According
to Appian (Bell.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
(Clinton's Fasti Hellemci, id cd.
,
vol. 1, p. 426. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 9, p.
226, seqq)--II. Pelasgicum, a city of Thessaly, of
Pelasgic origin, as its name indicates. It is generally
supposed to have been identical with Larissa on the
Pencus. Strabo (440) informs us that there was once
a city named Argos close to Larissa. . (Compare
Hcyne, ad II. , 6, 457. ) -- III. Oresticum, a city of
Macedonia, in the district Orestis and territory of the
Orestse. Its foundation was ascribed by tradition to
Orestes, son of Agamemnon. (Strabo, 326. --Com-
pare Theag. Maccd. ap. Stcph. Byz. , s. v. 'Opiarat,
el 'Kpyoc. )--IV. A city of Acarnania, situate at the
southeastern extremity of the Ambracian Gulf, in the
territory of the Amphilochi. It was founded, as Thu-
cydides reports (2, 68), by Amphilochus, son of Am-
phiaraus, on his return from Troy, who named it after
his native city, the more celebrated Argos of Pelopon-
nesus. Ephorus, however, who is cited by Strabo
(326), gave a somewhat different account, affirming
that Argos in Acarnania owed its origin to Alcmajon,
ty whom it was named Amphilochium, after his brother
Amphilochus. (Compare Apollod. , 3, T. --Dicaarch. ,
Stat. Greet. , v. 46. ) Argos was originally by far the
largest and most powerful town of the country; but its
citizens, having experienced many calamities, admit-
ted the Ambraciots, their neighbours, into their socie-
ty, from whom they acquired the knowledge of the
Grecian language, as it was spoken at that time.
The Ambraciots, however, at length gaining the as-
cendency, proceeded to expel the original inhabitants,
who, too weak to avenge their wrongs, placed them-
selves under the protection of the Acamanians.
These, with the aid of the Athenians, commanded by
Phormio, recovered Argos by force, and reduced to
biavery all the Ambraciots who fell into their hands.
The Ambraciots made several attempts to retrieve;
their loss, but without effect. Many years subsequent'
to this we find Argos, together with Ambracia, in the
possession of the . 'ICtolians; and, on the surrender of
the latter town to the Romans, we are informed by
Livy, that the consul M. Fulvius removed his army to
Argos, where, being met by the -Etolian deputies, a {
treaty was concluded, subject to the approbation of the
senate. (Lh. , 38, 9. --Polyb. , Fragm. , 22, 13. ) Ar- \
gets, at a later period, contributed to the formation of j
the colony of Nicopolis, and became itself deserted.
The ruins of the city have been visited by several
travellers, but Dr. Holland's account is perhaps the
most circumstantial. He describes them as situated
at the southeastern extremity of the Gulf of Aria, on
one of the hills which form an insulated ridge running \
back in a southeast direction from the bay. The
walls, forming the principal object in these ruins, skirt I
along nearly the whole extent of the ridge, including
an oblong irregular area, about a mile in its greatest!
length, but of much smaller breadth. The structure j
of these walls is Cyclopian; they arc of great thick-
ness, and on the eastern side, where built with the
most regularity, are still perfect to the height of more J
? ? than twenty feet. (Holland's Travels, vol. 2, p. 224.
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? ARI
hit love, and he pined away until Venus changed him
into a river. The Selemnus thereupon, like the Alpheus
in the case of Arethusa. sought to blend its waters with
those of the fountain Argyra, over which the incon-
stant nymph presided. According to another legend,
however, Venus, again moved with pity, exerted her di-
vine power anew, and caused him to forget Argyra.
The waters of the Selemnus became, in consequence,
a^ remedy for love, inducing oblivion on all who bathed
in them. " (Pausan. , 7, 23 )--III. A name given by the
ancients to the silver region of the East, and the posi-
tion of which tract of country varied with the progress
of geographical discovery. At first Argyra was an
island immediately beyond the mouths of the Indus.
When, however, under the first Ptolemies, the naviga-
tion of the Greeks extended to the Ganges, the silver-
island was placed near this latter stream. Afterward
another change took place, and Argyra, now no longer
an island, became part of the region occupied in mod-
em times by the kingdom of Arracan. (Ptol. , 7, 2. --
Gosselfm, Recherchcs, 6cc, vol. 3, p. 280. )
A<<gvrip_>>, the more ancient name of Arpi. (Vtd.
A/pi )
Ash. the name given to a country of large extent,
answering in some degree to the present Khorasin.
