ad
of a conversation with Pyrrhon, during a journey Diog.
of a conversation with Pyrrhon, during a journey Diog.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
A general a celebrated writer of the species of satiric poems
notion of the composition is probably preserved in called Silli (ola101), flourished in the reign of
A painting on the same subject found at Pompeii Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B. C. 279, and on.
(us. Borb. v. 33 ; Pompeii, vol. ii. p. 190), and wards. A pretty full account of his life is pre-
the type of Medea is seen in a figure found at served by Diogenes Laërtius, from the first book
llerculaneum (Antiq. di Ercol. i. 13 ; Mus. Borl. of a work on the Silli (év Tu TPÓTV TW eis TOUS
x. 21), and on some gems. (Lippert, Supplem. i. 93 ; oirdous únouvnuátwv) by Apollonides of Nicnea ;
Panofka, Annai. d. Inst
. i. p. 243 ; Müller, Archäol. and some particulars are quoted by Diogenes froin
d. Kunst, $ 208, n. 2. ) A minute description of Antigonus of Carystus, and from Sotion (Diog.
the emotions expressed in the artist's Medea is Laërt. ix. c. 12. SS 109–115). Being left an
given in the following epigrams from the Greek orphan while still young, he was at first a chorculcs
Anthology (Anth. Plun. iv. 135, 136, p. 317; in the theatre, but he abandoned this profession
Brunck, Annl. vol. iii. p. 214, vol. ii. p. 174 ; for the study of philosophy, and, haring removed
Jacobs, Anth. Pal. Append. vol. ii. p. 667. ) The to Megara, he spent some time with Siilpon, and
first is anonymous :-
then he returned home and married. He next went
to Elis with his wife, and heard Pyrrhon, whose
Τέχνη Τιμομάχου στοργήν και ζήλον έδειξε
tenets he adopted, so far at least as his restless
Μηδείης, τέκνων εις μόρον ελκομένων:
genius and satirical scepticism permitted him to
τη μεν γαρ συνένευσεν επί ξίφος, ή δ' ανανεύει
follow any master. During his residence at Elis,
σώζειν και κτείνειν βουλομένη τέκεα.
he had children born to him, the eldest of whom,
named Xanthus, he instructed in the art of me-
The other is ascribed to Antiphilus: -
dicine and trained in his philosophical principles,
Ταν όλοάν Μήδειαν ότ' έγραφε Τιμομάχου χείρ, | so that he might be his successor and repre-
ζάλη και τέκνοις αντιμεθελκομένων,
sentative (και διάδοχος του βίου κατέλιπε ; but
μυρίoν άρατο μόχθων, ίν' ηθεα δισσα χαράξη, these words may, however, mean that he left him
ών το μεν εις οργάν νευε, το δ' είς έλεον. heir to his property). Driven again from Elis by
άμφω δ' επλήρωσεν όρα τύπον. έν γάρ απειλά | straitened circumstances, he spent some time on
δάκρυον, εν δ' ελέω θυμός αναστρέφεται.
the Hellespont and the Propontis, and taught at
'Αρκεί δ' & μέλλησις, έφα σοφός• αίμα δε τέκνων Chalcedon as a sophist with euch success that
έπρεπε Μηδείη, κου χερί Τιμομάχου.
he realised a fortune. He then removed to
Athens, where he lived until his death, with the
There is a similar epigram by Ausonius (No. 129). exception of a short residence at Thebes. Among
From these descriptions it appears that the great the great men, with whom he became personally
art of Timomachus consisted in the expression of acquainted in the course of his travels, which pro-
that conflict of emotions which precedes the perpe- bably extended more widely about the Aegean and
tration of some dreadful act, and in exciting in the the Levant than we are informed, were the kings
niinds of the spectators the corresponding emotions Antigonus and Ptolemy Philadelphus. He is said
of terror and pity, which are the end aimed at by to have assisted Alexander Aetolus and Homerus
all tragic exhibitions ; and, at the same time, in in the composition of their tragedies, and to have
avoiding the excess of horror, by representing, not been the teacher of Aratus (Suid. s. v. 'Apatos).
the deed
itself, but only the conception of it in the “ These indications," says Mr. Clinton, “mark his
mind. Plutarch mentions the painting as an ex- | time. He might have heard Stilpo at Megara
ample of one of those works of art, in which un- twenty-five years before the reign of Philadelphus
natural deeds (spáfers &TOTO) are represented, (Fust. Hellen. vol. iii. s. aa. 279, 272). He died
and which, while we abhor the deed, we praise on at the age of almost ninety. Among his pupils
account of the skill shown in representing it in a were Dioscurides of Cyprus, Nicolochus of Rhodes,
becoming manner (TTV Téxvnv, ei meuluntai apoon- Euphranor of Seleuceia, and Praỹlus of the Troad.
