Son of
Cleombrotus
II.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
The life of Cleomenes, as graphically given by
Meantime Demaratus, with whom he had probably Herodotus is very curious; we may perhaps, without
been on bad terms ever since the retreat from much imputation on the father of history, suspect
Eleusis, sent private encouragements to the Aegi- that his love for personal story has here a little
netans to resist him, and took further advantage of coloured his narrative. Possibly he may have some-
his absence to intrigue against him at home. Cleo what mistaken his character; certainly the freedom of
menes returned unsuccessful, and now leagued him- action allowed to a king whom the Spartans were
self with Leotychides, and effected his colleague's at first balf inclined to put aside for the younger
deposition. [DEMARATUS. ] (Herod. vi. 49–66. ) brother Dorieus, and who was always accounted
He then took Leotycbides with him back to Aegi- half-mad (utomapyót epos), seems at variance with
na, seized his hostages, and placed them in the the received views of their kingly office. Yet it is
hands of the Athenians. But on his return to possible that a wild character of this kind night
Sparta, he found it detected that he had tampered find favour in Spartan eyes. (Comp. Müller, Dor.
with the priestess at Delphi to obtain the oracle i. 8. $ 6; Clinton, B. c. 510, and p. 425, noie x. )
which deposed Demaratus, and, in apprehension of The occupation of the acropolis of Athens is men-
the consequences, he went out of the way into tioned by Aristophanes. (Lusistr. 272. ) [A. H. C. ]
Thessaly. Shortly after, however, he ventured CLEOMENĖS II. , the 25th king of Sparta
into Arcadia, and his machinations there to excite of the Agid line, was the son of Cleombrotus I.
the Arcadians against his country were sufficient to and the brother of Agesipolis II. , whom he suc-
frighten the Spartans into offering him leave to re- ceeded in B. C. 370. He died in B. c. 309, after a
turn with impunity. He did not however long sur- reign of sixty years and ten months ; but during
vive his recall. He was seized with raving madness, this long period we have no information about him
and dashed his staff in every one's face whom he of any importance. He had two sons, Acrotatus
met; and at last when confined as a maniac in a and Cleonymus. Acrotatus died during the life of
sort of stocks, he prevailed on the Helot who Cleomenes, upon whose death Areus, the son of
watched him to give him a knife, and died by Acrotatus, succeeded to the throne. [Areus I. ;
slashing (kataxopõeuwv) his whole body over with CLEONTMUS. ) (Diod. xx. 29; Plut. Agis, 3 ;
it. (Herod. vi. 73–75. )
Paus. i. 13. 3, iii. 6. $ 1; Manso, Sparta, iii. 1,
His madness and death, says Herodotus, were p. 164, 2. pp. 247, 248 : Diod. xv. 60, contradicts
ascribed by the Spartans to the habit he acquired himself about the time that Cleomenes reigned,
from some Scythian visitors at Sparta of excessive and is evidently wrong; see Clinton, Fast. ii. pp.
drinking. Oihers found a reason in his acts of 213, 214. )
[P. S. )
sacrilege at Delphi or Eleusis, where he laid waste CLEOʻMENES III. , the 31st king of Sparta
a piece of sacred land (the Orgas), or again at of the Agid line, was the son of Leonidas II.
Argos, the case of which was as follows. Cleo- After the death of Agis IV. , B. C. 240, Leonidas
menes invaded Argolis, conveying his forces by married his widow Agiatis to Cleomenes, who was
sea to the neighbourhood of Tiryns ; defeated by under age, in order, as it seems to bring into his
a simple stratagem the whole Argive forces, and family the inheritance of the Proclidae. Agiatis,
pursued a large number of fugitives into the wood though at first violently opposed to the match, con-
of the hero Argus. Some of them he drew from ceived a great afiection for her husband, and she
their refuge on false pretences, the rest he burnt used to explain to him the principles and designs
amoug the sacred trees. He however made no of Avis, about which he was eager for information.
attempt on the city, but after sacrificing to the Cleomenes was endowed, according to Plutarch,
Argire Juno, and whipping her pricstess for op- with a noble spirit; in moderation and simplicity
## p. 794 (#814) ############################################
794
CLEOMENES.
CLEOMENES.
;
of life he was not inferior to Agis, hut superior to Spartans, on the other hand, were satisfied with
him in energy, and legs scrupulous about the the important advantage which they had gained
means by which his good designs might be accom- in the fortification of Belbina ; and Cleomenes, who
plished. His mind was further stirred up to was in Arcadia with only three hundred foot and
manliness and ambition by the instructions of the a few horse, was recalled by the Ephors. His
Stoic philosopher Sphaerus of Borysthenes, who back was no sooner turned than Aratus seized
visited Sparta. To this was added the influence Caphyae, near Orchomenus. The Ephors imme-
of his mother Cratesicleia. It was not long, there- diately sent back Cleomenes, who took Methydrion,
fore, before Clcomencs had formed the design of and made an incursion into the territories of Argos.
restoring the ancient Spartan discipline, and the About this time Aristomachus succeeded Aratus
death of his father, whom he succeeded (B. C. 236), as strategos of the Achaean league (in May, 2:27,
put him in a position to attempt his projected re- B. c. ), and to this period perhaps should be referred
form; but he saw that careful preparations must the declaration of war against Cleomenes by the
first be made, and that Sparta was not to be re- council of the Achaeans, which is mentioned by
stored by the means which Agis had employed. Polybius. Aristomachus collected an army of
Instead of repeating the rain attempt of Agis to 20,000 foot and 1000 horse, with which he met
form a popular party against the Ephors, the im- Cleomenes near Palantium ; and, though the latter
possibility of which was proved by the refusal of had only 5000 men, they were so eager and brave
Xenares, one of his most intimate friends, to aid that Aratus persuaded Aristomachus to decline
his efforts, he perceived that the regeneration of battle. The fact is, that the Achaeans were never
Sparta must be achieved by restoring to her her a warlike people, and Aratus was very probably
old renown in war, and by raising her to the right in thinking that 20,000 Achaeans were no
supremacy of Greece; and then that, the restored match for 5000 Spartans. But the moral effect of
strength of the state being centred in him as its this affair was worth more than a victory to Cleo-
leader, he might safely attempt to crush the power menes. In May, 226, Aratus again became stra-
of the Ephors. It was thus manifest that his tegos, and led the Achaean forces against Elis.
