and die. Vetch comprehended the devilish scheme
of the monster who had entrapped five of his fellow-beings to
aid him by their deaths to his own safety, and held aloof.


## p. 3755 (#113) ###########################################

MARCUS A. H. CLARKE
3755
Gabbett watched to snatch the weapon from his companion, and
make the odds even for once and forever. In the daytime they
traveled on, seeking each a pretext to creep behind the other.
In the night-time when they feigned slumber, each stealthily
raising a head caught the wakeful glance of his companion.
Vetch felt his strength deserting him, and his brain overpow-
ered by fatigue. Surely the giant, muttering, gesticulating, and
slavering at the mouth, was on the road to madness. Would the
monster find opportunity to rush at him, and braving the blood-
stained axe, kill him by main force? or would he sleep, and be
himself a victim? Unhappy Vetch! It is the terrible privilege
of insanity to be sleepless.
On the fifth day, Vetch, creeping behind a tree, takes off his
belt, and makes a noose. He will hang himself. He gets one
end of the belt over a bough, and then his cowardice bids him
pause. Gabbett approaches; he tries to evade him, and steal
away into the bush. In vain. The insatiable giant, ravenous
with famine and sustained by madness, is not to be shaken off.
Vetch tries to run, but his legs bend under him. The axe that
has tried to drink so much blood feels heavy as lead. He will
fling it away. No-he dares not. Night falls again. He must
rest, or go mad. His limbs are powerless. His eyelids are
glued together. He sleeps as he stands. This horrible thing
must be a dream. He is at Port Arthur, or will wake on his
pallet in the penny lodging-house he slept at when a boy. Is
that the deputy come to wake him to the torment of living? It
is not time-surely not time yet. He sleeps and the giant,
grinning with ferocious joy, approaches on clumsy tiptoe and
seizes the coveted axe.
On the northeast coast of Van Diemen's Land is a place
called St. Helen's Point, and a certain skipper, being in want of
fresh water, landing there with a boat's crew, found on the
banks of the creek a gaunt and blood-stained man, clad in
tattered yellow, who carried on his back an axe and a bundle.
When the sailors came within sight of him he made signs to
them to approach, and opening his bundle with much ceremony,
offered them some of its contents. Filled with horror at what
the maniac displayed, they seized and bound him. At Hobart
Town he was recognized as the only survivor of the nine
desperadoes who had escaped from Colonel Arthur's "natural
penitentiary. "


## p. 3756 (#114) ###########################################

3756
MATTHIAS CLAUDIUS
(1740-1815)
M
ATTHIAS CLAUDIUS, best known as "the Wandsbecker Bote>
(the Messenger from Wandsbeck), was born at Reinfeld in
Holstein, August 15th, 1740. He was of excellent stock,
coming from a long line of clergymen. It was said that scarcely
another family in Schleswig-Holstein had given to the church so
many sons.
There is but little to record of the quiet boyhood passed in the
picturesque stillness of the North German village. At the outset the
education of Claudius was conducted by his
father, the village pastor. From beginning
to end his life was simple, moderate, and
well ordered. After finishing his school
days at Ploen, he entered the University
of Jena (1759), with the intention of study-
ing theology, in order to follow the tradi-
tions of the family and enter the ministry.
This idea he was soon obliged to relinquish
on account of a pulmonary weakness, and
he turned instead to the study of juris-
prudence. His strongest attraction was
towards literature. He became a member
of the literary guild in Jena; and later.
when he had attained fame as the "Wands-
becker Bote," he was intimately associated with Voss, F. L. Stol-
berg, Herder, and others of the Göttingen fraternity. His first
verses, published in Jena in 1763, under the title Tändeleien und
Erzählungen (Trifles and Tales), gave no indication of his talents,
and were no more than the usual student efforts of unconscious
imitation; they have absolutely no poetic value, and are interesting
only as they indicate a stage of development. In editing his works
in later years, Claudius preserved of this early poetry only one song,
'An eine Quelle (To a Spring).
After leaving the university in 1764, he took a position as pri-
vate secretary to Count Holstein in Copenhagen; and here, under
the powerful influence of Klopstock, whose friendship was at this
time the most potent element of his life, and in the brilliant circle
which that poet had drawn around him, Claudius entered fully into