KÓVTWS TO Únoreljevov, Plut. de Aud. Poet. 3, p. Timon appears to have been endowed by nature
18, b. ). There are also two other epigrams upon with a powerful and active mind, and with that
the picture in the Greek Anthology (Jacobs, loc. quick perception of the follies of nien, which be-
Nos. 137, 138), from the former of which we trays its possessor into a spirit of universal distrust
learn that it was painted in encaustic ; and, from both of men and truths, so as to make him a sceptic
the connection in which Timomachus is mentioned in philosophy and a satirist in every thing. Ac-
by Pliny, it would seem that this was the case cording to Diogenes, Timon bad that physical
with all his works.
defect, which some have fancied that they have
(2. ) His Ajax resembled his Medea in the con- found often accompanied by such a spirit as his,
flict of emotions which it expressed. It repre- and which at least must have given greater force
sented the hero in his madness, meditating the act to its utterances; he was a one-eyed man; and
of suicide. It is described by Philostratus (Vit. he used even to make a jest of his own defect,
Apollon. ii. 10), in an epigram in the Greek An- calling himself Cyclops. Some other examples of
thology (Jacobs, l. c. No. 83, p. 618), and by Ovid his bitter sarcasms are recorded by Diogenes; one
(Trist. ii. 528).
of which is worth qoting as a maxim in criticism:
(3. ) His other works are mentioned by Pliny being asked by Aratus how to obtain the pure text
in the following words :-- “ Timomachi aeque lau- of Homer, he replied, “ If we could find the old
dantur Orcsles, Iphigenia in Tuuris, Lecythion agi- copies, and not those with modern emendations. "
litatis exercitator, Cognatio nobilium, Palliati, quos He is also said to have been fond of retirement,
dicturos pinxit, alterum stantem, alterum sedentem ; and of gardening ; but Diogenes introduces this
praecipue tamen ars ei favisse in Gorgone visa est. ' statement and some others in such a way as to
(Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40. $ 30. ) [P. S. ) suggest a doubt whether they ought to be referred
4D
;
:
1
## p. 1144 (#1160) ##########################################
1144
TIMON.
TIMON
mid to
thores.
serted
ip. 15
Estas
Tobra
The le
the 205
0903
23 one
the ar
ABLES
troduct
girera
TI:
beyond
mikor
TIL
is. 329
TI.
to our Timon or to Timon the misanthrope, or very admirable productions of their kind. (Ding,
whether they apply equally to both.
1. c. ; Aristocles an. Euseb. Praep. Ev. xiv. p. 763,
The writings of Timon are represented as very c. ; Suid. s. vo. Ou talvel, Thuwr; Ath. passim;
numerous. According to Diogenes, in the order of Gell. iii. 17. ) Commentaries were written on the
whose statement there appears to be some confusion, Silli by Apollonides of Nicaen, as already men-
he composed čin, kal payudías, kad gatúpous, tioned, and also by Sotion of Alexandria. (Ath.
και δράματα κωμικά τριάκοντα, τραγικά δέ εξή- | viii. p. 336, d. ) The poem entitled 'Ινδαλμοί, in
KOVTA, ola Aous te kal rivaldous. The double men. elegiac verse, appears to have been similar in its
tion of his tragedies raises a suspicion that Dio subject to the Silli (Diog. Laërt. ix. 65). Diogenes
genes may have combined two different accounts of also mentions Timon's lauloi (ix. 110), but per-
his writings in this sentence ; but perhaps it may haps the word is here merely used in the sense of
be explained by supposing the words "payırà od satirical poems in general, without reference to the
& Enxovta to be inserted simply in order to put the metre.
number of his tragedies side by side with that of He also wrote in prose, to the quantity, Diogenes
his comedies. Some may find another difficulty in tells us, of twenty thousand lines. These works
the passage, on account of the great number and were no doubt on philosophical subjects, but all
variety of the poetical works ascribed to Timon; we know of their specific character is contained in
but this is nothing surprising in a writer of that the three references made by Diogenes to Timon's
age of universal imitative literature ; nor, when I works περί αισθήσεως, περί ζητήσεως, aud κατά
the early theatrical occupations of Timon are borne copias.