policy must be war, his enemy the Achaean league. The Eleans applied to Sparta for aid, and Clea-
Lydiadas, the former tyrant of Megalopolis, fore-menes met Aratus on his return, at the foot of
saw the danger which the league might apprehend Mount Lycaeum, in the territory of Megalopolis,
from Cleomenes"; but the counsels of Aratus, who and defeated him with great slaughter. It was at
was blind to this danger, prevailed; and the pro- first reported that Aratus was killed; but he had
posal of Lydiadas, to make the first attack on only fled; and, having rallied part of his army, he
Sparta, was rejected.
look Mantineia by a sudden assault, and revolu-
The first movement of Cleomenes was to seize tionized its constitution by making the metoeci
suddenly and by treachery the Arcadian cities, citizens. The effect of this change was the forma-
Tegea, Mantineia, and Orchomenus, which had tion of an Achaean party in the town.
recently united themselves with the Aetolians, Cleomenes had not yet taken any open steps
who, instead of resenting the injury, confirmed against the Ephors, though he could not but be an ob-
Cleomenes in the possession of them. The reason ject of suspicion to them; they were however in a dif-
of this was, that the Aetolians had already con- ficult position. The spirit of Agis still lived in the
ceived the project of forming an alliance with Spartan youth ; and Cleomenes, at the head of his
Macedonia and Sparta against the Achaean league. victorious army, was too strong to be crushed like
It is probable that they even connived at the Agis. Secret assassination might have been em-
seizure of these towns by Cleomenes, who thus ploged-and when was a Spartan ephor heard of
secured an excellent position for his operations who would have scrupled to use it ? -but then they
against the league before commencing war with it. would have lost the only man capable of carrying on
Aratus, who was now strategos, at last perceived the war, and Sparta must have fallen into the position
the danger which threatened from Sparta, and, of a subordinate member of the Achaean league.
with the other chiefs of the Achaean league, he re- They appear, however, to have taken advantage of
solved not to attack the Lacedaemonians, but to the loss of Mantineia to make a truce with the
resist any aggression they might make. About | Achaeans. (Paus. viii. 27. § 10. ) Cleomenes now
the beginning of the year 227 B. C. , Cleomenes, by took measures to strengthen himself against them.
the order of the Ephors, seized the little town of These measures are differently represented by
Belbina, and fortified the temple of Athena near Phylarchus, the panegyrist of Cleomenes, whom
it. This place commanded the mountain pass on Plutarch seems on the whole to have followed, and
the high road between Sparta and Megalopolis, by Polybius and Pausanias, who followed Aratus
and was at that period claimed by both cities, and other Achaean writers. At the death of Agis,
though anciently it had belonged to Sparta. Aratus his infant son, Eurydamidas, was left in the hands
made no complaint at its seizure, but attempted of his mother, Agiatis ; and Archidamus, the
to get possession of Tegea and Orchomenus by brother of Agis, filed into Messenia, according to
treachery. But, when he marched out in the night the statement of Plutarch, which, from the nature
to take possession of them, the conspirators, who of the case, is far more probable than the account
were to deliver up the Ds, lost courage. The of Polybius (v. 37. § 2, viii. 1. $ 3), that Archi-
attempt was made known to Cleomenes, who wrote damus filed at a later period, through fear of Clea
in ironical terms of friendship to ask Aratus menes. Eurydamidas was now dead, poisoned, it
whither he had led his army in the night? To was said, by the Ephors, and that too, according
prevent your fortifying Belbina," was the reply: to Pausanias (ii. 9. $ ), at the instigation of
“ Pray then, if you have no objection," retorted Cleomenes. The falsity of this last statement is
Cleomenes,“ tell us why son took with you lights proved by the silence of Polybius, who nerer
and scaling ladders. ” . By this correspondence spares Cleomenes, but it may serve to shew how
Aratus found out with whom he had to do. The recklessly he was abused by some of the Achaean
## p. 795 (#815) ############################################
CLEOMENES.
795
CLEOMENES.
party. Archidamus had thus become the rightful macy of Greece, which Polybius calls the Cleomenic
heir to the throne of the Proclidae, and he was war, and which lasted three years, from B. c. 225
invited by Clcomencs to return; but no sooner to the battle of Sellasia in the spring of B. c. 222.
had he set foot in Sparta than he was assassinated. For its details, of which a slight sketch is given
This crime also is charged upon Cleomenes by the under ARATUS, the reader is referred to the histo-
Achacan party, and among them by Polybius. rians. Amidst a career of brilliant success, Cleo-
The truth cannot now be ascertained, but every menes committed some errors, but, even if he had
circumstance of the case seems to fix the guilt avoided them, he could not but have been over-
upon' the Ephors. Cleomenes had everything to powered by the united force of Macedonia and the
hope, and the Ephors everything to fear, from the Achaean league. The moral character of the war
association of Archidamus in his councils. Cleo is condensed by Niebuhr into one just and forcible
menes, it is true, did nothing to avenge the crime: sentence : Old Aratus sacrificed the freedom of
but the reason of this was, that the time for his his country by an act of high treason, and gave up
attack upon the Ephors was not yet come; and Corinth rather than establish the freedom of Greece
thus, instead of an evidence of his guilt, it is by a union among the Peloponnesians, which
a striking proof of his patient resolution, that he would have secured to Cleomenes the influence
submitted to incur such a suspicion rather than to and power he deserved. ” (History of Rome, iv.
