The beauty of woman, as may be experimentally proved, is only created by love of a man ; a woman becomes more beautiful when a man loves her because she is passively responding to the will which is in her lover ; however deep this may sound, it is only a matter of
everyday
experience.
Weininger - 1903 - Sex and Character
His spontaneity, his freedom, come from his power of judging as to values, and his highest approach to absolute spontaneity and free- dom comes from love and from artistic or philosophical creation.
Through these he obtains some faint sense of what happiness might be.
Woman can really never be quite unhappy, for happiness ? s an empty word for her, a word created by unhappy men. Women never mind letting others see their unhappiness, as it is not real ; behind it there lies no consciousness of guilt, no sense of the sin of the world.
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The last and absolute proof of the thoroughly negative character of woman's life, of her complete want of a higher existence, is derived from the way in which women commit suicide.
Such suicides are accompanied practically always by thoughts of other people, what they will think, how they will mourn over them, how grieved--or angry--they will be. Every woman is convinced that her unhappiness is undeserved at the time she kills herself ; she pities herself exceedingly with the sort of self-compassion which is only a "weeping with others when they weep. "
How is it possible for a woman to look upon her un- happiness as personal when she possesses no idea of a destiny? Themostappallinglydecisiveproofoftheempti- ness and nullity of women is that they never once succeed in knowing the problem of their own lives, and death leaves them ignorant of it, because they are unable to realise the higher life of personality.
I am now ready to answer the question which I put forward as the chief object of this portion of my book, the question as to the significance of the male and female in the universe. Women have no existence and no essence ; they are not, they are nothing. Mankind occurs as male or female, as something or nothing. Woman has no share in ontological reality, no relation to the thing-in-itself, which, in the deepest interpretation, is the absolute, is God. Man in his highest form, the genius, has such a relation, and for him the absolute is either the conception of the highest worthofexistence,inwhichcaseheisaphilosopher orit
;
is the wonderful fairyland of dreams, the kingdom of abso- lute beauty, and then he is an artist. But both views mean thesame. Womanhasnorelationtotheidea,sheneither affirms nor denies it ; she is neither moral nor anti-moral mathematicallyspeaking,shehasnosign; sheispurposeless, neither good nor bad, neither angel nor devil, never egoisti- cal {and therefore has often been said to be altruistic) ; she is as non-moral as she is non-logical. But all existence is moral and logical existence. So woman has no existence.
? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE
Womanisuntruthful. Ananimalhasjustaslittlemeta- physical reality as the actual woman, but it cannot speak, and consequently it does not lie. In order to speak the truth one must be something ; truth is dependent on an existence, and only that can have a relation to an existence which is in itself something. Man desires truth all the time ; that is to say, he all along desires only to be some- thing. The cognition-impulse is in the end identical with thedesireforimmortality. Anyonewhoobjectstoastate- ment without ever having realised it ; any one who gives outward acquiescence without the inner affirmation, such persons, like woman, have no real existence and must of necessity lie. So that woman always lies, even if, objec- tively, she speaks the truth.
Woman is the great emissary of pairing. The living units of the lower forms of life are individuals, organisms ; the living units of the higher forms of life are individualities, souls, monads, " meta-organisms," a term which Hellenbach uses and which is not without point.
Each monad, however, is differentiated from every other monad, and is as distinct from it as only two things can be. Monads have no windows, but, instead, have the universe in themselves. Man as monad, as a potential or actual individuahty, that is, as having genius, has<< in addition differentiation and distinction, individuation and discrimina- tion ; the simple undifferentiated unit is exclusively female. Each monad creates for itself a detached entity, a whole
;
but it looks upon every other ego as a perfect totality also, and never intrudes upon it. Man has limits, and accepts them and desires them ; woman, who does not recognise her own entity, is not in a position to regard or perceive the privacy of those around her, and neither respects, nor honours, nor leaves it alone : as there is no such thing as one-ness for her there can be no plurality, only an indistinct state of fusion with others. Because there is no
" I " in woman she cannot grasp the "thou "
according to her perception the I and thou are just a pair, an undiffer- entiated one ; this makes it possible for woman to bring
;
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? 288 SEX AND CHARACTER
peopletogether,tomatch-make. Theobjectofherloveis that of her sympathy--the community, the blending of everything. *
Woman has no limits to her ego which could be broken through, and which she would have to guard.
The chief difference between man's and woman's friend- ship is referable to this fact. Man's friendship is an attempt to see eye to eye with those who individually and collec- tively are striving after the same idea ; woman's friendship is a combination for the purpose of match-making. It is the only kind of intimate and unreserved intercourse possible between women, when they are not merely anxious to meet each other for the purpose of gossiping or discussing every day affairs. f
If, for instance, one of two girls or women is much prettier than the other, the plainer of the two experiences a certain sexual satisfaction at the admiration which the other receives. The principal condition of all friendship between women is the exclusion of rivalry ; every woman compares herself physically with every woman she gets to know. In cases where one is more beautiful than the other, the plainer of the two will idolise the other, because, though neither of them is in the least conscious of it, the next best thing to her own sexual satisfaction for the one is the success of the other ; it is always the same ; woman partici- pates in every sexual union. The completely impersonal existence of women, as well as the super-individual nature of their sexuality, clearly shows match-making to be the fundamental trait of their beings.
The least that even the ugliest woman demands, and from which she derives a certain amount of pleasure, is that any one of her sex should be admired and desired.
It follows from the absorbing and absorbable nature of
*Allindividualityisanenemyofthecommunity. Thisisseen most markedly in men of genius, but it is just the same with regard to the sexes.
? f Men'sfriendshipsavoidbreakingdowntheirfriends'personal reserve. Women expect intimacy from their friends.
? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE
woman's life that women can never feel really jealous. However ignoble jealousy and the spirit of revenge may be, they both contain an element of greatness, of which women, whether for good or evil, are incapable. In jealousy there lies a despairing claim to an assumed right, and the idea of justice is out of woman's reach. But that is not the chief reason why a woman can never be really jealousofanyman. Ifaman,evenifhewerethemanshe was madly in love with, were sitting in the next room making love to another woman, the thoughts that would be aroused in her breast would be so sexually exciting that they would leave no room for jealousy. To a man, such a scene, if he knew of it, would be absolutely repulsive, and it would be nauseous to him to be near it ; woman would feverishly follow each detail, or she would become hysteri-
cal if it dawned on her what she was doing.
A man is never really affected by the idea of the pairing
of others : he is outside and above any such circumstance which has no meaning for him ; a woman, however, would be scarcely responsible for her interest in the process, she would be in a state of feverish excitement and as if spell- bound by the thought of her proximity to it.
A man's interest in his fellow men, who are problems for him, may extend to their sexual affairs ; but the curiosity which is specially for these things is peculiar to woman, whether with regard to men or women. It is the love affairs of a man which, from first to last, interest women
;
and a man is only intellectually mysterious and charming to a woman so long as she is not clear as to these.
From all this it is again manifest that femaleness and match-making are identical ; even a superficial study of the casewouldhaveresultedinthesameconclusions. ButI had a much wider purpose, and I hope I have clearly shown the connection between woman positive as match- maker, and woman negative as utterly lacking in the higher life. Woman has but one idea, an idea she cannot be conscious of, as it is her sole idea, and that is absolutely opposedtothespiritualidea. Whetherasamotherseeking
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reputable matrimony, or the Bacchante of the Venusberg, whether she wishes to be the foundress of a family, or is content to be lost in the maze of pleasure-seekers, she always is in relation to the general idea of the race as a wholeofwhichsheis aninseparablepart,andshefollows the instinct which most of all makes for community.
She, as the missionary of union, must be a creature without limits or individuality. I have prolonged this side of my investigation because its important result has been omitted from all earlier characterology.
At this stage it well may be asked if women are really to be considered human beings at all, or if my theory does not unite them with plants and animals ? For, according to the theory, women, just as little as plants and animals, have any real existence, any relation to the intelligible whole. ' Man alone is a microcosm, a mirror of the universe
In Ibsen's " Little Eyolf " there is a beautiful and appo- site passage.
" Rita. ' After all, we are only human beings. '
" Allmers. ' But we have some kinship with the sky and the sea, Rita. '
" Rita. * You, perhaps ; not me. ' "
Woman, according to the poet, according to Buddha, and in my interpretation, has no relation to the all, to the world whole, to God. Is she then human, or an animal, or a plant ?
Anatomists will find the question ridiculous, and will at once dismiss the philosophy which could lead up to such a possibility. For them woman is the female of Homo sapiens, differentiated from all other living beings, and occupying the same position with regard to the human male that the females of other species occupy with regard to their males. And he will not allow the philosopher to say, " What has the anatomist to do with me ? Let him mind his own business. "
As a matter of fact, women are sisters of the flowers, and areincloserelationshipwiththeanimals. Manyoftheir
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? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE
sexual perversities and affections for animals (Pasipha? e myth and Leda myth) indicate this. But they are human beings. Even the absolute woman, whom we think of as without any trace of intelligible ego, is still the complement of man. And there is no doubt that the fact of the special sexual and erotic completion of the human male by the human female, even if it is not the moral phenomenon which advocates of marriage would have us believe, is still of tremendous import- ancetothewomanproblem. Animalsaremereindividuals
;
women are persons, although they are not personalities. An appearance of discriminative power, though not the reality, language, though not conversation, memory, though it has no continuity or unity of consciousness--must all be
granted to them.
They possess counterfeits of everything masculine, and
thus are subject to those transformations which the de- fendersofwomanlinessaresofondofquoting. Theresult of this is a sort of amphi-sexuality of many ideas (honour, shame, love, imagination, fear, sensibility, and so on), which have both a masculine and feminine significance.
There now remains to discuss the real meaning of the contrast between the sexes.
The parts played by the male and female principles in the animal and vegetable kingdoms are not now under con- sideration ; we are dealing solely with humanity.
That such principles of maleness and femaleness must be accepted as theoretical conceptions, and not as metaphysical ideas, was the point of this investigation from the beginning. The whole object of the book has been to settle the question, in man at least, of the really important differences between man and woman, quite apart from the mere physiological- sexual-differentiation. Furthermore, the view which sees nothmg more in the fact of the dualism of the sexes than an arrangement for physiological division of labour--an idea tor which, I believe, the zoologist, Milne-Edwards, is responsible--appears, according to this work, quite unten- able ; and it is useless to waste time discussing such a superficial and mtellectually complacent view.
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SEX AND CHARACTER
Darwinism, indeed, is responsible for making popular the view that sexually differentiated organisms have been de- rived from earlier stages in which there was no sexual dimorphism ; but long before Darwin, Gustav Theodor Fechner had already shown that the sexes could not be supposed to have arisen from an undifferentiated stage by any principle such as division of labour, adaptation to the struggle for existence, and so forth.