in mind, is it at all astonishing that his taste for The fragments of his poems have been collected
the drama should have prompted him to the com- hy H. Stephanus, in his Poësis Philosophica, 1573,
position of sixty tragedies and thirty comedies, 8vo. ; by J. F. Langenrich, at the end of his Disserta-
besides satyric dramas. One thing, however, it tioncs III. de Timone Sillograpko, Lips. 1720, 1721,
is important to observe. The composition of tra- | 1723, 4to. ; by Brunck, in his Analecta, vol. ii.
gedies and comedies by the same author is an pp. 67, foll. ; by F. A. Wölke, in his monograph
almost certain indication that his dramas were De Graecorum Syllis, Varsav. 1820, 8vo. ; and by F.
intended only to be read, and not to be acted. No Paul, in his Dissertatio de Sillis, Berol. 1821, 8vo.
remains of his dramas have come down to us. (See also Creuzer and Daub's Studien, vol. vi.
Of his epic poems we know very little ; but it pp. 302, foll. ; Ant. Weland, Dissert. de praecip.
may be presumed that they were chiefly ludicrous Parodiarum Homericarum Scriptoribus apud
or satirical poems in the epic form. Possibly his Graecos, pp. 50, foll. Gotting. 1833, 8vo. ; Fabric.
Python (núowr), which contained a long account Bibl. Gruec. vol. iii. pp. 623–625; Menag.
ad
of a conversation with Pyrrhon, during a journey Diog. Laërt. l. c. ; Welcker, die Griech. Tragöd.
to Pytho, may be referred to this class ; unless it pp. 1268, 1269 ; Bode, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichtk.
was in prose (Diog. ix. 64, 105; Euseb. Praep. Ev. vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 345-347 ; Ulrici, vol. ii. p. 317;
xiv. p. 761, a. ). It appears probable that his Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 495).
'Αρκεσιλάου περίδειπνον οι πρόδειπνον was a sa- 2. TIMON THE MISANTHROPE (d ploáv@puros)
tirical poem in epic verse (Diog. ix. 115 ; Ath. ix. is distinguished from Timon of Phlius by Diogenes
p. 406, e. ). Whether he wrote parodies on Homer (ix. 112), but, as has been remarked above, it is
or whether he merely occasionally, in the course of not clear how much, or whether any part, of the
his writings, parodied passages of the Homeric information Diogenes gives respecting Timon is to
poems, cannot be determined with certainty from be referred to this Timon rather than the former.
the lines in bis extant fragments which are evident There was a certain distant resemblance between
parodies of Homer, such, for example, as the verse their characters, which may have led to a confusion
preserved by Diogenes,
of the one with the other. The great distinctions
"Έσπετε νύν μοι όσοι πολυπράγμονές έστε
between them are, that Timon the misanthroue
σοφισται,
wrote nothing, and that he lived about a century
which is an obvious parody on the Homeric invo- and a half earlier than Timon of Phlius, namely,
cation (Il. ii. 484),
at the time of the Peloponnesian war. The few
"Έσπετε νύν μοι Μούσαι 'Ολύμπια δώματ' έχουσαι, particulars that are known of Timon the misanthrope
are contained in the passages in which he is at-
The most celebrated of his poems, however, were tacked by Aristophanes (Lysist. 809, &c. , Av.
the satiric compositions called Silli (oi101), a word 1548) and the other comic poets in the dialogue of
of somewhat doubtful etymology, but which un- Lucian, which bears his name (T’imon, c. 7), and
doubtedly describes metrical compositions, of a in a few other passages of the ancient writers
character at once ludicrous and sarcastic. The (Plut. Anton. 70 ; Tzetz. Chil. vii. 273; Suid. s. r. )
invention of this species of poetry is ascribed to The comic poets who mention him, besides Aristo-
Xenophanes of Colophon. [XENOPHANES. ] The phanes, are Phrynichus, Plato, and Antiphanes,
Silli of Timon were in three books, in the first of the last of whom made him the subject of one of
which he spoke in his own person, and the other his comedies. (See Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com.
two are in the form of a dialogue between the Graec. pp. 327, 328. ) He was an Athenian, of
author and Xenophanes of Colophon, in which the demos of Colyttus, and his father's name was
Timon proposed questions, to which Xenophanes Echecratidcs. In consequence of the ingratitude
replied at length. The subject was a sarcastic he experienced, and the disappointments he suf-
account of the tenets of all philosophers, living and ered, from his early friends and companions, he
dead ; an unbounded field for scepticism and satire. secluded himself entirely from the world, admit-
They were in hexameter verse, and, from the way ting no one to his society except Alcibiades, in
in which they are mentioned by the ancient writers, whose reckless and variable disposition he probably
as well as from the few fragments of them which found pleasure in tracing and studying an image of
bure come down to us, it is evident that they were | the world he had abandoned ; and at last he is
agains
obszes
Timon
bistory
Timot
Eppus
Laerti
Laert
stead
Graec
on Th
Simon
( 83
may
TIL
Timol
TID
delph
That
which
i fred
es
lii
, pa
Schol
'Art
Pp. 1
Hell.
