Pivs, but the head is
uncertain
;
obliged Calvinus to unite his forces with those of on the reverse is scipiO IMP.
obliged Calvinus to unite his forces with those of on the reverse is scipiO IMP.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
21; the passages of Cicero in
ported by a large body of the aristocracy; and this Orelli's Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 107, &c. )
time the victory remained in their hands. Metellus 22. Q. CAECILIUS, Q. F. METELLUS Pius
was obliged to take to flight, and repaired to Scipio, the adopted son of Metellus Pius (No. 19).
l'ompey : the senate proposed to deprive him of He was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica,
liis office, and according to some accounts actually practor B. c. 94, and Licinia, a daughter of the
did so.
orator L. Crassus, and was a grandson of P. Corne-
Metellus returned to Rome with Pompey, and lius Scipio Nasica, consul B. c. lll, and Caecilia, a
was raised to the practorship in B. C. 60. " In this daughter of Metellus Macedonicus. Through his
year he brought forward a law for the abolition of grandmother he was therefore descended from the
the vectigalia in Italy; and the senate, out of hatred family of the Metelli, into which he was subse
to Metellus, attenipted to call the law by the name quently adopted. Before his adoption he bore the
of some other person. In the following year he names of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, and hence his
appears not to have gone to a province, but to have name is given in various forms. Sometimes he is
remained in Rome. In B. c. 57 he was consul called P. Scipio Nasica, sometimes Q. Metellus
with P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther. Cicero, Scipio, and sometimes simply Scipio or Metellus.
who had been banished in the preceding year, and His full legal name. as it appears in a senatus con-
whose friends were now exerting themselves to sultum (Cic. ad Fam. viii. 8), is the one given at
obtain his recall, was greatly alarmed at the elec- the commencement of this notice. Appian erro-
tion of Metellus, since he was one of his bit-neously gives him the praenomen Lucius. (B. C.
tercst personal enemies. But since Clodius had | ii. 24. )
offended both Pompey and Caesar, and the latter Metellus is first mentioned in B. c. 63, when he
was anxious to mortify and weaken the power of is said to have come to Cicero by night, along with
the demagogue, Metellus, out of respect to them, M. Crassus and Marcellus, bringing with them
suppressed his feelings towards Cicero, and an- letters relating to the conspiracy of Catiline. In
nounced in the senate on the 1st of January, that B. C. 60 he was elected tribune of the plebs, but
he should not oppose his recall from exile. Cicero was accused of bribery by M. Favonius, who had
wrote to him to express his gratitude (ad Fam. v. failed in his election, and was defended by Cicero.
4), and in subsequent speeches he frequently He was tribune in B. c. 59, and was one of the
praises his moderation and magnanimity. At the college of pontiffs before whom Cicero spoke re-
same time the friends of Cicero at Rome seem to specting his house in B. c. 57. In the latter year
have had some suspicions of Metellus ; but he was he exhibited gladiatorial games in honour of his
eventually induced, very much by the influence of deceased father, Metellus Pius. In B. c. 53 Scipio
his relative, P. Servilius, to give a hearty support was a candidate for the consulship along with Plau-
to Cicero's friends, and in the month of September tius Hypsaeus and Milo, and was supported by the
the orator was at Rome. But almost immediately | Clodian mob, since he was opposed to Milo. The
afterwards we again find Metellus on the other candidates had recourse to the most unblushing
side, and in the month of November using his bribery, and to open violence and force. The
efforts to obtain the aedileship for Clodius. most frightful scenes were daily occurring in the
In B. c. 56 Metellus administered the province streets of Rome ; and these disturbances were
of Nearer Spain. Either before he left Rome or secretly fomented by Pompey, who was anxious to
soon afterwards Metellus had quarrelled with be named dictator, for the purpose of restoring
Clodius, and this enmity naturally led to a recon- order to the city, and thereby possessing the power
ciliation with Cicero, to whom he writes in appa- which might enable him to crush Caesar, of whom
rently cordial terms (ad Fam. v, 3). In the he had now become jealous. The comitia could
month of April he repaired, with many other dis- not be held for the election of consuls ; and when
tinguished Roman nobles, to Caesar's winter the murder of Clodius at the beginning of the fol-
quarters at Luca, doubtless with the view of lowing year, B. C. 52, threw the state almost into
obtaining the prolongation of his command. On anarchy, the senate consented that Pompey should
his return to Spain he made a sudden and appa- be elected sole consul. This took place at the end
rently unjustifiable attack upon the Vaccaei, whom of February; and shortly afterwards he married
be defeated ; but in the following year (B. C. 55) Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio, to whom he showed
they took the town of Clunia from him, and ad- particular favour. Hypsaeus and Scipio were both
vanced with such considerable forces that Metellus accused of bribery ; but though both were equally
dared not attack them. Metellus seems to have guilty. the former only was condemned. On the
returned to Rome in the course of this year, and to Ist of August Pompey made Scipio his colleague in
have died in the same year, as his name does not the consulship ; and Scipio showed his gratitude
occur again. In his testament he left Carrinus by using every effort to destroy the power of
(probably the consul of B. c. 43) the heir of all his Caesar and strengthen that of Pompey. He was
property, passing over all the Metelli and likewise all the more ready to exert himself in Pompey's
the Claudii, with whom he was so nearly connected favour, since the latter was now obliged to enter
(Val. Max. vii. 8. $ 3. ) Metellus did not adhere into a close connection with the aristocratical party,
strictly to the political principles of his family. He to which Scipio belonged, for the purpose of crush.
