head, seem in the way of settlement, and but the market
advantages
of education are
advance has been made towards the solution
By Camilla Jebb.
advance has been made towards the solution
By Camilla Jebb.
Athenaeum - London - 1912a
Mr.
lutely assured to those completing the course. that age, the average school life above the Samuel, the Head Master of the Millwall
Classrooms need not be built, as any house age of 12 being only two years and eight Mixed Central School, declaimed against
would do. The limit of classes need only months. In Scotland the number of boys the neglect of English, which he justly
be the limit of those paying the fees. When over 16 in secondary schools was 15 per cent, declared had been a national disgrace, and
the pupils went in for examinations, the staff and in Germany over 40 per cent, of whom dwelt upon the need of training children to
could occasionally" deputize" for them. more than 20 per cent stayed until they speak properly, and of opening to them
A system of inspection would bring about a received the maturity certificate at the age their inheritance of literature. It
great change.
of 19 or 20.
delightful to hear at this point-and again
An amendment permitting the inspection In the discussion that followed, the whenever the value of good English teaching
to be carried out either by the Board of opinion was expressed that employers were was touched upon
the outbursts of ap-
Education or by some other authority more to blame than the parents. The plause from the assembled teachers. Clearly
approved by the Board was rejected by a resolution was passed unanimously, and the a time is coming in which the children of
very large majority, and the original reso. subject was referred to a committee for London's municipal schools will be put into
lution was carried.
investigation and report.
possession of a language (at present most
Dr. Alexander Hill, Secretary to the
Canon Swallow (Chigwell) and Dr. of them have but a jargon, of surprisingly
forthcoming Congress of the Universities of McClure (Mill Hill) were re-elected Hono- limited range), and in which they will have
the Empire, addressed the Conference on the rary Secretaries, and Mr. W. G. Rushbrooke a chance of knowing better songs than those
aims and objects of the Congress. Dr. (St. Olave's), Treasurer.
of the music-hall. But in the recoil from
Rowton, sometime Master of Music at Brad- The annual dinner of the Association was a mechanical system these eager men and
field College, read a paper on Music Teach- held at the Trocadero Restaurant. Sir women seem to have grown unjust to the
ing in Schools, which was followed by a Robert Morant bade farewell to the Associa- possible charms and virtues of parsing and
discussion.
tion, and many tributes were paid to him analysis. Properly treated, not as a cut-
Mr. F. W. Sanderson (Oundle) was for his services to secondary education. and-dried classification, but as an exercise
announced to read a paper on ‘The Results On the second day, the morning session of thought and judgment, these subjects
of Modern Methods of Geometry Teaching,' was devoted to private business. It was may be made keenly interesting and highly
but by some misunderstanding the paper agreed that the Association would welcome educative, even to very young children.
dealt not with results, but with the lines on the adoption of some scheme by which success Not the subject, but the method, is bad.
which the teaching should be conducted. in the War Office examination for Certificate A As the morning went on it became clear that
was
## p. 86 (#80) ##############################################
86
[SUPPLEMENT, JAN. 20, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
was
d
2
.
the employment of special teachers for girls. This was well, but it would have been At the conference held on Saturday morn-
different subjects can be carried further in better, perhaps, if girls could have occupied ing, January 13th, papers were read on
a secondary than in a primary school, and the stage in respect of some less utilitarian various aspects of the teaching of com-
with greater advantage among older and study than needlework. Throughout the position in schools. Dr. Rouse, Head
more intelligent pupils than among young or Conference there was a perceptible tendency Master of the Perse School, Cambridge,
stupid ones. There seemed some indications,
to consider girls only in relation to needlework dealt with "The Place of English Com-
too, of its suiting girls better than boys. and “ domestic ”subjects, and to forget that position in the Language Scheme of a
In this session, and from a lady, came the the true business of a school is to make Secondary School. ' English composition
admirable generalization : “A class which not skilled needlewomen and skilled cooks, was the foundation of all other work in
works beautifully together has learnt nothing but intelligent girls, capable of turning schools, and the utmost pains should be
except drill. ”
their intelligence to sewing, to cooking, or
taken with it. The subject was now more
Friday morning's discussion upon The to any other sort of work at the proper time. important than ever, because there was
Doctrine of Formal Training (Mental Dis- The routine teaching of stitches in elementary no longer any help in the home, where no
cipline)
somewhat abstruse and schools, intended presumably to develope stories were told by mother or nurse, no
technical. The doctrine of formal training high proficiency with the needle, has been books were read aloud, and no training was
is the doctrine that the mind has “faculties responsible for the distaste which many given in observation, as in the past. The
which may be trained by teaching irre- and many a working woman shows towards sovereign merit of school composition was
spective of the subject taught, so that a that implement. This deadness of routine clearness, and premature elegance should be
child who learns Latin grammar accurately disappears in the training given under guarded against.
will have acquired accuracy for the learn. Miss Bawden (who read the first paper) Miss Ford, Lecturer at the Clapham Day
ing of anything else. Modern experiment at Clifton Hill School. The children Training College, discussed The Teaching
tends to discredit this doctrine, and very begin by cutting and making dolls' clothes, of Composition in Relation to the Teaching
interesting experiments were reported as to guided only when they ask for guidance of Literature. ' Much of the difficulty ex-
the degree-generally a very slight degree- as they quickly do. They advance to perienced by teachers was due to the un-
in which the learning of one subject
helps cutting paper patterns, still for dolls, and suitability of the themes often chosen,
another.
go on to garments measured by themselves and various ways were indicated of utilizing
The afternoon of Friday was devoted to from schoolfellows. Finally, they adapt the wealth of material afforded by the
• The Treatment of Backward Children,' | patterns from those in fashion papers, or English literature lessons. Children should
and was perhaps the most illuminating devise them from fashion plates. The value be encouraged to play
“ the sedulous ape,'
of all the sessions. Sir James Crichton- of such a scheme was shown when Miss as Stevenson had done,
Browne, from the chair, expounded the Bawden remarked that the “neat air of Mr. George Sampson, Head Master of the
medical distinction between the defective quietness apt to pervade a sewing class Bellenden Road Higher - Grade School,
and the merely backward child. Dr. Paton vanished, and that the reading aloud treated the question of Oral Composition
described his dealings in the Manchester often requested on such occasions was out in Upper Classes of Elementary Schools,'
Grammar School with backward boys. of the question.
advocating regular practice throughout
Careful medical investigation showed that Mr. Litton, of the London Fields Boys' school life. Good oral composition was the
some of them had undergone grave illness School, gave interesting figures of the foundation of good written composition,
at various stages of childhood, that some improvement in chest expansion among but oral composition should not be re-
who had feeble circulations had been handi- boys whom he had exercised in deep breath- garded as a means only, being more important
capped by the illness or feebleness of their ing; and Mr. Lawrence, of Keeton's Road than written composition in real life. Apart
mothers, while all who were liable to chronic Higher-Grade School, gave a fascinating from the regular lessons, in which the
headaches were found to be suffering from account of the excursions, essays, and importance of careful questioning and
rheumatic poison in some form. Mentally drawings of the boys.
answering was emphasized, whatever the
he found these boys to be unsuited to the More than one speaker mentioned the subject of instruction, an occasional debate,
general curriculum, and to be suffering willingness of the London County Council in which boys should speak from notes, and
from a feeling of humiliation and depression to allow reasonable experiments. The a formal deputation, in which several
He found it necessary to bring their looker-on
away feeling that the speakers should deal with different aspects
teaching into direct relation with concrete general prospect was encouraging in the
of the question under discussion, produced
matters : their arithmetic, for example, extreme; but that girls ran a certain excellent results.
dealt with the supply of food for the danger of being educated not, as so many
In the discussion which followed Mr.
school camp,
or with other needs that speakers urged in regard to boys, “ for life, P. J. Hartog, Academic Registrar of the
they knew to be actual. The backward but merely for domestic life, which is a very University of London, urged that there should
boys, Dr. Paton declared, were of great different thing.
be closer co-operation between the teachers
importance to a school. It is they who are
of the various subjects in schools in the
teaching us to teach. ” The truth of this
matter of insisting on good oral composition.
saying was brought home, consciously or
He deprecated the “sedulous ape theory,
unconsciously, by each succeeding speaker.