MATTHIAS CLAUDIUS


## p. 3757 (#115) ###########################################

MATTHIAS CLAUDIUS
3757
In
the life of sentiment and ideas which conduced so largely to his
intellectual development. Some years later, after a fallow period
spent in the quiet of his father's house at Reinfeld, he settled at
Wandsbeck, near Altona (1771), where in connection with Bode he
published the Wandsbecker Bote, the popular weekly periodical so
indissolubly associated with his name. His contributions under the
name of "Asmus" found everywhere the warmest acceptance.
1775, through Herder's recommendation, Claudius was appointed
Chief Land Commissioner at Darmstadt; but circumstances rendering
the position uncongenial, he returned to his beloved Wandsbeck,
where he supported his family by his pen until 1788, when Crown
Prince Frederick of Denmark appointed him revisor of the Holstein
Bank at Altona. He died in Hamburg, January 1st, 1815, in the
house of his son-in-law, the bookseller Perthes.
A collection of his works, with the title Asmus omnia sua secum
portans, oder Sämmtliche Werke des Wandsbecker Boten' (The Col-
lected Works of the Wandsbeck Messenger), appeared at Hamburg,
1775-1812. These collected works comprise songs, romances, fables,
poems, letters, etc. , originally published in various places. The
translation of Saint Martin and Fénelon marked the pietistic spirit of
his later years, and is in strong contrast to the exuberance which
produced the 'Rheinweinlied' (Rhine Wine Song) and Urian's Reise
um die Welt' (Urian's Journey around the World).
Claudius as a poet won the hearts of his countrymen.
His verses
express his idyllic love of nature and his sympathy with rustic life.
The poet and the man are one. His pure and simple style appealed
to the popular taste, and some of his lyrics have become genuine
folk-songs.
SPECULATIONS ON NEW YEAR'S DAY
From the Wandsbecker Bote
A
HAPPY new year! A happy new year to my dear country,
the land of old integrity and truth! A happy new year to
friends and enemies, Christians and Turks, Hottentots and
Cannibals! To all on whom God permits his sun to rise and his
rain to fall! Also to the poor negro slaves who have to work
all day in the hot sun. It's wholly a glorious day, the New
Year's Day! At other times I can bear that a man should be a
little bit patriotic, and not make court to other nations. True,
one must not speak evil of any nation. The wiser part are
everywhere silent; and who would revile a whole nation for the


## p. 3758 (#116) ###########################################

3758
MATTHIAS CLAUDIUS
sake of the loud ones? As I said, I can bear at other times
that a man should be a little patriotic: but on New Year's Day
my patriotism is dead as a mouse, and it seems to me on that
day as if we were all brothers, and had one Father who is in
heaven; as if all the goods of the world were water which God
has created for all men, as I once heard it said.
And so I am accustomed, every New Year's morning, to sit
down on a stone by the wayside, to scratch with my staff in the
sand before me, and to think of this and of that.
Not of my
readers. I hold them in all honor: but on New Year's morning,
on the stone by the wayside, I think not of them; but I sit
there and think that during the past year I saw the sun rise so
often, and the moon,- that I saw so many rainbows and flowers,
and breathed the air so often, and drank from the brook,—and
then I do not like to look up, and I take with both hands my
cap from my head and look into that.
Then I think also of my acquaintances who have died during
the year; and how they can talk now with Socrates and Numa,
and other men of whom I have heard so much good, and with
John Huss. And then it seems as if graves opened round me,
and shadows with bald crowns and long gray beards came out of
them and shook the dust out of their beards. That must be the
work of the "Everlasting Huntsman," who has his doings about
the twelfth. The old pious long-beards would fain sleep. But a
glad new year to your memory and to the ashes in your graves!
WTH
RHINE WINE
гн laurel wreathe the glass's vintage mellow,
And drink it gayly dry!
Through farthest Europe, know, my worthy fellow.
For such in vain ye'll try.
Nor Hungary nor Poland e'er could boast it;
And as for Gallia's vine,
Saint Veit the Ritter, if he choose, may toast it,-
We Germans love the Rhine.
Our fatherland we thank for such a blessing,
And many more beside;
And many more, though little show possessing,
Well worth our love and pride.


