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Phot. , 1. c. )--IV. The fourth of the name, son of the
preceding by Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos,
was a child at his accession. He married the daugh-
ter of Antiochus the Great, a union that involved
him in a political alliance with that sovereign, and
consequent hostility with the Romans. He was saved
from dethronement after the battle of Magnesia by a
timely and submissive embassy to the Consul Man-
ilas, and the payment of 600 talents. Soon after we
find him allied to Eumcnes, king of Pergamus, who
married his daughter; and by means of this monarch
he was admitted to the favour and friendship of the
Romans. (Liv. , 38, 39. ) He was also the ally of
Eumenes against Pharnaces, B. C. 183-179. After
a reign of nearly fifty-eight years he transmitted his
crown to his son Ariarathes" V. --V. The fifth of the
name, son of the preceding, was sumamed Philopator.
He was dethroned by Demetrius Soter, king of Syria,
who brought forward Holophemes, the supposititious
son of Ariarathes IV. Being driven from his kingdom,
he took refuge with the Romans, by whom he was re-
stored; in which restoration Attalus II. , of Pergamus,
assisted. According to Appian (Bell. Syr. , 47), the
Romans appointed Ariarathes and Holophemes to
? ? reign conjointly. This joint government, however,
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? r
A 14 I
ness of mind under which Arideus laboured unfitted
him for rule, Perdiccas, as protector, exercised the ac-
tual sway. He reigned seven years, under the title
of Philip An Ja. us. and was then put to death with his
wife Eurydice by Olympias. --The more accurate form
of the name is Arrhidseus, from the Greek 'A/J/Jioaioc.
The more common one, however, is AridsBUS. (Jut-
tut. 13, S, 11. -- Id. , 13, 3, 1. -- Id. , 14, 5, 10. --
Quint. Curt. , 10, 7, 2. -- Diod. Sic, 17, 2. -- Id. , 18,
3. --Arruin,, ap. Phot. , Cod. , 92. )
A Bit. Yid. Aria.
Akima (ru 'A . . . uu opt], Arimi Monies), a chain of
mountains, respecting the position of which ancient
authorities differ. Some place it in Phrygia (Diod.
Sic, 5, 71. --Compare Wessclintr, ad loc), others in
Lydia. Mysia, Cilicia, or Syria. They appear to have
been of volcanic character, from the fable connected
with them, that they were placed upon Typhosus or
Typbon. (Horn. , It , 2, 783. ) Those who are in fa-
vour of Phrygia, Lydia, or Mysia, refer to the district
called Catacecaumene (KaraKeKavfthri), as lying
parched with subterranean tires. Those who decide
for Giiieia or Syria agree in a manner among them-
selves, if by the Arimi as a people we mean the Aramei
who had settled in the former of these countries.
(Compare Htynr. ad Mom. , II. , 2, 783, and consult
remarks under the article Inarime. )
Arimaspi, a people of Scythia, who, according to
Herodotus (3, 116, and 4, 27), had but one eye, and
waged a continual contest with the griffons (vid.
Gryphes) that guarded the gold, which, according to
the same writer, was found in vast quantities in the
vicinity of this people. The name is derived by him
from two Scythian words, Arima, one, and Spu, an
eye. (Compare JEschyl. , Prom. V. , 809, scqq. --
McU, 2, 1, 15. Plin. , 4, 26. -- Dionys. Paris*. , 31.
-- Fhilostr. . Vit. Soph. , vol. 2, p. 584, ed. Orell. )
Modern opinions, of course, vary with regard to the
origin of this legend. De ^iuignes (Mem. de I'Acad.
iti Inter. , vol. 35, p. 562) makes the Arimaspi to
have been the Hiong-nou, of whom the Chinese his-
torians speak, and -. >> ho were situate to the north of
them, extending from the river Irtisch, in the country
cf the Calmucs, to the confines of eastern Tartary.
