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The city now took the name of Jerusalem, a term
which denotes the abode, or (according to another de-
rivation), the people, of peace. (Consult Reland, p.
633. --Gcscmus, Hcbr. Lei. , s. v. ) The Septuagint
version gives tipovaa? . r/u as the form of the name,
while by the Greek and Roman writers the place is
called Hierosolyma. At present this city is known
throughout Western Asia by the Arabic name of El-
Kads, which signifies *' holiness. " ( Vid. Cadytis. )--
Jerusalem was built on several hills, the largest of
wh'-h was Mount Sion, which formed the southern
part of the city. A valley towards the north separ-
ated thia from Acra, the second or lower city, on the
east of which was Mount Moriah, the site of the tem-
ple of Solomon. Northeast of Mount Moriah was the
Mount of Olives, on the south was the valley of Hin-
nom, and at the north Mount Calvary, the scene of
our Lord's crucifixion. Passing over Ae history of
this celebrated city, so fully detailed in the sacred vol-
ume, we come to the memorable period of its capture
and destruction by Titus. The date of this event was
the 8th of September, A. D. 70. During this sicgo
and capture 1,100,000 persons are said to have per-
ished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and
afterwfrd either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed
for the sport of their insolent victors to the fury of
wild beasts. In fact, the population, not of Jerusa-
lem alone, but that of the adjacent districts, many who
had taken refuge in the city, more who had assembled
for the feast of unleavened bread, had been shut up by
the sudden formation of the siege. The ardent zeal
of the Jewish nation for their holy city and temple soon
caused both to be again rebuilt; but fresh commotions
compelled the Emperor 'Hadrian to interfere, and or-
dain that no Jew should remain in, or even approach
near Jerusalem, on pain of death. On the ruins of
their temple the same emperor caused a temple in hon-
our of Jupiter Capitolmus to be erected, and the im-
? ? age of a hog *o be cut in stone over the gate leading
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? HIEROSOLYMA.
HIEKOSOLYMA.
tot, then the council house, and abutted on the tow-
? r llippicus, whence the northern wall sprang. The
old wall then ran southward through Betbso to the
gate of the Essenes, all along the ridge of the Valley
of Hinnom, above the pool of Siloam, then eastward
again to the Pool of Solomon, so on through Opha,
probably a deep glen: it then joined the eastern por-
tico of the temple. Thus there were, it might seem,
four distinct towns, each requiring a separate siege.
The capture of the first wall only opened Bezctha;
the fortifications of the northern part of the temple,
the Antonia, and the second wall, still defended the
other quarters. The second wall forced, only a part
of the lower city was won; the strong rock-built cita-
del of Antonia and the temple on one hand, and Sion
on the other, were not the least weakened. The whole
circuit of these walls was guarded with towers, built
of the same solid masonry with the rest of the walls.
They were thirty-five feet broad and thirty-five high;
but above this height were lofty chambers, and above
those again upper rooms, and large tanks to receive
the rain-water. Broad flights of steps led up to them.
Ninety of these towers stood in the first wall, fourteen
in the second, and sixty in the third. The intervals
between the towers were about three hundred and
fifty feet. The whole circuit of the city, according to
Josephus, was thirty-three stadia, rather more than
four miles. The most magnificent of all these towers
was that of Psephina, opposite to which Titus en-
camped. It was one hundred and twenty-two and a
half feet high, and commanded a noble view of the
whole country of Judaea, to the border of Arabia, and
to the sea: it was an octagon. Answering to this
was the tower Hippicus, and following the old wall
stood those of Phasaelis and Mariamne. built by Herod,
and named after his wife, and his brother, and friend.
These were stupendous even as works of Herod.
Hippicus was square; forty-three and three fourths feet
each way. The whole height of the tower was one
hundred and forty feet; the tower itself fifty-two and
a half, a deep tank or reservoir thirty-five, two stories
of chambers forty-three and three fourths, battlements
? nd pinnacles eight and three fourths. Phasaelis was a
solid square of seventy feet. It was surrounded by
a portico seventeen and a half feet high, defended by
breastworks and bulwarks, and above the portico was
another tower, divided into lofty chambers and baths.