It comprised several provinces, and was bounded on
the west by Media, on the north by Hyrcania and Par-
thia. on the east by Bactria, and on the south by Car-
mania and Gedrosia. The capital was Artacoana, now
Herat. From Aria, however, in this acceptation of
the term, we must carefully distinguish another and
mneh earlier use of the name. In this latter sense
the appellation belongs to a region which formed the
primitive abode of the Medes and Persians, and very
probably of our whole race. It appears to indicate a
country where civilization commenced, and where the
rites of religion were first instituted. In the Schah-
muneh it is called Erman (i. e. , Ariman), and in the
Zend books Irman or Iran (i. c. , Arian) Its position
would appear to coincide in some degree with that of
ancient Bactria, though some writers, Rhode for ex-
ample, make it include a much wider tract of country.
The name of Arii, given to its early inhabitants, is
said bv Bohlcn to be equivalent to the Latin "venc-
rtjtdt. '' and reminds us (with the change of the liquid
into the sibilant) of the far-famed Asi, who play so
conspicuous a part in the early Asiatic as well as in the
Scandinavian mythology. From these data wo may
account for the statement of Herodotus (7,62), that the
Medes were anciently called Arii (\\ptot. or 'Apcwi).
The same writer places in the neighbourhood of Sog-
diana a people whom he calls Arii ('Apetot). Diodo-
rus Sieulus(l, 94) makes mention of this same people
under the name of A. rimaspi ('Aptuaairoi), where we
ought to read Ariaspi CApiaairoi), or else Ariani
CApctavoi). He also speaks of their lawgiver Zath-
raustes. meaning evidently Zoroaster (i. e. , Zeretosch-
tre. ) Consult on this curious subject the following
authorities: Von Hammer (Wicn. Jahrb. , vol. 9, p.
33)-- liitter 'Erdkunde, vol. 2, p 21, scqq. --Vorhalk,
p 303) Aruiurtil 'Mem. dc I'Acad. des Inter. , vol.
! , p 376)-- Bohlen 'Dc Ong. ling. Zend. , p. 51) --
B-ihr (ad Herod. , 7, 62).
Ahiahmk, daughter of Minos, kins; of Crete, by Pasi-
phae. She fell Tn love with Theseus, and gave him a
clew of thread, which enabled him to penetrate the
windings of the labyrinth till he came to where the
Minotaur lav, whom he caught by the hair and slew.
? ? Ariadne thereupon fled with Theseus from Crete. Ac-
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? ARIARATHES
ARI
for several generations. (Compare Clinton's Fasti
Hcllenici, vol. 2. Appendix, p. 4M9. ) Although, how-
ever, the governors or satraps of Cappadocia held their
fovemment in hereditary succession, and are dignified
y Diodorus with the title of kings, yet they could
have possessed only a precarious and permitted au-
thority till the death of Scleucus, the last of the suc-
cessors of Alexander, in January, B. C. 281, removed
the power by which the whole of western Asia was
commanded. (Clinton, I. c. ) -- I. The first of the
name was son of Ariamnes. He had a brother named
Holophemes, whom he advanced to the highest offi-
ces in the kingdom, and who commanded the auxilia-
ries that were sent from Cappadocia when Ochus made
his expedition into Egypt, B. C. 350. Holophemes
acquired great glory in this war, and on his return
home lived in a private station, leaving two sons at
his death, Ariarathes and Anises. Ariarathes, the
reigning monarch, having no children of his own,
adapted the former of these, who was also the elder of
the two. Ariarathes was on the throiic when Alex-
ander invaded the Persian dominions, and he probably
fled with Darius, since we learn from Arrian that the
Macedonian prince appointed Sabictas governor of
Cappadocia before the battle of Issus. (Exp. Alex. ,
2, 4, 2. ) After the death of Alexander, Ariarathes,
then at the advanced age of eighty-two, attempted to
recover his dominions, but he was defeated by Perdic-
cas, the Macedonian general, and, being taken, was put
to a most cruel death. (Diod. Sic, Exc, 18, 10. --
Aman, ap. Phot. , Cod. , 92, p. 217. )-- II. The second
of the name was the son of Holophemes, and was
adopted by his uncle Ariarathes I. He recovered
Cappadocia after the death of Eumcnes, and during
the contest between Antigonus and the other Mace-
donian chiefs. He was aided in the attempt by Ardo-
atus, king of Armenia, who furnished him with troops.
This Ariarathes transmitted the crown to his son Ari-
amnes. (Diod. Sic. , ap. Phot. , I. e. )--III. The third
of the name was the son of the preceding Ariamnes,
and his successor on the throne. Nothing more is re-
corded of him, except that on his do%th he left a son
of the same name in his infancy. (Diod. Sic, ap.
Phot. , 1. c. )--IV. The fourth of the name, son of the
preceding by Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos,
was a child at his accession. He married the daugh-
ter of Antiochus the Great, a union that involved
him in a political alliance with that sovereign, and
consequent hostility with the Romans. He was saved
from dethronement after the battle of Magnesia by a
timely and submissive embassy to the Consul Man-
ilas, and the payment of 600 talents. Soon after we
find him allied to Eumcnes, king of Pergamus, who
married his daughter; and by means of this monarch
he was admitted to the favour and friendship of the
Romans. (Liv. , 38, 39. ) He was also the ally of
Eumenes against Pharnaces, B. C. 183-179. After
a reign of nearly fifty-eight years he transmitted his
crown to his son Ariarathes" V. --V. The fifth of the
name, son of the preceding, was sumamed Philopator.
