No More Learning

) Respecting the festivals of Boreas, is uncertain whether the Bostar who was governor
celebrated at Athens and other places, see Dict. of of Capua with Hanno, in 211, is the same as the
Ant. s. v. Bopeao uos.
(L. S. ] preceding. (Liv. xxvi. 5, 12; Appian, Anni). 43. )
BORMUS (B@puos or Bøpquos), a son of Upius, BO'TACHUS (Búraxos), a son of locritus and
a Mariandynian, was a youth distinguished for his grandson of Lycurgus, from whom the demos Bo-
extraordinary beauty. Once during the time of tachidae or Potachides at Tegea was believed to
harvest, when he went to a well to fetch water for bave derived its name. (Paus. viii. 45. § 1; Steph.
the reapers, he was drawn into the well by the Byz. s. v. Bwraxíðan. )
[L. S. ]
nymphs, and never appeared again. For this rea- BOTANIDES. (NICEPHORUS III. ]
bon, the country people in Bithynia celebrated his BOʻTRYAS (Botpúas), of Myndus, is one of
memory every year at the time of harvest with the writers whom Ptolemy, the son of Hephaestion
plaintive songs (Bapuol) with the accompaniment made use of in compiling his “ New History. ”
of their futes. (Athen. xiv. p. 620; Aeschyl. Pers. (Phot. p. 147, 2. , 21, ed. Bekker. )
941; Schol. ad Dionys. Perieg. 791; Pollux, iv. BOTRYS (Búrpus), a native of Messana in
54. )
[L. S. ] Sicily, was the inventor of the lascivious poems
BORUS (B@pos), two mythical personages, of called Talyvia. (Athen. vii. p. 322, a. ; Polyb. xii.
whom no particulars are related. (A pollod. iii
. 13. 13; Suidas, s. v. anuoxápns. )
$ 1; Paus. ii. 18. § 7. )
(L. S. ] BOTRYS (BbTpus), a Greek physician, who
BOSTAR (BOTwp, Polyb. iii. 98; Bwotapos, must have lived in or before the first century
Polyb. i. 30; Bodootwp, Diod. Exc. xxiv. ). 1. A after Christ. His writings are not now extant,
Carthaginian general, who, in conjunction with but they were used by Pliny for his Natural His-
Hamilcar and Hasdrubal, the son of Hanno, com- tory. (Ind. to H. N. xjii
. xiv. ) One of his pre-
manded the Carthaginian forces sent against M. Ati- scriptions is preserved by Galen. (De Compos. Me-
lius Regulus when he invaded Africa in B. c. 256. dicum. sec. Locos. iii. I. vol. xii. p. 640. ) (W. A. G. ]
Bostar and his colleagues were, however, quite in- BOTTHAEUS (Bordatós), is mentioned along
competent for their office. Instead of keeping to with Scylax of Caryanda by Marcianus of Hera-
the plains, where their cavalry and elephants would cleia (p. 63) as one of those who wrote a Periplus.
bave been formidable to the Romans, they retired to BRACHYLLES or BRACHYLLAS (Bpa-
the mountains, where these forces were of no use ; xúns, Bpaxúdas), was the son of Neon, a
and they were defeated, in consequence, near the Boeotian, who studiously courted the favour of the
town of Adis, with great slaughter. The generals, Macedonian king Antigonus Doson ; and accord-
we are told, were taken prisoners; and we learn ingly, when the latter took Sparta, B. c. 222, he
from Diodorus, that Bostar and Hamilcar were, entrusted to Brachyllas the government of the city.
after the death of Regulus, delivered up to his fa- | (Polyb. xx. 5 ; comp. ii. 70, v. 9, ix. 36. ) After
mily, who behaved to them with such barbarity, the death of Antigonus, B. c. 220, Brachy las con-


## p. 502 (#522) ############################################

502
BRASIDAS.