THE ENGLISH ASSOCIATION.
contending that Stevenson's own style had
Wherever practical experience was reported,
suffered through his imitation of various
writers.
it appeared that mechanical teaching and On Friday week last, after the settlement
Prof. Gollancz said that there had been
abstract teaching had to be given up, and of its annual business, the English Associa-
that lessons had to touch daily life. The tion heard a striking address from Mr. a tremendous improvement in English in the
powers
of the intelligent child have A. C. Bradley, President, on ‘The Uses of examinations of the London University
hidden from its teachers the deadness of Poetry. '
during the last few years. Miss C. Linklater
routine ; it has remained for the dullness We think it a pity that, as time allowed, Thomson, however, speaking from
of the backward child to demand some- discussion on Mr. Bradley's highly interest- perience as an examiner, thought that, when
thing better. The one conspicuous defect ing conclusions was not invited. The two examiners abandoned the stereotyped style
of this otherwise admirable discussion was speakers who proposed the vote of thanks of setting papers in English, the results were
that it turned almost solely upon_boys. did not deal with the substance of his very disappointing.
Dr. Duncan Forbes, Medical Officer of Health remarks.
for Brighton, after giving valuable details The annual dinner of the Association was
of the teaching by manual and practical held at the Holborn Restaurant the same
work of backward' boys in the Richmond evening. Mr. J. H. Fowler (Clifton College), EDUCATION : ITS NEEDS
Street School of that town, mentioned that in responding to the toast of “The Associa-
AND PURPOSES.
special classes of a similar kind fhad been tion," said that, if the dignity and beauty of
established for girls at Hanover Terrace the English language were thrown away, it FORSTER'S EDUCATION ACT is now more
School. At the latter school attention is would largely be the fault of schoolmasters. than forty years old.
It has reached the
chiefly directed to needlework, housewifery, Dwelling on the importance of a pure and age at which a determination towards
and cookery.
One dangerous opinion was refined style of English in school text- wisdom or folly is generally regarded as
expressed, namely, that domestic service was books, he condemned Messrs. C. R. L. fixed, and when failure can no longer be
one of the most hopeful occupations for Fletcher and Rudyard Kipling's 'English ascribed to immaturity. In earlier days
backward girls. All experienced workers History' on the ground of the violence, acute critics made the proper apologies
among feeble-minded adults know that crudeness, and eccentricity of its language. for a flood of instruction which had over-
domestic service is in many ways an espe- In the matter of English style, the advice flowed its usual banks, and could not be
cially perilous calling for such women. of the Sussex farmer should be applied to expected to be other than shallow in the
The whole of the third day was devoted schoolboys :" You see as you always keep new territory gained. Pioneers had no ex-
to the subject of Educational Experiments company with them as is better than your perience, no time to descend to elaborate
in Schools, and the first paper dealt with selves. "
details, or even to fix any secure standards
came
1)
6
ex-
1
6
## p. 87 (#81) ##############################################
[SUPPLEMENT, Jan. 20, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
87
REGENT LIBRARY.
new
of learning. They were busy meeting the so far as to suggest an imitation of the
THE
protests of the old culture, which was methods of study by which Stevenson
naturally shocked by its new adherents, secured his style. That course, at least, we
their strange garb, and their ignorance of, must deprecate for the many. There is,
or indifference to, the shibboleths hitherto at the present day, far too much attempt at
considered necessary for enlightened circles. fine writing by those who have not learnt to
Such feelings have largely passed away; the write naturally and simply, or even grasped
highest academic honours can be, and have the logic of English, and the meaning of Small crown 8vo, attractively bound.
been, attained by a boy who started in the many words they use. There is too much cloth, 28. 6d. net; leather, 89. 6d. net.
elementary schools. The career is open, but mere imitation, and so much help is given in
the talents have hardly as yet found their books that boys lose the power of thinking Especially suitable for Schools
satisfactory opening, in spite of the in- for themselves.
The English Association, at its meetings,
creased opportunities for specialization, and
and Colleges, as an introduction
for the ventilation of any views worth arranges some interesting talk and some
to the serious study of English
hearing. The village Hampden may hope learned addresses or lectures, and the same Literature.
to make a success in town, or at any rate may be said of the Classical Association.
in his local paper ; the village Milton need The former, however, has an advantage over Though the number of reprints of standard
be no longer mute and inglorious, but may the latter in the production of excellent authors is very great, it is only in the REGENT
pass into the permanency of print.
leaflets summarizing some special inquiry, LIBRARY that what may be called the continuity
Yet it would be idle to affirm that educa- or giving advice concerning some special of Authorship is preserved by the system of
tion has produced in this twentieth century study. The lecturer has his value, but we
" links” which indicate the nature and the bulk
anything like the results expected. The often think of the cynical Oxford rhyme :-
of the works from which the selections are made.
This fact, together with the encyclopædic details
schoolmaster is not so much abroad as all
You'll find the substance of his notes
abroad, and his work is often open to sus-
Much better in the books he quotes.
makes the books comprehensive in a manner that
no other series of reprints attains to.
picion, if not to the accusation of failure.
The Classical Association should follow the
There is a general impression, founded, alas !
lead of its younger contemporary, and pro-
The volumes form veritable introductions to the
in our experience on sufficient evidence, that duce similar leaflets which would supply authors treated of, and are cindispensable com
the average boy or girl often leaves school guidance to the best of the many classical
without any distinct sharpening of intelli- aids and translations, &c. , now to be had at
LETTERS and the GREAT WRITERS series.
gence or power to use knowledge gained
a cheap price. The thought of ancient
Every fact of importance in their lives and works.
will be found referred to. Outside complete
and improve on it.
Greece, especially in drama, is becoming a
Whatever the causes of this disappoint- living influence in modern England outside tions will be found to give so much material and.
editions of any author, no other volumes of selec-
ment, we can say at least that many vigorous the classroom, and Plato may even be information.
workers and thinkers are seeking a way to mentioned in the same breath with Mr.
improve education and make it more sensitive H. G. Wells. The Classical Review in
Both the selections and the Introductions have
to the difficult and curiously varied demands ignoring this fresh enthusiasm
been entrusted to writers who can speak with the
seems to
of to-day. The waste of which our
miss a great opportunity.
authority of full knowledge on their subjects.
contributor speaks is obvious, but it may There is a means of education which
fairly be urged that it has not gone un-
FIRST LIST OF VOLUMES.
teachers might well adopt for their own
observed of late years--for instance, that uses--the cinematograph. That institution JOHNSON
By Alice Meynell,
those who have obvious gifts for handicraft is already a formidable rival to the evening
With Introduction by G. K. Chesterton.
and little for anything else have a school, and its pictures are largely spoilt
chance to exercise them. One thing clearly by sickly sentimentality. In the portrayal LEIGH HUNT. By Edward Storer,
emerges from the din of scholastic conflict of scientific phenomena and the lives and
--that the schoolmaster is entitled to more habits of other peoples it suggests a wide RICHARDSON. By Sheila Kaye-Smith.
credit than he has secured, and has not the field for instruction committed to the
assured position due to one on whom the faithful eyes," as Horace says, rather than WORDSWORTH.
future of the race largely depends.
the less readily receptive ears.
By E. Hallam Moorhouse.
There has been a lack of enterprise and So far we have attempted to dwell on a
organization in the presentation of scholastic few points which seem to deserve the atten-BLAISE DE MONLUC.
opinion. Such an association as that of tion of serious thinkers. We believe that
By A. W. Evans.
the Assistant Masters in Secondary Schools at no time was there a larger body of earnest
ought to be many years older than it is. and disinterested workers in the cause of
MRS. GASKELL.
By E. A. Chadwick.