did not support the aristocracy, like his brother ; | ing his rival. One of the first acts of Metellus
nor, on the other hand, can he be said to have after his appointment to the consulship was to bring
been « leader of the democracy. He was in fact forward a law restoring to the censors the powers
His exactio
leled: new
the inbabit
every part
there was
maranding
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they had 1
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op
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## p. 1063 (#1079) ##########################################
METELLUS.
1063
METELLUS.
AG
senate.
ele
1
of which they had been deprived by Clodius, in- centre of the Pompeian troops, and was opposed by
tending thereby to expel Caesar's friends from the his old adversary, Domitius Calvinus.
senate ; for that he was actuated by no desire to After the loss of the battle of Pharsalia, Me-
preserve the purity and morality of the body, the tellus fled, first to Corcyra and then to Africa,
scandalous tale related by Valerius Maximus (ix. where it was hoped that the army of Attius Varus
1. $ 8) is a sufficient proof. In the following year and the assistance of Juba, king of Numidia, might
(B. c. 51) Scipio proposed in the senate on the 16t restore the fallen fortunes of the Pompeian party.
of September that the senate should take into con- Through the influence of Cato, Scipio obtained the
sideration the Gallic provinces on the 1st of March supreme conimand, as being of consular rank,
in the following year ; but as this proposition was much to the chagrin of Varus, who laid claim to it.
considered rather too open a declaration of hostility As soon as Scipio had received the command, ho
against Caesar, it was decreed that the consular attempted to destroy the important town of Urica,
provinces in general should be brought before the in order to gratify Juba, and it was with difficulty
senate on that day. When stronger measures that Cato prevented him from doing it. His con-
were resolved upon by the aristocracy, Scipio again duct in Africa scems to have been as oppressive as
appeared foreniost in urging their adoption. He it had been in Syria ; in every direction he plun-
warmly seconded the consul Lentulus when he dered the inhabitants and laid waste the country.
proposed in the senate at the beginning of January, At length Caesar landed in Africa, at the end of
B. C. 49, that Caesar should dismiss his armıy by a December, B. C. 47, and in the month of April in
certain day, or else be regarded as an enemy of the the following year, B. C. 46, he defeated Scipio aud
state ; and when the tribunes, M. Antonius and Juba at the decisive battle of Thapsus. Scipio
Q. Cassius, placed their veto upon the decree, immediately fled to the sea, and with a small
Scipio urged on matters to an open rupture, and squadron of ships steered first for Utica ; but,
refused to listen to any overtures of peace. The learning from Caio that there would be no security
consequence was that the two tribunes fled from for him there, he put out to sea, intending to sail
the city, and Caesar took up arms against the over to Spain. Contrary winds, however, obliged
In the division of the provinces, which him to put back to Hippo Regius, where he fell in
was made a few days afterwards, Syria fell to the with the fleet of P. Sittius, who fought on Caesar's
lot of Scipio, who hastened thither without delay. side. His small squadron was overpowered ; and,
His conduct in the province is drawn by Caesar in as he saw that escape was impossible, he stabbed
the blackest colours (B. C. iii. 31, 32). Although himself and leaped into the sea
he suffered some loss in an engagement with the Scipio never exhibited any proofs of striking
inhabitants of Mount Amanus, he assumed the abilities either in war or in peace; and the pro-
title of imperator, and had it struck upon his coins. minent part which he played in these stormy times
His exactions and extortions were almost unparal- was chiefly owing to his high connections, being a
leled: new taxes of all kinds were imposed upon Scipio by birth, a Metellus by adoption, and, by
the inhabitants ; Roman officers were sent into the marriage of his daughter, the father-in-law of
every part of the province to collect them; and Pompey. The love of country and the freedom of
there was scarcely a village which escaped their the republic (the watch words with which he
marauding visits: they plundered on their own fought against Caesar) were a mere sbam ; he was
account as well as on account of their general ; and only anxious to obtain for himself and his party
they had the fullest licence given them for every the exclusive possession of the offices of the state
kind of oppression. After collecting large sums of and of the provinces, that they might realise fortunes
money and a considerable body of troops, he took to gratify their love of luxury and pomp. In
up his winter-quarters at Pergamum, leaving his public, Scipio showed himself cruel, vindictive, and
province quite unprotected and exposed to a fresh oppressive ; in private, he was mean, avaricious,
attack of the Parthians. At the beginning of the and licentious, even beyond most of his contem-
following year, B. C. 48, he was preparing to poraries. A striking instance of his profligncy is
plunder the temple of Diana in Ephesus, when he given in the tale related by Valerius Maximus,
received a summons from Pompey to join him with which has already been referred to. (Plut. Cic. 15;
his troops, as Caesar had already crossed over to Dion Cass. xl. 51, xliii. 9; Appian, B. C. ii. 24, 25,
Greece. Caesar sent Domitius Calvinus into Mace-60, 76, 87, 95–100; Caes. B. C. i. 1-4, iii. 31
donia, and L. Cassius Longinus into Thessaly to -33, 36, 57, 82, 83, B. Afric. passim ; Plut.