The ideas " man " and " woman " cannot be investigated separately ; their significance can be found out only by placingthemsidebysideandcontrastingthem. Thekey to their natures must be found in their relations to each other. In attempting to discover the nature of erotics I wentaItttlewayintothissubject. Therelationofmanto woman is simply that of subject to object. Woman seeks her consummation as the object. She is the plaything of husband or child, and, however we may try to hide it, she is anxious to be nothing but such a chattel.
No one misunderstands so thoroughly what a woman wants as he who tries to find out what is passing within her, endeavouring to share her feelings and hopes, her experiences and her real nature.
Woman does not wish to be treated as an active agent she wants to remain always and throughout--this is just her womanhood--purely passive, to feel herself under another's will. She demands only to be desired physically, to be taken possession of, like a new property.
Just as mere sensation only attains reality when it is apprehended, i. e. , when it becomes objective, so a woman is brought to a sense of her existence only by her husband or children--by these as subjects to whom she is the object --so obtaining the gift of an existence.
The contrast between the subject and the object in the theory of knowledge corresponds ontologically to the con- trast between form and matter. It is no more than a translation of this distinction from the theory of experience tometaphysics. Matter,whichinitselfisabsolutelyunindi- vidualised and so can assume any form, of itself has no
292
;
? ? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE
definite and lasting qualities, and has as little essence as mere perception, the matter of experience, has in itself any existence. If the Platonic conception is followed out, it will be apparent that that great thinker asserted to be nothing what the ordinary Philistine regards as the highest form of reality. According to Pinto, the negation of existence is no otherthanmatTcr. Formistheonlyrealexistence. Aristotle carried the Piatomc conception into the regions of biology. For Plato form is the parent and creator of all reality. For Aristotle, in the sexual process the male principle is the active, formative agent, the female principle the passive matter on which the form is impressed. In my view, the significance of woman in humanity is explained by the Platonic and Aristotelian conception. Woman is the material on which man acts. Man as the microcosm is compounded of the lower and higher life. Woman is matter, is nothing. This knowledge gives us the keystone to our structure, and it makes everything clear that was indistinct,itgivesthingsacoherentform. Woman'ssexual part depends on contact; it is the absorbing and not the liberating impulse. It coincides with this, that the keenest sense woman has, and the only one she has more highly developed than man, is the sense of touch. The eye and the ear lead to the unlimited and give glimpses of infinity; the sense of touch necessitates physical limitations to our own actions : one is affected by what one feels ; it is the eminently sordid sense, and suited to the physical require- ments of an earth-bound being.
Man is form, woman is matter: if that is so it must find expression in the relations between their respective psychic txperiences.
The summing up of the connected nature of man's mental life, as opposed to the inarticulate and chaotic con- dition of woman's, illustrates the above antithesis of form and matter.
Matter needs to be formed : and thus woman demands that man should clear her confusion of thought, give meaning to her benid ideas. Women are matter, which
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? SEX AND CHARACTER
canassumeanyshape. Thoseexperimentswhichascribe to girls a better memory for learning by rote than boys are explained in this way : they are due to the nullity and inanity of women, who can be saturated with anything and everything, whilst man only retains what has an interest for him, forgetting all else.
This accounts for what has been called woman's submis- siveness, the way she is influenced by the opinions of others, her suggestibility, the way in which man moulds her formless nature. Woman is nothing ; therefore, and only, therefore, she can become everythmg, whilst man can only remain what he is. A man can make what he likes of a woman : the most a woman can do is to help a man to achieve what he wants.
A man's real nature is never altered by education : woman, on the other hand, by external influences, can be taught to suppress her most characteristic self, the real value she sets on sexuaUty.
Woman can appear everything and deny everything, but in reality she is never anything.
Women have neither this nor that characteristic ; their peculiarity consists in having no characteristics at all ; the
complexity and terrible mystery about women come to this ;
it is this which makes them above and beyond man's under- standing--man, who always wants to get to the heart of things.
It may be said, even by those who may wish to agree with the foregoing arguments, that they have not indicated what man really is. Has he any special male characteristics, like match-making and want of character in women ? Is there a definite idea of what man is, as there is of woman, and can this idea be similarly formulated ?
Here is the answer : The idea of maleness consists in the fact of an individuality, of an essential monad, and is covered by it. Each monad, however, is as different as possible from every other monad, and therefore cannot be classified in one comprehensive idea common to many other monads. Manisthemicrocosm; hecontainsallkindsofpossibilities.
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? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE 295
This must not be confused with the universal susceptibility of woman who becomes all without being anything, whilst man is all, as much or as httle, according to his gifts, as he will. Man contains woman, for he contains matter, and he' can allow this part of his nature to develop itself, i. e. , to thrive and enervate him ; or he can recognise and fight against it--so that he, and he alone, can get at the truth about woman. But woman cannot develop except through
man.
The meaning of man and woman is first arrived at when
we examine their mutual sexual and erotic relations. Woman's deepest desire is to be formed by man, and so to receive her being. Woman desires that man should impart opinions to her quite different to those she held before^ she is content to let herself be turned by him from what she had till then thought right. She wishes to be taken ta pieces as a whole, so that he may build her up again.
Woman is tirst created by man's will--he dominates her and changes her whole being (hypnotism). Here is the explanation of the relation of the psychical to the physical in man and woman. Man assumes a reciprocal action of body and mind, in the bense rather that the dominant mind creates the body, than that the mind merely projects itself on phenomena, whilst the woman accepts both mental and psychical phenomena empirically. None the less, even in the woman there is some reciprocal action. However, whilst in the man, as Schopenhauer truly taught, the human being is his own creation, his own will makes and re-makes the body, the woman is bodily influenced and changed by
an alien will (suggestion).
Man not ouly forms himself, but woman also--a far easier
matter. ThemyhsofthebookofGenesisandothercos- mogonies, which teach that woman was created out of man, are nearer the truth than the biological theories of descent, according to which males have been evolved from females.
We have now to come to the question left open m Chapter IX. , as to how woman, who is herself without soul or will, is yet able to realise to what extent a man may be
? SEX AND CHARACTER
endowed with them ; and we may now endeavour to answer it. Of this one must be certain, that what woman notices, that for which she has a sense, is not the special nature of man, but only the general fact and possibly the grade of his maleness. It is quite erroneous to suppose that woman has an innate capacity to understand the individuality of a man. The lover, who is so easily fooled by the unconscious simu- lation of a deeper comprehension on the part of his sweet- heart, may believe that he understands himself through a girl ; but those who are less easily satisfied cannot help seeing that women only possess a sense of the fact not of the individuality of the soul, only for the formal general fact, not for the differentiation of the personality. In order to perceive and apperceive the special form, matter must not itself be formless ; woman's relation to man, however, is nothing but that of matter to form, and her comprehension of him nothing but willingness to be as much formed as possible by him ; the instinct of those without existence for existence. Furthermore, this " comprehension " is not theoretical, it is not sympathetic, it is only a desire to be sympathetic ; it is importunate and egoistical. Woman has no relation to man and no sense of man, but only for male- ness ; and if she is to be considered as more sexual than man, this greater claim is nothing but the intense desire for thefullestandmostdefiniteformation,it isthedemandfor
the greatest possible quantity of existence.
And, finally, match-making is nothing else than this. The
sexuality of women is super-individual, because they are not limited, formed, individualised entities, in the higher sense of the word.
The supremest moment in a woman's life, when her original nature, her natural desire manifests itself, is that in which her own sexual union takes place. She embraces the man passionately and presses him to her ; it is the greatest joy of passivity, stronger even than the contented feeling of a hypnotised person, the desire of matter which has just been formed, and wishes to keep that form for ever. That is why a woman is so grateful to her possessor, even if the gratitude
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WOMANANDHERSIGNIFICANCE 297
is limited to the moment, as in the case of prostitutes with no memory, or, if it lasts longer, as in the case of more highly differentiated women.
This endless striving of the poor to attach themselves to riches, the altogether formless and therefore super-individual striving of the inarticulate to obtain form by contact, to keep it indefinitely and so gain an existence, is the deepest motive in pairing.
Pairing is only possible because woman is not a monad, and has no sense of individuality ; it is the endless striving of nothing to be something.
It is thus that the duality of man and woman has gradually developed into complete dualism, to the dualism of the higher and lower lives, of subject and object, of form and matter, something and nothing. All meta- physical, all transcendental existence is logical and moral existence ; woman is non-logical and non-moral. She has no dislike for what is logical and moral, she is not anti- logical, she is not anti-moral. She is not the negation, she is, rather, nothing. She is neither the affirmation nor the denial. A man has in himself the possibility of being the absolute something or the absolute nothing, and therefore hisactionsaredirectedtowardstheoneortheother; woman does not sin, for she herself is the sin which is a possibility in man.
The abstract male is the image of God, the absolute some- thing; the female, and the female element in the male, is the symbol of nothing ; that is the significance of the woman in the universe, and in this way male and female complete and condition one another. Woman has a meaning and a function in the universe as the opposite of man ; and as the human male surpasses the animal male, so the human female surpasses the female of zoology. It is not that limited existence and limited negation (as in the animal kingdom) are at war in humanity ; what there stand in opposition are unlimited existence and unlimited negation. And so male and female make up humanity.
Themeaningofwomanistobemeaningless. Sherepre-
? 298 SEX AND CHARACTER
sents negation, the opposite pole from the Godhead, the otherpossibilityofhumanity. Andsonothingissodespic- able as a man become female, and such a person will be regarded as the supreme criminal even by himself. And so also is to be explained the deepest fear of man ; the fear of the woman, which is the fear of unconsciousness, the alluring abyss of annihilation.
An old woman manifests once for all what woman really is.
The beauty of woman, as may be experimentally proved, is only created by love of a man ; a woman becomes more beautiful when a man loves her because she is passively responding to the will which is in her lover ; however deep this may sound, it is only a matter of everyday experience.
All the qualities of woman depend on her non-existence, on her want of character ; because she has no true, per- manent, but only a mortal life, in her character as the advocate of pairing she furthers the sexual part of life, and is fundamentally transformed by and susceptible to the man who has a physical influence over her.
Thus the three fundamental characters of woman with which this chapter has dealt come together in the con- ception of her as the non-existent. Her instability and untruthfulness are only negative deductions from the premiss of her non-existence. Her only positive character, the conception of her as the pairing agent, comes from it by a simple process of analysis. The nature of woman is no more than pairing, no more than super-individual sexuality.