He was dethroned by Demetrius Soter, king of Syria,
who brought forward Holophemes, the supposititious
son of Ariarathes IV. Being driven from his kingdom,
he took refuge with the Romans, by whom he was re-
stored; in which restoration Attalus II. , of Pergamus,
assisted.
According to Appian (Bell. Syr. , 47), the
Romans appointed Ariarathes and Holophemes to
? ? reign conjointly. This joint government, however,
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? r
A 14 I
ness of mind under which Arideus laboured unfitted
him for rule, Perdiccas, as protector, exercised the ac-
tual sway. He reigned seven years, under the title
of Philip An Ja. us. and was then put to death with his
wife Eurydice by Olympias. --The more accurate form
of the name is Arrhidseus, from the Greek 'A/J/Jioaioc.
The more common one, however, is AridsBUS. (Jut-
tut. 13, S, 11. -- Id. , 13, 3, 1. -- Id. , 14, 5, 10. --
Quint. Curt. , 10, 7, 2. -- Diod. Sic, 17, 2. -- Id. , 18,
3. --Arruin,, ap. Phot. , Cod. , 92. )
A Bit. Yid. Aria.
Akima (ru 'A . . . uu opt], Arimi Monies), a chain of
mountains, respecting the position of which ancient
authorities differ. Some place it in Phrygia (Diod.
Sic, 5, 71. --Compare Wessclintr, ad loc), others in
Lydia. Mysia, Cilicia, or Syria. They appear to have
been of volcanic character, from the fable connected
with them, that they were placed upon Typhosus or
Typbon. (Horn. , It , 2, 783. ) Those who are in fa-
vour of Phrygia, Lydia, or Mysia, refer to the district
called Catacecaumene (KaraKeKavfthri), as lying
parched with subterranean tires. Those who decide
for Giiieia or Syria agree in a manner among them-
selves, if by the Arimi as a people we mean the Aramei
who had settled in the former of these countries.
(Compare Htynr. ad Mom. , II. , 2, 783, and consult
remarks under the article Inarime. )
Arimaspi, a people of Scythia, who, according to
Herodotus (3, 116, and 4, 27), had but one eye, and
waged a continual contest with the griffons (vid.
Gryphes) that guarded the gold, which, according to
the same writer, was found in vast quantities in the
vicinity of this people. The name is derived by him
from two Scythian words, Arima, one, and Spu, an
eye. (Compare JEschyl. , Prom. V. , 809, scqq. --
McU, 2, 1, 15. Plin. , 4, 26. -- Dionys. Paris*. , 31.
-- Fhilostr. . Vit. Soph. , vol. 2, p. 584, ed. Orell. )
Modern opinions, of course, vary with regard to the
origin of this legend. De ^iuignes (Mem. de I'Acad.
iti Inter. , vol. 35, p. 562) makes the Arimaspi to
have been the Hiong-nou, of whom the Chinese his-
torians speak, and -. >> ho were situate to the north of
them, extending from the river Irtisch, in the country
cf the Calmucs, to the confines of eastern Tartary.
Ketehard (The*. Top. , p. 17) contends, that the name
of the Arimaspi is still preserved in that of* Arimas-
cheis Kaia. in Asiatic Russia, in the Government of
Perm. Kennel! (Gi-oer. He rod. , vol. 1, p. 178) places
thus people in the region of Mount Altai, a tract of
country containing much gold, the name Altai itself
being derived, according to some, from alta, a term
which signifies gold in the Mongul and Calmuc
tongues. With this opinion of Rennell's the specula-
:i n^ at Yolker agTee. (Myth. , Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 193,
<<m,J Wahl also places the Arimaspi in the regions
of Altai, and speaks of a people there whose heads
we so enveloped against the cold as to leave but one
opening for the vision, whence he thinks the fable of a
ved race arose. (Osttnd. , p. 409. ) Hitter trans-
fen the Arimaspi, along with the Issedoncs and Mas-
eagetsr, to the southern bank of the Oxus, in ancient
Bjrtria, making them a noble and warlike tribe of the
Mede* or Cadusii. (Vorhalle, p. 282, scqq. . 305. )
Hairing refers the term Arimaspian to the stccd-mount-
fd fere fathers of the German race before the migrations
of this people into Europe, and be deduces the name
from the Persian Arim and esp, the latter of which
? ? means "a horse. " (Wien. Jahrb. , 69, p.