It was more richly ornamented than the rest with bat-
tlements and pinnacles, so that its whole height was
above one hundred and sixty-seven feet. It looked
from a distance like the tall pharos of Alexandrea.
Mariamne, though not equal in elevation, was more
luxuriously fitted up; it was built of solid wall thirty-
five feet high, and of the same widtn: on the whole,
with the upper chambers, it was about seventy-six and
three fourths feet high. These lofty towers appeared
? till higher from their situation. They were built on
the old wall, which ran along the steep brow of Sion.
The masonry was perfect: they were built of white
marble, cut in blocks thirty-five feet long, seventeen
and a half wide, eight and one fourth high, so fitted
that the towers seemed hewn out of the solid quarry. "
A description of the fortress Antonia is given under
that article. "High above the whole city rose the
temple, uniting the commanding strength of a citadel
vith the splendour of a sacred edifice. According to
Josephus, the esplanade on which it stood had been con-
? ? siderably eiiirged by the accumulation of fresh soil
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? HIEROSOLIMA.
I bunch: and these were hung up upon it; and so it
wu increasing continually. ' The temple itself, ex-
cepting in the extension of the wings of the propylon,
was probably the same in its dimensions and distribu-
tion with that of Solomon. It contained the same
holy treasures, if not of equal magnificence, yet, by the
leal of successive age<<, the frequent plunder to which
it had been exposed was constantly replaced; and
within, the golden candlestick spread out its flowering
branches, the golden table supported the shew-bread,
and the altar of incense flamed with its costly perfume.
The roof of the temple had been set all over, on the
outside, with sharp golden spikes, to prevent the birds
from settling on and defiling the roof (vid. , however,
remarks under the article Elicius), "and the gates
were still sheeted with plates of the same splendid
metal. At a distance the whole temple looked liter-
ally like a mount of snow, fretted with golden pinna-
cles. " (Milman, History of the Jews, vol. 3, p. 22,
"? '/'I )--Jerusalem, in more modern times, has not
ceased to be an object of inviting interest to the trav-
eller. About the year 705 of our era, it was visited
by ArcuUus, from whose report Adamnam composed
a narrative, which was received with considerable ap-
probation. Eighty years later, Willibald, a Saxon,
undertook the same journey. In Jerusalem he saw
all that Arculfus had seen; but he previously visited
the tomb of the seven sleepers, and the cave in which
St. John wrote the Apocalypse. Bernard proceeded
to Palestine in the year 878. The crusades, however,
threw open the holy places to the eyes of all Europe;
and, accordingly, so long as a Christian king swayed
the aceptre in the capital of Judaea, the merit of indi-
ridual pilgrimage was greatly diminished. But no
sooner had the warlike Saracens recovered possession
of Jerusalem, than the wonted difficulty and danger
returned. In 1331, William de Bouldesell ventured
mum expedition into Arabia and Palestine, of which
some account has been published. A hundred years
afterward, Bertrandon de la Broquiere sailed from
Venice to Jaffa. At Jerusalem he found the Chris-
tians reduced to a state of the most cruel thraldom.
At Damascus they were treated with equal severity.
The beginning of the 17th century witnessed a higher
order of travellers, who, from such a mixture of mo-
tives as might actuate either a pilgrim or an antiquary,
undertook the perilous tour of the Holy Land. Among
these, one of the most distinguished was George
Sandys, who commenced his peregrinationa in the
year 1610. He was succeeded by Doubdan, Cheron,
Thevenot, Gonzalcs, Morison, Maundrell, and Po-
cocke. Of the more recent travellers, however, the
most interesting and intelligent is Dr. Clarke. "We
had not^been prepared," remarks this writer, descri-
bing his approach to the ancient capital of Judsea, "for
the grandeur of the spectacle which the city alone ex-
hibited. Instead of a wretched and ruined town, by
some described as the desolated remnant of Jerusa-
lem, wo beheld, as it were, a flourishing and stately
metropolis; presenting a magnificent assemblage of
domes, towers, palaces, churches, and monasteries;
all of which, glittering in the sun's rays, shone with
inconceivable splendour. " Dr. Clarke entered, how-
ever, by the Damascus gate. He confesses that there
is n> other point of view in which the city is seen to
HO much advantage, as ihe one from which he beheld
it, the summit of a hill at about an hour's distance.