If we turn to the table of the two kinds of life given earlier in this chapter, it will be apparent that every inclina- tion from the higher to the lower is a crime against oneself. Immorality is the will towards negation, the craving to change the formed into the formless, the wish for destruction. And from this comes the intimate relation between femaleness and crime. There is a close relation between the immoral and the non-moral. It is only when man accepts his own sexuality, denies the absolute in him,
? i
WOMANANDHERSIGNIFICANCE 299
turns to the lower, that he gives woman existence. The acceptance of the Phallus is immoral. It has always been thought of as hateful ; it has been the image of Satan, and Dante made it the central pillar of hell.
Thus comes about the domination of the male sexuaHty over the female. It is only when man is sexual that woman has existence and meaning.
Her existence is bound up with the Phallus, and so tliat is her supreme lord and welcome master.
Sex, in the form of man, is woman's fate ; the Don Juan is the only type of man who has complete power over her.
The curse, which was said to be heavy on woman, is the evil will of man : nothing is only a tool in the hand of the will for nothing. The early Fathers expressed it pathetically when they called woman the handmaid of the devil. For matter in itself is nothing, it can only obtain existence through form. The fall of " form " is the corruption that takes place when form endeavours to relapse into the form- less. When man became sexual he formed woman. That woman is at all has happened simply because man has accepted his sexuality. Woman is merely the result of this affirmation ; she is sexuality itself. Woman's existence is dependent on man ; when man, as man, in contradistinction to woman, is sexual, he is giving woman form, calling her intoexistence. Thereforewoman'soneobjectmustbeto
keep man sexual. She desires man as Phallus, and for this she is the advocate of pairing. She is incapable of making use of any creature except as a means to an end, the end being pairing ; and she has but one purpose, that of con- tinuing the guilt of man, for she would disappear the moment man had overcome his sexuality.
Man created woman, and will always create her afresh, as long as he is sexual. Just as he gives woman con- sciousness,sohegivesherexistence. Womanisthesinof man.
He tries to pay the debt by love. Here we have the explanation of what seemed like an obscure myth at the end of the previous chapter. Now we see what was hidden in
;
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il : that woman is nothing before man's fall, nor without it thathedoesnotrobherofanythingshehadbefore. The crime man has committed in creating woman, and still commits in assenting to her purpose, he excuses to woman by his eroticism.
Whence otherwise would come the generosity of love, which can never be satisfied by giving ? How is it that love is so anxious to endow woman with a soul, and not any other creature ? Whence comes it that a child cannot love until love coincides with sexuality, the stage of puberty, with the repeated forming of woman, with the renewing of sin ? Woman is nothing but man's expression and projec- tion of his own sexuality. Every man creates himself a woman, in which he embodies himself and his own guilt.
But woman is not herself guilty ; she is made so by the guilt of others, and everything for which woman is blamed should be laid at man's door.
Love strives to cover guilt, instead of conquering it ; it elevateswomaninsteadofnullifyingher. The"something" folds the ** nothing" in its arms, and thinks thus to free the universe of negation and drown all objections ; whereas thenothingwouldonlydisappearif thesomethingputit away.
Since man's hatred for woman is not conscious hatred of his own sexuality, his love is his most intense effort to save woman as woman, instead of desiring to nullify her in himself. And the consciousness of guilt comes from the fact that the object of guilt is coveted instead of being annihilated.
Woman alone, then, is guilt ; and is so through man's fault. And if femaleness signifies pairing, it is only because all guilt endeavours to increase its circle. What woman, always unconsciously, accomplishes, she does because she cannot help it ; it is her reason for being, her whole nature. She is only a part of man, his other, ineradicable, his lower part. So matter appears to be as inexplicable a riddle as form ; woman as unending as man, negation as eternal as existence ; but this eternity is only the eternity of guilt.
? CHAPTER XIII JUDAISM
Itwouldnotbesurprisingif tomanyit shouldseemfrom the foregoing arguments that " men " have come out of them too well, and, as a collective body, have been placed onanexaggeratedlyloftypedestal. Theconclusionsdrawn from these arguments, however surprised every Philistine and young simpleton would be to learn that in himself he comprises the whole world, cannot be opposed and con- futed by cheap reasoning yet the treatment of the male
;
sex must not simply be considered too indulgent, or due to a direct tendency to omit all the repulsive and small side of manhood in order to favourably represent its best points.
The accusation would be unjustified. It does not enter the author's mind to idealise man in order more easily to lower the estimation of woman. So much narrowness and so much coarseness often thrive beneath the empirical representation of manhood that it is a question of the better possibilities lying in every man, neglected by him or per- ceivedeitherwithpainfulclearnessordullanimosity pos-
;
sibilities which as such in woman neither actually nor meditatively ever come to any account. And here the author cannot in any wise really rely on the dissimilarities between men, however little he may impugn their import- ance. It is, therefore, a question of establishing what woman is not, and truly in her there is infinitely much want- ing which is never quite missing even in the most mediocre and plebeian of men. That which is the positive attribute of the woman, in so far as a positive can be spoken of in re- gard to such a being, will constantly be found also in many
? SEX AND CHARACTER
men. There are, as has already often been demonstrated, men who have become women or have remained women; but there is no woman who has surpassed certain circum- scribed, not particularly elevated moral and intellectual limits. And, therefore, I must again assert that the woman of the highest standard is immeasurably beneath the man of lowest standard.
These objections may go even further and touch a pK)int where the ignoring of theory must assuredly become repre- hensible. Thereare,towit,nationsandraceswhosemen, though they can in no wise be regarded as intermediate forms of the sexes, are found to approach so slightly and so rarely to the ideal of manhood as set forth in my argu- ment, that the principles, indeed the entire foundation on which this work rests, would seem to be severely shaken by their existence. What shall we make, for example, out of the Chinese, with their feminine freedom from internal cravings and their incapacity for every effort ? One
might feel tempted to believe in the complete effeminacy of the whole race. It can at least be no mere whim of the entire nation that the Chinaman habitually wears a pigtail, and that the growth of his beard is of the very thinnest. But how does the matter stand with the negroes ? A genius has perhaps scarcely ever appeared amongst the negroes, and the standard of their morality is almost universally so low that it is beginning to be acknowledged in America
that their emancipation was an act of imprudence.
If, consequently, the principle of the intermediate forms of the sexes may perhaps enjoy a prospect of becoming of
importance to racial anthropology (since in some peoples
a greater share of womanishness would seem to be generally disseminated), it must yet be conceded that the foregoing deductions refer above all to Aryan men and Aryan women. In how far, in the other great races of mankind, uniformity with the standard of the Aryan race may reign, or what has prevented and hindered this ; to arrive more nearly at such knowledge would require in the first instance the most
302
intense research into racial characteristics.
? JUDAISM
303 The Jewish race, which has been chosen by me as a sub- ject of discussion, because, as will be shown, it presents the gravest and most formidable difficulties for my views, appears to possess a certain anthropological relationship with both negroes and Mongolians. The readily curling hair points to the negro ; admixture of Mongolian blood is suggested by the perfectly Chinese or Malay formation of face and skull which is so often to be met with amongst the Jews and which is associated with a yellowish com- plexion. Thisisnothingmorethantheresultofeveryday experience, and these remarks must not be otherwise understood ; the anthropological question of the origin of the Jewish race is apparently insoluble, and even such an interesting answer to it as that given by H. S. Chamber- lain has recently met with much opposition. The author
does not possess the knowledge necessary to treat of this ;
what will be here briefly, but as far as possible profoundly analysed, is the psychical peculiarity of the Jewish race.
This is an obligatory task imposed by psychological observation and analysis. It is undertaken independently of past history, the details of which must be uncertain. The Jewish race offers a problem of the deepest significance for the study of all races, and in itself it is intimately
bound up with many of the most troublesome problems of the day.
I must, however, make clear what I mean by Judaism ; I mean neither a race nor a people nor a recognised creed. I think of it as a tendency of the mind, as a psychological constitution which is a possibility for all mankind, but which has become actual in the most conspicuous fashion only amongst the Jews. Antisemitism itself will confirm my point of view.
The purest Aryans by descent and disposition are seldom Antisemites, although they are often unpleasantly moved by some of the peculiar Jewish traits ; they cannot in the least understand the Antisemite movement, and are, in conse- quence of their defence of the Jews, often called Philo- semites ; and yet these persons writing on the subject of
? SEX AND CHARACTER
the hatred of Jews, have been guilty of the most profound misunderstandingoftheJewishcharacter. Theaggressive Antisemites, on the other hand, nearly always display certain Jewish characters, sometimes apparent in their faces, al- though they may have no real admixture of Jewish blood. *
The explanation is simple. People love in others the qualities they would like to have but do not actually have in any great degree ; so also we hate in others only what we do not wish to be, and what notwithstanding we are partly. We hate only qualities to which we approximate, but which we realise first in other persons.
Thus the fact is explained that the bitterest Antisemites are to be found amongst the jews themselves. For only the quite Jewish Jews, like the completely Aryan Aryans, are not at all Antisemitically disposed ; among the remainder only the commoner natures are actively Antisemitic and pass sentence on others without having once sat in judg- ment on themselves in these matters ; and very few exercise their Antisemitism first on themselves. This one thing, however, remains none the less certain : whoever detests the Jewish disposition detests it first of all in himself ; that he should persecute it in others is merely his endeavour to separate himself in this way from Jewishness ; he strives to slj^ke it off and to localise it in his fellow-creatures, and so for a moment to dream himself free of it. Hatred, like love, is a projected phenomenon; that person alone is haled who reminds one unpleasantly of oneself.
The Antisemitism of the Jews bears testimony to the fact that no one who has had experience of them considers them loveable--not even the Jew himself ; the Antisemi- tism of the Aryans grants us an insight no less full of
* Zola was a typical case of a person absolutely without trace of the Jewish qualities, and, therefore, a philosemite. The greatest geniuses, on the other hand, have nearly always been antisemites (Tacitus, Pascal, Voltaire, Herder, Goethe, Kant, Jean Paul, Schopenhauer, Grillparzer, Wagner) ; this comes about from the fact as geniuses they have something of everything in their natures, and so can understand Judaism.