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? ARION.
lived and wrote in the Peloponnesus, among Dorian
nations. It was at Corinth, in the reign of Periander,
that he first practised a cyclic chorus in the perform-
ance of a dithyramb; where he probably took advan-
tage of some local accidents and made beginnings,
which alone could justify Pindar in considering Co-
rinth as the native city of the Dithyramb. (Herod. ,
1, 23. -- Compare Hcllanic, ap. Sckol. ad Aristoph. ,
Av. , 1403. -- Aristot. , ap. Prod. , Chrestom. , p. 382,
ed. Gaisf. --Pind. , Olymp. , 13, 18. )--A curious fable
is related by Herodotus (I. c. ) of this same Arion.
He was accustomed to spend the most of his time
with Periander, king of Corinth. On a sudden, how-
ever, feeling desirous of visiting Italy and Sicily, he
sailed to those countries, and amassed there great
riches. He set sail from Tarentum after this, in or-
der to return to Corinth, but the mariners formed a
plot against him, when they were at sea, to throw him
overboard and seize his riches. Arion, having ascer-
tained this, offered them all his treasure, only begging
that they would spare his life. But the seamen, being
inflexible, commanded him either to kill himself, that
he might be buried ashore, or to leap immediately into
the sea. Arion, reduced to this hard choice, earnestly
desired them to allow him to dress in his richest appa-
rel, and to sing a measure, standing at the time on the
poop of the ship. The mariners assented, pleased with
the idea of their being about to hear the best singer of
the day, and retired from the stern to the middle of the
vessel. In the mean time, Arion, having put on all his
robes, took his harp and performed the Orthian strain,
as it was termed. At the end of the air he leaped into
the sea, and the Corinthians continued their voyage
homeward. A dolphin, however, attracted by the
music, received Arion on its back, and bore him in
safety to Tsmarus. On reaching this place, his story
was disbelieved by Periander; but an examination of
the seamen, when they also arrived, removed all the
monarch's suspicions about Arion's veracity, and the
mariners were put to death. In commemoration of
this event, a statue was made of brass, representing a
man on a dolphin's back, and was consecrated at Tena-
nts. Such is the story told by Herodotus. Larcher's
explanation is a very tame and improbable one. He
thinks that Arion threw himself into the sea in or near
the harbour of Tarentum; that the Corinthians, with-
out troubling themselves any farther, set sail; that
Arion gained the shore, met with another vessel ready
to depart, which had the figure-head of a dolphin, and
that this vessel outstripped the Corinthian ship. (Lar-
cher, ad loc. ) The solution which Miillcr gives is far
more ingenious, though not much in accordance with
the simplicity of early fable. It is as follows: The
colony which went to Tarentum under Phalanthus,
sailed from Tamarus to Italy, with the rites and under
the protection of Neptune. The mythic mode of in-
dicating this was by a statue, representing Taras, the
son of Neptune, and original founder of the place,
seated on a dolphin's back, as if in the act of crossing
the sea from Tenants to Tarentum. This was placed
on the Tenarian promontory. In process of time,
however, the legend ceased to be applied to Taras,
and Arion became the hero of the tain, the order of the
voyage being reversed; and the love of music, which
the dolphin was fabled by the ancients to possess, be-
came a means of adding to the wonders of the story.
(Miller, Doner, vol. 2, p. 369, nol. --Plehn, Lesbiac,
p. 166. )--II. A celebrated steed, often mentioned in
? ? fable, which not only possessed a human voice (Pro-
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? r
ARI
subject would seem to favour the supposition that the
author of" the work in question never bore the name
o{ Arist:i-notiis; this being the appellation given by
the writer to the fictitious personage who is supposed
to have written the first letter in the collection. And
it may so have happened, that the copyists mistook
this name for that of the author himself. This last
opinion has been adopted by Merrier, Bergler, Pauw,
and Boissonade. The work of Aristametus is a col-
lection of Erotic Epistles, entitled 'E7riaro? ,al tpurt-
tai. The greater part of these pieces are only, in
fact, so far to be regarded as letters, as bearing a su-
perscription which gives them somewhat of an epis-
tolary form; they- are, in truth, a species of tales, or
exercises on imaginary subjects. In one of them, a
lover draws the portrait of his mistress; in another,
we have a description of the artifices practised by a
coquet; in a third, a tale after the manner of Boc-
r i. -i '. dec. These letters are divided into two books,
of which the first contains twenty-eight pieces; and
the second, which is not complete, twenty-two. The
style of Aristssnetus, which is almost uniformly of a
declamatory character, is frequently wanting in nature
and taste. It is filled with phrases borrowed from
the poets. The best editions of this writer are, that
of Abresch, Zveollae, 3 vols. 13mo, the third volume
containing the notes and conjectures of various schol-
ars; and that of Boissonade, Paris, 1822, 8vo. This
Utter edition is, on the whole, the better one of the
two. On the merits of Abresch's edition, consult the
remarks of Bast, in his Specimen cd. nov. Epist. Ar-
iv'. -. . p. 9, seqq.
vol. 1, p. 426. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 9, p.