oppose Scipio, but no battle took place between Pomp. 55, Caes. 30, Cat. Min. 60; Liv. Epit. 113,
them, according to the statement of Caesar (B. C. 114; Val. Max. ix. 5. § 3; the passages of Cicero in
jii. 36—38), although a different account is given Orelli's Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 105, &c. )
by other writers. (Dion Cass. xli. 51 ; Appian, The two coins annexed were struck by Me-
B. C. ii. 60. ) At al events Scipio was unable to tellus Scipio. On the obverse of the former is the
join Pompey till Caesar's repulse at Dyrrhachium legend Q. METEL.
Pivs, but the head is uncertain ;
obliged Calvinus to unite his forces with those of on the reverse is scipiO IMP. , with an elephant,
Caesar. Scipio thereupon took possession of La- which refers evidently to his command in Africa.
rissa, and shortly after joined Pompey, who divided The head on the obverse of the latter is also un-
the command of the army with him. Confident of certain ; beneath it is an eagle's head, and the
success, the nobles in Pompey's camp began to legend is METEL. PIVS SCIP. IMP. : the reverse
quarrel with one another respecting the division of represents a pair of scales hanging from a cornu-
the spoil; and Scipio had a violent altercation, copia, with a sella curulis beneath, on one side of
which descended to personal abuse, with Domitius which is an ear of corn, and on the other side a
Ahenobarbus and Lentulus Spinther, respecting hand grasping something. The legend crass.
the office of pontifex maximus, which Caesar then vn. LEG. PRO(PR). refers to Crassus Junianus,
held. The battle of Pharsalia annihilated these one of Scipio's legates, who served with the title
prospects. In this battle Scipio commanded the legatus propraetore. (Crassus, No. 29, p. 882, a]
:*5
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## p. 1064 (#1080) ##########################################
1064
METELLUS.
METELLUS.
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COINS OF METELLUS SCIPIO.
nained
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114,
wards
learing
mothe
Wife
(Cice
The
Anton
soner
In B. c. 66 Metellus returned to Rome, but he
was prevented from obtaining a triumph by the
Souris
partisans of Pompey. Metellus, however, could
not relinquish his claim to a triumph, and accord-
ingly resolved to wait in the neighbourhood of the
city till more favourable circumstances. His pa-
tience was as great as his desire for the honour;
for he was still waiting before the city in B. C. 63,
when the conspiracy of Catiline broke out. He
was sent into Apulia to prevent an apprehended
rising of the slaves ; and in the following year,
B. C. 62, after the death of Catiline, he was at
length permitted to make his triumphal entrance
into Rome, and received the surname of Creticus.
He was robbed, however, of the chief oriaments
of his triumph, Lasthenes and Panares, whom a
tribune of the plebs compelled him to surrender to
Pompey.
Metellus, as was naturally to be expected, joined
23. Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS CRETICUS. His Lucullus and the other leaders of the aristocracy in
descent and that of his two brothers is quite un- their opposition to Pompey, and succeeded in pre-
for he evidently could not have been the venting the latter from obtaining the ratification of
son of Metellus Macedonicus, as Florus (iii. 8. his acts in Asia. In B. c. 60 Metellus was sent
§ 1) states. (Drumann, vol. ii. p. 50. ) Metellus by the senate with two others to investigate the
was consul B. C. 69 with Q. Hortensius, and ob- state of Gaul, where a rising of the people was
tained the conduct of the war against Crete, which apprehended. He is mentioned by Cicero, in B. c. 57,
Hortensius had declined, when the lot had given as one of the pontiffs before whom he spoke respect-
this province to him. Metellus left Italy in B. C. ing his house, and he probably died soon afterwards
68 with three legions. He was engaged two (Liv. Epit. 98-100; Flor. iii. 7, iv. 2; Eutrop.
whole years in the subjugation of the island, and vi. 11; Oros. vi. 4; Vell. Pat. ii. 34, 38; Justin.
did not return to Rome till the third. The diffi- xxxix. 5; Appian, Sic. 6 ; Dion Cass. Frag. 178,
culty of the conquest was much increased by the xxxvi. 1, 2; Plut. Pump. 29; Sall. Cat. 30; Cic.