Ketehard (The*. Top. , p. 17) contends, that the name
of the Arimaspi is still preserved in that of* Arimas-
cheis Kaia. in Asiatic Russia, in the Government of
Perm. Kennel! (Gi-oer. He rod. , vol. 1, p. 178) places
thus people in the region of Mount Altai, a tract of
country containing much gold, the name Altai itself
being derived, according to some, from alta, a term
which signifies gold in the Mongul and Calmuc
tongues. With this opinion of Rennell's the specula-
:i n^ at Yolker agTee. (Myth. , Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 193,
<<m,J Wahl also places the Arimaspi in the regions
of Altai, and speaks of a people there whose heads
we so enveloped against the cold as to leave but one
opening for the vision, whence he thinks the fable of a
ved race arose. (Osttnd. , p. 409. ) Hitter trans-
fen the Arimaspi, along with the Issedoncs and Mas-
eagetsr, to the southern bank of the Oxus, in ancient
Bjrtria, making them a noble and warlike tribe of the
Mede* or Cadusii. (Vorhalle, p. 282, scqq. . 305. )
Hairing refers the term Arimaspian to the stccd-mount-
fd fere fathers of the German race before the migrations
of this people into Europe, and be deduces the name
from the Persian Arim and esp, the latter of which
? ? means "a horse. " (Wien. Jahrb. , 69, p.
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? ARION.
lived and wrote in the Peloponnesus, among Dorian
nations. It was at Corinth, in the reign of Periander,
that he first practised a cyclic chorus in the perform-
ance of a dithyramb; where he probably took advan-
tage of some local accidents and made beginnings,
which alone could justify Pindar in considering Co-
rinth as the native city of the Dithyramb. (Herod. ,
1, 23. -- Compare Hcllanic, ap. Sckol. ad Aristoph. ,
Av. , 1403. -- Aristot. , ap. Prod. , Chrestom. , p. 382,
ed. Gaisf. --Pind. , Olymp. , 13, 18. )--A curious fable
is related by Herodotus (I. c. ) of this same Arion.
He was accustomed to spend the most of his time
with Periander, king of Corinth. On a sudden, how-
ever, feeling desirous of visiting Italy and Sicily, he
sailed to those countries, and amassed there great
riches. He set sail from Tarentum after this, in or-
der to return to Corinth, but the mariners formed a
plot against him, when they were at sea, to throw him
overboard and seize his riches. Arion, having ascer-
tained this, offered them all his treasure, only begging
that they would spare his life. But the seamen, being
inflexible, commanded him either to kill himself, that
he might be buried ashore, or to leap immediately into
the sea. Arion, reduced to this hard choice, earnestly
desired them to allow him to dress in his richest appa-
rel, and to sing a measure, standing at the time on the
poop of the ship. The mariners assented, pleased with
the idea of their being about to hear the best singer of
the day, and retired from the stern to the middle of the
vessel. In the mean time, Arion, having put on all his
robes, took his harp and performed the Orthian strain,
as it was termed. At the end of the air he leaped into
the sea, and the Corinthians continued their voyage
homeward. A dolphin, however, attracted by the
music, received Arion on its back, and bore him in
safety to Tsmarus. On reaching this place, his story
was disbelieved by Periander; but an examination of
the seamen, when they also arrived, removed all the
monarch's suspicions about Arion's veracity, and the
mariners were put to death. In commemoration of
this event, a statue was made of brass, representing a
man on a dolphin's back, and was consecrated at Tena-
nts. Such is the story told by Herodotus. Larcher's
explanation is a very tame and improbable one. He
thinks that Arion threw himself into the sea in or near
the harbour of Tarentum; that the Corinthians, with-
out troubling themselves any farther, set sail; that
Arion gained the shore, met with another vessel ready
to depart, which had the figure-head of a dolphin, and
that this vessel outstripped the Corinthian ship. (Lar-
cher, ad loc. ) The solution which Miillcr gives is far
more ingenious, though not much in accordance with
the simplicity of early fable. It is as follows: The
colony which went to Tarentum under Phalanthus,
sailed from Tamarus to Italy, with the rites and under
the protection of Neptune. The mythic mode of in-
dicating this was by a statue, representing Taras, the
son of Neptune, and original founder of the place,
seated on a dolphin's back, as if in the act of crossing
the sea from Tenants to Tarentum. This was placed
on the Tenarian promontory. In process of time,
however, the legend ceased to be applied to Taras,
and Arion became the hero of the tain, the order of the
voyage being reversed; and the love of music, which
the dolphin was fabled by the ancients to possess, be-
came a means of adding to the wonders of the story.