226, seqq)--II. Pelasgicum, a city of Thessaly, of
Pelasgic origin, as its name indicates. It is generally
supposed to have been identical with Larissa on the
Pencus. Strabo (440) informs us that there was once
a city named Argos close to Larissa. . (Compare
Hcyne, ad II. , 6, 457. ) -- III. Oresticum, a city of
Macedonia, in the district Orestis and territory of the
Orestse. Its foundation was ascribed by tradition to
Orestes, son of Agamemnon. (Strabo, 326. --Com-
pare Theag. Maccd. ap. Stcph. Byz. , s. v. 'Opiarat,
el 'Kpyoc. )--IV. A city of Acarnania, situate at the
southeastern extremity of the Ambracian Gulf, in the
territory of the Amphilochi. It was founded, as Thu-
cydides reports (2, 68), by Amphilochus, son of Am-
phiaraus, on his return from Troy, who named it after
his native city, the more celebrated Argos of Pelopon-
nesus. Ephorus, however, who is cited by Strabo
(326), gave a somewhat different account, affirming
that Argos in Acarnania owed its origin to Alcmajon,
ty whom it was named Amphilochium, after his brother
Amphilochus. (Compare Apollod. , 3, T. --Dicaarch. ,
Stat. Greet. , v. 46. ) Argos was originally by far the
largest and most powerful town of the country; but its
citizens, having experienced many calamities, admit-
ted the Ambraciots, their neighbours, into their socie-
ty, from whom they acquired the knowledge of the
Grecian language, as it was spoken at that time.
The Ambraciots, however, at length gaining the as-
cendency, proceeded to expel the original inhabitants,
who, too weak to avenge their wrongs, placed them-
selves under the protection of the Acamanians.
These, with the aid of the Athenians, commanded by
Phormio, recovered Argos by force, and reduced to
biavery all the Ambraciots who fell into their hands.
The Ambraciots made several attempts to retrieve;
their loss, but without effect. Many years subsequent'
to this we find Argos, together with Ambracia, in the
possession of the . 'ICtolians; and, on the surrender of
the latter town to the Romans, we are informed by
Livy, that the consul M. Fulvius removed his army to
Argos, where, being met by the -Etolian deputies, a {
treaty was concluded, subject to the approbation of the
senate. (Lh. , 38, 9. --Polyb. , Fragm. , 22, 13. ) Ar- \
gets, at a later period, contributed to the formation of j
the colony of Nicopolis, and became itself deserted.
The ruins of the city have been visited by several
travellers, but Dr. Holland's account is perhaps the
most circumstantial. He describes them as situated
at the southeastern extremity of the Gulf of Aria, on
one of the hills which form an insulated ridge running \
back in a southeast direction from the bay. The
walls, forming the principal object in these ruins, skirt I
along nearly the whole extent of the ridge, including
an oblong irregular area, about a mile in its greatest!
length, but of much smaller breadth. The structure j
of these walls is Cyclopian; they arc of great thick-
ness, and on the eastern side, where built with the
most regularity, are still perfect to the height of more J
? ? than twenty feet. (Holland's Travels, vol. 2, p. 224.
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? ARI
hit love, and he pined away until Venus changed him
into a river. The Selemnus thereupon, like the Alpheus
in the case of Arethusa. sought to blend its waters with
those of the fountain Argyra, over which the incon-
stant nymph presided. According to another legend,
however, Venus, again moved with pity, exerted her di-
vine power anew, and caused him to forget Argyra.
The waters of the Selemnus became, in consequence,
a^ remedy for love, inducing oblivion on all who bathed
in them. " (Pausan. , 7, 23 )--III. A name given by the
ancients to the silver region of the East, and the posi-
tion of which tract of country varied with the progress
of geographical discovery. At first Argyra was an
island immediately beyond the mouths of the Indus.
When, however, under the first Ptolemies, the naviga-
tion of the Greeks extended to the Ganges, the silver-
island was placed near this latter stream. Afterward
another change took place, and Argyra, now no longer
an island, became part of the region occupied in mod-
em times by the kingdom of Arracan. (Ptol. , 7, 2. --
Gosselfm, Recherchcs, 6cc, vol. 3, p. 280. )
A<<gvrip_>>, the more ancient name of Arpi. (Vtd.
A/pi )
Ash. the name given to a country of large extent,
answering in some degree to the present Khorasin.
It comprised several provinces, and was bounded on
the west by Media, on the north by Hyrcania and Par-
thia. on the east by Bactria, and on the south by Car-
mania and Gedrosia. The capital was Artacoana, now
Herat. From Aria, however, in this acceptation of
the term, we must carefully distinguish another and
mneh earlier use of the name. In this latter sense
the appellation belongs to a region which formed the
primitive abode of the Medes and Persians, and very
probably of our whole race. It appears to indicate a
country where civilization commenced, and where the
rites of religion were first instituted. In the Schah-
muneh it is called Erman (i. e. , Ariman), and in the
Zend books Irman or Iran (i. c. , Arian) Its position
would appear to coincide in some degree with that of
ancient Bactria, though some writers, Rhode for ex-
ample, make it include a much wider tract of country.