unwarrantable interference of Pompey; for after Verr. i. 9, pro Flacc. 3, 13, 40, in Pison. 24, at
Cydonia, Cnossus, and many other towns had fallen Att. i. 19, de Har. Resp. 6. )
into the hands of Metellus, and the war seemed 24. L. CAECILIUS METELLUS, brother of the
almost at an end, the Cretans sent to offer their sub preceding (No. 23), was praetor B. c. 71, and as
mission to Pompey, from whom they hoped to obtain propraetor succeeded Verres in the government of
more farourable terms than from Metellus. By Sicily in B. C. 70. He defeated the pirates, who
the Gabinian law, passed in B. c. 67, which gave to had conquered the Roman fleet and taken posses-
Porrpey the conduct of the war against the sion of the harbour of Syracuse, and compelled
pirates, the supreme command in the whole of the them to leave the island. His administration is
Mediterranean was also assigned to him ; he praised by Cicero for restoring peace and security
therefore had a pretext for interfering in the affairs to the inhabitants, after the frightful scenes which
of Crete, but it was clearly never intended that he had been enacted there by Verres ; but he never-
should supersede Metellus. His emissaries had theless attempted, in conjunction with his brothers,
probably persuaded the Cretans to make this offer; to shield Verres from injustice, and tried to pre-
but however this may be, he immediately complied vent the Sicilians from bringing forward their
with their request, and sent his legate L. Octavius testimony and complaints against him. He was
to receive the surrender of their towns, and shortly consul B. C. 68 with Q. Marcius Rex, but died at
afterwards another of his legates, Cornelius Sisenna, the beginning of his year. (Liv. Epit. 98; Oros.
came to the island from Greece with the command | vi. 3; Cic. Verr. Act. i. 9, Accus. ii. 4, iii. 16,
of some troops. Metellus, however, refused to ii
. 28, 56, 67, ii. 53, in Pis. 4; Dion Cass.
take any notice of their claims, and continued to XXXV. 4. )
attack and subdue the towns, although the in- 25. M. CAECILIUS METELLUS, brother of the
habitants were encouraged in their resistance to two preceding [Nos. 23, 24), was praetor B. C. 69,
him by the legates of Pompey. Eleuthera and in the same year that his eldest brother was
Luppa fell into his hands; and in the capture of consul. The lot gave him the presidency in the
the latter town Octavius was made prisoner, but court de pecuniis repetundis, and Verres was very
dismissed by Metellus with contempt. Cornelius anxious that his trial should come on before Me-
Sisenna had meantime died, and hitherto Octavius tellus. (Cic. Verr. Act. i. 8, 9, 10. ) Since he did not
had not ventured to use force against Metellus, but obtain the consulship, Drumann conjectures (vol.
now he employed the troops of Sisenna to fight on ii. p. 57) that the gladiators of M. Metellus, whom
the side of the Cretans. But as these troops Cicero mentions in B. C. 60 (ad Att. ii. 1. $ 1),
shortly afterwards withdrew from the island, for may have belonged to the son of the praetor, and
some reason unknown to us, Octavius took refuge were exhibited by him in honour of his father,
with Aristion in Hierapytna, from which, however, who would therefore have died about this time.
he fied at the approach of Metellus, leaving the 26. Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS CRETICUS, is con-
Cretans to their fate. Thereupon Lasthenes and jectured by Drumann (vol. ii. p. 57) to have been
Panares, the chief leaders of the Cretang, made the son of No. 23, and to have been the quaestor
their submission to him, and the war was brought with C. Trebonius, who supported the adoption of
to a close.
Clodius into a plebeian family, when Trebonius
spared
bob
B. C.
hare !
objec
28.
No. 2
Att. i
29.
A. D.
grand
latter
30.
the m
species
the be
the
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maid
the C
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## p. 1065 (#1081) ##########################################
ELLUS.
1065
METHAPUS.
METHODIUS.
returned to Rome,
obtaining & triumph by a
Metellos, boweter
, sed
un to a triumph, and actress
in the neighbourhood a to
ole circumstances. Hop
his desire for the beare;
before the city in RC
of Catiline broke out a
to present an aparecerda
and in the foc viga
ath of Catiline, be mus
ake bis triumpha' entrar
ed the surrame of Cretas
Ter, of the chief arranean
cenes and Parares, shat
opened him to surrender a
kamally to be expected, penal
leaders of the anisacasa
mauper, and succeeded as
obaining the ratiba
B C 60 Metelus wat
to others to zeresting the
a rising of the people wa
entioned br Cicero, BCS
Defore whom he sprše raspar
crobably died soon détermins
For. m. 7, ir. 9; 1. 2
Tell. Pat. i 34, 3; II
6; Dion Cass. From 1
p. 29; Sall Cat. 3; CE
2, 13, 40, is
opposed it. (Cic. ad Fam xv. 21. & 2. ) This is, METHARME (Medápun), a daughter of king
however, mere conjecture, for the name of the Pygmalion, and wife of Cinyras (Apollod. iii.