TI
of or
*agu
the ti
1,98
by P
(Bu
proba
are io
## p. 1145 (#1161) ##########################################
TIMOSTRATUS.
'1145
TIMOTHEUS.
1
said to have died in consequence of refusing to whose Anuotointos is quoted by Suidas (s. r.
suffer a surgeon to come to him to set a broken xápač) is an error for Tiborpatos. (Meineke,
limb. His grave is said to have been planted with Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. pp. 499, 500, vol. is.
thorns, and the following epitaph upon him is pre- pp. 595, 596 ; Editio Minor, p. 1184. ) (P. S. )
served in the Greek Anthology (Brunck, Anul. vol. TIMOʻTHIEUS (Teó Beos), historical. 1. Father
i. p. 153; Jacobs, Anth Graec. vol. i. p. 86):- of Conon, the famous general. (Paus. viii. 52. )
'Ενθάδο απορρήξας ψυχήν βαρυδαίμονα κείμαι,
2. Son of Conon, was a native of the demus
Τούνομα δ' ού πεύσεσθε, κακοί δέ κακώς απόλoισθε. | of Anaplilystus, and, according to a probable con-
jecture of Boeckh, belonged to the priestly family
The few details recorded of his eccentricities by of the Eumolpidae (Corp. Inscr. 393; sce Reh-
the authors above cited have no value except as dantz, Vit. Iph. Chabr. T'im. p. 45). For the state-
contributing to the study of his whole character, ment of Athenaeus (xiii. p. 577, a), that his mo.
as one type of the diseased human mind, a subject ther was a Thracian hetaera, there appear to bo
which lies beyond our present limits, but for which no good grounds. Inheriting a considerable fortune
the reader will find ample materials in comparing from his father, he seenis in his early years to
the ancient authorities with Shakspeare's Timon of have indulged in the display of it, as we may
Athens, and in this comparison Mr. Knight's In-gather from an allusion in the Plutus of Aristó
troductory Notice to that tragedy will be found to phanes (B. C. 388); and we may therefore well
give valuable assistance.
(P. S. ] believe the assertion, that it was through his inter-
TIMON, a statuary, of whom nothing is known course with Isocrates that his mind was directed
beyond the mention of him by Pliny as one of to higher views (Lys. de Arist. Bon. p. 155; Arist.
those who made athletas et armatos et venutores su- Plut. 180; Schol. ad loc. ; Dem. c. Aphob. i. p. 815,
crificantesque. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. 6. 19. & c. Aphob. de F. T. p. 862 ; Pseudo-Dem. Erot. p.
34. )
(P. S. ) 1415). In B. c. 378, Timotheus was made general
TIMONAX (Τιμώνας), wrote Σικελικά and with Chabrias and Callistratus, and it is possible
Nepl Exvewv. (Schol ad Apoll. Rhod. iii. 1235, that, while Chabrias was occupied in Boeotia, his
iv. 328, 1217. )
colleagues commanded the fleet, and were engaged
TIMO'NIDES (Teuwvidns), accompanied Dion in bringing over Euboea and other islands to the
into Sicily, and fought on his side. On one occa- Athenian confederacy (Xen. Hell. v. 4. § 34 ;
sion, when Dion had been wounded while fighting Diod. xv. 29, 30; Plut. de Glor. Ath. 8; Rehdantz,
against the mercenaries of Dionysius, and was p. 57). In B. C. 375, Timotheus was sent with
obliged to retire from the combat, he appointed sixty ships to cruize round the Peloponnesus, in
Timonides to the command of his troops. The accordance with the suggestion of the Thebans, that
history of Dion's wars in Sicily was related by the Spartans might thus be prevented from in-
Timonides in some letters to the philosopher Speu- vading Boeotia. On his voyage he ravaged Laconin,
sippus, which are quoted by Plutarch and Diogenes and then proceeded to Corcyra, which he brought
Laërtius. (Plut. Dion, cc. 22, 30, 31, 35; Diog. over to the Athenian alliance, behaving after his
Laërt. iv. 5, where Tiuwvions must be read in success with great moderation. This conduct, to-
stead of Equwvions ; C. Müller, Fragm. Historic. gether with his conciliatory disposition and man-
Grucc. vol. ii. p. 83, Paris, 1848.
notion of the composition is probably preserved in called Silli (ola101), flourished in the reign of
A painting on the same subject found at Pompeii Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B. C. 279, and on.