(Miller, Doner, vol. 2, p. 369, nol. --Plehn, Lesbiac,
p. 166. )--II. A celebrated steed, often mentioned in
? ? fable, which not only possessed a human voice (Pro-
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? r
ARI
subject would seem to favour the supposition that the
author of" the work in question never bore the name
o{ Arist:i-notiis; this being the appellation given by
the writer to the fictitious personage who is supposed
to have written the first letter in the collection. And
it may so have happened, that the copyists mistook
this name for that of the author himself. This last
opinion has been adopted by Merrier, Bergler, Pauw,
and Boissonade.
The work of Aristametus is a col-
lection of Erotic Epistles, entitled 'E7riaro? ,al tpurt-
tai. The greater part of these pieces are only, in
fact, so far to be regarded as letters, as bearing a su-
perscription which gives them somewhat of an epis-
tolary form; they- are, in truth, a species of tales, or
exercises on imaginary subjects. In one of them, a
lover draws the portrait of his mistress; in another,
we have a description of the artifices practised by a
coquet; in a third, a tale after the manner of Boc-
r i. -i '. dec. These letters are divided into two books,
of which the first contains twenty-eight pieces; and
the second, which is not complete, twenty-two. The
style of Aristssnetus, which is almost uniformly of a
declamatory character, is frequently wanting in nature
and taste. It is filled with phrases borrowed from
the poets. The best editions of this writer are, that
of Abresch, Zveollae, 3 vols. 13mo, the third volume
containing the notes and conjectures of various schol-
ars; and that of Boissonade, Paris, 1822, 8vo. This
Utter edition is, on the whole, the better one of the
two. On the merits of Abresch's edition, consult the
remarks of Bast, in his Specimen cd. nov. Epist. Ar-
iv'. -. . p. 9, seqq. . and on those of Boissonade's the
observations of Hoffmann, Lex. Bibl. , vol. 1. p. 253.
(Compare SchiiU, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 6, p. 248, scqq )
AaisTJsns, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene,
was born in the part of Libya afterward named from
his mother, and brought up by the Seasons, who fed
hhn on nectar and ambrosia, and thus rendered him
immortal. According to the prediction of the centaur
Chiron, as made to Apollo respecting him, he was to
be called "Jove. '7 and " holy Apollo," and " Agreus"
(Hunter), and " Noniios" (Herdsman); and also Aris-
t<<as. (Pind. , Pyth. , 9, 104, seqq. ) The invention
of th>> culture of the olive, and of the art of managing
bees, was ascribed to him; and Aristotle (ap. Schol
cd Tkeocr. , 5, 63) says he was taught them by the
nymphs who had reared him. Tradition also related,
that one time, when the isle of Ceos was afflicted by
a droutrht. caused by the excessive heat of the dog-
days, the inhabitants invited Aristajus thither; and,
on his erecting an altar to Jupiter Icmams (the Motst-
(wr), the Etesian breezes breathed over the isie, and
the evil departed. -After his death he was deified by
the people of Ceos. (. Apoll. Kh. , 2, 506, seqq. --
Schol. ad ApoU. Rh. , 2, 498. --Serv. ad Yirg. , Gcorg. ,
1. 14. ) Virgil has elegantly related the story of the
love of Aristsus for Eurydice the wife of Orpheus,
his pursuit of her, and her unfortunate death by the
sting of the serpent ; on which the Napa? an nymphs
destroyed all his bees ; and the mode adopted by him,
on the advice of his mother, to stock once more his
hives. (Gcorg. , 4, 282, seqq. --Compare Ovid, Fast. ,
I, 363, seqq. ) Aristieus married Autonoe, daughter
of Cadmus, by whom he became the father of Actsson.