colleague of Trebonius is not even mentioned in 14. § 3; comp. CINYRAS. )
(L. S. )
the passage of Cicero referred to above.
ported by a large body of the aristocracy; and this Orelli's Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 107, &c. )
time the victory remained in their hands. Metellus 22. Q. CAECILIUS, Q. F. METELLUS Pius
was obliged to take to flight, and repaired to Scipio, the adopted son of Metellus Pius (No. 19).
l'ompey : the senate proposed to deprive him of He was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica,
liis office, and according to some accounts actually practor B. c. 94, and Licinia, a daughter of the
did so.
orator L. Crassus, and was a grandson of P. Corne-
Metellus returned to Rome with Pompey, and lius Scipio Nasica, consul B. c. lll, and Caecilia, a
was raised to the practorship in B. C. 60. " In this daughter of Metellus Macedonicus. Through his
year he brought forward a law for the abolition of grandmother he was therefore descended from the
the vectigalia in Italy; and the senate, out of hatred family of the Metelli, into which he was subse
to Metellus, attenipted to call the law by the name quently adopted. Before his adoption he bore the
of some other person. In the following year he names of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, and hence his
appears not to have gone to a province, but to have name is given in various forms. Sometimes he is
remained in Rome. In B. c. 57 he was consul called P. Scipio Nasica, sometimes Q. Metellus
with P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther. Cicero, Scipio, and sometimes simply Scipio or Metellus.
who had been banished in the preceding year, and His full legal name. as it appears in a senatus con-
whose friends were now exerting themselves to sultum (Cic. ad Fam. viii. 8), is the one given at
obtain his recall, was greatly alarmed at the elec- the commencement of this notice. Appian erro-
tion of Metellus, since he was one of his bit-neously gives him the praenomen Lucius. (B. C.
tercst personal enemies. But since Clodius had | ii. 24. )
offended both Pompey and Caesar, and the latter Metellus is first mentioned in B. c. 63, when he
was anxious to mortify and weaken the power of is said to have come to Cicero by night, along with
the demagogue, Metellus, out of respect to them, M. Crassus and Marcellus, bringing with them
suppressed his feelings towards Cicero, and an- letters relating to the conspiracy of Catiline. In
nounced in the senate on the 1st of January, that B. C. 60 he was elected tribune of the plebs, but
he should not oppose his recall from exile. Cicero was accused of bribery by M. Favonius, who had
wrote to him to express his gratitude (ad Fam. v. failed in his election, and was defended by Cicero.
4), and in subsequent speeches he frequently He was tribune in B. c. 59, and was one of the
praises his moderation and magnanimity. At the college of pontiffs before whom Cicero spoke re-
same time the friends of Cicero at Rome seem to specting his house in B. c. 57. In the latter year
have had some suspicions of Metellus ; but he was he exhibited gladiatorial games in honour of his
eventually induced, very much by the influence of deceased father, Metellus Pius. In B. c. 53 Scipio
his relative, P. Servilius, to give a hearty support was a candidate for the consulship along with Plau-
to Cicero's friends, and in the month of September tius Hypsaeus and Milo, and was supported by the
the orator was at Rome. But almost immediately | Clodian mob, since he was opposed to Milo. The
afterwards we again find Metellus on the other candidates had recourse to the most unblushing
side, and in the month of November using his bribery, and to open violence and force. The
efforts to obtain the aedileship for Clodius. most frightful scenes were daily occurring in the
In B. c. 56 Metellus administered the province streets of Rome ; and these disturbances were
of Nearer Spain. Either before he left Rome or secretly fomented by Pompey, who was anxious to
soon afterwards Metellus had quarrelled with be named dictator, for the purpose of restoring
Clodius, and this enmity naturally led to a recon- order to the city, and thereby possessing the power
ciliation with Cicero, to whom he writes in appa- which might enable him to crush Caesar, of whom
rently cordial terms (ad Fam. v, 3). In the he had now become jealous. The comitia could
month of April he repaired, with many other dis- not be held for the election of consuls ; and when
tinguished Roman nobles, to Caesar's winter the murder of Clodius at the beginning of the fol-
quarters at Luca, doubtless with the view of lowing year, B. C. 52, threw the state almost into
obtaining the prolongation of his command. On anarchy, the senate consented that Pompey should
his return to Spain he made a sudden and appa- be elected sole consul. This took place at the end
rently unjustifiable attack upon the Vaccaei, whom of February; and shortly afterwards he married
be defeated ; but in the following year (B. C. 55) Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio, to whom he showed
they took the town of Clunia from him, and ad- particular favour. Hypsaeus and Scipio were both
vanced with such considerable forces that Metellus accused of bribery ; but though both were equally
dared not attack them. Metellus seems to have guilty. the former only was condemned. On the
returned to Rome in the course of this year, and to Ist of August Pompey made Scipio his colleague in
have died in the same year, as his name does not the consulship ; and Scipio showed his gratitude
occur again. In his testament he left Carrinus by using every effort to destroy the power of
(probably the consul of B. c. 43) the heir of all his Caesar and strengthen that of Pompey. He was
property, passing over all the Metelli and likewise all the more ready to exert himself in Pompey's
the Claudii, with whom he was so nearly connected favour, since the latter was now obliged to enter
(Val. Max. vii. 8. $ 3. ) Metellus did not adhere into a close connection with the aristocratical party,
strictly to the political principles of his family. He to which Scipio belonged, for the purpose of crush.