In the celebrated prospect from the Mount of Olives,
? ? the city lies too low, and has too much the character
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? HIP
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tnd id ands called Oestrymnidea, which are usually'
considered to be Cornwall and the Scilly Islands.
. Gossellin, Rcckerchcs, vol. 4, p. 162, seqq. )--II. A
Carthaginian, who commanded in the wars with Dio-
lysius I. , tyrant of Syracuse, B. C. 405-368. Himil-
o <<as an able and successful general. He tookGela,
ilesaina, and many other cities in Sicily, and at length
xtieged Syracuse by sea and land, but he was de-
feated by Dionysius, who burned most of the Cartha-
ginian vessels. (Diod. Sic. , lib. 13 et 14. )--III. A
supporter of the Barca party at Carthage. (Liv. , 13,
13)--He was sent by the Carthaginian government
to oppose Marcellus in Sicily. [Lit. , 24, 35, seqq. --
Id. , 25, 23, seqq. )
Hipparchus, I. a son of Pisistratus, who, together
with his brother Hippias, succeeded his father as ty-
rant of Athens. An account of their government will
oc found under the article Hippias. Hipparchus was
assassinated by Harmodius and Aristogiton, for an ac-
count of which affair, consult remarks under the arti-
cle Harmodius. --II. The first astronomer on record
who really made systematic observations, and left be-
hind him a digested body of astronomical science.
He was a native of Nica-a in Bithynia, and flourished
Dftween the 154th and 163d Olympiads, or between
160 and 125 B. C. , as appears from his having made
astronomical observations during that interval. He
resided some time in the island of Rhodes, where he
continued the astronomical observations which he had
probably commenced in Bithynia; and hence he has
been called by some authors the Bithynian, and by
others the Rhodian, and some even suppose two as-
tronomers of the same name, which is certainly incor-
rect. Hipparchus is also supposed to have made ob-
servations at Alexandre! ; but Delambre, comparing
together such passages as Ptolemy has preserved on
the subject, is of opinion that Hipparchus never speaks
of Alexandres as of the place in which he resided, and
this conclusion of the French astronomer is probably
ccirect. The period of his death is not known. He
was the author of a commentary on the Phasnornena of
Anlus, published by Peter Victorius at Florence, in
1567; and also by Petavius, with a Latin version and
notes, in his Uranologia. He also wrote treatises on
the nature of the fixed stars; on the motion of the
moon: and others no longer extant. Hipparchus has
been highly praised both by the ancients and moderns.
Phny the Elder styles him " the confidant of nature,"
on account of the importance of his discoveries; and
M. Bailly has bestowed on him the title of the " patri-
arch of astronomy. " He treated that science with a
philosophical spirit, of which there are no traces before
his time. He considered the subject in a general
point of view; examined the received opinions; pass-
ed in review the truths previously ascertained, and ex-
hibited the method of reducing them so far into a sys-
tem as to connect them with each other. He was
the first who noticed the precession of the equinoxes,
or that very slow motion of the fixed stars from west
to east, by which they perform an apparent revolution
in a great number of years. He observed and calcu-
lated eclipses; discovered the equation of time, the
parallax, and the geometrical mensuration of distances;
and he thus laid the solid foundations of geographical
and trigonometrical science. The result of his la-
bours in the observation of the fixed stars, has been
preserved by Ptolemy, who has inserted the catalogue
? ? of Hipparchus in hia Almagest. As regards the gen-
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? ril"
HIP
toiisi; lent with a prudent regard to securing the sub-
? tance. They kept up a standing force of foreign
mercenaries, but they made no change in the laws or
the form* of the constitution, only taking care to fill
the most important offices with their own friends.