The name of Arii, given to its early inhabitants, is
said bv Bohlcn to be equivalent to the Latin "venc-
rtjtdt. '' and reminds us (with the change of the liquid
into the sibilant) of the far-famed Asi, who play so
conspicuous a part in the early Asiatic as well as in the
Scandinavian mythology. From these data wo may
account for the statement of Herodotus (7,62), that the
Medes were anciently called Arii (\\ptot. or 'Apcwi).
The same writer places in the neighbourhood of Sog-
diana a people whom he calls Arii ('Apetot). Diodo-
rus Sieulus(l, 94) makes mention of this same people
under the name of A. rimaspi ('Aptuaairoi), where we
ought to read Ariaspi CApiaairoi), or else Ariani
CApctavoi). He also speaks of their lawgiver Zath-
raustes. meaning evidently Zoroaster (i. e. , Zeretosch-
tre. ) Consult on this curious subject the following
authorities: Von Hammer (Wicn. Jahrb. , vol. 9, p.
33)-- liitter 'Erdkunde, vol. 2, p 21, scqq. --Vorhalk,
p 303) Aruiurtil 'Mem. dc I'Acad. des Inter. , vol.
! , p 376)-- Bohlen 'Dc Ong. ling. Zend. , p. 51) --
B-ihr (ad Herod. , 7, 62).
Ahiahmk, daughter of Minos, kins; of Crete, by Pasi-
phae. She fell Tn love with Theseus, and gave him a
clew of thread, which enabled him to penetrate the
windings of the labyrinth till he came to where the
Minotaur lav, whom he caught by the hair and slew.
? ? Ariadne thereupon fled with Theseus from Crete. Ac-
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? ARIARATHES
ARI
for several generations. (Compare Clinton's Fasti
Hcllenici, vol. 2. Appendix, p. 4M9. ) Although, how-
ever, the governors or satraps of Cappadocia held their
fovemment in hereditary succession, and are dignified
y Diodorus with the title of kings, yet they could
have possessed only a precarious and permitted au-
thority till the death of Scleucus, the last of the suc-
cessors of Alexander, in January, B. C. 281, removed
the power by which the whole of western Asia was
commanded. (Clinton, I. c. ) -- I. The first of the
name was son of Ariamnes. He had a brother named
Holophemes, whom he advanced to the highest offi-
ces in the kingdom, and who commanded the auxilia-
ries that were sent from Cappadocia when Ochus made
his expedition into Egypt, B. C. 350. Holophemes
acquired great glory in this war, and on his return
home lived in a private station, leaving two sons at
his death, Ariarathes and Anises. Ariarathes, the
reigning monarch, having no children of his own,
adapted the former of these, who was also the elder of
the two. Ariarathes was on the throiic when Alex-
ander invaded the Persian dominions, and he probably
fled with Darius, since we learn from Arrian that the
Macedonian prince appointed Sabictas governor of
Cappadocia before the battle of Issus. (Exp. Alex. ,
2, 4, 2. ) After the death of Alexander, Ariarathes,
then at the advanced age of eighty-two, attempted to
recover his dominions, but he was defeated by Perdic-
cas, the Macedonian general, and, being taken, was put
to a most cruel death. (Diod. Sic, Exc, 18, 10. --
Aman, ap. Phot. , Cod. , 92, p. 217. )-- II. The second
of the name was the son of Holophemes, and was
adopted by his uncle Ariarathes I. He recovered
Cappadocia after the death of Eumcnes, and during
the contest between Antigonus and the other Mace-
donian chiefs. He was aided in the attempt by Ardo-
atus, king of Armenia, who furnished him with troops.
This Ariarathes transmitted the crown to his son Ari-
amnes. (Diod. Sic. , ap. Phot. , I. e. )--III. The third
of the name was the son of the preceding Ariamnes,
and his successor on the throne. Nothing more is re-
corded of him, except that on his do%th he left a son
of the same name in his infancy. (Diod. Sic, ap.
Phot. , 1. c. )--IV. The fourth of the name, son of the
preceding by Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos,
was a child at his accession. He married the daugh-
ter of Antiochus the Great, a union that involved
him in a political alliance with that sovereign, and
consequent hostility with the Romans. He was saved
from dethronement after the battle of Magnesia by a
timely and submissive embassy to the Consul Man-
ilas, and the payment of 600 talents. Soon after we
find him allied to Eumcnes, king of Pergamus, who
married his daughter; and by means of this monarch
he was admitted to the favour and friendship of the
Romans. (Liv. , 38, 39. ) He was also the ally of
Eumenes against Pharnaces, B. C. 183-179. After
a reign of nearly fifty-eight years he transmitted his
crown to his son Ariarathes" V. --V. The fifth of the
name, son of the preceding, was sumamed Philopator.