did not support the aristocracy, like his brother ; | ing his rival. One of the first acts of Metellus
nor, on the other hand, can he be said to have after his appointment to the consulship was to bring
been « leader of the democracy. He was in fact forward a law restoring to the censors the powers
His exactio
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## p. 1063 (#1079) ##########################################
METELLUS.
1063
METELLUS.
AG
senate.
ele
1
of which they had been deprived by Clodius, in- centre of the Pompeian troops, and was opposed by
tending thereby to expel Caesar's friends from the his old adversary, Domitius Calvinus.
senate ; for that he was actuated by no desire to After the loss of the battle of Pharsalia, Me-
preserve the purity and morality of the body, the tellus fled, first to Corcyra and then to Africa,
scandalous tale related by Valerius Maximus (ix. where it was hoped that the army of Attius Varus
1. $ 8) is a sufficient proof. In the following year and the assistance of Juba, king of Numidia, might
(B. c. 51) Scipio proposed in the senate on the 16t restore the fallen fortunes of the Pompeian party.
of September that the senate should take into con- Through the influence of Cato, Scipio obtained the
sideration the Gallic provinces on the 1st of March supreme conimand, as being of consular rank,
in the following year ; but as this proposition was much to the chagrin of Varus, who laid claim to it.
considered rather too open a declaration of hostility As soon as Scipio had received the command, ho
against Caesar, it was decreed that the consular attempted to destroy the important town of Urica,
provinces in general should be brought before the in order to gratify Juba, and it was with difficulty
senate on that day. When stronger measures that Cato prevented him from doing it. His con-
were resolved upon by the aristocracy, Scipio again duct in Africa scems to have been as oppressive as
appeared foreniost in urging their adoption. He it had been in Syria ; in every direction he plun-
warmly seconded the consul Lentulus when he dered the inhabitants and laid waste the country.
proposed in the senate at the beginning of January, At length Caesar landed in Africa, at the end of
B. C. 49, that Caesar should dismiss his armıy by a December, B. C. 47, and in the month of April in
certain day, or else be regarded as an enemy of the the following year, B. C. 46, he defeated Scipio aud
state ; and when the tribunes, M. Antonius and Juba at the decisive battle of Thapsus. Scipio
Q. Cassius, placed their veto upon the decree, immediately fled to the sea, and with a small
Scipio urged on matters to an open rupture, and squadron of ships steered first for Utica ; but,
refused to listen to any overtures of peace. The learning from Caio that there would be no security
consequence was that the two tribunes fled from for him there, he put out to sea, intending to sail
the city, and Caesar took up arms against the over to Spain. Contrary winds, however, obliged
In the division of the provinces, which him to put back to Hippo Regius, where he fell in
was made a few days afterwards, Syria fell to the with the fleet of P. Sittius, who fought on Caesar's
lot of Scipio, who hastened thither without delay. side. His small squadron was overpowered ; and,
His conduct in the province is drawn by Caesar in as he saw that escape was impossible, he stabbed
the blackest colours (B. C. iii. 31, 32). Although himself and leaped into the sea
he suffered some loss in an engagement with the Scipio never exhibited any proofs of striking
inhabitants of Mount Amanus, he assumed the abilities either in war or in peace; and the pro-
title of imperator, and had it struck upon his coins. minent part which he played in these stormy times
His exactions and extortions were almost unparal- was chiefly owing to his high connections, being a
leled: new taxes of all kinds were imposed upon Scipio by birth, a Metellus by adoption, and, by
the inhabitants ; Roman officers were sent into the marriage of his daughter, the father-in-law of
every part of the province to collect them; and Pompey. The love of country and the freedom of
there was scarcely a village which escaped their the republic (the watch words with which he
marauding visits: they plundered on their own fought against Caesar) were a mere sbam ; he was
account as well as on account of their general ; and only anxious to obtain for himself and his party
they had the fullest licence given them for every the exclusive possession of the offices of the state
kind of oppression. After collecting large sums of and of the provinces, that they might realise fortunes
money and a considerable body of troops, he took to gratify their love of luxury and pomp. In
up his winter-quarters at Pergamum, leaving his public, Scipio showed himself cruel, vindictive, and
province quite unprotected and exposed to a fresh oppressive ; in private, he was mean, avaricious,
attack of the Parthians. At the beginning of the and licentious, even beyond most of his contem-
following year, B. C. 48, he was preparing to poraries. A striking instance of his profligncy is
plunder the temple of Diana in Ephesus, when he given in the tale related by Valerius Maximus,
received a summons from Pompey to join him with which has already been referred to. (Plut. Cic. 15;
his troops, as Caesar had already crossed over to Dion Cass. xl. 51, xliii. 9; Appian, B. C. ii. 24, 25,
Greece. Caesar sent Domitius Calvinus into Mace-60, 76, 87, 95–100; Caes. B. C. i. 1-4, iii. 31
donia, and L. Cassius Longinus into Thessaly to -33, 36, 57, 82, 83, B. Afric. passim ; Plut.