Thev even reduced the tax imposed by Pisistratus to
a twentieth, and, without laying on any fresh burdens,
provided for the exigences of the state, and continued
the great works which their father bad begun. The
language of a later writer (the author of the Hippar-
chus, p. 229), who speaks of their dominion as hav-
ing recalled the happiness of the golden age, seems
almost justified by the sober praise of Thucydides,
when . 10 says that these tyrants most diligently culti-
vated r. t. ue and wisdom. The country was flourish-
ing, the people, if not perfectly contented, were cer-
tainly not impatient of the yoke, and their rule seemed
likely to laat for at least another generation, when an
event occurred which changed at once the whole as-
pect of tho government, and led to its premature over-
throw. This was the affair of Harmodius and Aristo-
giton, in which Hipparchus lost his life, and the par-
ticulars of which have been given under a different
article. (Vid. Harmodius. ) Previous to this occur-
rence, Hippias had shown himself a mild, affable, and
beneficent ruler, but ho now became a suspicious,
stern, and cmel tyrant, who regarded all his subjects
as secret enemies, and, instead of attempting to con-
ciliate them, aimed only at cowing them by rigour.
He was now threatened not only by the discontent of
the people at home, but by the machinations of power-
ful enemies from without. The banished Alcmxonidae,
with tho aid of the oracle at Delphi, induced the La-
cedemonians to espouse their cause, and Hippias was
compelled to leave Attica in the fourth year after his
brother's death. Having set sail for Asia, he fixed
tea residence for a time in his hereditary principality
af Sigeum. The Spartans, subsequently repenting of
what they had done, sent for Hippias, and, on his arri-
val, summoned a congress of deputies from their Pclo-
potinesian allies, and proposed, as the only means of
curbing the growing insolence of the Athenian people,
to unite their forces and compel Athens to receive
iter former ruler. All, however, with one accord,
loudly excla --jd against the proposition of Sparta,
and Hippias soon after returned to Sigeum, whence he
proceeded to the court of Darius Hystaspis. Here he
remained for many years; and when the expedition of
Datis and Artaphernes took place, an expedition which
he himself had strenuously urged, he guided the bar-
barian armament against bis country, and the Persian
fleet, by his advice, came to anchor in the bay of
Marathon. --The subsequent history of Hippias is in-
volved in uncertainty. Thucydides (6,59) merely says
that he was present at the battle of Marathon, without
informing ua whether he lost his life there or not.
(Compare Herodotus, 6, 107. ) Justin (2, 9) states
that he waa killed in the fight, and Cicero (JSp. ad All. ,
9,10) confirms this. Suidas, however, informs us, that
Hippias fled to Lemnos, where, falling sick, he died,
the blood issuing from his eyes. (Consult Larchcr,
*d Herod. , 6, 117. ) ? *
Hippo, I. Rcoius ('Imruv BaoiXtudc), a city of Af-
rica, in that part of Numidia called the western prov-
ince. It was situate near the sea, on a bay in the vi-
cinity of the promontory of Hippi.
It was called Hip-
po Regiua, not only in opposition to Hippo Zarytus
? ? mentioned below, but also from its having been one of
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? HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
falm Mrolls, 'jecause the description ho gives of the
nanners and mode of life of the Scythians is extreme-
ly exact and faithful. According to Soranus, the cities
of Athens and Abdera owed to Hippocrates the bene-
fit of having been delivered from a plague which had
caused great ravages. It ia uncertain whether the
frightful epidemic is here meant which desolated Ath-
ens during tho Peloponnesian war, and which Thucyd-
ides has so faithfully described, or some other malady;
ftr tho historian, who was an eyewitness of the rav-
ages of the disease, makes no mention of Hippocrates.