peril the object of his life by a premature move- p. 226. )
Inent. On the contrary, he did everything to ap- From the defeat of Sellasia, Cleomenes returned
pease the party of the Ephors. He bribed them to Sparta, and having advised the citizens to sub
largely, by the help of his mother Cratesicleia, who mit to Antigonus, he fled to his ally, Ptolemy Eu-
even went so far as to marry one of the chief men ergetes, at Alexandria, where his mother and
of the oligarchical party. Through the influence children were already residing as hostages. Any
thus gained, Cleomenes was permitted to continue hope he might have had of recovering his kingdom
the war ; he took Leuctra, and gained a decisive by the help of Ptolemy Euergetes was defeated by
victory over Aratus beneath its walls, owing to the the death of that king, whose successor, Ptolemy
ijnpetuosity of Lydiadas, who was killed in the Philopator, treated Cleomenes with the greatest
battle. The conduct of Aratus, in leaving Lydiadas neglect, and his minister, Sosibius, imprisoned bim
unsupported, though perhaps it saved his army, on a charge of conspiracy against the king's life.
disgusted and dispirited the Achaeans to such a Cleomenes, with his attendants, escaped from
degree, that they made no further efforts during prison, and attempted to raise an insurrection
this campaign, and Cleomenes was left at leisure against Ptolemy, but finding no one join him, he
to effect his long-cherished revolution during the put himself to death. (B. c. 221–220. ) His reign
winter which now came on. (B. C. 226--225. ) lasted 16 years. He is rightly reckoned by Pau-
Having secured the aid of his father-in-law, sanias (iii. 6. & 5) as the last of the Agidae, for
Megistonus, and of two or three other persons, he his nominal successor, Agesipolis III. , was a mere
first weakened the oligarchical party by drafting puppet. He was the last truly great man of
many of its chief supporters into his army, with Sparta, and, excepting perhaps Philopoemen, of all
which he then again took the field, seized the Greece.
Achaean cities of Heraea and Asea, threw supplies (Plutarch, Cleom. , Arat. ; Polyb. ii. v. , &c. ;
into Orchomenus, beleaguered Mantineia, and so Droysen, Geschichte der Hellenismus, vol. ii. bk. ii.
wearied out his soldiers, that they were glad to be c. 4 ; Manso, Sparta, vol. iii. )
[P. S. ]
left in Arcadia, while Cleomenes himself marched CLEOʻMENES (Kleomévns), Spartans of the
back to Sparta at the head of a force of mercenaries, royal family of the Agidae, but not kings.
surprised the Ephors at table, and slew all of them, 1. Son of the general Pausanias, brother of
except Agesilaus, who took sanctuary in the temple king Pleistoanax, and uncle of king Pausanias, led
of Fear, and had his life granted afterwards by the Peloponnesian army in their fourth invasion of
Cleomenes. Having struck this decisive blow, and Attica, in the fifth year of the Peloponnesian war.
being supported not only by his mercenaries, but (B. C. 427. ) Cleomenes acted in place of his
also by the remains of the party of Agis, Cleo- nephew, Pausanias, who was a minor. (Thucyd.
menes met with no further resistance. He now iii. 26, and Schol. )
propounded his new constitution, which is too 2.
Son of Cleombrotus II. , and uncle and guar-
closely connected with the whole subject of the dian of Agesipolis III. , B. c. 219. (Polyb. iv. 35.
Spartan polity to be explained within the limits of $ 12; AGESIPOLIS III. , CLEOMBROTUS II. ) (P. S. ]
this article. All that can be said here is, that he CLEO'MENES, a Greek of Naucratis in Egypt,
extended the power of the kings, abolished the was appointed by Alexander the Great as nomarch
Ephorate, restored the community of goods, made of the Arabian district (vó uos) of Egypt and re-
a new division of the lands, and recruited the body ceiver of the tributes from all the districts of
of the citizens, by bringing back the exiles and by Egypt and the neighbouring part of Africa. (B. C.
raising to the full franchise the most deserving of 331. ) Some of the ancient writers say that Àlex-
those who had not before possessed it. He also ander made him satrap of Egypt; but this is in-
restored, to a great extent, the ancient Spartan correct, for Arrian expressly states, that the other
system of social and military discipline. In the nomarchs were independent of him, except that
completion of this reform he was aided by the phi- they had to pay to him the tributes of their dis-
losopher Sphaerus. The line of the Proclidae tricts. It would, however, appear that he had no
being extinct, he took his brother Eucleidas for his difficulty in extending his depredations over all
colleague in the kingdom. In his own conduct he Egypt, and it is not unlikely that he would assume
set a fine example of the simple virtue of an old the title of satrap. His rapacity knew no bounds;
Spartan.
he exercised his office solely for his own advantage.
From this period must be dated the contest be- On the occurrence of a scarcity of corn, which was
tween the Achaeans and Cleomenes for the supre- | less severe in Egypt than in the neighbouring
## p. 796 (#816) ############################################
796
CLEOMENES.