BRASIDAS.
tinued to attach himself to the interests of Mace- mosthenes from Pylos (425), he is described 18
donia under Philip V. , whom he attended in his running his galley ashore, and, in a gallant
conference with Flamininus at Nicaea in Locris, endeavour to land, to have fainted from his
B. C. 198. (Polyb. xvii. 1; Liv. xxxii. 32. ) At wounds, and falling back into the ship to have lost
the battle of Cynoscephalae, B. C. 197, he com- in the water his shield, which was afterwards found
manded the Boeotian troops in Philip's army; but, by the Atheninns and used in their trophy. Early
together with the rest of his countrymen who had in the following year we find him at the Isthmus
on that occasion fallen into the Roman power, he preparing for his expedition to Chalcidice ( 424), but
was sent home in safety by Flamininus, who suddenly called off from this by the danger of
wished to conciliate Boeotia. On his return he Megara, which but for his timely and skilful suc-
was elected Boeotarch, through the influence of the cour would no doubt have been lost to the enemy.
Macedonian party at Thebes ; in consequence of Shortly after, he set forth with an army of 700
which Zeuxippus, Peisistratus, and the other helots and 1000 mercenaries, arrived at Heraclein,
leaders of the Roman party, caused him to be and, by a rapid and dexterous march through the
assassinated as he was returning home one night | hostile country of Thessaly, effected a junction
from an entertainment, B. c. 196. Polybius tells with Perdiccas of Macedon. The events of his
us, what Livy omits to state, that Flamininus him- career in this field of action were (after a brief ex-
self was privy to the crime. (Polyb. xviii. 26 ; Liv. pedition against Arrhibaeus, a revolted vassal of
xxxi. 27, 28 ; comp. xxxv. 47, xxxvi. 6. ) [E. E. ] the king's) the acquisition, Ist. of Acanthus,
BRANCHUS (Bpáyxos), a son of Apollo or effected by a most politic exposition of his views
Smicrus of Delphi. His mother, a Milesian wo-(of which Thucydides gives us a representation),
man, dreamt at the time she gave birth to him, made before the popular assembly ; 2nd. of Sta-
that the sun was passing through her body, and geirus, its neighbour ; 3rd. of Amphipolis, the
the seers interpreted this as a favourable sign. most important of all the Athenian iributaries in
A pollo loved the boy Branchus for his great beauty, that part of the country, accomplished by a sudden
and endowed him with prophetic power, which he attack after the commencement of winter, and fol-
exercised at Didyma, near Miletus. Here he lowed by an unsuccessful attempt on Eïon, and
founded an oracle, of which his descendants, the by the accession of Myrcinus, Galepsus, Aesyme,
Branchidae, were the priests, and which was held and most of the towns in the peninsula of Athos ;
in great esteem, especially by the Ionians and 4th. the reduction of Torone, and expulsion of its
Aeolians. (Herod. i. 157 ; Strab. xiv. p. 634, xvii. Athenian garrison from the post of Lecythus. In
p. 814 ; Lutat. ad Stat. Theb. viü. 198; Conon, the following spring (423) we have the revolt of
Narrat. 33; Luc. Diah Deor. 2 ; comp. Dict. of Scione, falling a day or two after the ratification
Ant. s. v. Oraculum. )
of the truce agreed upon by the government at
BRANCUS, king of the Allobroges, had been homewa mischance which Brasidas scrupled not to
deprived of his kingdom by his younger brother, remedy by denying the fact, and not only retained
but was restored to it by Hannibal in B. c. 218. Scione, but even availed himself of the consequent
(Liv. xxi. 31. )
revolt of. Mende, on pretext of certain infringe-
BRANGAS (Bpárgas), a son of the Thracian ments on the other side. Next, a second expedi-
king Strymon, and brother of Rhessus and Olyn- tion with Perdiccas, against Arrhibaeus, resulting
thus. When the last of these three brothers had in a perilous but most ably-conducted retreat: the
been killed during the chase by a lion, Brangas loss, in the meantime, of Mende, recaptured by
buried him on the spot where he had fallen, and the new Athenian armament ; and in the winter
called the town which he subsequently built there an ineffectual attempton Potidaea.