He was dethroned by Demetrius Soter, king of Syria,
who brought forward Holophemes, the supposititious
son of Ariarathes IV. Being driven from his kingdom,
he took refuge with the Romans, by whom he was re-
stored; in which restoration Attalus II. , of Pergamus,
assisted.
According to Appian (Bell. Syr. , 47), the
Romans appointed Ariarathes and Holophemes to
? ? reign conjointly. This joint government, however,
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? r
A 14 I
ness of mind under which Arideus laboured unfitted
him for rule, Perdiccas, as protector, exercised the ac-
tual sway. He reigned seven years, under the title
of Philip An Ja. us. and was then put to death with his
wife Eurydice by Olympias. --The more accurate form
of the name is Arrhidseus, from the Greek 'A/J/Jioaioc.
The more common one, however, is AridsBUS. (Jut-
tut. 13, S, 11. -- Id. , 13, 3, 1. -- Id. , 14, 5, 10. --
Quint. Curt. , 10, 7, 2. -- Diod. Sic, 17, 2. -- Id. , 18,
3. --Arruin,, ap. Phot. , Cod. , 92. )
A Bit. Yid. Aria.
Akima (ru 'A . . . uu opt], Arimi Monies), a chain of
mountains, respecting the position of which ancient
authorities differ. Some place it in Phrygia (Diod.
Sic, 5, 71. --Compare Wessclintr, ad loc), others in
Lydia. Mysia, Cilicia, or Syria. They appear to have
been of volcanic character, from the fable connected
with them, that they were placed upon Typhosus or
Typbon. (Horn. , It , 2, 783. ) Those who are in fa-
vour of Phrygia, Lydia, or Mysia, refer to the district
called Catacecaumene (KaraKeKavfthri), as lying
parched with subterranean tires. Those who decide
for Giiieia or Syria agree in a manner among them-
selves, if by the Arimi as a people we mean the Aramei
who had settled in the former of these countries.
(Compare Htynr. ad Mom. , II. , 2, 783, and consult
remarks under the article Inarime. )
Arimaspi, a people of Scythia, who, according to
Herodotus (3, 116, and 4, 27), had but one eye, and
waged a continual contest with the griffons (vid.
Gryphes) that guarded the gold, which, according to
the same writer, was found in vast quantities in the
vicinity of this people. The name is derived by him
from two Scythian words, Arima, one, and Spu, an
eye. (Compare JEschyl. , Prom. V. , 809, scqq. --
McU, 2, 1, 15. Plin. , 4, 26. -- Dionys. Paris*. , 31.
-- Fhilostr. . Vit. Soph. , vol. 2, p. 584, ed. Orell. )
Modern opinions, of course, vary with regard to the
origin of this legend. De ^iuignes (Mem. de I'Acad.
iti Inter. , vol. 35, p. 562) makes the Arimaspi to
have been the Hiong-nou, of whom the Chinese his-
torians speak, and -. >> ho were situate to the north of
them, extending from the river Irtisch, in the country
cf the Calmucs, to the confines of eastern Tartary.
Ketehard (The*. Top. , p. 17) contends, that the name
of the Arimaspi is still preserved in that of* Arimas-
cheis Kaia. in Asiatic Russia, in the Government of
Perm. Kennel! (Gi-oer. He rod. , vol. 1, p. 178) places
thus people in the region of Mount Altai, a tract of
country containing much gold, the name Altai itself
being derived, according to some, from alta, a term
which signifies gold in the Mongul and Calmuc
tongues. With this opinion of Rennell's the specula-
:i n^ at Yolker agTee. (Myth. , Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 193,
<<m,J Wahl also places the Arimaspi in the regions
of Altai, and speaks of a people there whose heads
we so enveloped against the cold as to leave but one
opening for the vision, whence he thinks the fable of a
ved race arose. (Osttnd. , p. 409. ) Hitter trans-
fen the Arimaspi, along with the Issedoncs and Mas-
eagetsr, to the southern bank of the Oxus, in ancient
Bjrtria, making them a noble and warlike tribe of the
Mede* or Cadusii. (Vorhalle, p. 282, scqq. . 305. )
Hairing refers the term Arimaspian to the stccd-mount-
fd fere fathers of the German race before the migrations
of this people into Europe, and be deduces the name
from the Persian Arim and esp, the latter of which
? ? means "a horse. " (Wien. Jahrb. , 69, p.