CLEOMENES.
a
B. C.
countries, he at first forbad its exportation from physician introduced by Plutarch in his Symposiacon
Egypt; but, when the nomarchs represented to him (vi
. 8. 8 5, cd. Tauchn. ) as giving his opinion on
that this mcasure prevented them from raising the the nature and cause of the disease called bulimin,
proper amount of iribute, he permitted the expor- in the first century after Christ. [W. A. G. )
tation of the corn, but laid on it a heavy export CLEO'MENES, a sculptor mentioned only by
duty. On another occasion, when the price of Pliny (xxxvi. 4. S 10) as the author of a group of
corn was ten drachmas, Cleomenes bought it up the Thespiades, or Muses, which was placed by
and sold it at 32 drachmas; and in other ways he Asinius Pollio in his buildings at Rome, perhaps
interfered with the markets for his own guin. At the library on the Palatine hill
. This artist, who
another time he contrived to cheat his soldiers of a does not appear to have enjoyed great celebrity
month's pay in the year. Alexander had entrusted with the ancients, is particularly interesting to us,
to him the building of Alexandria. lle gave notice because one of the most exquisite statues, the
to the people of Canopus, then the chief emporium Venus de Medici, bears his name in the following
of Egypt, that he must remove them to the new inscription on the pedesul :
city. To avert such an evil they gave him a large
ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΩΡΟΥ
sum of money; but, as the building of Alexandria
ΑΘΗΝΑΙΟΣ ΕΠΩΕΣΕΝ.
advanced, he again demanded of the people of Ca- This inscription, which has been undeservedly
nopus a large sum of money, which they could not considered as a modern imposition, especially by
pay, and thus he got an excuse for removing them. Florentine critics, who would fain have claimed a
He also made money out of the superstitions of the greater master for their admired statue, indicates
people. One of his boys having been killed by both the father and the native town of Cleomenes;
a crocodile, he ordered the crocodiles to be de- and the letter 2 gives likewise an external proof
stroyed ; but, in consideration of all the money of what we should have guessed from the character
which the priests could get together for the sake of the work itself, that he was subsequent
of saving their sacred animals, he revoked his 403. But we may arrive still nearer at his age.
order. On another occasion he sent for the priests, Mummius brought the above-mentioned group of
and informed them that the religious establishment the Muses from Thespiae to Rome; and Cleomenes
was too expensive, and must be reduced; they must therefore have lived previously to B. c. 146,
handed over to him the treasures of the temples; the date of the destruction of Corinth. The beau-
and he then left them undisturbed. Alexander tiful statue of Venus is evidently an imitation of
was informed of these proceedings, but found it the Cnidian statue of Praxiteles; and Müller's
convenient to take no notice of them; but after his opinion is very probable, that Cleomenes tried to
return to Babylon (B. C. 323) he wrote to Cleo-revive at Athens the style of this great artist.
menes, commanding him to erect at Alexandria a Our artist would, according to this supposition,
splendid monument to Hephaestion, and promised have lived between B. c. 363 (the age of Praxiteles)
that, if this work were zealously performed, he and B. c. 146.
would overlook his misconduct.
Now, there is another Cleomenes, the author of
In the distribution of Alexander's empire, after a much admired but rather lifeless statue in the
his death, Cleomenes was left in Egypt as hyparch Louvre, which commonly bears the name of Ger-
under Ptolemy, who put him to death on the sus manicus, though without the slightest foundation.
picion of his favouring Perdiccas. The effect, if It represents a Roman orator, with the right hand
not also a cause, of this act was, that Ptolemy lifted, and, as the attribute of a turtle at the foot
came into possession of the treasures of Cleomenes, shews, in the habit of Mercury. There the artist
which amounted to 8000 talents. (Arrian, Anal, calls himself
iii. 5, vü. 23; Arrian, ap. Phot. Cod. 92, p. 69, a. 37,
ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ
ed. Bekker ; Dexippus, ap. Phot. Cod. 82, p. 64, a.
ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ
34; Justin. xiii. 4. § 11; Q. Curt. iv. 33. § 5;
ΑΘΗΝΑΙΟΣΕ
Pseud-Aristot. Oecon. ii. 34, 40; Dem. c. Drio
ΠΟΙΗΣΕΝ.
nysiod. p. 1258 ; Paus. i. 6. & 3; Diod. xviii. 14; He was therefore distinct from the son of Apollo
Droysen, Geschichte Alex. pp. 216, 580, Nachfolg. dorus, but probably his son ; for the name of Cleo-
pp. 41, 128. )
[P. S. ] menes is so very rare at Athens, that we can
CLEO'MENES, literary. 1. A rhapsodist, hardly suppose another Cleoinenes to have been
who recited the kabapuol of Empedocles at the his father; and nothing was more common with
Olympic games. (Athen. xiv. p. 620, d. )
ancient artists than that the son followed the
2. Of Rhegium, a dithyrambic poet, censured father's profession. But it is quite improbable
by Chionides (Athen. xiv. p. 638, e. ), and by that an Athenian sculptor should have made the
Aristophanes, according to the Scholiast. (Nubes, statue of a Roman in the form of a god before the
332, 333. ) He seems to have been an erotic wars against Macedonia bad brought the Roman
writer, since Epicrates mentions him in connexion armies into Greece. The younger Cleomenes must
with Sappho, Meletus, and Lamynthius. (Athen. therefore have exercised his art subsequently to
xiv. p. 605, e. ) The allusions of other comedians B. C. 200, probably subsequently to the battle of
to him fix his date the latter part of the fifth Cynoscephalae. We may therefore place the father
century B. C. One of his poems was entitled about E. c. 220.
Meleager. (Athen. ix. p. 402, a. )
Another work is also inscribed with the name
3. A cynic philosopher, the disciple of Metrocles, of Cleomenes, namely, a basso-relievo at Floreuce,
wrote a work on education (Naidaywy kós), which of very good workmanship, with the story of
is quoted by Diogenes Laërtius (vi. 75, 95). Alceste, bearing the inscription ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ
1. A commentator on Homer, and Hesiod. | ENOIEI. But we are not able to decide whether
(Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 129. ) Perhaps he was it is to be referred to the father, or to the son, or
the same as the philosopher.
[P. S. ) to a third and more recent artist, whose name is
CLEOʻMENES (KAeouévns), the name of a published by Raoul-Rochette. (Monumens inédits
## p. 797 (#817) ############################################
CLEON.
797
CLEON.