(Kagkilcy's 'Mythology, id cd. , p. 330. ) Thus much
for the legend. Aristseus would seem in reality to have
keen an early deitv of Arcadia, whence the Parrhasii
? ? carried his worship into the island of Ceos; of Thes-
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? ARI
ARISTIDES.
ed with advantage in relation to this astronomer:
Histoire d'Aristarque de Samos, suivie de la traduc-
tion de son outrage sur les distances du soldi de la
tunc, &c, par M. de F\ortta d'Urban). Paris,
1810, 8vo.
Aristeas, I. a poet of ProconneBUs, who, as Herod-
otus relates, appeared seven years after his death to
his countrymen, and composed a poem on the Arimas-
pians. He then disappeared a second time, and, after
the lapse of three hundred and forty years, appeared
in the city of Mctapontum in Magna Grrccia, and di-
rected the inhabitants to erect an altar to Apollo, and
a statue by that altar, which should bear the name of
Aristeas the Proconnesian. He informed them also
that he attended this god, and was at such times a
crow, though now he went under the name of Aristeas.
Having uttered these words he vanished. (Herod. ,
4, 15--Compare the somewhat different account giv-
en by Pliny, 7, 52. ) The poem alluded to above
was epic in its character, and in three books. The
subject of it was the wars between Griffons and Ari-
maspians. Longinus (Y 10) has recorded six of the
verses of Aristeas, which he justly considers more
florid than sublime; and Tzetzes (Chil. , 7, 688) has
preserved six more. (Larcher, ad Herod. , 1. c. )--Hit-
ter has made this singular legend the basis of some
profound investigations. He sees in Aristeas a priest
of the Sun (the Koros or Buddha of the early nations
of India); and he compares with this the remark of
Porphyry (de Abstinent. , 4, p. 399, ed. Lugd. Bat. ,
1620), that, among the magi, a crow was the symbol
of a priest of the sun. He discovers also in the ear-
lier name of that part of Italy where Mctapontum was
situate, namely, Bottiaa, an obscure reference to the
worship of Buddha. Whatever our opinion of his
theory may be, the legend of Aristeas Certainly in-
volves the doctrines of the metempsychosis. (Bitter,
Vorhalle, p. 278, seqq. )--II. An officer under Ptole-
my Philadelphus, to whom is ascribed a Greek work
still extant, entitled, " A History of the Interpreters of
Scripture," giving an account of the manner in which
the Septuagint was written. The best edition is that
printed at Oxford in 1692, in 8vo. It is found also,
with a very learned refutation, in a work entitled Ho-
dii de Bibliorum tcxtibus onginalibus liliri iv. , Oxon. ,
1705, fol. ; and likewise in the second volume of
Havercamp's edition of Josephus; and at the end of
Van Dale's Dissertation, de LXX. Intcrpretibus super
Aristeam, Amstelod. , 1705, 4to. As to other works
by Aristeas, consult Scbard (Arg. , sub Jin. --Joseph. ,
ed. Han. , vol. 2, p. 102).