The report of its proceedings which we pub- education, who fully realize its aim and THOMAS LOVE PEACOCK.
lish emphasizes points of real importance, purpose. There are, however, others to
and records concessions from educational | whom it needs to be said that instruction
By W. H. Helm.
authorities which should clear the air. Differ- ladled out in a hurry is not education. The COWPER.
ences with the Board of Education, which cultivation for market purposes of brute
By Edward Storer.
has lost its strong, but somewhat autocratic brain-power has its uses, public and private, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT.
head, seem in the way of settlement, and but the market advantages of education are
advance has been made towards the solution
By Camilla Jebb. [Feb.
not the criterion of its value to individuals
of the question of pensions. Facts and
or the nation :
SHELLEY
By Roger Ingpen. [Feb.
figures have been produced as a basis for
further reform. The Association of Head
“ Education must not be regarded as a mere JANE AUSTEN.
ladder of advancement and advertisement, as a
Masters was also employed last week in the
means of pushing, in front of others, into an inner
discussion of various problems, and it seems circle, where the good things of life are being given GEORGE ELIOT.
By Lady Margaret Sackville. [Feb. '
a pity that it cannot combine with the Head
away.
Egotism will spoil education as it spoils
Masters' Conference, which holds its meet- religion, and as it spoils ethics. All three lose their
By Viola Meynell. (Feb.
ing at Christmas time. The question of
virtue and medicinal efficiency when selfishness
settles down upon them like a fog. "
Other Volumes in Preparation.
registration and its uses for the Board of
Education was brought forward, and the So wrote one of the wisest of scholars and
notable fact that boys are removed at the
wittiest of judges. In the strange Dinner design than the present series.
Nothing could be much better in form and
very age when secondary education is of Trimalchio
The title is ex
Petronius has sketched for
beginning to bear fruit.
cellent, the selection of authors interesting and
us the manners and desires of the lowest
the workmanship very good. The economist,
The L. C. C. conferences of January 4th-classes of later Rome. In this world, which
whether in money or space is promised a select
6th suggest many pertinent subjects for
bears a striking resemblance to a section
shelf of charming volumes at an alluring price and
criticism and inquiry, one which should
of our own, moves Echion, a rag-dealer, can provide himself with a fair miniature of some
appeal to all being the standard of facility who has the conception of education popular noted writer at the price of a single seat in the
and correctness attained in English. Here
in some quarters to-day. For him Letters pit; without waiting he will obtain twice as.
present results are bad. The jargon of
is a bonanza (we strive to reproduce the much entertainment as the front row could ever
the music - halls must not become the vulgarity of the original), and there is a afford. . . . . . The selections are made with much sym-
language of the people, and English writing time when his son is sufficiently tainted with pathy and no little skill. ”-Nation.
must be improved. The boy or girl who learning, and ought to take to something
Complete Illustrated Catalogue on application.
can write a straightforward letter without that pays.
confusing the issue is a rarity. The Eng-
lish Association has also been discussing
* We hold over an article on 'Bible
HERBERT & DANIEL
English composition, and one speaker went Teaching in Preparatory Schools. '
21, MADDOX STREET, LONDON, W.
9)
-
## p. 88 (#82) ##############################################
88
[SUPPLEMENT, Jan. 20, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
A NEW ENGLISH
ENGLISH HISTORY.
Just Issued.
THE
GROUNDWORK OF
BRITISH HISTORY
BY
GEORGE TOWNSEND WARNER, M. A. ,
Sometime Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge; Master of the Modern Side in Harrow School ; Author of 'A Brief Survey
of British History,' &c.
AND
C. H. K. MARTEN, M. A. ,
Balliol College, Oxford; Assistant Master at Eton College.
With Maps, Time Charts, and full Index.
764 pp. , super-crown 8vo, 6s. Also in Two Parts, 3s. 6d. each.
An English History for Middle and Upper Forms, adapted to the methods of modern teaching
of the subject, has long been called for. Mr. Townsend Warner's “ Brief Survey of British History”
has been found well suited to the needs of Lower Forms, and it is hoped that the present work will
prove equally serviceable for Middle and Upper Forms.
The subject is treated with the breadth that is now required of senior candidates for University
Local and similar examinations, and in full consonance with the views repeatedly put forward in the
circulars of the Historical Association ; though, be it said, the work has in no way been suggested
by these circulars, but is the outcome of the experience of its joint authors, Mr. Warner of Harrow
and Mr. Marten of Eton.
The authors have sought to trace out the main threads of British History, omitting small and
unfruitful details; to treat events in logical sequence by fixing the attention upon one subject at a
time; and to concentrate the mind upon the chief policy or course of action of each age.
Prospectus, giving full particulars, post free on application.
BLACKIE
& SON, Ltd. , 50, Old Bailey, London.
GLASGOW AND BOMBAY.
## p. 93 (#83) ##############################################
No. 4396, JAN. 27, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
93
Over-
CONTENTS.
CARDINAL NEWMAX
. .
93
94
95
THE MODERN PRISON CURRICULUM
or was
9596
EDWIN
DR.
ROUSE
AND
FREDERICK HANDCOCK . .
96—97
. .
97
102
. .
GOSSIP
105-106
CONCERTS D'AUTREFOIS ;
THE SOLLY STRING
107
. .
THE WATERS OP BIT.
108
TERNESS; GOSSIP
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
108
66
of the man who in his private corre- English-speaking dignitaries of the Catho-
SATURDAY, JANUARY 27, 1912. spondence and conversation could be lic Church whom he failed to conciliate.
gay, humorous, and sometimes Some of Mr. Ward's readers may regret
flowing with high spirits ? Was Newman, that he gives fewer pages to Newman's
PAGE the theologian, the philosopher, the whole life in the Church of England
historian, fated to be sad and dis- than to the distressing episode of his
THE TURCO-ITALIAN WAR AND ITS PROBLEMS
illusioned, whatever his career ?
scheme for founding a Catholic University
OUR LIBRARY TABLE (Couch Fires and Primrose
the pathos of his life due to the fact in Ireland. Mr. Ward, who knows more
Ways ; Hadji Murad, and Other Stories; How to that he, the most English of Englishmen, about the Oxford Movement than any
Write for the Papers; Problems of Boy Life)
the most loyally affectionate son of Ox one else now alive, probably thought that
HERBERT
CLARKE;
ford, of whose genius he was the incarna- Newman himself, in his widely read
THE HEAD MASTERS' ASSOCIATION; GUSTAVUS
tion, was drawn by duty and logic into a writings, had sufficiently told the story
great cosmopolitan association, in which of that part of his life. Perhaps he was
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
LITERARY GOSSIP
England counted for little, and Oxford right. At all events, the chapters on the
SCIENCE-SEA FISHERIES; THE GREAT STAR MAP;
for nothing at all? Mr. Ward does not ill-starred Irish University are of unusual
SOCIETIES ; MEETINGS NEXT WEEK ; GOSSIP 103-104 answer these questions ; but with the interest. When Newman was past fifty,
FINE ARTS-A HISTORY OF FINE ART IN INDIA AND
utmost candour he puts materials into his he, who before he was forty had been the
CEYLON; FRANCISCO GOYA: VAN DYCK AND readers' hands upon which they can base chief leader of thought at Oxford, found
PORTRAIT ENGRAVING ; BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE their conclusions at their will.
himself snubbed, neglected, and mis-
AND SCULPTURE IN ITALY; ALBUM DE POÈMES ;
Perhaps the answer is that Newman
understood by the chief ministers in Ire-
MUSIC-CHARPENTIER'S 'LOU ISE'; LA SOCIÉTÉ DES was primarily neither an Englishman, land of the Church of his adoption, as
nor an Oxford man, nor a Catholic, but the penalty for his self-abnegation in
QUARTET ; HERR BUHLIG'S RECITAL; GOSSIP;
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK
a Newmanite—though those three quali- devoting his prime of life to the foundation
ties constantly assert themselves in his of a difficult work in that distressful
DRAMA-THE PROBATIONER ;
nature. When he writes to Pusey in country. Perhaps it was partly his own
1865, “I prefer English habits
fault.
of
belief and devotion,” he does not mean
His strong personality revolted when
that he is harking back to Anglicanism, tomed to be absolute that they usurp the
he wrote: These Bishops are so accus-
he
LITERATURE
pathy for the ways of the old English rights of others and rough-ride over their
Catholics—who did not like Italian forms wishes. ” As Mr. Ward says, he felt that
of devotion, such as Faber favoured. he, the most active intellect in the king-
He probably had in his mind an ideal of dom, was kept in idleness and at the
mercy of those who set no value on his
his own. His strong personality is con-
The Life of John Henry, Cardinal Newman, spicuous in every chapter of these volumes.