304
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JUDAISM
significance : it is that the Jew and the Jewish race must notbeconfounded. ThereareAryanswhoaremoreJewish than Jews, and real Jews who are more Aryan than certain Aryans. Ineednotenumeratethosenon-semiteswhohad much Jewishness in them, the lesser (like the well-known Frederick Nicolai of the eighteenth century) nor those of moderate greatness (here Frederick Schiller can scarcely beomitted),norwillI analysetheirJewishness. Aboveall Richard Wagner--the bitterest Antisemite--cannot be held free from an accretion of Jewishness even in his art, how- ever little one be misled by the feeling which sees in him the greatest artist enshrined in historical humanity ; and this, though indubitably his Siegfried is the most un-
Jewish type imaginable. As Wagner's aversion to grand opera and the stage really led to the strongest attraction, an attraction of which he was himself conscious, so his music, which, in the unique simplicity of its motifs, is the most powerful in the world, cannot be declared free from obtru- siveness, loudness, and lack of distinction ; from some con- sciousness of this Wagner tried to gain coherence by the extremeinstrumentationofhisworks. Itcannotbedenied (there can be no mistake about it) that Wagner's music produces the deepest impression not only on Jewish Anti- semites, who have never completely shaken off Jewishness, but also on Indo-Germanic Antisemites. From the music of " Parsifal," which to genuine Jews will ever remain as unapproachable as its poetry, from the Pilgrim's march and the procession to Rome in " Tannhau? ser," and assuredly frommanyanotherpart,theyturnaway. Doubtless,also, none but a German could make so clearly manifest the very essence of the German race as Wagner has succeeded indoinginthe"MeistersingersofNu? rnberg. " InWagner one thinks constantly of that side of his character which leans towards Feuerbach, instead of towards Schopenhauer. Here no narrow psychological depreciation of this great manisintended. Judaismwastohimthegreatesthelpin reaching a clearer understanding and assertion of the extremes within him in his struggle to reach " Siegfried" and
u
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" Parsifal," and in giving to German nature the highest means of expression which has probably ever been found in thepagesofhistory. YetagreaterthanWagnerwasobliged to overcome the Jewishness within him before he found his special vocation ; and it is, as previously stated, perhaps its great significance in the world's history and the immense merit of Judaism that it and nothing else, leads the Aryan to a knowledge of himself and warns him against himself. For this the Aryan has to thank the Jew that, through him, he knows to guard against Judaism as a possibility within himself. This example will sufficiently illustrate what, in my estimation, is to be understood by Judaism.
I donotrefertoanationortoarace,toacreedortoa scripture. When I speak of the Jew I mean neither an individual nor the whole body, but mankind in general, in so far as it has a share in the platonic idea of Judaism. My purpose is to analyse this idea.
That these researches should be included in a work devoted to the characterology of the sexes may seem an undue extension of my subject. But some reflection will lead to the surprising result that Judaism is saturated with femininity, with precisely those qualities the essence of whichI haveshowntobeinthestrongestoppositiontothe male nature. It would not be difficult to make a case for the view that the Jew is more saturated with femininity than the Aryan, to such an extent that the most manly Jew is more feminine than the least manly Aryan.
This interpretation would be erroneous. It is most important to lay stress on the agreements and differences simply because so many points that become obvious in dissecting woman reappear in the Jew.
Let me begin with the analogies. It is notable that the Jews, even now when at least a relative security of tenure is possible, prefer moveable property, and, in spite of their acquisitiveness, have little real sense of personal property, especially in its most characteristic form, landed property. Property is indissolubly connected with the self, with individuality. It is in harmony with the foregoing that the
? !
307 jew is so readily disposed to communism. Communism must be distinguished clearly from socialism, the former being based on a community of goods, an absence of individual property, the latter meaning, in the first place a co-operation of individual with individual, of worker with worker, and a recognition of human individuality in every one. Socialism is Aryan (Owen, Carlyle, Ruskin, Fichte). Communism is Jewish (Marx). Modern social democracy has moved far apart from the earlier socialism, precisely because Jews have taken so large a share in developing it. In spite of the associative element in it, the Marxian doctrine does not lead in any way towards the State as a union of all the separate individual aims, as the higher unit combining the purposes of the lower units. Such a con-
ception is as foreign to the Jew as it is to the woman.
For these reasons Zionism must remain an impracticable
ideal, notwithstanding the fashion in which it has brought
togethersomeofthenoblestqualitiesoftheJews. Zionism
is the negation of Judaism, for the conception of Judaism
involvesaworld-widedistributionoftheJews. Citizenship
is an un-Jewish thing, and there has never been and never
JUDAISM
willbeatrueJewishState. TheStateinvolvestheaggrega- I
tion of individual aims, the formation of and obedience to self-imposed laws ; and the symbol of the State, if nothing more, is its head chosen by free election. The opposite conception is that of anarchy, with which present-day communism is closely allied. The ideal State has never been historically realised, but in every case there is at least a minimum of this higher unit, this conception of an ideal power which distinguishes the State from the mere collec- tion of human beings in barracks. Rousseau's much-
despised theory of the conscious co-operation of individuals to form a State deserves more attention than it now receives. Some ethical notion of free combination must always be included.
The true conception of the State is foreign to the Jew, because he, like the woman, is wanting in personality; his failure to grasp the idea of true society is due to his lack of
? SEX AND CHARACTER
a free intelligible ego. Like women, Jews tend to adhere together, but they do not associate as free independent individuals mutually respecting each other's individuality.
As there is no real dignity in women, so what is meant by the word " gentleman " does not exist amongst the Jews. The genuine Jew fails in this innate good breeding by which alone individuals honour their own individuality and respect that of others. There is no Jewish nobility, and this is the more surprising as Jewish pedigrees can be traced back for thousands of years.
The familiar Jewish arrogance has a similar explanation; it springs from want of true knowledge of himself and the consequent overpowering need he feels to enhance his own personality by depreciating that of his fellow-creatures. And so, although his descent is incomparably longer than that of the members of Aryan aristocracies, he has an inordinate love for titles. The Aryan respect for his ancestors is rooted in the conception that they were his ancestors ; it depends on his valuation of his own person- ality, and, in spite of the communistic strength and antiquity of the Jewish traditions, this individual sense of ancestry is lacking.
The faults of the Jewish race have often been attributed to the repression of that race by Aryans, and many Chris- tians are still disposed to blame themselves in this respect. But the self-reproach is not justified. Outward circum- stances do not mould a race in one direction, unless there is in the race the innate tendency to respond to the moulding forces ; the total result comes at least as much from the natural disposition as from the modifying circum- stances. We know now that the proof of the inheritance of acquired characters has broken down, and, in the human race still more than the lower forms of life, it is certain that individual and racial characters persist in spite of all adaptive moulding. When men change, it is from within, outwards, unless the change, as in the case of women, is a mere superficial imitation of real change, and is not rooted intheirnatures. Andhowcanwereconciletheideathat
3o8
? JUDAISM
the Jewish character is a modern modification with the history of the foundation of the race, given in the Old Testament without any disapprobation of how the patriarch Jacob deceived his dying father, cheated his brother Esau and over-reached his father-in-law, Laban ?
The defenders of the Jew have rightly acquitted him of any tendency to heinous crimes, and the legal statistics of different countries confirm this. The Jew is not really anti-moral. But, none the less, he does not represent the highest ethical type. He is rather non-moral, neither very good nor very bad, with nothing in him of either the angel or the devil. Notwithstanding the Book of Job and the story of Eden, it is plain that the conceptions of a Supreme Good and a Supreme Evil are not truly Jewish ; I have no wish to enter upon the lengthy and controversial topics of Biblical criticism, but at the least I shall be on sure ground when I say that these conceptions play the least significant part in modern Jewish life. Orthodox or un- orthodox, the modern Jew does not concern himself with God and the Devil, with Heaven and Hell. If he does not reach the heights of the Aryan, he is also less inclined to commit murder or other crimes of violence.
So also in the case of the woman ; it is easier for her defenders to point to the infrequency of her commission of serious crimes than to prove her intrinsic morality. The homology of Jew and woman becomes closer the further examinationgoes. Thereisnofemaledevil,andnofemale angel ; only love, with its blind aversion from actuality, sees in woman a heavenly nature, and only hate sees in her a prodigy of wickedness. Greatness is absent from the nature of the woman and the Jew, the greatness of morality, or the greatness of evil. In the Aryan man, the good and bad principles of Kant's religious philosophy are ever pre- sent, ever in strife. In the Jew and the woman, good and evil are not distinct from one another.
jews, then, do not live as free, self-governing individuals, choosing between virtue and vice in the Aryan fashion. They are a mere collection of similar individuals each cast
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in the same mould, the whole forming as it were a con- tinuousPlasmodium. TheAntisemitehasoftenthoughtof this as a defensive and aggressive union, and has formulated the conception of a Jewish " solidarity. " There is a deep confusion here. When some accusation is made against some unknown member of the Jewish race, all Jews secretly take the part of the accused, and wish, hope for, and seek to establish his innocence. But it must not be thought that they are mteresting themselves more in the fate of the
individual Jew than they would do in the case of an indi- vidual Christian. It is the menace to Judaism in general, the fear that the shameful shadow may do harm to Judaism as a whole, which is the origin of the apparent feeling of sympathy. Inthesameway,womenaredelightedwhena member of their sex is depreciated, and will themselves assist, until the proceeding seems to throw a disadvan- tageous light over the sex in general, so frightening men from marriage. The race or sex alone is defended, not the
individual.
It would be easy to understand why the family (in its
biological not its legal sense) plays a larger role amongst the Jews than amongst any other people ; the English, who in certain ways are akin to the Jews, coming next. The family, in this biological sense, is feminine and maternal in its origin, and has no relation to the State or to society. The fusion, the continuity of the members of the family, reaches its highest point amongst the Jews. In the Indo- Germanic races, especially in the case of the more gifted, but also in quite ordinary individuals, there is never com- plete harmony between father and son consciously, or
;
unconsciously, there is always in the mind of the son a cer- tain feeling of impatience against the man who, unasked, brought him into the world, gave him a name, and deter- mined his limitations in this earthly life. It is only amongst the Jews that the son feels deeply rooted in the family and IS fully at one with his father. It scarcely ever happens amongst Christians that father and son are really friends. Amongst Christians even the daughters stand a little further
? JUDAISM 311
apart from the family circle than happens with Jewesses, and more frequently take up some calling which isolates them and gives them independent interests.
We reach at this point a fact in relation to the argument of the last chapter. I showed there that the essential element in the pairing instinct was an indistinct sense of individuality and of the limits between individuals. Men who are match-makers have always a Jewish element in them. TheJewisalwaysmoreabsorbedbysexualmatters than the Aryan, although he is notably less potent sexually andlessliabletobeenmeshedinagreatpassion. TheJews are habitual match-makers, and in no race does it so often happen that marriages are arranged by men. This kind of activity is certainly peculiarly necessary in their case, for, as I have alread)- stated, there is no people amongst which marriages for love are so rare. The organic disposition of the Jews towards match-making is associated with their racial failure to comprehend asceticism. It is interesting to note that the Jewish Rabbis have always been addicted to speculations as to the begetting of children and have a rich tradition on the subject, a natural result in the case of the people who invented the phrase as to the duty of *' multi- plying and replenishing the earth. "
The pairing instinct is the great remover of the limits between individuals; and the Jew, par excellence, is the breaker down ot such limits. He is at the opposite pole from aristocrats, with whom the preservation of the limits between individuals is the leading idea.