Aristbba, an island lying to the southeast of the
peninsula of Argolis, in the Sinus Hermionicus. (Pau-
san. , 2, 34. )
AkistTdks, I. a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysim-
achus, and a contemporary of Themistocles. He
entered upon public affairs at a comparatively early
age, and distinguished himself so much by his integ-
rity, that, although inclined to the aristocracy, he nev-
ertheless received from the people the remarkable ap-
pellation of the Just. His conduct at Marathon did
no less honour to his military talents than to his dis-
interestedness. Of the ten Athenian generals, he
was the only one who agreed with Miltiades upon the
propriety of risking a battle; and, rcnouncinghis day of
command in favour of this commander, he prevailed
upon the other generals to do the same. After ser-
? ? vices so important as these, he was, nevertheless,
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? ARI
ARI
lUe ancients assigned to Aristides the invention of
painting on wax. (Sitttg, Diet. Art. , >>. >>) -- IV. A
Greek orator, born at Hadrianopolis in Bithynia, about
AD. 129, according to the common opinion; but more
correctly in A. D. 117. After having applied himself,
with extraordinary ardour, to the study of eloquence,
he travelled in Asia, Greece, and Egypt, leaving be-
hind him everywhere a high opinion of his talents and
virtues. Many cities erected statues to him, one of
which is still preserved in the Vatican. On finishing
his travels, he took up his residence at Smyrna, where
he continued to live until his death, holding a station
in a temple of . Esculapius. Aristides, by a diligent
perusal of Demosthenes and Plato, was able to avoid
the errors of the declaimcrs of his time. His com-
patriots ranked him equal to the Athenian orator; an
nonoar, however, to which he had no just claims.
His discourses are distinguished for thought and argu-
ment. His style is strong, but often wanting in grace.
We have fifty-four declamations of Aristides remain-
ing at the present day, most of them celebrating some
divinity, or else the Emperor Marcus Aurclius and
other personages. One of these discourses is in the
form of a letter to the emperor, on the destruction of
Smyrna by an earthquake, A. D. 178. The monarch
was so much affected by it, that he immediately gave
orders for rebuilding the city. There exists, also from
the pen of this orator, a work on the style that is adapt-
ed to pablic affairs, and that suited to plain and sim-
ple topics (-rrepi ttoXitikov nai utfiehovr Xoyov). Among
th? discourses of Aristides there are five, and the bc-
ginnrhg of a sixth, which were regarded by the an-
cients as the fruit of imposture, or of a credulity un-
worthy a ni-iii of so much general credit. Some of
them appear to touch on animal magnetism. --The Abbe
Mai found, not many years ago, a palimpsest manu-
script of A ristides in the Vatican Library, containing
come unedited fragments of this orator. The best
editions of Aristides are that of Jebb, Oxon. , 1722-30,
4to; and that of LHndorf, Lips. , 3 vols. 8vo. The lat-
ter in decidedly the better of the two, the text having
been more carefully corrected by MSS. Rciske com-
plains heavily of the former, on account of the want of
care in collating MSS. , Ate. --V. A Platonic philoso-
pher, bom at Athens. He became a convert to Chris-
tianity, and presented to the Emperor Hadrian an
"Apology" for the new religion, which, it is said, in-
duced the monarch to pass his edict, by which no one
was to be put to death without a regular accusation
and conviction. This edict was directly favourable
to the Christians. The Apology is lost, but is highly
praised by St. Jerome, who had read it. --VI. A Greek
writer on music. He is supposed to have lived about
the commencement of the second century of our era.
His work is in three books, and the best edition of it
is that contained in the collection of Mcibomius, In-
tujuj- Muxictt Scriptores, Amstcl. , 1652, 4to.
Aristippis. I. a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to
Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect, who flour-
ished about 392 B. C. Socrates, however, with whom
he remained till his execution (Hal. , Pkad. , p. 59),
does not appear to have cured him of his inclination
for pleasure. For although there is little consistency
in the notice* we have of his life and conduct, it is
nevertheless clear, from a variety of anecdotes, that,
notwithstanding he was able to endure privations and
ratferings with equanimity and dignity, his serenity of
? ? mind arose principally from the readiness with which
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? ARI
ARI
during the second Messenian war. and being the cause
of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B.