Orestéide, pl. xxv. p. 130. ) The inscriptions of four The following winter unmasked his boldest ene-
statues in the collection of Wilton House are of a my. At the city Dionysia, B. c. 426, in the pre-
very doubtful description. (Visconti, Ocuvres di- sence of the numerous visitors from the subject
verses, vol. iii. p. 11; Thiersch, Epochen, p. 208, states, Aristophanes represented his “ Babylonians. ”
&c. )
(L. U. ) It attacked the plan of election by lot, and contain-
CLEOMY'TTADES (KXcourttádns). 1. The ed no doubt the first sketch of his subsequent por-
sixth of the family of the Asclepiadae, the son of trait of the Athenian democracy. Cleon, it would
Crisamis I. and the father of Theodorus I. , who appear, if not actually named, at any rate felt him-
lived probably in the tenth century B. C. (Jo. self reflected upon; and he rejoined by a legal suit
Tzetzes, Chil. vii. Hist. 155, in Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. against the author or his representative. The Scho-
vol. xii. p. 680, cd. vet. )
liasts speak of it as directed against his title to the
2. The tenth in descent from Aesculapius, the franchise (fevías ypaon), but it certainly also as-
son of king Crisamis II. , and the father of Theo sailed him for insulting the government in the pre-
dorus II.
Meantime Demaratus, with whom he had probably Herodotus is very curious; we may perhaps, without
been on bad terms ever since the retreat from much imputation on the father of history, suspect
Eleusis, sent private encouragements to the Aegi- that his love for personal story has here a little
netans to resist him, and took further advantage of coloured his narrative. Possibly he may have some-
his absence to intrigue against him at home. Cleo what mistaken his character; certainly the freedom of
menes returned unsuccessful, and now leagued him- action allowed to a king whom the Spartans were
self with Leotychides, and effected his colleague's at first balf inclined to put aside for the younger
deposition. [DEMARATUS. ] (Herod. vi. 49–66. ) brother Dorieus, and who was always accounted
He then took Leotycbides with him back to Aegi- half-mad (utomapyót epos), seems at variance with
na, seized his hostages, and placed them in the the received views of their kingly office. Yet it is
hands of the Athenians. But on his return to possible that a wild character of this kind night
Sparta, he found it detected that he had tampered find favour in Spartan eyes. (Comp. Müller, Dor.
with the priestess at Delphi to obtain the oracle i. 8. $ 6; Clinton, B. c. 510, and p. 425, noie x. )
which deposed Demaratus, and, in apprehension of The occupation of the acropolis of Athens is men-
the consequences, he went out of the way into tioned by Aristophanes. (Lusistr. 272. ) [A. H. C. ]
Thessaly. Shortly after, however, he ventured CLEOMENĖS II. , the 25th king of Sparta
into Arcadia, and his machinations there to excite of the Agid line, was the son of Cleombrotus I.
the Arcadians against his country were sufficient to and the brother of Agesipolis II. , whom he suc-
frighten the Spartans into offering him leave to re- ceeded in B. C. 370. He died in B. c. 309, after a
turn with impunity. He did not however long sur- reign of sixty years and ten months ; but during
vive his recall. He was seized with raving madness, this long period we have no information about him
and dashed his staff in every one's face whom he of any importance. He had two sons, Acrotatus
met; and at last when confined as a maniac in a and Cleonymus. Acrotatus died during the life of
sort of stocks, he prevailed on the Helot who Cleomenes, upon whose death Areus, the son of
watched him to give him a knife, and died by Acrotatus, succeeded to the throne. [Areus I. ;
slashing (kataxopõeuwv) his whole body over with CLEONTMUS. ) (Diod. xx. 29; Plut. Agis, 3 ;
it. (Herod. vi. 73–75. )
Paus. i. 13. 3, iii. 6. $ 1; Manso, Sparta, iii. 1,
His madness and death, says Herodotus, were p. 164, 2. pp. 247, 248 : Diod. xv. 60, contradicts
ascribed by the Spartans to the habit he acquired himself about the time that Cleomenes reigned,
from some Scythian visitors at Sparta of excessive and is evidently wrong; see Clinton, Fast. ii. pp.
drinking. Oihers found a reason in his acts of 213, 214. )
[P. S. )
sacrilege at Delphi or Eleusis, where he laid waste CLEOʻMENES III. , the 31st king of Sparta
a piece of sacred land (the Orgas), or again at of the Agid line, was the son of Leonidas II.
Argos, the case of which was as follows. Cleo- After the death of Agis IV. , B. C. 240, Leonidas
menes invaded Argolis, conveying his forces by married his widow Agiatis to Cleomenes, who was
sea to the neighbourhood of Tiryns ; defeated by under age, in order, as it seems to bring into his
a simple stratagem the whole Argive forces, and family the inheritance of the Proclidae. Agiatis,
pursued a large number of fugitives into the wood though at first violently opposed to the match, con-
of the hero Argus. Some of them he drew from ceived a great afiection for her husband, and she
their refuge on false pretences, the rest he burnt used to explain to him the principles and designs
amoug the sacred trees. He however made no of Avis, about which he was eager for information.
attempt on the city, but after sacrificing to the Cleomenes was endowed, according to Plutarch,
Argire Juno, and whipping her pricstess for op- with a noble spirit; in moderation and simplicity
## p. 794 (#814) ############################################
794
CLEOMENES.
CLEOMENES.