work. Newman himself writes: "Fancy
based on his Private Journals and Corre It gave him the mighty
influence which he my skulking about Ireland and acting
spondence. By Wilfrid Ward. 2 vols. exercised over his disciples, and it isolated upon its classes in various districts, I
(Longmans & Co. )
him within the societies to which he being a foreigner. '
NEWMAN has been more fortunate than successively belonged—Oxford and the suggestion the Pope decided to make
Manning, for his life has been written Catholic Church—though to both he had Newman a bishop in partibus, and his
by a judicious and cultivated master
a faithful and perpetual devotion.
friends presented him with episcopal
ornaments. But this honour, signifying the
of English biography. Each work of The discomfort which Newman in his favour of the Holy See, which would have
Mr. Wilfrid Ward's trilogy has a different capacity of an Englishman suffered when given him prestige among the Irish who
characteristic. His volumes to the he was abroad explains in a measure the knew nothing of Oxford, was withheld.
memory of his father were a work of lack of sympathy which he experienced Perhaps it was through Cullen's influence.
creation, for without this unique monu- at Rome. On his journey thither, after This we are not told; but Mr. Ward gives
ment of filial piety W. G. Ward would his conversion, the French cooking at an excellent portrait of the Archbishop of
have been as little known to later gene- Langres made him ill. He could converse Dublin, who died a cardinal the year
rations as are Isaac Williams, Oakeley, only in Latin with the Bishop there and before Newman was tardily admitted to
and other Tractarians. His “Life of Wise- with the Archbishop of Besançon, and so the Sacred College. With regard to
man’ was a work of rehabilitation, pre- had no means of making an impression Newman's scarlet hat we may say inci-
senting to the British public in a new on the French prelates or of receiving dentally that Mr. Ward does away with
guise a personage who hitherto had been from them an impression of that interesting the suggestion made by Mr. Purcell in his
regarded as a half - Irish, half - Spanish period of Gallican history. At Milan he Life of Manning,' that the latter tried to
priest, who wrote an un-English letter stayed five weeks to learn the language. prevent Newman from being made a
from out the Flaminian Gate. ” New- He loved the churches, their services and cardinal.
man, on the contrary, had, even in his traditions; but he and his companions To return to Newman's earlier vicissi.
lifetime, as definite a place in the estima- picked up so little Italian that, “to New- tudes : they were not at an end when he
tion, as definite a figure in the imagination, man's great delight,” St. John,“ express- gave up his work in Ireland as a failure.
of his countrymen as Carlyle or Ruskining in confident Italian " the hope that
His editorship of the review called The
Mr. Ward's task has therefore been more he would meet an Italian friend in the
Rambler met with hostility from the
difficult than in his previous books. He winter (iverno), told him that he hoped bishop. “Dr. Brown, Bishop of Newport,
does not introduce us to a new John Henry they would meet in hell (inferno). If formally delated the article to Rome as
Newman ; but he increases our know- Newman could have conquered his Eng- heretical," is a note of a characteristic
ledge of him, and, with a remarkable lishman's reluctance to speak a Conti- incident of this period. In 1860 he had
faculty of choice, from an overwhelming nental language (as Manning did later), another failure and disappointment. His
mass of material he generally allows his his relations with Pius IX. might have fond project of making a new translation of
hero to tell his sad story in his own vivid been more cordial, and Mr. Ward perhaps the Holy Scriptures had to be abandoned.
words.
would not have had to record that during
“ Another great plan had been projected
That the story is a sad one is apparent his long sojourn at Rome“ the Pope's and great hopes raised. Another year had
even to the cursory reader, and, when one wish to see Newman again and again been wasted. . . . and the ecclesiastical rulers
studies these poignant chapters as they appeared to evaporate.
had seemed absolutely indifferent to the
deserve, the sense of sadness becomes Though Newman's ability to converse reality of his work. ”
more profound. The question arises, Was at ease with Pius IX. might have changed Amid such discouragements it is not
this sadness inherent to the temperament the history of his life, there were many surprising that to the end of his life,
## p. 94 (#84) ##############################################
94
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4396, Jan. 27, 1912
>
though unswerving in his loyalty to and
think that the gravity of these recurring
his belief in the Catholic Church, he re- The Turco-Italian War and its Problems, violations may be minimized, if after the
tained an unalterable love for Oxford with Appendices containing the Chief fact the Powers can be called in solemnly
and its associations. Newman had a State Papers bearing on the Subject. By to compound the felony and ratify its
genius for friendship; yet he does not Sir Thomas Barclay. With an Addi-consequences. Such practices are, to our
seem to have made one close intimacy tional Chapter on Moslem Feeling by thinking, an appreciable aggravation of
with any one who was not reared at the Right Hon. Ameer Ali. (Constable the original immorality, and figure among
Oxford. After the great wrench there & Co. )
the chief causes which explain the fre-
were first of all his Oxford friends who EVERYTHING in this world does ultimately quency of these acts of international
went over to Rome. Then as years went involve everything
else, but there prevails brigandage. If after each breach of public
on there were renewals of friendship with
none the less among writers on current law the Powers step in to claim a share of
Oxford men who had remained in the events a tacit agreement to ignore the the spoils, it will be to their interest
English Church. Dean Church was perhaps extreme consequences of this maxim. rather to encourage predatory disturb-
the most intimate of these. With
Pusey Sir Thomas Barclay has observed it in his ances of the status quo than to prevent
his correspondence after a certain time book on the Italian expedition to Tripoli them before they occur. The real Euro-
resumed its affectionate tone. When he with a liberality which some of his readers pean problem, as Lord Morley put it in a
was over eighty, and a cardinal, he
recent debate, is to restore the European
think excessive. He gives us his own
may
travelled to Oxford to see in his last reflections on the origin, consequences,
Concert. Public law is in suspense—the
illness Mark Pattison, who in matters of and legal bearings of the war in a hundred Powers are in rival camps, which can no
belief had gone far from the path of pages of large print. The rest of the longer agree to sustain and enforce it.
Newman and Pusey. In the same late book is an ample appendix of 142 pages The most valuable section of this work
period his letters to Mr. Wayte and to of small type, in which the laborious is, in our view, the chapter in which
Bishop Percival, successive Presidents of reader will find an assemblage of docu- Sir Thomas Barclay calls attention to
his old College, Trinity, are of the highest ments calculated to spare him the trouble the special obligations of the Powers
interest.
of visiting a reference library. Some of towards Turkey. Comparatively little
To go back to the threshold of his old these documents are relevant and indis- can be based upon the Hague Conventions,
age, Newman, when he was sixty-three, pensable—notably the text of the Italian except the duty which lies on neutrals of
when early success had been followed by ultimatum and the semi-official statements offering their mediation. Mr. Stead made
a period of disappointment, made his of the Italian and the Turkish cases. But a tactical mistake when he urged Turkey
name illustrious in the annals of English for ourselves we could have dispensed, for to demand arbitration. One might as
literature by writing the "Apologia - example, with the entire Treaty of Berlin. well ask our own courts to try the case
“
with a courage which is an example for If the object of the author was to spare for Home Rule as invite the Hague to
all time to men who have through sadness his readers the trouble of consulting the settle the Italian claim to a Turkish
and disillusion passed beyond the tra- original authorities, a selection of the few province. The proper tribunal is the
ditional prime of life. That work has clauses of the treaties which really bear | Concert of the Powers, and the Treaty of
deservedly taken rank as a masterpiece on the Italian adventure would have Paris, which bound any Power, having a
of English style. It is therefore somewhat served his purpose better.
dispute with Turkey which might lead to
curious to find throughout Mr. Ward's The scope of Sir Thomas Barclay's war, to place the other Powers" in a
abundant quotations from Newman work is, after all
, restricted and modest. position to prevent recourse to such an
sentences open to criticism. Thus in He claims no esoteric knowledge of the extremity by their mediating influence,”
letters from Littlemore in 1845 he writes : origin of the war, and, until its secret is its charter. The war can be ended
“ Capes was very flourishing. His wife springs are uncovered, the time to write only by a Conference, unless, indeed, the
is to be received nearly directly," and the indispensable chapter in the diplo- whole basis of tradition and law on which
Of course, however, I only heard the matic history of Europe has not arrived.