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? ARION.
lived and wrote in the Peloponnesus, among Dorian
nations. It was at Corinth, in the reign of Periander,
that he first practised a cyclic chorus in the perform-
ance of a dithyramb; where he probably took advan-
tage of some local accidents and made beginnings,
which alone could justify Pindar in considering Co-
rinth as the native city of the Dithyramb. (Herod. ,
1, 23. -- Compare Hcllanic, ap. Sckol. ad Aristoph. ,
Av. , 1403. -- Aristot. , ap. Prod. , Chrestom. , p. 382,
ed. Gaisf. --Pind. , Olymp. , 13, 18. )--A curious fable
is related by Herodotus (I. c. ) of this same Arion.
He was accustomed to spend the most of his time
with Periander, king of Corinth. On a sudden, how-
ever, feeling desirous of visiting Italy and Sicily, he
sailed to those countries, and amassed there great
riches. He set sail from Tarentum after this, in or-
der to return to Corinth, but the mariners formed a
plot against him, when they were at sea, to throw him
overboard and seize his riches. Arion, having ascer-
tained this, offered them all his treasure, only begging
that they would spare his life. But the seamen, being
inflexible, commanded him either to kill himself, that
he might be buried ashore, or to leap immediately into
the sea. Arion, reduced to this hard choice, earnestly
desired them to allow him to dress in his richest appa-
rel, and to sing a measure, standing at the time on the
poop of the ship. The mariners assented, pleased with
the idea of their being about to hear the best singer of
the day, and retired from the stern to the middle of the
vessel. In the mean time, Arion, having put on all his
robes, took his harp and performed the Orthian strain,
as it was termed. At the end of the air he leaped into
the sea, and the Corinthians continued their voyage
homeward. A dolphin, however, attracted by the
music, received Arion on its back, and bore him in
safety to Tsmarus. On reaching this place, his story
was disbelieved by Periander; but an examination of
the seamen, when they also arrived, removed all the
monarch's suspicions about Arion's veracity, and the
mariners were put to death. In commemoration of
this event, a statue was made of brass, representing a
man on a dolphin's back, and was consecrated at Tena-
nts. Such is the story told by Herodotus. Larcher's
explanation is a very tame and improbable one. He
thinks that Arion threw himself into the sea in or near
the harbour of Tarentum; that the Corinthians, with-
out troubling themselves any farther, set sail; that
Arion gained the shore, met with another vessel ready
to depart, which had the figure-head of a dolphin, and
that this vessel outstripped the Corinthian ship. (Lar-
cher, ad loc. ) The solution which Miillcr gives is far
more ingenious, though not much in accordance with
the simplicity of early fable. It is as follows: The
colony which went to Tarentum under Phalanthus,
sailed from Tamarus to Italy, with the rites and under
the protection of Neptune. The mythic mode of in-
dicating this was by a statue, representing Taras, the
son of Neptune, and original founder of the place,
seated on a dolphin's back, as if in the act of crossing
the sea from Tenants to Tarentum. This was placed
on the Tenarian promontory. In process of time,
however, the legend ceased to be applied to Taras,
and Arion became the hero of the tain, the order of the
voyage being reversed; and the love of music, which
the dolphin was fabled by the ancients to possess, be-
came a means of adding to the wonders of the story.
(Miller, Doner, vol. 2, p. 369, nol. --Plehn, Lesbiac,
p. 166. )--II. A celebrated steed, often mentioned in
? ? fable, which not only possessed a human voice (Pro-
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? r
ARI
subject would seem to favour the supposition that the
author of" the work in question never bore the name
o{ Arist:i-notiis; this being the appellation given by
the writer to the fictitious personage who is supposed
to have written the first letter in the collection. And
it may so have happened, that the copyists mistook
this name for that of the author himself. This last
opinion has been adopted by Merrier, Bergler, Pauw,
and Boissonade. The work of Aristametus is a col-
lection of Erotic Epistles, entitled 'E7riaro? ,al tpurt-
tai. The greater part of these pieces are only, in
fact, so far to be regarded as letters, as bearing a su-
perscription which gives them somewhat of an epis-
tolary form; they- are, in truth, a species of tales, or
exercises on imaginary subjects. In one of them, a
lover draws the portrait of his mistress; in another,
we have a description of the artifices practised by a
coquet; in a third, a tale after the manner of Boc-
r i. -i '. dec. These letters are divided into two books,
of which the first contains twenty-eight pieces; and
the second, which is not complete, twenty-two. The
style of Aristssnetus, which is almost uniformly of a
declamatory character, is frequently wanting in nature
and taste. It is filled with phrases borrowed from
the poets. The best editions of this writer are, that
of Abresch, Zveollae, 3 vols. 13mo, the third volume
containing the notes and conjectures of various schol-
ars; and that of Boissonade, Paris, 1822, 8vo. This
Utter edition is, on the whole, the better one of the
two. On the merits of Abresch's edition, consult the
remarks of Bast, in his Specimen cd. nov. Epist. Ar-
iv'. -. . p. 9, seqq.