Woman can really never be quite unhappy, for happiness ? s an empty word for her, a word created by unhappy men. Women never mind letting others see their unhappiness, as it is not real ; behind it there lies no consciousness of guilt, no sense of the sin of the world.
;
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The last and absolute proof of the thoroughly negative character of woman's life, of her complete want of a higher existence, is derived from the way in which women commit suicide.
Such suicides are accompanied practically always by thoughts of other people, what they will think, how they will mourn over them, how grieved--or angry--they will be. Every woman is convinced that her unhappiness is undeserved at the time she kills herself ; she pities herself exceedingly with the sort of self-compassion which is only a "weeping with others when they weep. "
How is it possible for a woman to look upon her un- happiness as personal when she possesses no idea of a destiny? Themostappallinglydecisiveproofoftheempti- ness and nullity of women is that they never once succeed in knowing the problem of their own lives, and death leaves them ignorant of it, because they are unable to realise the higher life of personality.
I am now ready to answer the question which I put forward as the chief object of this portion of my book, the question as to the significance of the male and female in the universe. Women have no existence and no essence ; they are not, they are nothing. Mankind occurs as male or female, as something or nothing. Woman has no share in ontological reality, no relation to the thing-in-itself, which, in the deepest interpretation, is the absolute, is God. Man in his highest form, the genius, has such a relation, and for him the absolute is either the conception of the highest worthofexistence,inwhichcaseheisaphilosopher orit
;
is the wonderful fairyland of dreams, the kingdom of abso- lute beauty, and then he is an artist. But both views mean thesame. Womanhasnorelationtotheidea,sheneither affirms nor denies it ; she is neither moral nor anti-moral mathematicallyspeaking,shehasnosign; sheispurposeless, neither good nor bad, neither angel nor devil, never egoisti- cal {and therefore has often been said to be altruistic) ; she is as non-moral as she is non-logical. But all existence is moral and logical existence. So woman has no existence.
? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE
Womanisuntruthful. Ananimalhasjustaslittlemeta- physical reality as the actual woman, but it cannot speak, and consequently it does not lie. In order to speak the truth one must be something ; truth is dependent on an existence, and only that can have a relation to an existence which is in itself something. Man desires truth all the time ; that is to say, he all along desires only to be some- thing. The cognition-impulse is in the end identical with thedesireforimmortality. Anyonewhoobjectstoastate- ment without ever having realised it ; any one who gives outward acquiescence without the inner affirmation, such persons, like woman, have no real existence and must of necessity lie. So that woman always lies, even if, objec- tively, she speaks the truth.
Woman is the great emissary of pairing. The living units of the lower forms of life are individuals, organisms ; the living units of the higher forms of life are individualities, souls, monads, " meta-organisms," a term which Hellenbach uses and which is not without point.
Each monad, however, is differentiated from every other monad, and is as distinct from it as only two things can be. Monads have no windows, but, instead, have the universe in themselves. Man as monad, as a potential or actual individuahty, that is, as having genius, has<< in addition differentiation and distinction, individuation and discrimina- tion ; the simple undifferentiated unit is exclusively female. Each monad creates for itself a detached entity, a whole
;
but it looks upon every other ego as a perfect totality also, and never intrudes upon it. Man has limits, and accepts them and desires them ; woman, who does not recognise her own entity, is not in a position to regard or perceive the privacy of those around her, and neither respects, nor honours, nor leaves it alone : as there is no such thing as one-ness for her there can be no plurality, only an indistinct state of fusion with others. Because there is no
" I " in woman she cannot grasp the "thou "
according to her perception the I and thou are just a pair, an undiffer- entiated one ; this makes it possible for woman to bring
;
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? 288 SEX AND CHARACTER
peopletogether,tomatch-make. Theobjectofherloveis that of her sympathy--the community, the blending of everything. *
Woman has no limits to her ego which could be broken through, and which she would have to guard.
The chief difference between man's and woman's friend- ship is referable to this fact. Man's friendship is an attempt to see eye to eye with those who individually and collec- tively are striving after the same idea ; woman's friendship is a combination for the purpose of match-making. It is the only kind of intimate and unreserved intercourse possible between women, when they are not merely anxious to meet each other for the purpose of gossiping or discussing every day affairs. f
If, for instance, one of two girls or women is much prettier than the other, the plainer of the two experiences a certain sexual satisfaction at the admiration which the other receives. The principal condition of all friendship between women is the exclusion of rivalry ; every woman compares herself physically with every woman she gets to know. In cases where one is more beautiful than the other, the plainer of the two will idolise the other, because, though neither of them is in the least conscious of it, the next best thing to her own sexual satisfaction for the one is the success of the other ; it is always the same ; woman partici- pates in every sexual union. The completely impersonal existence of women, as well as the super-individual nature of their sexuality, clearly shows match-making to be the fundamental trait of their beings.
The least that even the ugliest woman demands, and from which she derives a certain amount of pleasure, is that any one of her sex should be admired and desired.
It follows from the absorbing and absorbable nature of
*Allindividualityisanenemyofthecommunity. Thisisseen most markedly in men of genius, but it is just the same with regard to the sexes.
? f Men'sfriendshipsavoidbreakingdowntheirfriends'personal reserve. Women expect intimacy from their friends.
? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE
woman's life that women can never feel really jealous. However ignoble jealousy and the spirit of revenge may be, they both contain an element of greatness, of which women, whether for good or evil, are incapable. In jealousy there lies a despairing claim to an assumed right, and the idea of justice is out of woman's reach. But that is not the chief reason why a woman can never be really jealousofanyman. Ifaman,evenifhewerethemanshe was madly in love with, were sitting in the next room making love to another woman, the thoughts that would be aroused in her breast would be so sexually exciting that they would leave no room for jealousy. To a man, such a scene, if he knew of it, would be absolutely repulsive, and it would be nauseous to him to be near it ; woman would feverishly follow each detail, or she would become hysteri-
cal if it dawned on her what she was doing.
A man is never really affected by the idea of the pairing
of others : he is outside and above any such circumstance which has no meaning for him ; a woman, however, would be scarcely responsible for her interest in the process, she would be in a state of feverish excitement and as if spell- bound by the thought of her proximity to it.
A man's interest in his fellow men, who are problems for him, may extend to their sexual affairs ; but the curiosity which is specially for these things is peculiar to woman, whether with regard to men or women. It is the love affairs of a man which, from first to last, interest women
;
and a man is only intellectually mysterious and charming to a woman so long as she is not clear as to these.
From all this it is again manifest that femaleness and match-making are identical ; even a superficial study of the casewouldhaveresultedinthesameconclusions. ButI had a much wider purpose, and I hope I have clearly shown the connection between woman positive as match- maker, and woman negative as utterly lacking in the higher life. Woman has but one idea, an idea she cannot be conscious of, as it is her sole idea, and that is absolutely opposedtothespiritualidea. Whetherasamotherseeking
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reputable matrimony, or the Bacchante of the Venusberg, whether she wishes to be the foundress of a family, or is content to be lost in the maze of pleasure-seekers, she always is in relation to the general idea of the race as a wholeofwhichsheis aninseparablepart,andshefollows the instinct which most of all makes for community.
She, as the missionary of union, must be a creature without limits or individuality. I have prolonged this side of my investigation because its important result has been omitted from all earlier characterology.
At this stage it well may be asked if women are really to be considered human beings at all, or if my theory does not unite them with plants and animals ? For, according to the theory, women, just as little as plants and animals, have any real existence, any relation to the intelligible whole. ' Man alone is a microcosm, a mirror of the universe
In Ibsen's " Little Eyolf " there is a beautiful and appo- site passage.
" Rita. ' After all, we are only human beings. '
" Allmers. ' But we have some kinship with the sky and the sea, Rita. '
" Rita. * You, perhaps ; not me. ' "
Woman, according to the poet, according to Buddha, and in my interpretation, has no relation to the all, to the world whole, to God. Is she then human, or an animal, or a plant ?
Anatomists will find the question ridiculous, and will at once dismiss the philosophy which could lead up to such a possibility. For them woman is the female of Homo sapiens, differentiated from all other living beings, and occupying the same position with regard to the human male that the females of other species occupy with regard to their males. And he will not allow the philosopher to say, " What has the anatomist to do with me ? Let him mind his own business. "
As a matter of fact, women are sisters of the flowers, and areincloserelationshipwiththeanimals. Manyoftheir
290
? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE
sexual perversities and affections for animals (Pasipha? e myth and Leda myth) indicate this. But they are human beings. Even the absolute woman, whom we think of as without any trace of intelligible ego, is still the complement of man. And there is no doubt that the fact of the special sexual and erotic completion of the human male by the human female, even if it is not the moral phenomenon which advocates of marriage would have us believe, is still of tremendous import- ancetothewomanproblem. Animalsaremereindividuals
;
women are persons, although they are not personalities. An appearance of discriminative power, though not the reality, language, though not conversation, memory, though it has no continuity or unity of consciousness--must all be
granted to them.
They possess counterfeits of everything masculine, and
thus are subject to those transformations which the de- fendersofwomanlinessaresofondofquoting. Theresult of this is a sort of amphi-sexuality of many ideas (honour, shame, love, imagination, fear, sensibility, and so on), which have both a masculine and feminine significance.
There now remains to discuss the real meaning of the contrast between the sexes.
The parts played by the male and female principles in the animal and vegetable kingdoms are not now under con- sideration ; we are dealing solely with humanity.
That such principles of maleness and femaleness must be accepted as theoretical conceptions, and not as metaphysical ideas, was the point of this investigation from the beginning. The whole object of the book has been to settle the question, in man at least, of the really important differences between man and woman, quite apart from the mere physiological- sexual-differentiation. Furthermore, the view which sees nothmg more in the fact of the dualism of the sexes than an arrangement for physiological division of labour--an idea tor which, I believe, the zoologist, Milne-Edwards, is responsible--appears, according to this work, quite unten- able ; and it is useless to waste time discussing such a superficial and mtellectually complacent view.
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SEX AND CHARACTER
Darwinism, indeed, is responsible for making popular the view that sexually differentiated organisms have been de- rived from earlier stages in which there was no sexual dimorphism ; but long before Darwin, Gustav Theodor Fechner had already shown that the sexes could not be supposed to have arisen from an undifferentiated stage by any principle such as division of labour, adaptation to the struggle for existence, and so forth.