In 422,
Olynthus. (Conon, Narrat. 4 ; Steph. Byz. 8. v. Brasidas with no reinforcements bad to oppose a
"Avv9os ; Athen. viii. p. 334, who calls Olynthus large body of the flower of the Athenian troops
a son of Heracles. )
(L. S. ) under Cleon.
Torone and Galepsus were lost, but
BRA'SIDAS (Bpacidas), son of Tellis, the most Amphipolis was saved by a skilful sally,—the closing
distinguished Spartan in the first part of the Pelo-erent of the war,-in which the Athenians were
ponnesian war, signalized himself in its first year completely defeated and Cleon slain, and Brasidas
(B. C. 431) by throwing a hundred men into Methone, himself in the first moment of victory received his
while besieged by the Athenians in their first mortal wound.
ravage of the Peloponnesian coast.
For this ex- He was interred at Amphipolis, within the
ploit, which saved the place, he received, the first walls-an extraordinary honour in a Greek town
in the war, public commendation at Sparta ; and -with a magnificent funeral
, attended under arms
perhaps in consequence of this it is we find him in by all the allied forces. The tomb was railed off,
September appointed Ephor Eponymus. (Xen. and his memory honoured by the Amphipolitans,
Hel. ii. 3. § 10. ). His next employment (B. C. by yearly sacrifices offered to him there, as to a
429) is as one of the three counsellors sent to hero, and by games. (Paus. iii. 14. & 1 ; Aristot.
assist Cnemus, after his first defeat by Phormion ; Eth. Nic. v. 7 ; Dict. of Ant. s. v. Bpacideia. )
and his name is also mentioned after the second Regarding hini as their preserver, they trans-
defeat in the attempt to surprise the Peiraeeus, and ferred to him all the honours of a Founder
we may not improbably ascribe to him the attempt, hitherto paid to Hagnon. Pausanias mentions a
and its failure to his colleagues. In 427 he was cenotaph to him in Sparta, and we hear also
united in the same, but a subordinate, capacity, (Plut. Lysander, 1) of a treasury at Delphi,
with Alcidas, the new admiral, on his return bearing the inscription, “ Brasidas and the Acan-
from his Ionian voyage ; and accompanying him thians from the Athenians. Two or three of his
to Corcyra be was reported, Thucydides tells us, to sayings are recorded in Plutarch's Apophthegmatu
have vainly urged him to attack the city immedi Laconica, but none very characteristic. Thucy-
ately after their victory in the first engagement. dides gives three speeches in his name, the first
Next, as tricrarch in the attempt to dislodge De- and longest at Acanthus ; one to his forces in the


## p. 503 (#523) ############################################

BRENNUS.
503
BRENNUS.
retreat, perhaps the greatest of his exploits, from Little is known of him and his Gauls till they
Lyncestis ; and a third before the battle of Am- came into immediate contact with the Romans, and
phipolis. His own opinion of him seems to have even then traditionary legends bave very much ob-
been very high, and indeed we cannot well over- scured the facts of history.
estimate the services he rendered his country.
It is clear, however, that, after crossing the
Without his activity, even the utmost temerity in Apennines (Diod. xiv. 113; Liv. v. 36), Brennus
their opponents would hardly have brought Sparta out attacked Clusium, and unsuccessfully. The valley
of the contest without the utmost disgrace. He is of the Clanis was then open before him, leading
in fact the one redeeming point of the first ten down to the Tiber, where the river was fordable;
years ; and had his life and career been prolonged, and after crossing it he passed through the country
the war would perhaps have come to an earlier of the Sabines, and advanced along the Salarian
conclusion, and one more happy for all parties. road towards Rome. His army now amounted to
As a commander, even our short view of bim leads 70,000 men. (Diod. xiv. 114. ) At the Allia,
us to ascribe to him such qualities as would have which ran through a deep ravine into the Tiber,
placed his above all other names in the war, though about 12 miles from the city, he found the Roman
it is true that we see him rather as the captin army, consisting of about 40,000 men, strongly
than the general. To his reputation for “justice, posted. Their right wing, composed of the prole-
liberality, and wisdom,” Thucydides ascribes not tarians and irregular troops, was drawn up on high
only much of his own success, but also the eager-ground, covered by the ravine in front and some
ness shewn for the Spartan alliance after the woody country on the fank; the left and centre,
Athenian disasters at Syracuse. This character composed of the regular legions, filled the ground
was no doubt mainly assumed from motives of between the hills and the Tiber (Diod. xiv. 114),
policy, nor can we believe him to have had any while the left wing rested on the river itself
.