## p. 3759 (#117) ###########################################

MATTHIAS CLAUDIUS
3759
Not everywhere the vine bedecks our border,
As well mountains show,
That harbor in their bosoms foul disorder;
Not worth their room below.
Thuringia's hills, for instance, are aspiring
To rear a juice like wine;
But that is all; nor mirth nor song inspiring,
It breathes not of the vine.
And other hills, with buried treasures glowing,
For wine are far too cold;
Though iron ores and cobalt there are growing,
And 'chance some paltry gold.
The Rhine, the Rhine,- there grow the gay plantations!
Oh, hallowed be the Rhine!
―
Upon his banks are brewed the rich potations
Of this consoling wine.
Drink to the Rhine! and every coming morrow
Be mirth and music thine!
And when we meet a child of care and sorrow,
We'll send him to the Rhine.
Ο
WINTER
A SONG TO BE SUNG BEHIND THE STOVE
LD Winter is the man for me-
Stout-hearted, sound, and steady;
Steel nerves and bones of brass hath he:
Come snow, come blow, he's ready!
If ever man was well, 'tis he;
He keeps no fire in his chamber,
And yet from cold and cough is free
In bitterest December.
He dresses him out-doors at morn,
Nor needs he first to warm him;
Toothache and rheumatis' he'll scorn,
And colic don't alarm him.
In summer, when the woodland rings,
He asks "What mean these noises? »


## p. 3760 (#118) ###########################################

3760
MATTHIAS CLAUDIUS
Warm sounds he hates, and all warm things
Most heartily despises.
But when the fox's bark is loud;
When the bright hearth is snapping;
When children round the chimney crowd,
All shivering and clapping;-
When stone and bone with frost do break,
And pond and lake are cracking, -
Then you may see his old sides shake,
Such glee his frame is racking.
Near the North Pole, upon the strand,
He has an icy tower;
Likewise in lovely Switzerland
He keeps a summer bower.
So up and down - now here—now there -
His regiments manœuvre;
When he goes by, we stand and stare,
And cannot choose but shiver.
NIGHT SONG
HE moon is up in splendor,
And golden stars attend her;
THE
The heavens are calm and bright;
Trees cast a deepening shadow;
And slowly off the meadow
A mist is rising silver-white.
Night's curtains now are closing
Round half a world, reposing
In calm and holy trust;
All seems one vast, still chamber,
Where weary hearts remember
No more the sorrows of the dust.
Translations of Charles T. Brooks.


## p. 3760 (#119) ###########################################



## p. 3760 (#120) ###########################################


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## p. 3760 (#121) ###########################################

3761
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## p. 3760 (#122) ###########################################

HENRY CLAY


## p. 3761 (#123) ###########################################

3761
HENRY CLAY
(1777-1852)
BY JOHN R. PROCTER
H
ENRY CLAY must not be judged as an orator by his reported
speeches, which are but skeletons of the masterly originals,
but by the lasting effect of these speeches on those who
heard them, and by his ability as an originator of important meas-
ures and his success in carrying these measures to a conclusion by
convincing and powerful oratory. Judged by his achievements and
by his wide-spread influence, he must take rank as a statesman and
orator of pre-eminent ability. The son of a poor Baptist clergyman,
with but scant advantages for acquiring an education; leaving home.
at an early age and going among strangers to a community where
family ties and social connections were a controlling element; - this
poor boy, with no family influence, assumed at once, by sheer force
of character and ability, a leadership which he held undisputed until
his death. And years after he had passed away, it was the "fol-
lowers of Henry Clay" who kept Kentucky from joining the States
of the South in their unsuccessful efforts to withdraw from the
Union.
Of his oratory Robert C. Winthrop wrote after a lapse of years:
"I can only bear witness to an impressiveness of speech never
exceeded, if ever equaled, within an experience of half a century,
during which I have listened to many of the greatest orators on both
sides of the Atlantic. " As a parliamentary leader, Rhodes calls him
the greatest in our history. "His leadership," says Mr. Schurz,
(( was not of that mean order which merely contrives to organize a
personal following; it was the leadership of a statesman zealously
striving to promote great public interests. "
As a presiding officer he was the most commanding Speaker the
National House of Representatives has ever had. Winthrop, who
served long with him in Congress, said of him:-"No abler or more
commanding presiding officer ever sat in the Speaker's chair on
either side of the Atlantic. Prompt, dignified, resolute, fearless, he
had a combination of intellectual and physical qualities which made
him a natural ruler over men. " He was six times elected Speaker,
sometimes almost by acclamation; and during the many years
which he presided over the House not one of his decisions was ever
reversed.
VII-236