(us. Borb. v. 33 ; Pompeii, vol. ii. p. 190), and wards. A pretty full account of his life is pre-
the type of Medea is seen in a figure found at served by Diogenes Laërtius, from the first book
llerculaneum (Antiq. di Ercol. i. 13 ; Mus. Borl. of a work on the Silli (év Tu TPÓTV TW eis TOUS
x. 21), and on some gems. (Lippert, Supplem. i. 93 ; oirdous únouvnuátwv) by Apollonides of Nicnea ;
Panofka, Annai. d. Inst
. i. p. 243 ; Müller, Archäol. and some particulars are quoted by Diogenes froin
d. Kunst, $ 208, n. 2. ) A minute description of Antigonus of Carystus, and from Sotion (Diog.
the emotions expressed in the artist's Medea is Laërt. ix. c. 12. SS 109–115). Being left an
given in the following epigrams from the Greek orphan while still young, he was at first a chorculcs
Anthology (Anth. Plun. iv. 135, 136, p. 317; in the theatre, but he abandoned this profession
Brunck, Annl. vol. iii. p. 214, vol. ii. p. 174 ; for the study of philosophy, and, haring removed
Jacobs, Anth. Pal. Append. vol. ii. p. 667. ) The to Megara, he spent some time with Siilpon, and
first is anonymous :-
then he returned home and married. He next went
to Elis with his wife, and heard Pyrrhon, whose
Τέχνη Τιμομάχου στοργήν και ζήλον έδειξε
tenets he adopted, so far at least as his restless
Μηδείης, τέκνων εις μόρον ελκομένων:
genius and satirical scepticism permitted him to
τη μεν γαρ συνένευσεν επί ξίφος, ή δ' ανανεύει
follow any master. During his residence at Elis,
σώζειν και κτείνειν βουλομένη τέκεα.
he had children born to him, the eldest of whom,
named Xanthus, he instructed in the art of me-
The other is ascribed to Antiphilus: -
dicine and trained in his philosophical principles,
Ταν όλοάν Μήδειαν ότ' έγραφε Τιμομάχου χείρ, | so that he might be his successor and repre-
ζάλη και τέκνοις αντιμεθελκομένων,
sentative (και διάδοχος του βίου κατέλιπε ; but
μυρίoν άρατο μόχθων, ίν' ηθεα δισσα χαράξη, these words may, however, mean that he left him
ών το μεν εις οργάν νευε, το δ' είς έλεον. heir to his property). Driven again from Elis by
άμφω δ' επλήρωσεν όρα τύπον. έν γάρ απειλά | straitened circumstances, he spent some time on
δάκρυον, εν δ' ελέω θυμός αναστρέφεται.
the Hellespont and the Propontis, and taught at
'Αρκεί δ' & μέλλησις, έφα σοφός• αίμα δε τέκνων Chalcedon as a sophist with euch success that
έπρεπε Μηδείη, κου χερί Τιμομάχου.
he realised a fortune. He then removed to
Athens, where he lived until his death, with the
There is a similar epigram by Ausonius (No. 129). exception of a short residence at Thebes. Among
From these descriptions it appears that the great the great men, with whom he became personally
art of Timomachus consisted in the expression of acquainted in the course of his travels, which pro-
that conflict of emotions which precedes the perpe- bably extended more widely about the Aegean and
tration of some dreadful act, and in exciting in the the Levant than we are informed, were the kings
niinds of the spectators the corresponding emotions Antigonus and Ptolemy Philadelphus. He is said
of terror and pity, which are the end aimed at by to have assisted Alexander Aetolus and Homerus
all tragic exhibitions ; and, at the same time, in in the composition of their tragedies, and to have
avoiding the excess of horror, by representing, not been the teacher of Aratus (Suid. s. v. 'Apatos).
the deed
itself, but only the conception of it in the “ These indications," says Mr. Clinton, “mark his
mind. Plutarch mentions the painting as an ex- | time. He might have heard Stilpo at Megara
ample of one of those works of art, in which un- twenty-five years before the reign of Philadelphus
natural deeds (spáfers &TOTO) are represented, (Fust. Hellen. vol. iii. s. aa. 279, 272). He died
and which, while we abhor the deed, we praise on at the age of almost ninety. Among his pupils
account of the skill shown in representing it in a were Dioscurides of Cyprus, Nicolochus of Rhodes,
becoming manner (TTV Téxvnv, ei meuluntai apoon- Euphranor of Seleuceia, and Praỹlus of the Troad.