;
of life he was not inferior to Agis, hut superior to Spartans, on the other hand, were satisfied with
him in energy, and legs scrupulous about the the important advantage which they had gained
means by which his good designs might be accom- in the fortification of Belbina ; and Cleomenes, who
plished. His mind was further stirred up to was in Arcadia with only three hundred foot and
manliness and ambition by the instructions of the a few horse, was recalled by the Ephors. His
Stoic philosopher Sphaerus of Borysthenes, who back was no sooner turned than Aratus seized
visited Sparta. To this was added the influence Caphyae, near Orchomenus. The Ephors imme-
of his mother Cratesicleia. It was not long, there- diately sent back Cleomenes, who took Methydrion,
fore, before Clcomencs had formed the design of and made an incursion into the territories of Argos.
restoring the ancient Spartan discipline, and the About this time Aristomachus succeeded Aratus
death of his father, whom he succeeded (B. C. 236), as strategos of the Achaean league (in May, 2:27,
put him in a position to attempt his projected re- B. c. ), and to this period perhaps should be referred
form; but he saw that careful preparations must the declaration of war against Cleomenes by the
first be made, and that Sparta was not to be re- council of the Achaeans, which is mentioned by
stored by the means which Agis had employed. Polybius. Aristomachus collected an army of
Instead of repeating the rain attempt of Agis to 20,000 foot and 1000 horse, with which he met
form a popular party against the Ephors, the im- Cleomenes near Palantium ; and, though the latter
possibility of which was proved by the refusal of had only 5000 men, they were so eager and brave
Xenares, one of his most intimate friends, to aid that Aratus persuaded Aristomachus to decline
his efforts, he perceived that the regeneration of battle. The fact is, that the Achaeans were never
Sparta must be achieved by restoring to her her a warlike people, and Aratus was very probably
old renown in war, and by raising her to the right in thinking that 20,000 Achaeans were no
supremacy of Greece; and then that, the restored match for 5000 Spartans. But the moral effect of
strength of the state being centred in him as its this affair was worth more than a victory to Cleo-
leader, he might safely attempt to crush the power menes. In May, 226, Aratus again became stra-
of the Ephors. It was thus manifest that his tegos, and led the Achaean forces against Elis.
policy must be war, his enemy the Achaean league. The Eleans applied to Sparta for aid, and Clea-
Lydiadas, the former tyrant of Megalopolis, fore-menes met Aratus on his return, at the foot of
saw the danger which the league might apprehend Mount Lycaeum, in the territory of Megalopolis,
from Cleomenes"; but the counsels of Aratus, who and defeated him with great slaughter. It was at
was blind to this danger, prevailed; and the pro- first reported that Aratus was killed; but he had
posal of Lydiadas, to make the first attack on only fled; and, having rallied part of his army, he
Sparta, was rejected.
look Mantineia by a sudden assault, and revolu-
The first movement of Cleomenes was to seize tionized its constitution by making the metoeci
suddenly and by treachery the Arcadian cities, citizens. The effect of this change was the forma-
Tegea, Mantineia, and Orchomenus, which had tion of an Achaean party in the town.
recently united themselves with the Aetolians, Cleomenes had not yet taken any open steps
who, instead of resenting the injury, confirmed against the Ephors, though he could not but be an ob-
Cleomenes in the possession of them. The reason ject of suspicion to them; they were however in a dif-
of this was, that the Aetolians had already con- ficult position. The spirit of Agis still lived in the
ceived the project of forming an alliance with Spartan youth ; and Cleomenes, at the head of his
Macedonia and Sparta against the Achaean league. victorious army, was too strong to be crushed like
It is probable that they even connived at the Agis. Secret assassination might have been em-
seizure of these towns by Cleomenes, who thus ploged-and when was a Spartan ephor heard of
secured an excellent position for his operations who would have scrupled to use it ? -but then they
against the league before commencing war with it. would have lost the only man capable of carrying on
Aratus, who was now strategos, at last perceived the war, and Sparta must have fallen into the position
the danger which threatened from Sparta, and, of a subordinate member of the Achaean league.
with the other chiefs of the Achaean league, he re- They appear, however, to have taken advantage of
solved not to attack the Lacedaemonians, but to the loss of Mantineia to make a truce with the
resist any aggression they might make. About | Achaeans. (Paus. viii. 27. § 10. ) Cleomenes now
the beginning of the year 227 B. C. , Cleomenes, by took measures to strengthen himself against them.
the order of the Ephors, seized the little town of These measures are differently represented by
Belbina, and fortified the temple of Athena near Phylarchus, the panegyrist of Cleomenes, whom
it. This place commanded the mountain pass on Plutarch seems on the whole to have followed, and
the high road between Sparta and Megalopolis, by Polybius and Pausanias, who followed Aratus
and was at that period claimed by both cities, and other Achaean writers. At the death of Agis,
though anciently it had belonged to Sparta. Aratus his infant son, Eurydamidas, was left in the hands
made no complaint at its seizure, but attempted of his mother, Agiatis ; and Archidamus, the
to get possession of Tegea and Orchomenus by brother of Agis, filed into Messenia, according to
treachery. But, when he marched out in the night the statement of Plutarch, which, from the nature
to take possession of them, the conspirators, who of the case, is far more probable than the account
were to deliver up the Ds, lost courage. The of Polybius (v. 37. § 2, viii. 1. $ 3), that Archi-
attempt was made known to Cleomenes, who wrote damus filed at a later period, through fear of Clea
in ironical terms of friendship to ask Aratus menes. Eurydamidas was now dead, poisoned, it
whither he had led his army in the night? To was said, by the Ephors, and that too, according
prevent your fortifying Belbina," was the reply: to Pausanias (ii. 9. $ ), at the instigation of
“ Pray then, if you have no objection," retorted Cleomenes. The falsity of this last statement is
Cleomenes,“ tell us why son took with you lights proved by the silence of Polybius, who nerer
and scaling ladders. ” . By this correspondence spares Cleomenes, but it may serve to shew how
Aratus found out with whom he had to do. The recklessly he was abused by some of the Achaean
## p. 795 (#815) ############################################
CLEOMENES.