However this may be, the Athenians, grateful for the
services which this distinguished physician had ren-
dered, either in delivering them from a pestilential
scourge, or in publishing valuable works on the art of
preserving life, or in refusing the solicitations of the
enemies of Greece, decreed that he should be initiated
into the mysteries of Ceres, should be gifted with a
golden crown, should enjoy the rights of citizenship,
should be supported all his days at the public expense
in the Prytaneum, and, finally, that all the children
bom in Cos, the native island of Hippocrates, might
come and pass their youth at Athens, where they would
be . rested as if offspring of Athenian citizens. Ac-
cording to Galen, it was by kindling large fires, and
burning everywhere aromatic substances, that Hippoc-
rates succeeded in arresting the pestilence at Athens.
The reputation of this eminent physician extended far
and wide, and Artaxerxes Longimanus even sent for
him to stop the progress of a malady which was com-
mitting great ravages among the forces of that mon-
arch. Hippocrates declined the offer and the splendid
presents that accompanied it; and Artaxerxes endeav-
oured to accomplish his object by menacing the inhab-
itants of Cos, but in vain. Though the correspond-
ence which took place on this point between Hippoc-
rates and the satrap Hystanes, and which has reached
our days, must be regarded as altogether unauthentic,
jet it appears that credit was given to the story by an-
cient writers, two of whom, Galen and Plutarch, re-
late lbs circumstance. Stobauis also makes mention
xf it, but commits, at the same time, an anachronism
in giving the name of the monarch as Xerxes, and
not Artaxerxes. Certain Arabian authors affirm, that,
in the course of his travels, Hippocrates spent some
time at Damascus; there is no authority, however,
for :his, and the assertion is altogether destitute of
probability. An individual named Andreas or An-
dron, who lived under Ptolemy Philopator, and who
was a disciple of Hcrophilus, undertook, nearly three
centuries after the death of Hippocrates, to assign
a very disgraceful motive for the travels of this phy-
sician. He says that Hippocrates was compelled to
flee for having set fire to the library at Cnidus,
after having copied the best medical works con-
tained in it Tzetzes, agreeing in this accusation,
slates that it was the library at Cos wl. lrh became
? prey to the flames; and Pliny, without charging
Hippocrates with the deed, and without speaking of
any library, reduces the loss to that of a few votive
tablets, which were consumed together with the tem-
ple of iEsculapius. The discrepance of these state-
ments alone is sufficient to show the falsity of the ac-
cusation. Besides, all contemporaneous history is si-
lent on the subject; nor would Plato have shown so
much esteem for the physician of Cos, nor Athens and
Greece, in general, have rendered him so many and so
? ? high honours, had he been guilty of the disgraceful
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? H IP
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lud purity of morals. In his Oath, he exacts from
. hose who enter on the profession a solemn promise
never to indulge in libertine practices, nor to degrade
their art by applying it to any criminal purposes. In
his other works he is at great pains to inculcate the
necessity of attention to address and apparel; and
gives particular directions to assist in forming a cor-
rect prognostic. With regard to his descriptions of
the phenomena of diaeaae, one may venture to affirm,
that even at the present day they are perfectly unri-
valled. As a guide to practice, he may be followed
with great confidence; for his indications are always
derived from personal observation, and his principles
are ne\cr founded on vague hypothesis. Indeed, as
an intelligent American author, Dr. Hosack, remarks,
his professional researches were conducted according
to the true principles of the Baconian philosophy; and
his late editor, Kiihn, relates, that a zealot for the Bru-
nonian theory of medicine waa convinced of its being
untenable by an attentive perusal of the works of Hip-
pocrates. His treatment of acute diseases may be
instanced as being so complete that the experience of
more tlftn two thousand yean has scarcely improved
upon it. Nay, in some instances, the correctness of
his views outstripped those of succeeding ages, and
we now only begin to recognise the propriety of them.