thought except for the cause of Sparta and his own Brennus attacked and carried this position, much
glory. Of unscrupulous Spartan duplicity he bad in the same way as Frederick of Prussia defeated
a full share, adding to it a most unusual dexterity the Austrians at Leuthen. He fell with the whole
and tact in negotiation ; his powers, too, of elo strength of his army on the right wing of the Ro
quence were, in the judgment of Thucydides, very mans, and quickly cleared the ground. He then
considerable for a Spartan. Strangely united with charged the exposed flank of the legions on the
these qualities we find the highest personal left, and routed the whole army with
great slaugh-
bravery ; apparently too (in Plato's Symposium ter. Had he marched at once upon the city, it
he is compared to Achilles) heroic strength and would have fallen, together with the Capitol, into
beauty. He, too, like Archidamus, was a suc- his hands, and the name and nation of Rome
cessful adaptation to circumstances of the un- might have been swept from the earth. But he
wieldy Spartan character: to make himself fit to spent the night on the field. His warriors were
cope with them he sacrificed, far less, indeed, than busy in cutting off the heads of the slain (Diod.
was afterwards sacrificed in the age of Lysander, l. c. ), and then abandoned themselves to plunder,
yet too much perhaps to have permitted a return drunkenness, and sleep. He delayed the whole of
to perfect acquiescence in the ancient discipline. the next day, and thus gave the Romans time to
Such rapidity and versatility, such enterprise and secure the Capitol. On the third morning he burst
daring, were probably felt at Sparta (comp. Thuc. open the gates of the city. Then followed the
i. 70) as something new and incongruous. His massacre of the eighty priests and old patricians
successes, it is known, were regarded there with (Zonar, ii. 23), as they sat, each in the portico of
so much jealousy as even to hinder his obtaining his house, in their robes and chairs of state ; the
reinforcements. (Thục. iv. 108. ) (A. H. C. ) plunder and burning of all the city, except the
BRAURON (Bpaópwv), an ancient hero, from houses on the Palatine, where Brennus established
whom the Attic demos of Brauron derived its his quarters (Diod. xiv. 115); the famous night
name. (Steph. Byz. s. v. )
(L. S. ) attack on the Capitol, and the gallant exploit of
BRAURONIA (Bpavpwvía), a surname of Manlius in saving it.
Artemis, derived from the demos of Brauron in For six months Brennus besieged the Capitol,
Attica. Under this name the goddess had a sanc- and at last reduced the garrison to offer 3000
tuary on the Acropolis of Athens, which contained pounds of gold for their ransom. The Gaul brought
a statue of her made by Praxiteles. Her image at unfair weights to the scales, and the Roman tri-
Brauron, however, was believed to be the most bune remonstrated. But Brennus then flung his
ancient, and the one which Orestes and Iphigeneia broadsword into the scale, and told the tribune,
had brought with them from Tauris. (Paus. i. who asked what it meant, that it meant“ vae victis
23. & 8; Dict. of Ant. s. v. Bpaupuvia. ) [L. S. ] esse," that the weakest goes to the wall.
BRENNUS. 1. The leader of the Gauls, who Polybius says (ii. 18), that Brennus and his
in B. C. 390 crossed the A pennines, took Rome, Gauls then gave up the city, and returned home
and overran the centre and the south of Italy. His safe with their booty: But the vanity of the Ro-
real name was probably either Brenhin, which sig- mans and their popular legends would not let him
nifies in Kymrian “ a king," or Bran, a proper 80 escape. According to some, a large detachment
name which occurs in Welsh history. (Arnold's was cut off in an ambush near Caere (Diod. xiv.