lutely assured to those completing the course. that age, the average school life above the Samuel, the Head Master of the Millwall
Classrooms need not be built, as any house age of 12 being only two years and eight Mixed Central School, declaimed against
would do. The limit of classes need only months. In Scotland the number of boys the neglect of English, which he justly
be the limit of those paying the fees. When over 16 in secondary schools was 15 per cent, declared had been a national disgrace, and
the pupils went in for examinations, the staff and in Germany over 40 per cent, of whom dwelt upon the need of training children to
could occasionally" deputize" for them. more than 20 per cent stayed until they speak properly, and of opening to them
A system of inspection would bring about a received the maturity certificate at the age their inheritance of literature. It
great change.
of 19 or 20.
delightful to hear at this point-and again
An amendment permitting the inspection In the discussion that followed, the whenever the value of good English teaching
to be carried out either by the Board of opinion was expressed that employers were was touched upon
the outbursts of ap-
Education or by some other authority more to blame than the parents. The plause from the assembled teachers. Clearly
approved by the Board was rejected by a resolution was passed unanimously, and the a time is coming in which the children of
very large majority, and the original reso. subject was referred to a committee for London's municipal schools will be put into
lution was carried.
investigation and report.
possession of a language (at present most
Dr. Alexander Hill, Secretary to the
Canon Swallow (Chigwell) and Dr. of them have but a jargon, of surprisingly
forthcoming Congress of the Universities of McClure (Mill Hill) were re-elected Hono- limited range), and in which they will have
the Empire, addressed the Conference on the rary Secretaries, and Mr. W. G. Rushbrooke a chance of knowing better songs than those
aims and objects of the Congress. Dr. (St. Olave's), Treasurer.
of the music-hall. But in the recoil from
Rowton, sometime Master of Music at Brad- The annual dinner of the Association was a mechanical system these eager men and
field College, read a paper on Music Teach- held at the Trocadero Restaurant. Sir women seem to have grown unjust to the
ing in Schools, which was followed by a Robert Morant bade farewell to the Associa- possible charms and virtues of parsing and
discussion.
tion, and many tributes were paid to him analysis. Properly treated, not as a cut-
Mr. F. W. Sanderson (Oundle) was for his services to secondary education. and-dried classification, but as an exercise
announced to read a paper on ‘The Results On the second day, the morning session of thought and judgment, these subjects
of Modern Methods of Geometry Teaching,' was devoted to private business. It was may be made keenly interesting and highly
but by some misunderstanding the paper agreed that the Association would welcome educative, even to very young children.
dealt not with results, but with the lines on the adoption of some scheme by which success Not the subject, but the method, is bad.
which the teaching should be conducted. in the War Office examination for Certificate A As the morning went on it became clear that
was
## p. 86 (#80) ##############################################
86
[SUPPLEMENT, JAN. 20, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
was
d
2
.
the employment of special teachers for girls. This was well, but it would have been At the conference held on Saturday morn-
different subjects can be carried further in better, perhaps, if girls could have occupied ing, January 13th, papers were read on
a secondary than in a primary school, and the stage in respect of some less utilitarian various aspects of the teaching of com-
with greater advantage among older and study than needlework. Throughout the position in schools. Dr. Rouse, Head
more intelligent pupils than among young or Conference there was a perceptible tendency Master of the Perse School, Cambridge,
stupid ones. There seemed some indications,
to consider girls only in relation to needlework dealt with "The Place of English Com-
too, of its suiting girls better than boys. and “ domestic ”subjects, and to forget that position in the Language Scheme of a
In this session, and from a lady, came the the true business of a school is to make Secondary School. ' English composition
admirable generalization : “A class which not skilled needlewomen and skilled cooks, was the foundation of all other work in
works beautifully together has learnt nothing but intelligent girls, capable of turning schools, and the utmost pains should be
except drill. ”
their intelligence to sewing, to cooking, or
taken with it. The subject was now more
Friday morning's discussion upon The to any other sort of work at the proper time. important than ever, because there was
Doctrine of Formal Training (Mental Dis- The routine teaching of stitches in elementary no longer any help in the home, where no
cipline)
somewhat abstruse and schools, intended presumably to develope stories were told by mother or nurse, no
technical. The doctrine of formal training high proficiency with the needle, has been books were read aloud, and no training was
is the doctrine that the mind has “faculties responsible for the distaste which many given in observation, as in the past. The
which may be trained by teaching irre- and many a working woman shows towards sovereign merit of school composition was
spective of the subject taught, so that a that implement. This deadness of routine clearness, and premature elegance should be
child who learns Latin grammar accurately disappears in the training given under guarded against.
will have acquired accuracy for the learn. Miss Bawden (who read the first paper) Miss Ford, Lecturer at the Clapham Day
ing of anything else. Modern experiment at Clifton Hill School. The children Training College, discussed The Teaching
tends to discredit this doctrine, and very begin by cutting and making dolls' clothes, of Composition in Relation to the Teaching
interesting experiments were reported as to guided only when they ask for guidance of Literature. ' Much of the difficulty ex-
the degree-generally a very slight degree- as they quickly do. They advance to perienced by teachers was due to the un-
in which the learning of one subject
helps cutting paper patterns, still for dolls, and suitability of the themes often chosen,
another.
go on to garments measured by themselves and various ways were indicated of utilizing
The afternoon of Friday was devoted to from schoolfellows. Finally, they adapt the wealth of material afforded by the
• The Treatment of Backward Children,' | patterns from those in fashion papers, or English literature lessons. Children should
and was perhaps the most illuminating devise them from fashion plates. The value be encouraged to play
“ the sedulous ape,'
of all the sessions. Sir James Crichton- of such a scheme was shown when Miss as Stevenson had done,
Browne, from the chair, expounded the Bawden remarked that the “neat air of Mr. George Sampson, Head Master of the
medical distinction between the defective quietness apt to pervade a sewing class Bellenden Road Higher - Grade School,
and the merely backward child. Dr. Paton vanished, and that the reading aloud treated the question of Oral Composition
described his dealings in the Manchester often requested on such occasions was out in Upper Classes of Elementary Schools,'
Grammar School with backward boys. of the question.
advocating regular practice throughout
Careful medical investigation showed that Mr. Litton, of the London Fields Boys' school life. Good oral composition was the
some of them had undergone grave illness School, gave interesting figures of the foundation of good written composition,
at various stages of childhood, that some improvement in chest expansion among but oral composition should not be re-
who had feeble circulations had been handi- boys whom he had exercised in deep breath- garded as a means only, being more important
capped by the illness or feebleness of their ing; and Mr. Lawrence, of Keeton's Road than written composition in real life. Apart
mothers, while all who were liable to chronic Higher-Grade School, gave a fascinating from the regular lessons, in which the
headaches were found to be suffering from account of the excursions, essays, and importance of careful questioning and
rheumatic poison in some form. Mentally drawings of the boys.
answering was emphasized, whatever the
he found these boys to be unsuited to the More than one speaker mentioned the subject of instruction, an occasional debate,
general curriculum, and to be suffering willingness of the London County Council in which boys should speak from notes, and
from a feeling of humiliation and depression to allow reasonable experiments. The a formal deputation, in which several
He found it necessary to bring their looker-on
away feeling that the speakers should deal with different aspects
teaching into direct relation with concrete general prospect was encouraging in the
of the question under discussion, produced
matters : their arithmetic, for example, extreme; but that girls ran a certain excellent results.
dealt with the supply of food for the danger of being educated not, as so many
In the discussion which followed Mr.
school camp,
or with other needs that speakers urged in regard to boys, “ for life, P. J. Hartog, Academic Registrar of the
they knew to be actual. The backward but merely for domestic life, which is a very University of London, urged that there should
boys, Dr. Paton declared, were of great different thing.
be closer co-operation between the teachers
importance to a school. It is they who are
of the various subjects in schools in the
teaching us to teach. ” The truth of this
matter of insisting on good oral composition.
saying was brought home, consciously or
He deprecated the “sedulous ape theory,
unconsciously, by each succeeding speaker.