Thus, in acute attacks of anasarca, he approved of
bloodletting, which is a mode of practice now ascer-
tained to be highly beneficial in such cases, but against
which great and unfounded prejudices have existed,
not only in modem times, but even as far back as the
days of Galen, who found great difficulty in enforcing
the treatment recommended by Hippocrates. In his
work on Airs, Places, and Waters, he has treated of
the effects of the seasons and of situation on the hu-
man form, with a degree of accuracy which has never
been equalled. His Epidemics contain circumstantial
reports of febrile cases highly calculated to illustrate
the causes, symptoms, and treatments of these dis-
eases. Though he has not treated of the capital op-
erations of Surgery, which, if practised at all in his
day, most probably did not come within his province,
he has given an account of Fractures and Dislocations,
to which little has been added by the experience of
after ages. He has also left many impcrtant remarks
ipon the treatment of wounds and ulcers, and the
American author alluded to above ventures to assert,
'. hat the surgeons of the present day might derive an
important lesson from him on the use of the Actual
Cautery. The following aphorism points out the class
of diseases to which he considered this mode of prac-
tice applicable. 'Those complaints which medicines
will not cure, iron will cure; what iron will not cure,
fire will cure; what fire will not cure arc utterly in-
curable. ' In his treatise on the Sacred Disease, he
has shown himself superior to the superstition of his
age; for he maintains that the epilepsy is not occa-
sioned by demoniacal influence, but by actual disease
of the brain; and he mentions, what is now well
known to be the fact, that when the brains of sheep or
goats that are affected with this complaint are opened,
they are found to contain water. Of the anatomical
treatises attributed to him it is unnecessary to say any-
thing, as it appears highly probable that all, or most of
them, at least, are not genuine. Dr. Alston counted,
in his Materia Medica, 36 mineral, 300 vegetable, and
150 animal substances; in all 586, and he could not
? ? pretend to have overlooked none. Hippocrates ap-
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? HIP
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-Htynt, ad Inc. --Ovid, Mel. , 15, 492, seqq. -- Virg. ,
? n , 7, 761, jf? ? . --Consult Buttmann, Mythologus,
vol 2, p. 145, scq. )
HiproMiDoN, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice,
was one of ihe seven chiefs tbat went against Thebes
He was killed bv Ismarus, sou of Acastus. (Apollod. ,
3, 6. --Pausan. ', 2, 36. )
Hippomenks, son of Megareua, was, according to
some authorities, the successful suiter of Atalanta.
(Firs'. Atalanta, and consult Heync, ad Apollod. , 3, 9,
2, and the authorities there cited. )
Hippomolgi, or, more correctly, Hippemolgi ('It-/,-
KoXyoi), a people of Scythia, who, as the name im-
ports, lived on the milk of mares. (Dionys. 1'erieg. ,
309. --Bcrnhardy, ad loc. )
Hippona, a goddess who presided over horses. Her
itatucs were placed in horses' stables. (Juc, 8, 157.
--Consult Ruperti, ad loc. , who gives Eporta as the
reading demanded by the line. )
Hipponax, a Greek poet, who flourished about the
60th Olympiad, or 540 B. C. He was bom at Ephe-
sus, and was compelled by the tyrants Athenagoras
and Comas to quit his home, and to establish him-
self in another Ionian city, Clazomenre. This politi-
cal persecution (which affords a presumption of his
vehement love of liberty) probably laid the foundation
for some of the bitterness and disgust with which he
regarded mankind. Precisely the same fierce and in-
dignant scorn, which found an utterance in the iam-
bics of Ai:hilochus, is ascribed to Hipponax. What
the family of Lycambes was to Archilochus, Bupalus
(a sculptor belonging to a family of Chios, which had
produced several generations of artists) was to Hip-
ponax. He had made his small, meager, and ugly
person the subject of caricature; an insult which Hip-
iwoax avenged in the bitterest and most pungent iam-
bics, of which some remains are extant. In this in-
stance, also, the satirist is said to have caused his en-
emy to hang himself. The satire of Hipponax, how-
ever, was not concentrated so entirely on certain in-
dividuals. From existing fragments it appears rather
U> have been founded on a general view of life, taken,
however, on its ridiculous and grotesque side His
language is filled with words taken from common life,
such as the names of articles of food and clothing, and
of ordinary utensils, current among the working peo-
ple. He evidently strives to make his iambics local
pictures, full of freshness, nature, and homely truth.