Rome, vol. i. p. 524. ) This makes it probable that 117); according to others, these were none others
he himself, as well as many of the warriors whom than Brennus and those who had besieged the
be led, belonged to the Kymri of Gaul, though the Capitol. (Strab. v. p. 220. ) Last of all, Camillus
mass of the invaders are said by Livy (v. 35) and and a Roman army are made to appear suddenly
by Diodorus (xiv. 13) to have been Senones, from just at the moment that the gold is being weighed
the neighbourhood of Sens, and must therefore, ac- for the Capitol, Brennus is defeated in two battles,
cording to Caesar's division (B. G. i. 1) of the he himself is killed, and his whole army slain to a
Gallic tribcs, have been Kelts.
man. (Liv. v. 49. )
1
.


## p. 504 (#524) ############################################

50.
BRENNUS
BRISEUS.
a
2. The leader of a body of Gauls, who had by the Greek and Roman historians. As the Gauls
Bettled in Pannonia, and who moved southwards rushed on from below, the Greeks plied their darts,
and broke into Greece B. c. 279, one hundred and and rolled down broken rocks from the cliff upon
eleven years after the making of Rome.
them. A violent storm and intense cold (for it
Pyrrhus of Epeirus was then absent in Italy. was winter) increased the confusion of the assail-
The infamous Piolemy Ceraunus had just estab ants. They nevertheless pressed on, till Brennus
lished himself on the throne of Macedon. Athens frinted from his wounds, and was carried out of
was again free under Olympiodorus (Paus. i. 26), the fight. They then fied. The Greeks, exas-
and the old Achaean league had been renewed, perated by their barbaritics, hung on their retreat,
with the promise of brighter days in the Pelopon- through a difficult and mountainous country, and
jesus, when the inroad of the barbarians threatened but few of thein escaped to their comrades, whom
all Greece with desolation.
they had left behind at Thermopylae. (Paus. x. 23. )
Brennus entered Paeonia at the same time that Brennus was still alive, and might have re-
two other divisions of the Gauls invaded Thrace covered from his wounds, but according to Pausa-
and Macedonia. On returning home, the easy nias he would not survive his defeat, and put an
victory which his countrymen had gained over end to his life with large draughts of strong
Ptolemy in Macedon, the richness of the country, wine-a more probable account than that of Justin
and the treasures of the temples, furnished him (xxiv. 8), who says that being unable to bear the
with arguments for another enterprise, and he again pain of his wounds, he stabbed himself. (A. G. )
advanced southward with the enormous force of BRENTUS (bpévtos), a son of Heracles, who
150,000 foot and 61,000 horse. (Paus. x. 19. ) was regarded as the founder of the town of Bren-
After ravaging Macedonia (Justin. xxiv. 6) he tesium or Brundusium, on the Adriatic. (Stepb.
marched through Thessaly towards Thermopylae. Byz. s. v. Bpertholov. )
[L. S. ]
Here an army of above 20,000 Greeks was assem- BRIAREUS. (AEG AEON. ]
bled to dispute the pass, while a fleet of Athenian BRETTUS (Bpétros), a son of Heracles, from
triremes lay close in shore, cominanding the narrow whom the Tyrrhenian town of Brettus and the
road between the foot of the cliffs and the beach. country of Brettia derived their names. (Steph.
On arriving at the Spercheius, Brennus found Byz. s. v. )
(L. S. )
the bridges broken, and a strong advanced post of BRIE'NNIUS, JOANNES, a Greek scholiast
the Greeks on the opposite bank. He waited on the Basilica, of uncertain date and history.
therefore till night, and then sent a body of men (Basilica, vol. iii. p. 186, Fabrot. ) [J. T. G. )
down the river, to cross it where it spreads itself BRIETES, a painter, the father of Pausias of
over some marshy ground and becomes fordable.