KÓVTWS TO Únoreljevov, Plut. de Aud. Poet. 3, p. Timon appears to have been endowed by nature
18, b. ). There are also two other epigrams upon with a powerful and active mind, and with that
the picture in the Greek Anthology (Jacobs, loc. quick perception of the follies of nien, which be-
Nos. 137, 138), from the former of which we trays its possessor into a spirit of universal distrust
learn that it was painted in encaustic ; and, from both of men and truths, so as to make him a sceptic
the connection in which Timomachus is mentioned in philosophy and a satirist in every thing. Ac-
by Pliny, it would seem that this was the case cording to Diogenes, Timon bad that physical
with all his works.
defect, which some have fancied that they have
(2. ) His Ajax resembled his Medea in the con- found often accompanied by such a spirit as his,
flict of emotions which it expressed. It repre- and which at least must have given greater force
sented the hero in his madness, meditating the act to its utterances; he was a one-eyed man; and
of suicide. It is described by Philostratus (Vit. he used even to make a jest of his own defect,
Apollon. ii. 10), in an epigram in the Greek An- calling himself Cyclops. Some other examples of
thology (Jacobs, l. c. No. 83, p. 618), and by Ovid his bitter sarcasms are recorded by Diogenes; one
(Trist. ii. 528).
of which is worth qoting as a maxim in criticism:
(3. ) His other works are mentioned by Pliny being asked by Aratus how to obtain the pure text
in the following words :-- “ Timomachi aeque lau- of Homer, he replied, “ If we could find the old
dantur Orcsles, Iphigenia in Tuuris, Lecythion agi- copies, and not those with modern emendations. "
litatis exercitator, Cognatio nobilium, Palliati, quos He is also said to have been fond of retirement,
dicturos pinxit, alterum stantem, alterum sedentem ; and of gardening ; but Diogenes introduces this
praecipue tamen ars ei favisse in Gorgone visa est. ' statement and some others in such a way as to
(Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40. $ 30. ) [P. S. ) suggest a doubt whether they ought to be referred
4D
;
:
1
## p. 1144 (#1160) ##########################################
1144
TIMON.
TIMON
mid to
thores.
serted
ip. 15
Estas
Tobra
The le
the 205
0903
23 one
the ar
ABLES
troduct
girera
TI:
beyond
mikor
TIL
is. 329
TI.
to our Timon or to Timon the misanthrope, or very admirable productions of their kind. (Ding,
whether they apply equally to both.
1. c. ; Aristocles an. Euseb. Praep. Ev. xiv. p. 763,
The writings of Timon are represented as very c. ; Suid. s. vo. Ou talvel, Thuwr; Ath. passim;
numerous. According to Diogenes, in the order of Gell. iii. 17. ) Commentaries were written on the
whose statement there appears to be some confusion, Silli by Apollonides of Nicaen, as already men-
he composed čin, kal payudías, kad gatúpous, tioned, and also by Sotion of Alexandria. (Ath.
και δράματα κωμικά τριάκοντα, τραγικά δέ εξή- | viii. p. 336, d. ) The poem entitled 'Ινδαλμοί, in
KOVTA, ola Aous te kal rivaldous. The double men. elegiac verse, appears to have been similar in its
tion of his tragedies raises a suspicion that Dio subject to the Silli (Diog. Laërt. ix. 65). Diogenes
genes may have combined two different accounts of also mentions Timon's lauloi (ix. 110), but per-
his writings in this sentence ; but perhaps it may haps the word is here merely used in the sense of
be explained by supposing the words "payırà od satirical poems in general, without reference to the
& Enxovta to be inserted simply in order to put the metre.
number of his tragedies side by side with that of He also wrote in prose, to the quantity, Diogenes
his comedies. Some may find another difficulty in tells us, of twenty thousand lines. These works
the passage, on account of the great number and were no doubt on philosophical subjects, but all
variety of the poetical works ascribed to Timon; we know of their specific character is contained in
but this is nothing surprising in a writer of that the three references made by Diogenes to Timon's
age of universal imitative literature ; nor, when I works περί αισθήσεως, περί ζητήσεως, aud κατά
the early theatrical occupations of Timon are borne copias.