## p. 3762 (#124) ###########################################

3762
HENRY CLAY
As a Secretary of State, during his term of four years the trea-
ties with foreign countries negotiated by him exceeded in numbers
all that had been negotiated by other secretaries, during the previous
thirty-five years of our constitutional history. As a diplomat, he
showed himself at Ghent more than a match for the trained diplo-
matists of the old world.
And with all these he was- at his ideal country home, Ashland,
surrounded by wooded lawns and fertile acres of beautiful blue-grass
land- a most successful farmer and breeder of thoroughbred stock,
from the Scotch collie to the thoroughbred race-horse. I have been
told by one who knew him as a farmer that no one could guess
nearer to the weight of a Shorthorn bullock than he. He was as
much at home with horses and horsemen as with senators and
diplomats. I have known many men who were friends and followers
of Mr. Clay, and from the love and veneration these men had for his
memory, I can well understand why the historian Rhodes says,
"No man has been loved as the people of the United States loved
Henry Clay. "
Clay seemed to have had honors and leadership thrust upon him.
Arriving in Kentucky in 1797, he at once advocated the gradual
emancipation of slaves, regardless of the strong prejudices to the
contrary of the rich slaveholding community in which he had cast
his lot; yet, unsolicited on his part, this community elected him to
the State Legislature by a large majority in 1803, and before three
years of service he was chosen by his fellow members to fill a
vacancy in the United States Senate. And until his death in 1852,
his constituents in Kentucky vied with each other in their desires
to keep him as their representative in either the national Senate or
House of Representatives. He entered the latter in 1811, and was
selected as Speaker of that body almost by acclamation on the first
day of his taking his seat. After a long life spent in his country's
service he was elected unanimously to the Senate in 1848, despite
party strife and the fact that the two parties were almost evenly
divided in Kentucky.
No attempt can here be made to even recapitulate the events of
importance connected with his long public services. I will call atten-
tion only to some of the most important measures which he carried
by his magnificent leadership.
WAR OF 1812
Clay assumed the leadership of those who urged resistance to the
unjust and overbearing encroachments of Great Britain, and he more
than any one else was instrumental in overcoming opposition and


## p. 3763 (#125) ###########################################

HENRY CLAY
3763
forcing a declaration of war. This war-a second war for inde-
pendence, which changed this country from a disjointed confederacy
liable to fall asunder, to a compact, powerful, and self-respecting
Union - will ever be regarded as one of the crowning glories of his
long and brilliant career. He proved more than a match in debate
for Randolph, Quincy, and other able advocates for peace. When
asked what we were to gain by war, he answered, "What are we not
to lose by peace? Commerce, character, -a nation's best treasure,
honor! "
In answer to the arguments that certificates of protection author-
ized by Congress were fraudulently used, his magnificent answer,
"The colors that float from the mast-head should be the credentials
of our seamen," electrified the patriots of the country. There is
but a meagre report of this great speech, but the effect produced was
overwhelming and bore down all opposition. It is said that men of
both parties, forgetting all antipathies under the spell of his elo-
quence, wept together. Mr. Clay's first speech on entering Congress.
was in favor of the encouragement of domestic manufactures, mainly
as a defensive measure in anticipation of a war with Great Britain;
arguing that whatever doubts might be entertained as to the general
policy of encouraging domestic manufactures by import duties, none
could exist regarding the propriety of adopting measures for produc-
ing such articles as are requisite in times of war. If his measure for
the increase of the standing army had been adopted in time, the
humiliating reverses on land during the early part of the war would
have been averted. He carried through a bill for the increase of the
navy, and the brilliant naval victories of the war of 1812 followed.
In the debate on the bill to provide for a standing army, it was
argued that twenty-five thousand could not be had in the United
States. Clay aroused the people of Kentucky to such enthusiasm that
fifteen thousand men volunteered in that State alone, and members of
Congress shouldered their muskets and joined the ranks.
TREATY OF GHENT
Henry Clay's faith in the destiny of his country, and his heroic
determination that a continuation of the war was preferable to the
terms proposed, prevented humiliating concessions. The American
Commissioners were Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Albert Galla-
tin, James A. Bayard, and Jonathan Russell, and the British Com-
missioners Lord Gambier, Henry Goulbourn, and William Adams.
The news received by Clay on his arrival in Europe was not calcu-
lated to inspire him with hope. From Mr. Bayard he received a