795
CLEOMENES.
party. Archidamus had thus become the rightful macy of Greece, which Polybius calls the Cleomenic
heir to the throne of the Proclidae, and he was war, and which lasted three years, from B. c. 225
invited by Clcomencs to return; but no sooner to the battle of Sellasia in the spring of B. c. 222.
had he set foot in Sparta than he was assassinated. For its details, of which a slight sketch is given
This crime also is charged upon Cleomenes by the under ARATUS, the reader is referred to the histo-
Achacan party, and among them by Polybius. rians. Amidst a career of brilliant success, Cleo-
The truth cannot now be ascertained, but every menes committed some errors, but, even if he had
circumstance of the case seems to fix the guilt avoided them, he could not but have been over-
upon' the Ephors. Cleomenes had everything to powered by the united force of Macedonia and the
hope, and the Ephors everything to fear, from the Achaean league. The moral character of the war
association of Archidamus in his councils. Cleo is condensed by Niebuhr into one just and forcible
menes, it is true, did nothing to avenge the crime: sentence : Old Aratus sacrificed the freedom of
but the reason of this was, that the time for his his country by an act of high treason, and gave up
attack upon the Ephors was not yet come; and Corinth rather than establish the freedom of Greece
thus, instead of an evidence of his guilt, it is by a union among the Peloponnesians, which
a striking proof of his patient resolution, that he would have secured to Cleomenes the influence
submitted to incur such a suspicion rather than to and power he deserved. ” (History of Rome, iv.
peril the object of his life by a premature move- p. 226. )
Inent. On the contrary, he did everything to ap- From the defeat of Sellasia, Cleomenes returned
pease the party of the Ephors. He bribed them to Sparta, and having advised the citizens to sub
largely, by the help of his mother Cratesicleia, who mit to Antigonus, he fled to his ally, Ptolemy Eu-
even went so far as to marry one of the chief men ergetes, at Alexandria, where his mother and
of the oligarchical party. Through the influence children were already residing as hostages. Any
thus gained, Cleomenes was permitted to continue hope he might have had of recovering his kingdom
the war ; he took Leuctra, and gained a decisive by the help of Ptolemy Euergetes was defeated by
victory over Aratus beneath its walls, owing to the the death of that king, whose successor, Ptolemy
ijnpetuosity of Lydiadas, who was killed in the Philopator, treated Cleomenes with the greatest
battle. The conduct of Aratus, in leaving Lydiadas neglect, and his minister, Sosibius, imprisoned bim
unsupported, though perhaps it saved his army, on a charge of conspiracy against the king's life.
disgusted and dispirited the Achaeans to such a Cleomenes, with his attendants, escaped from
degree, that they made no further efforts during prison, and attempted to raise an insurrection
this campaign, and Cleomenes was left at leisure against Ptolemy, but finding no one join him, he
to effect his long-cherished revolution during the put himself to death. (B. c. 221–220. ) His reign
winter which now came on. (B. C. 226--225. ) lasted 16 years. He is rightly reckoned by Pau-
Having secured the aid of his father-in-law, sanias (iii. 6. & 5) as the last of the Agidae, for
Megistonus, and of two or three other persons, he his nominal successor, Agesipolis III. , was a mere
first weakened the oligarchical party by drafting puppet. He was the last truly great man of
many of its chief supporters into his army, with Sparta, and, excepting perhaps Philopoemen, of all
which he then again took the field, seized the Greece.
Achaean cities of Heraea and Asea, threw supplies (Plutarch, Cleom. , Arat. ; Polyb. ii. v. , &c. ;
into Orchomenus, beleaguered Mantineia, and so Droysen, Geschichte der Hellenismus, vol. ii. bk. ii.
wearied out his soldiers, that they were glad to be c. 4 ; Manso, Sparta, vol. iii. )
[P. S. ]
left in Arcadia, while Cleomenes himself marched CLEOʻMENES (Kleomévns), Spartans of the
back to Sparta at the head of a force of mercenaries, royal family of the Agidae, but not kings.
surprised the Ephors at table, and slew all of them, 1. Son of the general Pausanias, brother of
except Agesilaus, who took sanctuary in the temple king Pleistoanax, and uncle of king Pausanias, led
of Fear, and had his life granted afterwards by the Peloponnesian army in their fourth invasion of
Cleomenes. Having struck this decisive blow, and Attica, in the fifth year of the Peloponnesian war.
being supported not only by his mercenaries, but (B. C. 427. ) Cleomenes acted in place of his
also by the remains of the party of Agis, Cleo- nephew, Pausanias, who was a minor. (Thucyd.
menes met with no further resistance. He now iii. 26, and Schol. )
propounded his new constitution, which is too 2.
Son of Cleombrotus II. , and uncle and guar-
closely connected with the whole subject of the dian of Agesipolis III. , B. c. 219. (Polyb. iv. 35.
Spartan polity to be explained within the limits of $ 12; AGESIPOLIS III. , CLEOMBROTUS II. ) (P. S. ]
this article. All that can be said here is, that he CLEO'MENES, a Greek of Naucratis in Egypt,
extended the power of the kings, abolished the was appointed by Alexander the Great as nomarch
Ephorate, restored the community of goods, made of the Arabian district (vó uos) of Egypt and re-
a new division of the lands, and recruited the body ceiver of the tributes from all the districts of
of the citizens, by bringing back the exiles and by Egypt and the neighbouring part of Africa. (B. C.
raising to the full franchise the most deserving of 331. ) Some of the ancient writers say that Àlex-
those who had not before possessed it. He also ander made him satrap of Egypt; but this is in-
restored, to a great extent, the ancient Spartan correct, for Arrian expressly states, that the other
system of social and military discipline. In the nomarchs were independent of him, except that
completion of this reform he was aided by the phi- they had to pay to him the tributes of their dis-
losopher Sphaerus. The line of the Proclidae tricts. It would, however, appear that he had no
being extinct, he took his brother Eucleidas for his difficulty in extending his depredations over all
colleague in the kingdom. In his own conduct he Egypt, and it is not unlikely that he would assume
set a fine example of the simple virtue of an old the title of satrap. His rapacity knew no bounds;
Spartan.
he exercised his office solely for his own advantage.
From this period must be dated the contest be- On the occurrence of a scarcity of corn, which was
tween the Achaeans and Cleomenes for the supre- | less severe in Egypt than in the neighbouring
## p. 796 (#816) ############################################
796
CLEOMENES.