The ideas " man " and " woman " cannot be investigated separately ; their significance can be found out only by placingthemsidebysideandcontrastingthem. Thekey to their natures must be found in their relations to each other. In attempting to discover the nature of erotics I wentaItttlewayintothissubject. Therelationofmanto woman is simply that of subject to object. Woman seeks her consummation as the object. She is the plaything of husband or child, and, however we may try to hide it, she is anxious to be nothing but such a chattel.
No one misunderstands so thoroughly what a woman wants as he who tries to find out what is passing within her, endeavouring to share her feelings and hopes, her experiences and her real nature.
Woman does not wish to be treated as an active agent she wants to remain always and throughout--this is just her womanhood--purely passive, to feel herself under another's will. She demands only to be desired physically, to be taken possession of, like a new property.
Just as mere sensation only attains reality when it is apprehended, i. e. , when it becomes objective, so a woman is brought to a sense of her existence only by her husband or children--by these as subjects to whom she is the object --so obtaining the gift of an existence.
The contrast between the subject and the object in the theory of knowledge corresponds ontologically to the con- trast between form and matter. It is no more than a translation of this distinction from the theory of experience tometaphysics. Matter,whichinitselfisabsolutelyunindi- vidualised and so can assume any form, of itself has no
292
;
? ? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE
definite and lasting qualities, and has as little essence as mere perception, the matter of experience, has in itself any existence. If the Platonic conception is followed out, it will be apparent that that great thinker asserted to be nothing what the ordinary Philistine regards as the highest form of reality. According to Pinto, the negation of existence is no otherthanmatTcr. Formistheonlyrealexistence. Aristotle carried the Piatomc conception into the regions of biology. For Plato form is the parent and creator of all reality. For Aristotle, in the sexual process the male principle is the active, formative agent, the female principle the passive matter on which the form is impressed. In my view, the significance of woman in humanity is explained by the Platonic and Aristotelian conception. Woman is the material on which man acts. Man as the microcosm is compounded of the lower and higher life. Woman is matter, is nothing. This knowledge gives us the keystone to our structure, and it makes everything clear that was indistinct,itgivesthingsacoherentform. Woman'ssexual part depends on contact; it is the absorbing and not the liberating impulse. It coincides with this, that the keenest sense woman has, and the only one she has more highly developed than man, is the sense of touch. The eye and the ear lead to the unlimited and give glimpses of infinity; the sense of touch necessitates physical limitations to our own actions : one is affected by what one feels ; it is the eminently sordid sense, and suited to the physical require- ments of an earth-bound being.
Man is form, woman is matter: if that is so it must find expression in the relations between their respective psychic txperiences.
The summing up of the connected nature of man's mental life, as opposed to the inarticulate and chaotic con- dition of woman's, illustrates the above antithesis of form and matter.
Matter needs to be formed : and thus woman demands that man should clear her confusion of thought, give meaning to her benid ideas. Women are matter, which
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canassumeanyshape. Thoseexperimentswhichascribe to girls a better memory for learning by rote than boys are explained in this way : they are due to the nullity and inanity of women, who can be saturated with anything and everything, whilst man only retains what has an interest for him, forgetting all else.
This accounts for what has been called woman's submis- siveness, the way she is influenced by the opinions of others, her suggestibility, the way in which man moulds her formless nature. Woman is nothing ; therefore, and only, therefore, she can become everythmg, whilst man can only remain what he is. A man can make what he likes of a woman : the most a woman can do is to help a man to achieve what he wants.
A man's real nature is never altered by education : woman, on the other hand, by external influences, can be taught to suppress her most characteristic self, the real value she sets on sexuaUty.
Woman can appear everything and deny everything, but in reality she is never anything.
Women have neither this nor that characteristic ; their peculiarity consists in having no characteristics at all ; the
complexity and terrible mystery about women come to this ;
it is this which makes them above and beyond man's under- standing--man, who always wants to get to the heart of things.
It may be said, even by those who may wish to agree with the foregoing arguments, that they have not indicated what man really is. Has he any special male characteristics, like match-making and want of character in women ? Is there a definite idea of what man is, as there is of woman, and can this idea be similarly formulated ?
Here is the answer : The idea of maleness consists in the fact of an individuality, of an essential monad, and is covered by it. Each monad, however, is as different as possible from every other monad, and therefore cannot be classified in one comprehensive idea common to many other monads. Manisthemicrocosm; hecontainsallkindsofpossibilities.
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? WOMAN AND HER SIGNIFICANCE 295
This must not be confused with the universal susceptibility of woman who becomes all without being anything, whilst man is all, as much or as httle, according to his gifts, as he will. Man contains woman, for he contains matter, and he' can allow this part of his nature to develop itself, i. e. , to thrive and enervate him ; or he can recognise and fight against it--so that he, and he alone, can get at the truth about woman. But woman cannot develop except through
man.
The meaning of man and woman is first arrived at when
we examine their mutual sexual and erotic relations. Woman's deepest desire is to be formed by man, and so to receive her being. Woman desires that man should impart opinions to her quite different to those she held before^ she is content to let herself be turned by him from what she had till then thought right. She wishes to be taken ta pieces as a whole, so that he may build her up again.
Woman is tirst created by man's will--he dominates her and changes her whole being (hypnotism). Here is the explanation of the relation of the psychical to the physical in man and woman. Man assumes a reciprocal action of body and mind, in the bense rather that the dominant mind creates the body, than that the mind merely projects itself on phenomena, whilst the woman accepts both mental and psychical phenomena empirically. None the less, even in the woman there is some reciprocal action. However, whilst in the man, as Schopenhauer truly taught, the human being is his own creation, his own will makes and re-makes the body, the woman is bodily influenced and changed by
an alien will (suggestion).
Man not ouly forms himself, but woman also--a far easier
matter. ThemyhsofthebookofGenesisandothercos- mogonies, which teach that woman was created out of man, are nearer the truth than the biological theories of descent, according to which males have been evolved from females.
We have now to come to the question left open m Chapter IX. , as to how woman, who is herself without soul or will, is yet able to realise to what extent a man may be
? SEX AND CHARACTER
endowed with them ; and we may now endeavour to answer it. Of this one must be certain, that what woman notices, that for which she has a sense, is not the special nature of man, but only the general fact and possibly the grade of his maleness. It is quite erroneous to suppose that woman has an innate capacity to understand the individuality of a man. The lover, who is so easily fooled by the unconscious simu- lation of a deeper comprehension on the part of his sweet- heart, may believe that he understands himself through a girl ; but those who are less easily satisfied cannot help seeing that women only possess a sense of the fact not of the individuality of the soul, only for the formal general fact, not for the differentiation of the personality. In order to perceive and apperceive the special form, matter must not itself be formless ; woman's relation to man, however, is nothing but that of matter to form, and her comprehension of him nothing but willingness to be as much formed as possible by him ; the instinct of those without existence for existence. Furthermore, this " comprehension " is not theoretical, it is not sympathetic, it is only a desire to be sympathetic ; it is importunate and egoistical. Woman has no relation to man and no sense of man, but only for male- ness ; and if she is to be considered as more sexual than man, this greater claim is nothing but the intense desire for thefullestandmostdefiniteformation,it isthedemandfor
the greatest possible quantity of existence.
And, finally, match-making is nothing else than this. The
sexuality of women is super-individual, because they are not limited, formed, individualised entities, in the higher sense of the word.
The supremest moment in a woman's life, when her original nature, her natural desire manifests itself, is that in which her own sexual union takes place. She embraces the man passionately and presses him to her ; it is the greatest joy of passivity, stronger even than the contented feeling of a hypnotised person, the desire of matter which has just been formed, and wishes to keep that form for ever. That is why a woman is so grateful to her possessor, even if the gratitude
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WOMANANDHERSIGNIFICANCE 297
is limited to the moment, as in the case of prostitutes with no memory, or, if it lasts longer, as in the case of more highly differentiated women.
This endless striving of the poor to attach themselves to riches, the altogether formless and therefore super-individual striving of the inarticulate to obtain form by contact, to keep it indefinitely and so gain an existence, is the deepest motive in pairing.
Pairing is only possible because woman is not a monad, and has no sense of individuality ; it is the endless striving of nothing to be something.
It is thus that the duality of man and woman has gradually developed into complete dualism, to the dualism of the higher and lower lives, of subject and object, of form and matter, something and nothing. All meta- physical, all transcendental existence is logical and moral existence ; woman is non-logical and non-moral. She has no dislike for what is logical and moral, she is not anti- logical, she is not anti-moral. She is not the negation, she is, rather, nothing. She is neither the affirmation nor the denial. A man has in himself the possibility of being the absolute something or the absolute nothing, and therefore hisactionsaredirectedtowardstheoneortheother; woman does not sin, for she herself is the sin which is a possibility in man.
The abstract male is the image of God, the absolute some- thing; the female, and the female element in the male, is the symbol of nothing ; that is the significance of the woman in the universe, and in this way male and female complete and condition one another. Woman has a meaning and a function in the universe as the opposite of man ; and as the human male surpasses the animal male, so the human female surpasses the female of zoology. It is not that limited existence and limited negation (as in the animal kingdom) are at war in humanity ; what there stand in opposition are unlimited existence and unlimited negation. And so male and female make up humanity.
Themeaningofwomanistobemeaningless. Sherepre-
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sents negation, the opposite pole from the Godhead, the otherpossibilityofhumanity. Andsonothingissodespic- able as a man become female, and such a person will be regarded as the supreme criminal even by himself. And so also is to be explained the deepest fear of man ; the fear of the woman, which is the fear of unconsciousness, the alluring abyss of annihilation.
An old woman manifests once for all what woman really is.
The beauty of woman, as may be experimentally proved, is only created by love of a man ; a woman becomes more beautiful when a man loves her because she is passively responding to the will which is in her lover ; however deep this may sound, it is only a matter of everyday experience.
All the qualities of woman depend on her non-existence, on her want of character ; because she has no true, per- manent, but only a mortal life, in her character as the advocate of pairing she furthers the sexual part of life, and is fundamentally transformed by and susceptible to the man who has a physical influence over her.
Thus the three fundamental characters of woman with which this chapter has dealt come together in the con- ception of her as the non-existent. Her instability and untruthfulness are only negative deductions from the premiss of her non-existence. Her only positive character, the conception of her as the pairing agent, comes from it by a simple process of analysis. The nature of woman is no more than pairing, no more than super-individual sexuality.
If we turn to the table of the two kinds of life given earlier in this chapter, it will be apparent that every inclina- tion from the higher to the lower is a crime against oneself. Immorality is the will towards negation, the craving to change the formed into the formless, the wish for destruction. And from this comes the intimate relation between femaleness and crime. There is a close relation between the immoral and the non-moral. It is only when man accepts his own sexuality, denies the absolute in him,
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WOMANANDHERSIGNIFICANCE 299
turns to the lower, that he gives woman existence. The acceptance of the Phallus is immoral. It has always been thought of as hateful ; it has been the image of Satan, and Dante made it the central pillar of hell.