oppose Scipio, but no battle took place between Pomp. 55, Caes. 30, Cat. Min. 60; Liv. Epit. 113,
them, according to the statement of Caesar (B. C. 114; Val. Max. ix. 5. § 3; the passages of Cicero in
jii. 36—38), although a different account is given Orelli's Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 105, &c. )
by other writers. (Dion Cass. xli. 51 ; Appian, The two coins annexed were struck by Me-
B. C. ii. 60. ) At al events Scipio was unable to tellus Scipio. On the obverse of the former is the
join Pompey till Caesar's repulse at Dyrrhachium legend Q. METEL.
Pivs, but the head is uncertain ;
obliged Calvinus to unite his forces with those of on the reverse is scipiO IMP. , with an elephant,
Caesar. Scipio thereupon took possession of La- which refers evidently to his command in Africa.
rissa, and shortly after joined Pompey, who divided The head on the obverse of the latter is also un-
the command of the army with him. Confident of certain ; beneath it is an eagle's head, and the
success, the nobles in Pompey's camp began to legend is METEL. PIVS SCIP. IMP. : the reverse
quarrel with one another respecting the division of represents a pair of scales hanging from a cornu-
the spoil; and Scipio had a violent altercation, copia, with a sella curulis beneath, on one side of
which descended to personal abuse, with Domitius which is an ear of corn, and on the other side a
Ahenobarbus and Lentulus Spinther, respecting hand grasping something. The legend crass.
the office of pontifex maximus, which Caesar then vn. LEG. PRO(PR). refers to Crassus Junianus,
held. The battle of Pharsalia annihilated these one of Scipio's legates, who served with the title
prospects. In this battle Scipio commanded the legatus propraetore. (Crassus, No. 29, p. 882, a]
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## p. 1064 (#1080) ##########################################
1064
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In B. c. 66 Metellus returned to Rome, but he
was prevented from obtaining a triumph by the
Souris
partisans of Pompey. Metellus, however, could
not relinquish his claim to a triumph, and accord-
ingly resolved to wait in the neighbourhood of the
city till more favourable circumstances. His pa-
tience was as great as his desire for the honour;
for he was still waiting before the city in B. C. 63,
when the conspiracy of Catiline broke out. He
was sent into Apulia to prevent an apprehended
rising of the slaves ; and in the following year,
B. C. 62, after the death of Catiline, he was at
length permitted to make his triumphal entrance
into Rome, and received the surname of Creticus.
He was robbed, however, of the chief oriaments
of his triumph, Lasthenes and Panares, whom a
tribune of the plebs compelled him to surrender to
Pompey.
Metellus, as was naturally to be expected, joined
23. Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS CRETICUS. His Lucullus and the other leaders of the aristocracy in
descent and that of his two brothers is quite un- their opposition to Pompey, and succeeded in pre-
for he evidently could not have been the venting the latter from obtaining the ratification of
son of Metellus Macedonicus, as Florus (iii. 8. his acts in Asia. In B. c. 60 Metellus was sent
§ 1) states. (Drumann, vol. ii. p. 50. ) Metellus by the senate with two others to investigate the
was consul B. C. 69 with Q. Hortensius, and ob- state of Gaul, where a rising of the people was
tained the conduct of the war against Crete, which apprehended. He is mentioned by Cicero, in B. c. 57,
Hortensius had declined, when the lot had given as one of the pontiffs before whom he spoke respect-
this province to him. Metellus left Italy in B. C. ing his house, and he probably died soon afterwards
68 with three legions. He was engaged two (Liv. Epit. 98-100; Flor. iii. 7, iv. 2; Eutrop.
whole years in the subjugation of the island, and vi. 11; Oros. vi. 4; Vell. Pat. ii. 34, 38; Justin.
did not return to Rome till the third. The diffi- xxxix. 5; Appian, Sic. 6 ; Dion Cass. Frag. 178,
culty of the conquest was much increased by the xxxvi. 1, 2; Plut. Pump. 29; Sall. Cat. 30; Cic.