in mind, is it at all astonishing that his taste for The fragments of his poems have been collected
the drama should have prompted him to the com- hy H. Stephanus, in his Poësis Philosophica, 1573,
position of sixty tragedies and thirty comedies, 8vo. ; by J. F. Langenrich, at the end of his Disserta-
besides satyric dramas. One thing, however, it tioncs III. de Timone Sillograpko, Lips. 1720, 1721,
is important to observe. The composition of tra- | 1723, 4to. ; by Brunck, in his Analecta, vol. ii.
gedies and comedies by the same author is an pp. 67, foll. ; by F. A. Wölke, in his monograph
almost certain indication that his dramas were De Graecorum Syllis, Varsav. 1820, 8vo. ; and by F.
intended only to be read, and not to be acted. No Paul, in his Dissertatio de Sillis, Berol. 1821, 8vo.
remains of his dramas have come down to us. (See also Creuzer and Daub's Studien, vol. vi.
Of his epic poems we know very little ; but it pp. 302, foll. ; Ant. Weland, Dissert. de praecip.
may be presumed that they were chiefly ludicrous Parodiarum Homericarum Scriptoribus apud
or satirical poems in the epic form. Possibly his Graecos, pp. 50, foll. Gotting. 1833, 8vo. ; Fabric.
Python (núowr), which contained a long account Bibl. Gruec. vol. iii. pp. 623–625; Menag.
ad
of a conversation with Pyrrhon, during a journey Diog. Laërt. l. c. ; Welcker, die Griech. Tragöd.
to Pytho, may be referred to this class ; unless it pp. 1268, 1269 ; Bode, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichtk.
was in prose (Diog. ix. 64, 105; Euseb. Praep. Ev. vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 345-347 ; Ulrici, vol. ii. p. 317;
xiv. p. 761, a. ). It appears probable that his Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 495).
'Αρκεσιλάου περίδειπνον οι πρόδειπνον was a sa- 2. TIMON THE MISANTHROPE (d ploáv@puros)
tirical poem in epic verse (Diog. ix. 115 ; Ath. ix. is distinguished from Timon of Phlius by Diogenes
p. 406, e. ). Whether he wrote parodies on Homer (ix. 112), but, as has been remarked above, it is
or whether he merely occasionally, in the course of not clear how much, or whether any part, of the
his writings, parodied passages of the Homeric information Diogenes gives respecting Timon is to
poems, cannot be determined with certainty from be referred to this Timon rather than the former.
the lines in bis extant fragments which are evident There was a certain distant resemblance between
parodies of Homer, such, for example, as the verse their characters, which may have led to a confusion
preserved by Diogenes,
of the one with the other. The great distinctions
"Έσπετε νύν μοι όσοι πολυπράγμονές έστε
between them are, that Timon the misanthroue
σοφισται,
wrote nothing, and that he lived about a century
which is an obvious parody on the Homeric invo- and a half earlier than Timon of Phlius, namely,
cation (Il. ii. 484),
at the time of the Peloponnesian war. The few
"Έσπετε νύν μοι Μούσαι 'Ολύμπια δώματ' έχουσαι, particulars that are known of Timon the misanthrope
are contained in the passages in which he is at-
The most celebrated of his poems, however, were tacked by Aristophanes (Lysist. 809, &c. , Av.
the satiric compositions called Silli (oi101), a word 1548) and the other comic poets in the dialogue of
of somewhat doubtful etymology, but which un- Lucian, which bears his name (T’imon, c. 7), and
doubtedly describes metrical compositions, of a in a few other passages of the ancient writers
character at once ludicrous and sarcastic. The (Plut. Anton. 70 ; Tzetz. Chil. vii. 273; Suid. s. r. )
invention of this species of poetry is ascribed to The comic poets who mention him, besides Aristo-
Xenophanes of Colophon. [XENOPHANES. ] The phanes, are Phrynichus, Plato, and Antiphanes,
Silli of Timon were in three books, in the first of the last of whom made him the subject of one of
which he spoke in his own person, and the other his comedies. (See Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com.
two are in the form of a dialogue between the Graec. pp. 327, 328. ) He was an Athenian, of
author and Xenophanes of Colophon, in which the demos of Colyttus, and his father's name was
Timon proposed questions, to which Xenophanes Echecratidcs. In consequence of the ingratitude
replied at length. The subject was a sarcastic he experienced, and the disappointments he suf-
account of the tenets of all philosophers, living and ered, from his early friends and companions, he
dead ; an unbounded field for scepticism and satire. secluded himself entirely from the world, admit-
They were in hexameter verse, and, from the way ting no one to his society except Alcibiades, in
in which they are mentioned by the ancient writers, whose reckless and variable disposition he probably
as well as from the few fragments of them which found pleasure in tracing and studying an image of
bure come down to us, it is evident that they were | the world he had abandoned ; and at last he is
agains
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## p. 1145 (#1161) ##########################################
TIMOSTRATUS.