Thus comes about the domination of the male sexuaHty over the female. It is only when man is sexual that woman has existence and meaning.
Her existence is bound up with the Phallus, and so tliat is her supreme lord and welcome master.
Sex, in the form of man, is woman's fate ; the Don Juan is the only type of man who has complete power over her.
The curse, which was said to be heavy on woman, is the evil will of man : nothing is only a tool in the hand of the will for nothing. The early Fathers expressed it pathetically when they called woman the handmaid of the devil. For matter in itself is nothing, it can only obtain existence through form. The fall of " form " is the corruption that takes place when form endeavours to relapse into the form- less. When man became sexual he formed woman. That woman is at all has happened simply because man has accepted his sexuality. Woman is merely the result of this affirmation ; she is sexuality itself. Woman's existence is dependent on man ; when man, as man, in contradistinction to woman, is sexual, he is giving woman form, calling her intoexistence. Thereforewoman'soneobjectmustbeto
keep man sexual. She desires man as Phallus, and for this she is the advocate of pairing. She is incapable of making use of any creature except as a means to an end, the end being pairing ; and she has but one purpose, that of con- tinuing the guilt of man, for she would disappear the moment man had overcome his sexuality.
Man created woman, and will always create her afresh, as long as he is sexual. Just as he gives woman con- sciousness,sohegivesherexistence. Womanisthesinof man.
He tries to pay the debt by love. Here we have the explanation of what seemed like an obscure myth at the end of the previous chapter. Now we see what was hidden in
;
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il : that woman is nothing before man's fall, nor without it thathedoesnotrobherofanythingshehadbefore. The crime man has committed in creating woman, and still commits in assenting to her purpose, he excuses to woman by his eroticism.
Whence otherwise would come the generosity of love, which can never be satisfied by giving ? How is it that love is so anxious to endow woman with a soul, and not any other creature ? Whence comes it that a child cannot love until love coincides with sexuality, the stage of puberty, with the repeated forming of woman, with the renewing of sin ? Woman is nothing but man's expression and projec- tion of his own sexuality. Every man creates himself a woman, in which he embodies himself and his own guilt.
But woman is not herself guilty ; she is made so by the guilt of others, and everything for which woman is blamed should be laid at man's door.
Love strives to cover guilt, instead of conquering it ; it elevateswomaninsteadofnullifyingher. The"something" folds the ** nothing" in its arms, and thinks thus to free the universe of negation and drown all objections ; whereas thenothingwouldonlydisappearif thesomethingputit away.
Since man's hatred for woman is not conscious hatred of his own sexuality, his love is his most intense effort to save woman as woman, instead of desiring to nullify her in himself. And the consciousness of guilt comes from the fact that the object of guilt is coveted instead of being annihilated.
Woman alone, then, is guilt ; and is so through man's fault. And if femaleness signifies pairing, it is only because all guilt endeavours to increase its circle. What woman, always unconsciously, accomplishes, she does because she cannot help it ; it is her reason for being, her whole nature. She is only a part of man, his other, ineradicable, his lower part. So matter appears to be as inexplicable a riddle as form ; woman as unending as man, negation as eternal as existence ; but this eternity is only the eternity of guilt.
? CHAPTER XIII JUDAISM
Itwouldnotbesurprisingif tomanyit shouldseemfrom the foregoing arguments that " men " have come out of them too well, and, as a collective body, have been placed onanexaggeratedlyloftypedestal. Theconclusionsdrawn from these arguments, however surprised every Philistine and young simpleton would be to learn that in himself he comprises the whole world, cannot be opposed and con- futed by cheap reasoning yet the treatment of the male
;
sex must not simply be considered too indulgent, or due to a direct tendency to omit all the repulsive and small side of manhood in order to favourably represent its best points.
The accusation would be unjustified. It does not enter the author's mind to idealise man in order more easily to lower the estimation of woman. So much narrowness and so much coarseness often thrive beneath the empirical representation of manhood that it is a question of the better possibilities lying in every man, neglected by him or per- ceivedeitherwithpainfulclearnessordullanimosity pos-
;
sibilities which as such in woman neither actually nor meditatively ever come to any account. And here the author cannot in any wise really rely on the dissimilarities between men, however little he may impugn their import- ance. It is, therefore, a question of establishing what woman is not, and truly in her there is infinitely much want- ing which is never quite missing even in the most mediocre and plebeian of men. That which is the positive attribute of the woman, in so far as a positive can be spoken of in re- gard to such a being, will constantly be found also in many
? SEX AND CHARACTER
men. There are, as has already often been demonstrated, men who have become women or have remained women; but there is no woman who has surpassed certain circum- scribed, not particularly elevated moral and intellectual limits. And, therefore, I must again assert that the woman of the highest standard is immeasurably beneath the man of lowest standard.
These objections may go even further and touch a pK)int where the ignoring of theory must assuredly become repre- hensible. Thereare,towit,nationsandraceswhosemen, though they can in no wise be regarded as intermediate forms of the sexes, are found to approach so slightly and so rarely to the ideal of manhood as set forth in my argu- ment, that the principles, indeed the entire foundation on which this work rests, would seem to be severely shaken by their existence. What shall we make, for example, out of the Chinese, with their feminine freedom from internal cravings and their incapacity for every effort ? One
might feel tempted to believe in the complete effeminacy of the whole race. It can at least be no mere whim of the entire nation that the Chinaman habitually wears a pigtail, and that the growth of his beard is of the very thinnest. But how does the matter stand with the negroes ? A genius has perhaps scarcely ever appeared amongst the negroes, and the standard of their morality is almost universally so low that it is beginning to be acknowledged in America
that their emancipation was an act of imprudence.
If, consequently, the principle of the intermediate forms of the sexes may perhaps enjoy a prospect of becoming of
importance to racial anthropology (since in some peoples
a greater share of womanishness would seem to be generally disseminated), it must yet be conceded that the foregoing deductions refer above all to Aryan men and Aryan women. In how far, in the other great races of mankind, uniformity with the standard of the Aryan race may reign, or what has prevented and hindered this ; to arrive more nearly at such knowledge would require in the first instance the most
302
intense research into racial characteristics.
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303 The Jewish race, which has been chosen by me as a sub- ject of discussion, because, as will be shown, it presents the gravest and most formidable difficulties for my views, appears to possess a certain anthropological relationship with both negroes and Mongolians. The readily curling hair points to the negro ; admixture of Mongolian blood is suggested by the perfectly Chinese or Malay formation of face and skull which is so often to be met with amongst the Jews and which is associated with a yellowish com- plexion. Thisisnothingmorethantheresultofeveryday experience, and these remarks must not be otherwise understood ; the anthropological question of the origin of the Jewish race is apparently insoluble, and even such an interesting answer to it as that given by H. S. Chamber- lain has recently met with much opposition. The author
does not possess the knowledge necessary to treat of this ;
what will be here briefly, but as far as possible profoundly analysed, is the psychical peculiarity of the Jewish race.
This is an obligatory task imposed by psychological observation and analysis. It is undertaken independently of past history, the details of which must be uncertain. The Jewish race offers a problem of the deepest significance for the study of all races, and in itself it is intimately
bound up with many of the most troublesome problems of the day.
I must, however, make clear what I mean by Judaism ; I mean neither a race nor a people nor a recognised creed. I think of it as a tendency of the mind, as a psychological constitution which is a possibility for all mankind, but which has become actual in the most conspicuous fashion only amongst the Jews. Antisemitism itself will confirm my point of view.
The purest Aryans by descent and disposition are seldom Antisemites, although they are often unpleasantly moved by some of the peculiar Jewish traits ; they cannot in the least understand the Antisemite movement, and are, in conse- quence of their defence of the Jews, often called Philo- semites ; and yet these persons writing on the subject of
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the hatred of Jews, have been guilty of the most profound misunderstandingoftheJewishcharacter. Theaggressive Antisemites, on the other hand, nearly always display certain Jewish characters, sometimes apparent in their faces, al- though they may have no real admixture of Jewish blood. *
The explanation is simple. People love in others the qualities they would like to have but do not actually have in any great degree ; so also we hate in others only what we do not wish to be, and what notwithstanding we are partly. We hate only qualities to which we approximate, but which we realise first in other persons.
Thus the fact is explained that the bitterest Antisemites are to be found amongst the jews themselves. For only the quite Jewish Jews, like the completely Aryan Aryans, are not at all Antisemitically disposed ; among the remainder only the commoner natures are actively Antisemitic and pass sentence on others without having once sat in judg- ment on themselves in these matters ; and very few exercise their Antisemitism first on themselves. This one thing, however, remains none the less certain : whoever detests the Jewish disposition detests it first of all in himself ; that he should persecute it in others is merely his endeavour to separate himself in this way from Jewishness ; he strives to slj^ke it off and to localise it in his fellow-creatures, and so for a moment to dream himself free of it. Hatred, like love, is a projected phenomenon; that person alone is haled who reminds one unpleasantly of oneself.
The Antisemitism of the Jews bears testimony to the fact that no one who has had experience of them considers them loveable--not even the Jew himself ; the Antisemi- tism of the Aryans grants us an insight no less full of
* Zola was a typical case of a person absolutely without trace of the Jewish qualities, and, therefore, a philosemite. The greatest geniuses, on the other hand, have nearly always been antisemites (Tacitus, Pascal, Voltaire, Herder, Goethe, Kant, Jean Paul, Schopenhauer, Grillparzer, Wagner) ; this comes about from the fact as geniuses they have something of everything in their natures, and so can understand Judaism.