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HENRY CLAY
letter (dated April 20th, 1814) with news of the triumph of the allies
over Napoleon, and stating:-
"There is reason to think that it has materially changed the views of the
British Ministry. . . The great augmentation of their disposable force
presents an additional temptation to prosecute the war. »
By the same mail Mr. Gallatin writes from London (April 22d,
1814):-
-
"You are sufficiently aware of the total change in our affairs produced by
the late revolution, and by the restoration of universal peace in the European
world, from which we are alone excluded. A well-organized and large army
is at once liberated from any European employment, and ready, together with
a superabundant naval force, to act independently against us.
How ill pre-
pared we are to meet it in a proper manner, no one knows better than your-
self; but above all, our own divisions and the hostile attitude of the Eastern
States give room to apprehend that a continuation of the war might prove
vitally fatal to the United States. "
Mr. Russell writes from Stockholm (July 2d, 1814): —
"My distress at the delay which our joint errand has encountered has
almost been intolerable, and the kind of comfort I have received from Mr.
Adams has afforded very little relief. His apprehensions are rather of a
gloomy cast with regard to the result of our labors. »
Mr. Crawford, our Minister to France, who with Clay favored a
vigorous prosecution of the war, writes to him (July 4th, 1814):-
"I am thoroughly convinced that the United States can never be called
upon to treat under circumstances less auspicious than those which exist at
the present moment, unless our internal bickerings shall continue to weaken
the effects of the government. »
-
With discouraging news from home, the seat of government taken,
and the Capitol burned, the Eastern States opposing the war and
threatening to withdraw from the Union, and his fellow commis-
sioners in the despondent mood evidenced by the above-quoted let-
ters, it is amazing that Clay, whom some historians have called a
compromiser by nature, opposed any and all concessions and wished
that the war should go on.
By the third article of the treaty of 1783 it was agreed that citi-
zens of the United States should not fish in the waters or cure fish
on the land of any of the maritime provinces north of the United
States after they were settled, without a previous agreement with the
inhabitants or possessors of the ground.


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HENRY CLAY
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By the eighth article of the same treaty, it was agreed that the
navigation of the Mississippi River should ever remain free and open
to the subjects of Great Britain and the United States. It was
then supposed that the British Canadian possessions included the
head-waters of this river. By the Jay treaty of 1794 this was con-
firmed, and "that all ports and places on its eastern side, to which-
soever of the parties belonging, might be freely resorted to and used
by both parties. " At this time Spain possessed the sovereignty of
the west side of the river, and both sides from its mouth to 31°
north latitude. The United States acquired by the Louisiana pur-
chase of 1803 all the sovereignty of Spain which had previously
been acquired by France.
Gallatin proposed to insert a provision for the renewal to the
United States of the rights in the fisheries, and as an equivalent to
give to Great Britain the right to the navigation of the Mississippi
River. This was favored by Gallatin, Adams, and Bayard, and
opposed by Clay and Russell. Mr. Clay, seeing that he was in a
minority, stated that he would affix his name to no treaty which
contained such a provision. After his firm stand Mr. Bayard left the
majority. Clay's "obstinacy" in opposing concessions is well shown
in Mr. Adams's Journal:-
"To this last article [the right of the British to navigate the Mississippi
River] Mr. Clay makes strong objections. He is willing to leave the matter
of the fisheries as a nest-egg for another war.
He considers it a
privilege much too important to be conceded for the mere liberty of drying
fish upon a desert, but the Mississippi was destined to form a most important
part of the interests of the American Union.
Mr. Clay, of all the
members, had alone been urgent to present an article stipulating the aboli-
tion of impressment. Mr. Clay lost his temper, as he generally does when-
ever the right of the British to navigate the Mississippi is discussed.
"December 11th. He [Clay] was for war three years longer. He had no
doubt but three years more of war would make us a warlike people, and
that then we should come out of the war with honor.
December 22d.
At last he turned to me, and asked me whether I would not join him now
and break off negotiations. "
After five months of weary negotiations under most adverse con-
ditions so far as the American commissioners were concerned, the
treaty was signed on December 24th, 1814. During all these months
Clay had resisted any and all concessions, and none were made.
The Marquis of Wellesley declared in the House of Lords that the
American commissioners had shown a most astonishing superiority
over the British during the whole of the correspondence.
During Mr. Clay's absence at Ghent, his admiring constituents
returned him to Congress by an almost unanimous vote.
A year