For this purpose, the change which Hipponax devised
in the iambic metre was as felicitous as it was bold.
He crippled the rapid, agile gait of the iambus, by
transforming the last foot from an iambic into a spon-
dee, contrary to the fundamental principle of the whole
mode of versification. The metre, thus maimed and
stripped of its beauty and regularity, was a perfectly
appropriate rhythmical form for the delineation of such
pictures of intellectual deformity as Hipponax de-
lighted in. Iambics of this kind (called choliambics,
or trimeter scazons) are still more cumbrous and halt-
ing when the fifth foot is also a spondee; which, in-
deed, according to the original structure, is not for-
bidden. These were called broken-backed (ischiorrho-
(He) iambics, snd a grammarian (ap TyrwMtt, Dissert.
it Babrio, p. 17) settles the dispute (which, accord-
ing lo ancient testimony, was so hard to decide), how
far the innovat on of this kind of verse ought to be as-
cribed to Hipponax, and how far to another iambogra-
? ? pher, Ananius, by pronouncing, that Ananius invented
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? HI S
HISPANIA.
lurii from ihu expedition, he eagerly courted the friend-
ship of Cicero, and accompanied him in bis retreat to
Tusculum. Here he exercised himself in declama-
tion, under the eyes of this illustrious orator, who
speaks highly of his talents in many of his letters, and
particularly in that addressed to Volumnius (8, 32).
Cicero sent Hirtius to Caesar, on the return of the lat-
ter from Africa, with the view of bringing about a rec-
onciliation with the dictator, whom the orator had of-
"ended by the freedom of some of his discourses.
Hirtius. either from affection or gratitude, was always
attached to the party of Caesar; but after the death of
the diLtaS. :. ', he declared against Antony. --Being cre-
ated consu, elect along with C. Vibius Pansa, he fell
sick soon after h! i election, and Cicero informs us
{Phil. , 37), that the people testified the warmest con-
cern in his ifcovcry. Hirtius was scarcely restored
to health, when he set out with his colleague to attack
Antony, who was besieging Brutus in Mutina, now
Modena. They gained a victory over Antony, near
the city, B. C. 43; but Hirtius fell in the battle, and
Pansa died a few days after of his wounds. The re-
port was spread abroad, that Oclavius had caused the
two consuls to be poisoned in order to appropriate
to himself all the glory of the day. (Sue/on. , Vit.
Aug. , 11. )--It cannot be affirmed with any degree of
certainty thstt Hirtius was the author of the continua-
tion of Caesar's Commentaries which commonly goes
by his name. Even as far back as the time of Sueto-
nius, great difference of opinion prevailed on this point;
some, according to that writer, attributing the contin-
uation in question to Oppius, and others tp Hirtius:
the latter opinion, however, has, in general, gained the
ascendancy. , This continuation forms the eighth book
of the Gallic war. The author addresses himself, in a
letter, to Balbus, in which he apologizes for having
presumed to terminate a work so perfect in its nature,
that Caesar seems to have had in view, in composing
it, not so much the collecting together of materials, as
the leaving a model of composition to historical wri-
ters. We learn by the same letter, that the book on
the Alexandrine War, and that on the African War,
proceeded from the same pen; and these three works,
in a style at once simple and elegant, do not appear
unworthy of the friend of Caesar and Cicero. We
have also, under the name of Hirtius, a book on the
Spanish War, so inferior to the preceding that judi-
cious critics regard it as the mere journal of a soldier,
who was an eyewitness of the events which he relates.
(Biogr. Univ. , vol. 20, p. 423, seqq. --B'ahr, Getch.
Rom. Lit, vol. 1, p. 360. )
Hispalis, a famous city of Spain, situate on the
Uitis, and corresponding to the modern Seville.