THE ENGLISH ASSOCIATION.
contending that Stevenson's own style had
Wherever practical experience was reported,
suffered through his imitation of various
writers.
it appeared that mechanical teaching and On Friday week last, after the settlement
Prof. Gollancz said that there had been
abstract teaching had to be given up, and of its annual business, the English Associa-
that lessons had to touch daily life. The tion heard a striking address from Mr. a tremendous improvement in English in the
powers
of the intelligent child have A. C. Bradley, President, on ‘The Uses of examinations of the London University
hidden from its teachers the deadness of Poetry. '
during the last few years. Miss C. Linklater
routine ; it has remained for the dullness We think it a pity that, as time allowed, Thomson, however, speaking from
of the backward child to demand some- discussion on Mr. Bradley's highly interest- perience as an examiner, thought that, when
thing better. The one conspicuous defect ing conclusions was not invited. The two examiners abandoned the stereotyped style
of this otherwise admirable discussion was speakers who proposed the vote of thanks of setting papers in English, the results were
that it turned almost solely upon_boys. did not deal with the substance of his very disappointing.
Dr. Duncan Forbes, Medical Officer of Health remarks.
for Brighton, after giving valuable details The annual dinner of the Association was
of the teaching by manual and practical held at the Holborn Restaurant the same
work of backward' boys in the Richmond evening. Mr. J. H. Fowler (Clifton College), EDUCATION : ITS NEEDS
Street School of that town, mentioned that in responding to the toast of “The Associa-
AND PURPOSES.
special classes of a similar kind fhad been tion," said that, if the dignity and beauty of
established for girls at Hanover Terrace the English language were thrown away, it FORSTER'S EDUCATION ACT is now more
School. At the latter school attention is would largely be the fault of schoolmasters. than forty years old.
It has reached the
chiefly directed to needlework, housewifery, Dwelling on the importance of a pure and age at which a determination towards
and cookery.
One dangerous opinion was refined style of English in school text- wisdom or folly is generally regarded as
expressed, namely, that domestic service was books, he condemned Messrs. C. R. L. fixed, and when failure can no longer be
one of the most hopeful occupations for Fletcher and Rudyard Kipling's 'English ascribed to immaturity. In earlier days
backward girls. All experienced workers History' on the ground of the violence, acute critics made the proper apologies
among feeble-minded adults know that crudeness, and eccentricity of its language. for a flood of instruction which had over-
domestic service is in many ways an espe- In the matter of English style, the advice flowed its usual banks, and could not be
cially perilous calling for such women. of the Sussex farmer should be applied to expected to be other than shallow in the
The whole of the third day was devoted schoolboys :" You see as you always keep new territory gained. Pioneers had no ex-
to the subject of Educational Experiments company with them as is better than your perience, no time to descend to elaborate
in Schools, and the first paper dealt with selves. "
details, or even to fix any secure standards
came
1)
6
ex-
1
6
## p. 87 (#81) ##############################################
[SUPPLEMENT, Jan. 20, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
87
REGENT LIBRARY.
new
of learning. They were busy meeting the so far as to suggest an imitation of the
THE
protests of the old culture, which was methods of study by which Stevenson
naturally shocked by its new adherents, secured his style. That course, at least, we
their strange garb, and their ignorance of, must deprecate for the many. There is,
or indifference to, the shibboleths hitherto at the present day, far too much attempt at
considered necessary for enlightened circles. fine writing by those who have not learnt to
Such feelings have largely passed away; the write naturally and simply, or even grasped
highest academic honours can be, and have the logic of English, and the meaning of Small crown 8vo, attractively bound.
been, attained by a boy who started in the many words they use. There is too much cloth, 28. 6d. net; leather, 89. 6d. net.
elementary schools. The career is open, but mere imitation, and so much help is given in
the talents have hardly as yet found their books that boys lose the power of thinking Especially suitable for Schools
satisfactory opening, in spite of the in- for themselves.
The English Association, at its meetings,
creased opportunities for specialization, and
and Colleges, as an introduction
for the ventilation of any views worth arranges some interesting talk and some
to the serious study of English
hearing. The village Hampden may hope learned addresses or lectures, and the same Literature.
to make a success in town, or at any rate may be said of the Classical Association.
in his local paper ; the village Milton need The former, however, has an advantage over Though the number of reprints of standard
be no longer mute and inglorious, but may the latter in the production of excellent authors is very great, it is only in the REGENT
pass into the permanency of print.
leaflets summarizing some special inquiry, LIBRARY that what may be called the continuity
Yet it would be idle to affirm that educa- or giving advice concerning some special of Authorship is preserved by the system of
tion has produced in this twentieth century study. The lecturer has his value, but we
" links” which indicate the nature and the bulk
anything like the results expected. The often think of the cynical Oxford rhyme :-
of the works from which the selections are made.
This fact, together with the encyclopædic details
schoolmaster is not so much abroad as all
You'll find the substance of his notes
abroad, and his work is often open to sus-
Much better in the books he quotes.
makes the books comprehensive in a manner that
no other series of reprints attains to.
picion, if not to the accusation of failure.
The Classical Association should follow the
There is a general impression, founded, alas !
lead of its younger contemporary, and pro-
The volumes form veritable introductions to the
in our experience on sufficient evidence, that duce similar leaflets which would supply authors treated of, and are cindispensable com
the average boy or girl often leaves school guidance to the best of the many classical
without any distinct sharpening of intelli- aids and translations, &c. , now to be had at
LETTERS and the GREAT WRITERS series.
gence or power to use knowledge gained
a cheap price. The thought of ancient
Every fact of importance in their lives and works.
will be found referred to. Outside complete
and improve on it.
Greece, especially in drama, is becoming a
Whatever the causes of this disappoint- living influence in modern England outside tions will be found to give so much material and.
editions of any author, no other volumes of selec-
ment, we can say at least that many vigorous the classroom, and Plato may even be information.
workers and thinkers are seeking a way to mentioned in the same breath with Mr.
improve education and make it more sensitive H. G. Wells. The Classical Review in
Both the selections and the Introductions have
to the difficult and curiously varied demands ignoring this fresh enthusiasm
been entrusted to writers who can speak with the
seems to
of to-day. The waste of which our
miss a great opportunity.
authority of full knowledge on their subjects.
contributor speaks is obvious, but it may There is a means of education which
fairly be urged that it has not gone un-
FIRST LIST OF VOLUMES.
teachers might well adopt for their own
observed of late years--for instance, that uses--the cinematograph. That institution JOHNSON
By Alice Meynell,
those who have obvious gifts for handicraft is already a formidable rival to the evening
With Introduction by G. K. Chesterton.
and little for anything else have a school, and its pictures are largely spoilt
chance to exercise them. One thing clearly by sickly sentimentality. In the portrayal LEIGH HUNT. By Edward Storer,
emerges from the din of scholastic conflict of scientific phenomena and the lives and
--that the schoolmaster is entitled to more habits of other peoples it suggests a wide RICHARDSON. By Sheila Kaye-Smith.
credit than he has secured, and has not the field for instruction committed to the
assured position due to one on whom the faithful eyes," as Horace says, rather than WORDSWORTH.
future of the race largely depends.
the less readily receptive ears.
By E. Hallam Moorhouse.
There has been a lack of enterprise and So far we have attempted to dwell on a
organization in the presentation of scholastic few points which seem to deserve the atten-BLAISE DE MONLUC.
opinion. Such an association as that of tion of serious thinkers. We believe that
By A. W. Evans.
the Assistant Masters in Secondary Schools at no time was there a larger body of earnest
ought to be many years older than it is. and disinterested workers in the cause of
MRS. GASKELL.
By E. A. Chadwick.
The report of its proceedings which we pub- education, who fully realize its aim and THOMAS LOVE PEACOCK.
lish emphasizes points of real importance, purpose. There are, however, others to
and records concessions from educational | whom it needs to be said that instruction
By W. H. Helm.
authorities which should clear the air. Differ- ladled out in a hurry is not education. The COWPER.
ences with the Board of Education, which cultivation for market purposes of brute
By Edward Storer.
has lost its strong, but somewhat autocratic brain-power has its uses, public and private, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT.
head, seem in the way of settlement, and but the market advantages of education are
advance has been made towards the solution
By Camilla Jebb. [Feb.
not the criterion of its value to individuals
of the question of pensions. Facts and
or the nation :
SHELLEY
By Roger Ingpen. [Feb.
figures have been produced as a basis for
further reform. The Association of Head
“ Education must not be regarded as a mere JANE AUSTEN.
ladder of advancement and advertisement, as a
Masters was also employed last week in the
means of pushing, in front of others, into an inner
discussion of various problems, and it seems circle, where the good things of life are being given GEORGE ELIOT.