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HENRY CLAY
later in Congress, Clay referred to his part in the bringing on the
war as follows:-
"I gave a vote for a declaration of war. I exerted all the little influence
and talent I could command to make the war. The war was made. It is
terminated. And I declare with perfect sincerity, if it had been permitted
to me to lift the veil of futurity and to foresee the precise series of events
which had occurred, my vote would have been unchanged. We had been
insulted and outraged and spoliated upon by almost all Europe,- by Great
Britain, by France, Spain, Denmark, Naples, and to cap the climax, by the
little contemptible power of Algiers. We had submitted too long and too
much. We had become the scorn of foreign powers and the derision of our
own citizens. What have we gained by the war? Let any man look at the
degraded condition of this country before the war, the scorn of the universe,
the contempt of ourselves; and tell me if we have gained nothing by the
war?
What is our situation now? Respectability and character abroad,
security and confidence at home. »
Clay more than any other man forced the war. It was the suc-
cessful military hero of this war-the victor of New Orleans-
who defeated him in after years for the Presidency.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
The heated struggle in Congress over the admission of Missouri
into the Union first brought prominently forward the agitation of the
slavery question. This struggle, which lasted from 1818 to 1821,
threatened the very existence of the Union. Jefferson wrote from
Monticello:-
"The Missouri question is the most portentous one that has ever threat-
ened the Union. In the gloomiest moments of the Revolutionary War I
never had any apprehension equal to that I feel from this source. »
Mr. Schurz, writing of the feeling at the time, says:
"While thus the thought of dissolving the Union occurred readily to the
Southern mind, the thought of maintaining the government and preserving
the Union by means of force hardly occurred to anybody. It seemed to be
taken for granted on all sides that if the Southern States insisted on cutting
loose from the Union, nothing could be done but to let them go. "
The two sections were at this time so evenly balanced that the
maintenance of the Union by force could not have been successfully
attempted. The compromise which admitted Missouri to the Union
as a slave State, and recognized the right of settlers to carry slaves
into the territory south of 36° 30', was carried through by the
splendid leadership of Clay, who thus earned the title of "the great


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3767
pacificator. " Future historians will accord to him the title of the
savior of the Union.
Upon the adoption of the compromise measures Mr. Clay resigned
his seat in Congress to give his attention to his private affairs, being
financially embarrassed by indorsing for a friend. During his stay at
home there was a fierce controversy over the issue of paper money
and relief measures to favor debtors who had become involved
through the recklessness following such inflation. Against what
seemed to be an overwhelming popular feeling, Clay arrayed himself
on the side of sound money and sound finance. In 1823 he was
again returned to the House of Representatives without opposition,
and was chosen Speaker by a vote of 139 to 42.
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS
Soon after his entrance into Congress Clay took advanced ground
in favor of building roads, improving water-ways, and constructing
canals by the general government, in order to connect the seaboard
States with the "boundless empire" of the growing West. He
became the leader, the foremost champion, of a system which was
bitterly opposed by some of the ablest statesmen of the time as
unauthorized by the Constitution. Clay triumphed, and during his
long public service was the recognized leader of a system which
though opposed at first, has been accepted as a national policy by
both of the great political parties. That he was actuated by a grand
conception of the future destiny of the country, and the needs of
such improvements to insure a more perfect union, his able speeches
on these questions will show. In one he said:-
"Every man who looks at the Constitution in the spirit to entitle him to
the character of statesman, must elevate his views to the height to which this
nation is destined to reach in the rank of nations. We are not legislating for
this moment only, or for the present generation, or for the present populated
limits of the United States; but our acts must embrace a wider scope,-
reaching northward to the Pacific and southwardly to the river Del Norte.
Imagine this extent of territory with sixty or seventy or a hundred millions
of people. The powers which exist now will exist then; and those which will
exist then exist now.
What was the object of the Convention in
framing the Constitution? The leading object was UNION,- Union, then peace.
Peace external and internal, and commerce, but more particularly union and
peace, the great objects of the framers of the Constitution, should be kept
steadily in view in the interpretation of any clause of it; and when it is sus-
ceptible of various interpretation, that construction should be preferred which
tends to promote the objects of the framers of the Constitution, to the con-
solidation of the Union. . . No man deprecates more than I do the idea
of consolidation; yet between separation and consolidation, painful as would
be the alternative, I should greatly prefer the latter. "


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HENRY CLAY
Congress now appropriates yearly for internal improvements a
sum far greater than the entire revenue of the government at the
time Clay made this speech.
SPANISH-AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
It was but natural that Clay's ardent nature and his love of liberty
would incline him to aid the people of Central and South America
in their efforts to free themselves from Spanish oppression and mis-
rule. Effective here as in all things undertaken by him, his name
must always be linked with the cause of Southern American inde-
pendence. Richard Rush, writing from London to Clay in 1825, says:
"The South-Americans owe to you, more than to any other man of
either hemisphere, their independence. " His speeches, translated
into Spanish, were read to the revolutionary armies, and "his name
was a household name among the patriots.