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JUDAISM
significance : it is that the Jew and the Jewish race must notbeconfounded. ThereareAryanswhoaremoreJewish than Jews, and real Jews who are more Aryan than certain Aryans. Ineednotenumeratethosenon-semiteswhohad much Jewishness in them, the lesser (like the well-known Frederick Nicolai of the eighteenth century) nor those of moderate greatness (here Frederick Schiller can scarcely beomitted),norwillI analysetheirJewishness. Aboveall Richard Wagner--the bitterest Antisemite--cannot be held free from an accretion of Jewishness even in his art, how- ever little one be misled by the feeling which sees in him the greatest artist enshrined in historical humanity ; and this, though indubitably his Siegfried is the most un-
Jewish type imaginable. As Wagner's aversion to grand opera and the stage really led to the strongest attraction, an attraction of which he was himself conscious, so his music, which, in the unique simplicity of its motifs, is the most powerful in the world, cannot be declared free from obtru- siveness, loudness, and lack of distinction ; from some con- sciousness of this Wagner tried to gain coherence by the extremeinstrumentationofhisworks. Itcannotbedenied (there can be no mistake about it) that Wagner's music produces the deepest impression not only on Jewish Anti- semites, who have never completely shaken off Jewishness, but also on Indo-Germanic Antisemites. From the music of " Parsifal," which to genuine Jews will ever remain as unapproachable as its poetry, from the Pilgrim's march and the procession to Rome in " Tannhau? ser," and assuredly frommanyanotherpart,theyturnaway. Doubtless,also, none but a German could make so clearly manifest the very essence of the German race as Wagner has succeeded indoinginthe"MeistersingersofNu? rnberg. " InWagner one thinks constantly of that side of his character which leans towards Feuerbach, instead of towards Schopenhauer. Here no narrow psychological depreciation of this great manisintended. Judaismwastohimthegreatesthelpin reaching a clearer understanding and assertion of the extremes within him in his struggle to reach " Siegfried" and
u
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" Parsifal," and in giving to German nature the highest means of expression which has probably ever been found in thepagesofhistory. YetagreaterthanWagnerwasobliged to overcome the Jewishness within him before he found his special vocation ; and it is, as previously stated, perhaps its great significance in the world's history and the immense merit of Judaism that it and nothing else, leads the Aryan to a knowledge of himself and warns him against himself. For this the Aryan has to thank the Jew that, through him, he knows to guard against Judaism as a possibility within himself. This example will sufficiently illustrate what, in my estimation, is to be understood by Judaism.
I donotrefertoanationortoarace,toacreedortoa scripture. When I speak of the Jew I mean neither an individual nor the whole body, but mankind in general, in so far as it has a share in the platonic idea of Judaism. My purpose is to analyse this idea.
That these researches should be included in a work devoted to the characterology of the sexes may seem an undue extension of my subject. But some reflection will lead to the surprising result that Judaism is saturated with femininity, with precisely those qualities the essence of whichI haveshowntobeinthestrongestoppositiontothe male nature. It would not be difficult to make a case for the view that the Jew is more saturated with femininity than the Aryan, to such an extent that the most manly Jew is more feminine than the least manly Aryan.
This interpretation would be erroneous. It is most important to lay stress on the agreements and differences simply because so many points that become obvious in dissecting woman reappear in the Jew.
Let me begin with the analogies. It is notable that the Jews, even now when at least a relative security of tenure is possible, prefer moveable property, and, in spite of their acquisitiveness, have little real sense of personal property, especially in its most characteristic form, landed property. Property is indissolubly connected with the self, with individuality. It is in harmony with the foregoing that the
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307 jew is so readily disposed to communism. Communism must be distinguished clearly from socialism, the former being based on a community of goods, an absence of individual property, the latter meaning, in the first place a co-operation of individual with individual, of worker with worker, and a recognition of human individuality in every one. Socialism is Aryan (Owen, Carlyle, Ruskin, Fichte). Communism is Jewish (Marx). Modern social democracy has moved far apart from the earlier socialism, precisely because Jews have taken so large a share in developing it. In spite of the associative element in it, the Marxian doctrine does not lead in any way towards the State as a union of all the separate individual aims, as the higher unit combining the purposes of the lower units. Such a con-
ception is as foreign to the Jew as it is to the woman.
For these reasons Zionism must remain an impracticable
ideal, notwithstanding the fashion in which it has brought
togethersomeofthenoblestqualitiesoftheJews. Zionism
is the negation of Judaism, for the conception of Judaism
involvesaworld-widedistributionoftheJews. Citizenship
is an un-Jewish thing, and there has never been and never
JUDAISM
willbeatrueJewishState. TheStateinvolvestheaggrega- I
tion of individual aims, the formation of and obedience to self-imposed laws ; and the symbol of the State, if nothing more, is its head chosen by free election. The opposite conception is that of anarchy, with which present-day communism is closely allied. The ideal State has never been historically realised, but in every case there is at least a minimum of this higher unit, this conception of an ideal power which distinguishes the State from the mere collec- tion of human beings in barracks. Rousseau's much-
despised theory of the conscious co-operation of individuals to form a State deserves more attention than it now receives. Some ethical notion of free combination must always be included.
The true conception of the State is foreign to the Jew, because he, like the woman, is wanting in personality; his failure to grasp the idea of true society is due to his lack of
? SEX AND CHARACTER
a free intelligible ego. Like women, Jews tend to adhere together, but they do not associate as free independent individuals mutually respecting each other's individuality.
As there is no real dignity in women, so what is meant by the word " gentleman " does not exist amongst the Jews. The genuine Jew fails in this innate good breeding by which alone individuals honour their own individuality and respect that of others. There is no Jewish nobility, and this is the more surprising as Jewish pedigrees can be traced back for thousands of years.
The familiar Jewish arrogance has a similar explanation; it springs from want of true knowledge of himself and the consequent overpowering need he feels to enhance his own personality by depreciating that of his fellow-creatures. And so, although his descent is incomparably longer than that of the members of Aryan aristocracies, he has an inordinate love for titles. The Aryan respect for his ancestors is rooted in the conception that they were his ancestors ; it depends on his valuation of his own person- ality, and, in spite of the communistic strength and antiquity of the Jewish traditions, this individual sense of ancestry is lacking.
The faults of the Jewish race have often been attributed to the repression of that race by Aryans, and many Chris- tians are still disposed to blame themselves in this respect. But the self-reproach is not justified. Outward circum- stances do not mould a race in one direction, unless there is in the race the innate tendency to respond to the moulding forces ; the total result comes at least as much from the natural disposition as from the modifying circum- stances. We know now that the proof of the inheritance of acquired characters has broken down, and, in the human race still more than the lower forms of life, it is certain that individual and racial characters persist in spite of all adaptive moulding. When men change, it is from within, outwards, unless the change, as in the case of women, is a mere superficial imitation of real change, and is not rooted intheirnatures. Andhowcanwereconciletheideathat
3o8
? JUDAISM
the Jewish character is a modern modification with the history of the foundation of the race, given in the Old Testament without any disapprobation of how the patriarch Jacob deceived his dying father, cheated his brother Esau and over-reached his father-in-law, Laban ?
The defenders of the Jew have rightly acquitted him of any tendency to heinous crimes, and the legal statistics of different countries confirm this. The Jew is not really anti-moral. But, none the less, he does not represent the highest ethical type. He is rather non-moral, neither very good nor very bad, with nothing in him of either the angel or the devil. Notwithstanding the Book of Job and the story of Eden, it is plain that the conceptions of a Supreme Good and a Supreme Evil are not truly Jewish ; I have no wish to enter upon the lengthy and controversial topics of Biblical criticism, but at the least I shall be on sure ground when I say that these conceptions play the least significant part in modern Jewish life. Orthodox or un- orthodox, the modern Jew does not concern himself with God and the Devil, with Heaven and Hell. If he does not reach the heights of the Aryan, he is also less inclined to commit murder or other crimes of violence.
So also in the case of the woman ; it is easier for her defenders to point to the infrequency of her commission of serious crimes than to prove her intrinsic morality. The homology of Jew and woman becomes closer the further examinationgoes. Thereisnofemaledevil,andnofemale angel ; only love, with its blind aversion from actuality, sees in woman a heavenly nature, and only hate sees in her a prodigy of wickedness. Greatness is absent from the nature of the woman and the Jew, the greatness of morality, or the greatness of evil. In the Aryan man, the good and bad principles of Kant's religious philosophy are ever pre- sent, ever in strife. In the Jew and the woman, good and evil are not distinct from one another.
jews, then, do not live as free, self-governing individuals, choosing between virtue and vice in the Aryan fashion. They are a mere collection of similar individuals each cast
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? 3IO SEX AND CHARACTER
in the same mould, the whole forming as it were a con- tinuousPlasmodium. TheAntisemitehasoftenthoughtof this as a defensive and aggressive union, and has formulated the conception of a Jewish " solidarity. " There is a deep confusion here. When some accusation is made against some unknown member of the Jewish race, all Jews secretly take the part of the accused, and wish, hope for, and seek to establish his innocence. But it must not be thought that they are mteresting themselves more in the fate of the
individual Jew than they would do in the case of an indi- vidual Christian. It is the menace to Judaism in general, the fear that the shameful shadow may do harm to Judaism as a whole, which is the origin of the apparent feeling of sympathy. Inthesameway,womenaredelightedwhena member of their sex is depreciated, and will themselves assist, until the proceeding seems to throw a disadvan- tageous light over the sex in general, so frightening men from marriage. The race or sex alone is defended, not the
individual.
It would be easy to understand why the family (in its
biological not its legal sense) plays a larger role amongst the Jews than amongst any other people ; the English, who in certain ways are akin to the Jews, coming next. The family, in this biological sense, is feminine and maternal in its origin, and has no relation to the State or to society. The fusion, the continuity of the members of the family, reaches its highest point amongst the Jews. In the Indo- Germanic races, especially in the case of the more gifted, but also in quite ordinary individuals, there is never com- plete harmony between father and son consciously, or
;
unconsciously, there is always in the mind of the son a cer- tain feeling of impatience against the man who, unasked, brought him into the world, gave him a name, and deter- mined his limitations in this earthly life. It is only amongst the Jews that the son feels deeply rooted in the family and IS fully at one with his father. It scarcely ever happens amongst Christians that father and son are really friends. Amongst Christians even the daughters stand a little further
? JUDAISM 311
apart from the family circle than happens with Jewesses, and more frequently take up some calling which isolates them and gives them independent interests.
We reach at this point a fact in relation to the argument of the last chapter. I showed there that the essential element in the pairing instinct was an indistinct sense of individuality and of the limits between individuals. Men who are match-makers have always a Jewish element in them. TheJewisalwaysmoreabsorbedbysexualmatters than the Aryan, although he is notably less potent sexually andlessliabletobeenmeshedinagreatpassion. TheJews are habitual match-makers, and in no race does it so often happen that marriages are arranged by men. This kind of activity is certainly peculiarly necessary in their case, for, as I have alread)- stated, there is no people amongst which marriages for love are so rare. The organic disposition of the Jews towards match-making is associated with their racial failure to comprehend asceticism. It is interesting to note that the Jewish Rabbis have always been addicted to speculations as to the begetting of children and have a rich tradition on the subject, a natural result in the case of the people who invented the phrase as to the duty of *' multi- plying and replenishing the earth. "
The pairing instinct is the great remover of the limits between individuals; and the Jew, par excellence, is the breaker down ot such limits. He is at the opposite pole from aristocrats, with whom the preservation of the limits between individuals is the leading idea.