By Lady Margaret Sackville. [Feb. '
a pity that it cannot combine with the Head
away.
Egotism will spoil education as it spoils
Masters' Conference, which holds its meet- religion, and as it spoils ethics. All three lose their
By Viola Meynell. (Feb.
ing at Christmas time. The question of
virtue and medicinal efficiency when selfishness
settles down upon them like a fog. "
Other Volumes in Preparation.
registration and its uses for the Board of
Education was brought forward, and the So wrote one of the wisest of scholars and
notable fact that boys are removed at the
wittiest of judges. In the strange Dinner design than the present series.
Nothing could be much better in form and
very age when secondary education is of Trimalchio
The title is ex
Petronius has sketched for
beginning to bear fruit.
cellent, the selection of authors interesting and
us the manners and desires of the lowest
the workmanship very good. The economist,
The L. C. C. conferences of January 4th-classes of later Rome. In this world, which
whether in money or space is promised a select
6th suggest many pertinent subjects for
bears a striking resemblance to a section
shelf of charming volumes at an alluring price and
criticism and inquiry, one which should
of our own, moves Echion, a rag-dealer, can provide himself with a fair miniature of some
appeal to all being the standard of facility who has the conception of education popular noted writer at the price of a single seat in the
and correctness attained in English. Here
in some quarters to-day. For him Letters pit; without waiting he will obtain twice as.
present results are bad. The jargon of
is a bonanza (we strive to reproduce the much entertainment as the front row could ever
the music - halls must not become the vulgarity of the original), and there is a afford. . . . . . The selections are made with much sym-
language of the people, and English writing time when his son is sufficiently tainted with pathy and no little skill. ”-Nation.
must be improved. The boy or girl who learning, and ought to take to something
Complete Illustrated Catalogue on application.
can write a straightforward letter without that pays.
confusing the issue is a rarity. The Eng-
lish Association has also been discussing
* We hold over an article on 'Bible
HERBERT & DANIEL
English composition, and one speaker went Teaching in Preparatory Schools. '
21, MADDOX STREET, LONDON, W.
9)
-
## p. 88 (#82) ##############################################
88
[SUPPLEMENT, Jan. 20, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
A NEW ENGLISH
ENGLISH HISTORY.
Just Issued.
THE
GROUNDWORK OF
BRITISH HISTORY
BY
GEORGE TOWNSEND WARNER, M. A. ,
Sometime Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge; Master of the Modern Side in Harrow School ; Author of 'A Brief Survey
of British History,' &c.
AND
C. H. K. MARTEN, M. A. ,
Balliol College, Oxford; Assistant Master at Eton College.
With Maps, Time Charts, and full Index.
764 pp. , super-crown 8vo, 6s. Also in Two Parts, 3s. 6d. each.
An English History for Middle and Upper Forms, adapted to the methods of modern teaching
of the subject, has long been called for. Mr. Townsend Warner's “ Brief Survey of British History”
has been found well suited to the needs of Lower Forms, and it is hoped that the present work will
prove equally serviceable for Middle and Upper Forms.
The subject is treated with the breadth that is now required of senior candidates for University
Local and similar examinations, and in full consonance with the views repeatedly put forward in the
circulars of the Historical Association ; though, be it said, the work has in no way been suggested
by these circulars, but is the outcome of the experience of its joint authors, Mr. Warner of Harrow
and Mr. Marten of Eton.
The authors have sought to trace out the main threads of British History, omitting small and
unfruitful details; to treat events in logical sequence by fixing the attention upon one subject at a
time; and to concentrate the mind upon the chief policy or course of action of each age.
Prospectus, giving full particulars, post free on application.
BLACKIE
& SON, Ltd. , 50, Old Bailey, London.
GLASGOW AND BOMBAY.
## p. 93 (#83) ##############################################
No. 4396, JAN. 27, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
93
Over-
CONTENTS.
CARDINAL NEWMAX
. .
93
94
95
THE MODERN PRISON CURRICULUM
or was
9596
EDWIN
DR.
ROUSE
AND
FREDERICK HANDCOCK . .
96—97
. .
97
102
. .
GOSSIP
105-106
CONCERTS D'AUTREFOIS ;
THE SOLLY STRING
107
. .
THE WATERS OP BIT.
108
TERNESS; GOSSIP
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
108
66
of the man who in his private corre- English-speaking dignitaries of the Catho-
SATURDAY, JANUARY 27, 1912. spondence and conversation could be lic Church whom he failed to conciliate.
gay, humorous, and sometimes Some of Mr. Ward's readers may regret
flowing with high spirits ? Was Newman, that he gives fewer pages to Newman's
PAGE the theologian, the philosopher, the whole life in the Church of England
historian, fated to be sad and dis- than to the distressing episode of his
THE TURCO-ITALIAN WAR AND ITS PROBLEMS
illusioned, whatever his career ?
scheme for founding a Catholic University
OUR LIBRARY TABLE (Couch Fires and Primrose
the pathos of his life due to the fact in Ireland. Mr. Ward, who knows more
Ways ; Hadji Murad, and Other Stories; How to that he, the most English of Englishmen, about the Oxford Movement than any
Write for the Papers; Problems of Boy Life)
the most loyally affectionate son of Ox one else now alive, probably thought that
HERBERT
CLARKE;
ford, of whose genius he was the incarna- Newman himself, in his widely read
THE HEAD MASTERS' ASSOCIATION; GUSTAVUS
tion, was drawn by duty and logic into a writings, had sufficiently told the story
great cosmopolitan association, in which of that part of his life. Perhaps he was
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
LITERARY GOSSIP
England counted for little, and Oxford right. At all events, the chapters on the
SCIENCE-SEA FISHERIES; THE GREAT STAR MAP;
for nothing at all? Mr. Ward does not ill-starred Irish University are of unusual
SOCIETIES ; MEETINGS NEXT WEEK ; GOSSIP 103-104 answer these questions ; but with the interest. When Newman was past fifty,
FINE ARTS-A HISTORY OF FINE ART IN INDIA AND
utmost candour he puts materials into his he, who before he was forty had been the
CEYLON; FRANCISCO GOYA: VAN DYCK AND readers' hands upon which they can base chief leader of thought at Oxford, found
PORTRAIT ENGRAVING ; BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE their conclusions at their will.
himself snubbed, neglected, and mis-
AND SCULPTURE IN ITALY; ALBUM DE POÈMES ;
Perhaps the answer is that Newman
understood by the chief ministers in Ire-
MUSIC-CHARPENTIER'S 'LOU ISE'; LA SOCIÉTÉ DES was primarily neither an Englishman, land of the Church of his adoption, as
nor an Oxford man, nor a Catholic, but the penalty for his self-abnegation in
QUARTET ; HERR BUHLIG'S RECITAL; GOSSIP;
PERFORMANCES NEXT WEEK
a Newmanite—though those three quali- devoting his prime of life to the foundation
ties constantly assert themselves in his of a difficult work in that distressful
DRAMA-THE PROBATIONER ;
nature. When he writes to Pusey in country. Perhaps it was partly his own
1865, “I prefer English habits
fault.
of
belief and devotion,” he does not mean
His strong personality revolted when
that he is harking back to Anglicanism, tomed to be absolute that they usurp the
he wrote: These Bishops are so accus-
he
LITERATURE
pathy for the ways of the old English rights of others and rough-ride over their
Catholics—who did not like Italian forms wishes. ” As Mr. Ward says, he felt that
of devotion, such as Faber favoured. he, the most active intellect in the king-
He probably had in his mind an ideal of dom, was kept in idleness and at the
mercy of those who set no value on his
his own. His strong personality is con-
The Life of John Henry, Cardinal Newman, spicuous in every chapter of these volumes.