Mannert thinks that it was the same as the ancient
Tarlessus. (Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 312. ) The name is
supposed to be of Phoenician origin, and, according to
Isidorus, has referenco to the city's being founded on
piles or stakes of wood, on account of the insecurity
of the ground where it stood. (Isidor. , lib. elymol. ,
15, 1. ) Some ascribe the origin of the place to Her-
cules; probably, however, it was a Phoenician colony.
It was a place of great commerce, the Bastis being
navigable in ancient times for the largest ships up to
the city. Now, however, vessels drawing more than
ten feet of water are compelled to unload eight miles
below the town, and the largest vessels stop at the
mouth of the river. When Hispalis became a Roman
? ? colony, the name was changed to Julia Romulensis.
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? HISPANIA.
amcng all the citizens; the law punished with death
tbe person who appropriated more than his just share.
Thev were hospitable; nay, they considered it a spe-
cial favour to entertain a stranger, being convinced
that the presence of a foreigner called down the pro-
lection of the gods on the family that received him.
They sacrificed human victims to their divinities, and
the priests pretended to read future events in the pal-
pitating entrails. At every full moon, according to
? Strabo, they celebrated the festival of a god without a
name; from this circumstance, their religion has been
considered a corrupt deism. --The Phoenicians were
the first people who established colonies on the coast
of Spain: Tartessus was perhaps the most ancient;
at a later period they founded Gadcs, now Cadiz, on
me isle of Leon. They carried on there a very lucra-
tive trade, inasmuch as it was unknown to other na-
tions; but, in time, the Rhodians, the Samians, the
Phocanns, and other Greeks established factories on
different parts of the coast. Carthage had been found-
ed by the Phoenicians; but the inhabitants, regardless
of their connexion with that people, took possession of
the Phoenician stations, and conquered the whole of
maritime Spain. The government of these republi-
cans was still less supportable: the Carthaginians were
enable to form any friendly intercourse with the Span-
iards in the interior; their rapine and cruelty excited
the indignation of the natives. The ruin of Carthage
paved the way to new invaders, and Spain was con-
sidered a Roman province two centuries before the
Christian era. Those who had been the allies became
masters of the Spaniards, and the manners, customs,
and even language of the conquerors were introduced
into the peninsula. But Rome paid dearly for her
conquest; the north, or the present Old Castile, Ara-
gon, and Catalonia, were constantly in a state of revolt:
the mountaineers shook off the yoke, and it was not
before the reign of Augustus that the country was
wholly subdued. The peninsula was then divided into
Hispania Citerior and Ulterior. Hispania Citerior
>>as also called Tarraconensis, from Tarraco, its rap-
inl, and extended from the foot of the Pyrenees to the
mouth of the Durius or Douru, on the Atlantic shore;
comprehending all the north of Spain, together with
. he sooth as far as a line drawn below Carthago Nova
or Cartkagena, and continued in an oblique direction
to Salamantica or Salamanca, on the Durius. His-
pania Ulterior was divided into two provinces; BaHica,
on the south of Spain, between the Anas or Gaudtana,
and Citerior, and above it Lusitania, corresponding in
a great degree, though not entirely, to modern Portu-
gal. In the age of Dioclesian and Constantine, Tar-
raconensis was subdivided into a province towards the
limits of Baetica, and adjacent to the Mediterranean,
called Cjrthaginiensis, from its chief city Carthago
Nova, and another, north of Lusitania, called Gallsecia
from the Callaici. The province of Lusitania was
partly peopled by the Cynetes or Cynesii, the earliest
inhabitants of Algarvc. The Celtici possessed the
land between the Guadiana (Anas) and the Tagus.
The country round the mountains of Grcdos belonged
to ths Vettones, a people that passed from a state
of inactivity and repose to the vicissitudes and hard-
ships of war. The Lusitani, a nation of freebooters,
were settled in the middle of Estrtmadura: they
were distinguished by their activity and patience of
fatigue; their food was flour and sweet acorns; beer
was their common beverage. They were swift in
?