'1145
TIMOTHEUS.
1
said to have died in consequence of refusing to whose Anuotointos is quoted by Suidas (s. r.
suffer a surgeon to come to him to set a broken xápač) is an error for Tiborpatos. (Meineke,
limb. His grave is said to have been planted with Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. pp. 499, 500, vol. is.
thorns, and the following epitaph upon him is pre- pp. 595, 596 ; Editio Minor, p. 1184. ) (P. S. )
served in the Greek Anthology (Brunck, Anul. vol. TIMOʻTHIEUS (Teó Beos), historical. 1. Father
i. p. 153; Jacobs, Anth Graec. vol. i. p. 86):- of Conon, the famous general. (Paus. viii. 52. )
'Ενθάδο απορρήξας ψυχήν βαρυδαίμονα κείμαι,
2. Son of Conon, was a native of the demus
Τούνομα δ' ού πεύσεσθε, κακοί δέ κακώς απόλoισθε. | of Anaplilystus, and, according to a probable con-
jecture of Boeckh, belonged to the priestly family
The few details recorded of his eccentricities by of the Eumolpidae (Corp. Inscr. 393; sce Reh-
the authors above cited have no value except as dantz, Vit. Iph. Chabr. T'im. p. 45). For the state-
contributing to the study of his whole character, ment of Athenaeus (xiii. p. 577, a), that his mo.
as one type of the diseased human mind, a subject ther was a Thracian hetaera, there appear to bo
which lies beyond our present limits, but for which no good grounds. Inheriting a considerable fortune
the reader will find ample materials in comparing from his father, he seenis in his early years to
the ancient authorities with Shakspeare's Timon of have indulged in the display of it, as we may
Athens, and in this comparison Mr. Knight's In-gather from an allusion in the Plutus of Aristó
troductory Notice to that tragedy will be found to phanes (B. C. 388); and we may therefore well
give valuable assistance.
(P. S. ] believe the assertion, that it was through his inter-
TIMON, a statuary, of whom nothing is known course with Isocrates that his mind was directed
beyond the mention of him by Pliny as one of to higher views (Lys. de Arist. Bon. p. 155; Arist.
those who made athletas et armatos et venutores su- Plut. 180; Schol. ad loc. ; Dem. c. Aphob. i. p. 815,
crificantesque. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. 6. 19. & c. Aphob. de F. T. p. 862 ; Pseudo-Dem. Erot. p.
34. )
(P. S. ) 1415). In B. c. 378, Timotheus was made general
TIMONAX (Τιμώνας), wrote Σικελικά and with Chabrias and Callistratus, and it is possible
Nepl Exvewv. (Schol ad Apoll. Rhod. iii. 1235, that, while Chabrias was occupied in Boeotia, his
iv. 328, 1217. )
colleagues commanded the fleet, and were engaged
TIMO'NIDES (Teuwvidns), accompanied Dion in bringing over Euboea and other islands to the
into Sicily, and fought on his side. On one occa- Athenian confederacy (Xen. Hell. v. 4. § 34 ;
sion, when Dion had been wounded while fighting Diod. xv. 29, 30; Plut. de Glor. Ath. 8; Rehdantz,
against the mercenaries of Dionysius, and was p. 57). In B. C. 375, Timotheus was sent with
obliged to retire from the combat, he appointed sixty ships to cruize round the Peloponnesus, in
Timonides to the command of his troops. The accordance with the suggestion of the Thebans, that
history of Dion's wars in Sicily was related by the Spartans might thus be prevented from in-
Timonides in some letters to the philosopher Speu- vading Boeotia. On his voyage he ravaged Laconin,
sippus, which are quoted by Plutarch and Diogenes and then proceeded to Corcyra, which he brought
Laërtius. (Plut. Dion, cc. 22, 30, 31, 35; Diog. over to the Athenian alliance, behaving after his
Laërt. iv. 5, where Tiuwvions must be read in success with great moderation. This conduct, to-
stead of Equwvions ; C. Müller, Fragm. Historic. gether with his conciliatory disposition and man-
Grucc. vol. ii. p. 83, Paris, 1848.