work. Newman himself writes: "Fancy
based on his Private Journals and Corre It gave him the mighty
influence which he my skulking about Ireland and acting
spondence. By Wilfrid Ward. 2 vols. exercised over his disciples, and it isolated upon its classes in various districts, I
(Longmans & Co. )
him within the societies to which he being a foreigner. '
NEWMAN has been more fortunate than successively belonged—Oxford and the suggestion the Pope decided to make
Manning, for his life has been written Catholic Church—though to both he had Newman a bishop in partibus, and his
by a judicious and cultivated master
a faithful and perpetual devotion.
friends presented him with episcopal
ornaments. But this honour, signifying the
of English biography. Each work of The discomfort which Newman in his favour of the Holy See, which would have
Mr. Wilfrid Ward's trilogy has a different capacity of an Englishman suffered when given him prestige among the Irish who
characteristic. His volumes to the he was abroad explains in a measure the knew nothing of Oxford, was withheld.
memory of his father were a work of lack of sympathy which he experienced Perhaps it was through Cullen's influence.
creation, for without this unique monu- at Rome. On his journey thither, after This we are not told; but Mr. Ward gives
ment of filial piety W. G. Ward would his conversion, the French cooking at an excellent portrait of the Archbishop of
have been as little known to later gene- Langres made him ill. He could converse Dublin, who died a cardinal the year
rations as are Isaac Williams, Oakeley, only in Latin with the Bishop there and before Newman was tardily admitted to
and other Tractarians. His “Life of Wise- with the Archbishop of Besançon, and so the Sacred College. With regard to
man’ was a work of rehabilitation, pre- had no means of making an impression Newman's scarlet hat we may say inci-
senting to the British public in a new on the French prelates or of receiving dentally that Mr. Ward does away with
guise a personage who hitherto had been from them an impression of that interesting the suggestion made by Mr. Purcell in his
regarded as a half - Irish, half - Spanish period of Gallican history. At Milan he Life of Manning,' that the latter tried to
priest, who wrote an un-English letter stayed five weeks to learn the language. prevent Newman from being made a
from out the Flaminian Gate. ” New- He loved the churches, their services and cardinal.
man, on the contrary, had, even in his traditions; but he and his companions To return to Newman's earlier vicissi.
lifetime, as definite a place in the estima- picked up so little Italian that, “to New- tudes : they were not at an end when he
tion, as definite a figure in the imagination, man's great delight,” St. John,“ express- gave up his work in Ireland as a failure.
of his countrymen as Carlyle or Ruskining in confident Italian " the hope that
His editorship of the review called The
Mr. Ward's task has therefore been more he would meet an Italian friend in the
Rambler met with hostility from the
difficult than in his previous books. He winter (iverno), told him that he hoped bishop. “Dr. Brown, Bishop of Newport,
does not introduce us to a new John Henry they would meet in hell (inferno). If formally delated the article to Rome as
Newman ; but he increases our know- Newman could have conquered his Eng- heretical," is a note of a characteristic
ledge of him, and, with a remarkable lishman's reluctance to speak a Conti- incident of this period. In 1860 he had
faculty of choice, from an overwhelming nental language (as Manning did later), another failure and disappointment. His
mass of material he generally allows his his relations with Pius IX. might have fond project of making a new translation of
hero to tell his sad story in his own vivid been more cordial, and Mr. Ward perhaps the Holy Scriptures had to be abandoned.
words.
would not have had to record that during
“ Another great plan had been projected
That the story is a sad one is apparent his long sojourn at Rome“ the Pope's and great hopes raised. Another year had
even to the cursory reader, and, when one wish to see Newman again and again been wasted. . . . and the ecclesiastical rulers
studies these poignant chapters as they appeared to evaporate.
had seemed absolutely indifferent to the
deserve, the sense of sadness becomes Though Newman's ability to converse reality of his work. ”
more profound. The question arises, Was at ease with Pius IX. might have changed Amid such discouragements it is not
this sadness inherent to the temperament the history of his life, there were many surprising that to the end of his life,
## p. 94 (#84) ##############################################
94
THE ATHENÆUM
No. 4396, Jan. 27, 1912
>
though unswerving in his loyalty to and
think that the gravity of these recurring
his belief in the Catholic Church, he re- The Turco-Italian War and its Problems, violations may be minimized, if after the
tained an unalterable love for Oxford with Appendices containing the Chief fact the Powers can be called in solemnly
and its associations. Newman had a State Papers bearing on the Subject. By to compound the felony and ratify its
genius for friendship; yet he does not Sir Thomas Barclay. With an Addi-consequences. Such practices are, to our
seem to have made one close intimacy tional Chapter on Moslem Feeling by thinking, an appreciable aggravation of
with any one who was not reared at the Right Hon. Ameer Ali. (Constable the original immorality, and figure among
Oxford. After the great wrench there & Co. )
the chief causes which explain the fre-
were first of all his Oxford friends who EVERYTHING in this world does ultimately quency of these acts of international
went over to Rome. Then as years went involve everything
else, but there prevails brigandage. If after each breach of public
on there were renewals of friendship with
none the less among writers on current law the Powers step in to claim a share of
Oxford men who had remained in the events a tacit agreement to ignore the the spoils, it will be to their interest
English Church. Dean Church was perhaps extreme consequences of this maxim. rather to encourage predatory disturb-
the most intimate of these. With
Pusey Sir Thomas Barclay has observed it in his ances of the status quo than to prevent
his correspondence after a certain time book on the Italian expedition to Tripoli them before they occur. The real Euro-
resumed its affectionate tone. When he with a liberality which some of his readers pean problem, as Lord Morley put it in a
was over eighty, and a cardinal, he
recent debate, is to restore the European
think excessive. He gives us his own
may
travelled to Oxford to see in his last reflections on the origin, consequences,
Concert. Public law is in suspense—the
illness Mark Pattison, who in matters of and legal bearings of the war in a hundred Powers are in rival camps, which can no
belief had gone far from the path of pages of large print. The rest of the longer agree to sustain and enforce it.
Newman and Pusey. In the same late book is an ample appendix of 142 pages The most valuable section of this work
period his letters to Mr. Wayte and to of small type, in which the laborious is, in our view, the chapter in which
Bishop Percival, successive Presidents of reader will find an assemblage of docu- Sir Thomas Barclay calls attention to
his old College, Trinity, are of the highest ments calculated to spare him the trouble the special obligations of the Powers
interest.
of visiting a reference library. Some of towards Turkey. Comparatively little
To go back to the threshold of his old these documents are relevant and indis- can be based upon the Hague Conventions,
age, Newman, when he was sixty-three, pensable—notably the text of the Italian except the duty which lies on neutrals of
when early success had been followed by ultimatum and the semi-official statements offering their mediation. Mr. Stead made
a period of disappointment, made his of the Italian and the Turkish cases. But a tactical mistake when he urged Turkey
name illustrious in the annals of English for ourselves we could have dispensed, for to demand arbitration. One might as
literature by writing the "Apologia - example, with the entire Treaty of Berlin. well ask our own courts to try the case
“
with a courage which is an example for If the object of the author was to spare for Home Rule as invite the Hague to
all time to men who have through sadness his readers the trouble of consulting the settle the Italian claim to a Turkish
and disillusion passed beyond the tra- original authorities, a selection of the few province. The proper tribunal is the
ditional prime of life. That work has clauses of the treaties which really bear | Concert of the Powers, and the Treaty of
deservedly taken rank as a masterpiece on the Italian adventure would have Paris, which bound any Power, having a
of English style. It is therefore somewhat served his purpose better.
dispute with Turkey which might lead to
curious to find throughout Mr. Ward's The scope of Sir Thomas Barclay's war, to place the other Powers" in a
abundant quotations from Newman work is, after all
, restricted and modest. position to prevent recourse to such an
sentences open to criticism. Thus in He claims no esoteric knowledge of the extremity by their mediating influence,”
letters from Littlemore in 1845 he writes : origin of the war, and, until its secret is its charter. The war can be ended
“ Capes was very flourishing. His wife springs are uncovered, the time to write only by a Conference, unless, indeed, the
is to be received nearly directly," and the indispensable chapter in the diplo- whole basis of tradition and law on which
Of course, however, I only heard the matic history of Europe has not arrived.