unwarrantable interference of Pompey; for after Verr. i. 9, pro Flacc. 3, 13, 40, in Pison. 24, at
Cydonia, Cnossus, and many other towns had fallen Att. i. 19, de Har. Resp. 6. )
into the hands of Metellus, and the war seemed 24. L. CAECILIUS METELLUS, brother of the
almost at an end, the Cretans sent to offer their sub preceding (No. 23), was praetor B. c. 71, and as
mission to Pompey, from whom they hoped to obtain propraetor succeeded Verres in the government of
more farourable terms than from Metellus. By Sicily in B. C. 70. He defeated the pirates, who
the Gabinian law, passed in B. c. 67, which gave to had conquered the Roman fleet and taken posses-
Porrpey the conduct of the war against the sion of the harbour of Syracuse, and compelled
pirates, the supreme command in the whole of the them to leave the island. His administration is
Mediterranean was also assigned to him ; he praised by Cicero for restoring peace and security
therefore had a pretext for interfering in the affairs to the inhabitants, after the frightful scenes which
of Crete, but it was clearly never intended that he had been enacted there by Verres ; but he never-
should supersede Metellus. His emissaries had theless attempted, in conjunction with his brothers,
probably persuaded the Cretans to make this offer; to shield Verres from injustice, and tried to pre-
but however this may be, he immediately complied vent the Sicilians from bringing forward their
with their request, and sent his legate L. Octavius testimony and complaints against him. He was
to receive the surrender of their towns, and shortly consul B. C. 68 with Q. Marcius Rex, but died at
afterwards another of his legates, Cornelius Sisenna, the beginning of his year. (Liv. Epit. 98; Oros.
came to the island from Greece with the command | vi. 3; Cic. Verr. Act. i. 9, Accus. ii. 4, iii. 16,
of some troops. Metellus, however, refused to ii
. 28, 56, 67, ii. 53, in Pis. 4; Dion Cass.
take any notice of their claims, and continued to XXXV. 4. )
attack and subdue the towns, although the in- 25. M. CAECILIUS METELLUS, brother of the
habitants were encouraged in their resistance to two preceding [Nos. 23, 24), was praetor B. C. 69,
him by the legates of Pompey. Eleuthera and in the same year that his eldest brother was
Luppa fell into his hands; and in the capture of consul. The lot gave him the presidency in the
the latter town Octavius was made prisoner, but court de pecuniis repetundis, and Verres was very
dismissed by Metellus with contempt. Cornelius anxious that his trial should come on before Me-
Sisenna had meantime died, and hitherto Octavius tellus. (Cic. Verr. Act. i. 8, 9, 10. ) Since he did not
had not ventured to use force against Metellus, but obtain the consulship, Drumann conjectures (vol.
now he employed the troops of Sisenna to fight on ii. p. 57) that the gladiators of M. Metellus, whom
the side of the Cretans. But as these troops Cicero mentions in B. C. 60 (ad Att. ii. 1. $ 1),
shortly afterwards withdrew from the island, for may have belonged to the son of the praetor, and
some reason unknown to us, Octavius took refuge were exhibited by him in honour of his father,
with Aristion in Hierapytna, from which, however, who would therefore have died about this time.
he fied at the approach of Metellus, leaving the 26. Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS CRETICUS, is con-
Cretans to their fate. Thereupon Lasthenes and jectured by Drumann (vol. ii. p. 57) to have been
Panares, the chief leaders of the Cretang, made the son of No. 23, and to have been the quaestor
their submission to him, and the war was brought with C. Trebonius, who supported the adoption of
to a close.
Clodius into a plebeian family, when Trebonius
spared
bob
B. C.
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28.
No. 2
Att. i
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30.
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## p. 1065 (#1081) ##########################################
ELLUS.
1065
METHAPUS.
METHODIUS.
returned to Rome,
obtaining & triumph by a
Metellos, boweter
, sed
un to a triumph, and actress
in the neighbourhood a to
ole circumstances. Hop
his desire for the beare;
before the city in RC
of Catiline broke out a
to present an aparecerda
and in the foc viga
ath of Catiline, be mus
ake bis triumpha' entrar
ed the surrame of Cretas
Ter, of the chief arranean
cenes and Parares, shat
opened him to surrender a
kamally to be expected, penal
leaders of the anisacasa
mauper, and succeeded as
obaining the ratiba
B C 60 Metelus wat
to others to zeresting the
a rising of the people wa
entioned br Cicero, BCS
Defore whom he sprše raspar
crobably died soon détermins
For. m. 7, ir. 9; 1. 2
Tell. Pat. i 34, 3; II
6; Dion Cass. From 1
p. 29; Sall Cat. 3; CE
2, 13, 40, is
opposed it. (Cic. ad Fam xv. 21. & 2. ) This is, METHARME (Medápun), a daughter of king
however, mere conjecture, for the name of the Pygmalion, and wife of Cinyras (Apollod. iii.
colleague of Trebonius is not even mentioned in 14. § 3; comp. CINYRAS. )
(L. S. )
the passage of Cicero referred to above.