CLEOMENES.
a
B. C.
countries, he at first forbad its exportation from physician introduced by Plutarch in his Symposiacon
Egypt; but, when the nomarchs represented to him (vi
. 8. 8 5, cd. Tauchn. ) as giving his opinion on
that this mcasure prevented them from raising the the nature and cause of the disease called bulimin,
proper amount of iribute, he permitted the expor- in the first century after Christ. [W. A. G. )
tation of the corn, but laid on it a heavy export CLEO'MENES, a sculptor mentioned only by
duty. On another occasion, when the price of Pliny (xxxvi. 4. S 10) as the author of a group of
corn was ten drachmas, Cleomenes bought it up the Thespiades, or Muses, which was placed by
and sold it at 32 drachmas; and in other ways he Asinius Pollio in his buildings at Rome, perhaps
interfered with the markets for his own guin. At the library on the Palatine hill
. This artist, who
another time he contrived to cheat his soldiers of a does not appear to have enjoyed great celebrity
month's pay in the year. Alexander had entrusted with the ancients, is particularly interesting to us,
to him the building of Alexandria. lle gave notice because one of the most exquisite statues, the
to the people of Canopus, then the chief emporium Venus de Medici, bears his name in the following
of Egypt, that he must remove them to the new inscription on the pedesul :
city. To avert such an evil they gave him a large
ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΩΡΟΥ
sum of money; but, as the building of Alexandria
ΑΘΗΝΑΙΟΣ ΕΠΩΕΣΕΝ.
advanced, he again demanded of the people of Ca- This inscription, which has been undeservedly
nopus a large sum of money, which they could not considered as a modern imposition, especially by
pay, and thus he got an excuse for removing them. Florentine critics, who would fain have claimed a
He also made money out of the superstitions of the greater master for their admired statue, indicates
people. One of his boys having been killed by both the father and the native town of Cleomenes;
a crocodile, he ordered the crocodiles to be de- and the letter 2 gives likewise an external proof
stroyed ; but, in consideration of all the money of what we should have guessed from the character
which the priests could get together for the sake of the work itself, that he was subsequent
of saving their sacred animals, he revoked his 403. But we may arrive still nearer at his age.
order. On another occasion he sent for the priests, Mummius brought the above-mentioned group of
and informed them that the religious establishment the Muses from Thespiae to Rome; and Cleomenes
was too expensive, and must be reduced; they must therefore have lived previously to B. c. 146,
handed over to him the treasures of the temples; the date of the destruction of Corinth. The beau-
and he then left them undisturbed. Alexander tiful statue of Venus is evidently an imitation of
was informed of these proceedings, but found it the Cnidian statue of Praxiteles; and Müller's
convenient to take no notice of them; but after his opinion is very probable, that Cleomenes tried to
return to Babylon (B. C. 323) he wrote to Cleo-revive at Athens the style of this great artist.
menes, commanding him to erect at Alexandria a Our artist would, according to this supposition,
splendid monument to Hephaestion, and promised have lived between B. c. 363 (the age of Praxiteles)
that, if this work were zealously performed, he and B. c. 146.
would overlook his misconduct.
Now, there is another Cleomenes, the author of
In the distribution of Alexander's empire, after a much admired but rather lifeless statue in the
his death, Cleomenes was left in Egypt as hyparch Louvre, which commonly bears the name of Ger-
under Ptolemy, who put him to death on the sus manicus, though without the slightest foundation.
picion of his favouring Perdiccas. The effect, if It represents a Roman orator, with the right hand
not also a cause, of this act was, that Ptolemy lifted, and, as the attribute of a turtle at the foot
came into possession of the treasures of Cleomenes, shews, in the habit of Mercury. There the artist
which amounted to 8000 talents. (Arrian, Anal, calls himself
iii. 5, vü. 23; Arrian, ap. Phot. Cod. 92, p. 69, a. 37,
ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ
ed. Bekker ; Dexippus, ap. Phot. Cod. 82, p. 64, a.
ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ
34; Justin. xiii. 4. § 11; Q. Curt. iv. 33. § 5;
ΑΘΗΝΑΙΟΣΕ
Pseud-Aristot. Oecon. ii. 34, 40; Dem. c. Drio
ΠΟΙΗΣΕΝ.
nysiod. p. 1258 ; Paus. i. 6. & 3; Diod. xviii. 14; He was therefore distinct from the son of Apollo
Droysen, Geschichte Alex. pp. 216, 580, Nachfolg. dorus, but probably his son ; for the name of Cleo-
pp. 41, 128. )
[P. S. ] menes is so very rare at Athens, that we can
CLEO'MENES, literary. 1. A rhapsodist, hardly suppose another Cleoinenes to have been
who recited the kabapuol of Empedocles at the his father; and nothing was more common with
Olympic games. (Athen. xiv. p. 620, d. )
ancient artists than that the son followed the
2. Of Rhegium, a dithyrambic poet, censured father's profession. But it is quite improbable
by Chionides (Athen. xiv. p. 638, e. ), and by that an Athenian sculptor should have made the
Aristophanes, according to the Scholiast. (Nubes, statue of a Roman in the form of a god before the
332, 333. ) He seems to have been an erotic wars against Macedonia bad brought the Roman
writer, since Epicrates mentions him in connexion armies into Greece. The younger Cleomenes must
with Sappho, Meletus, and Lamynthius. (Athen. therefore have exercised his art subsequently to
xiv. p. 605, e. ) The allusions of other comedians B. C. 200, probably subsequently to the battle of
to him fix his date the latter part of the fifth Cynoscephalae. We may therefore place the father
century B. C. One of his poems was entitled about E. c. 220.
Meleager. (Athen. ix. p. 402, a. )
Another work is also inscribed with the name
3. A cynic philosopher, the disciple of Metrocles, of Cleomenes, namely, a basso-relievo at Floreuce,
wrote a work on education (Naidaywy kós), which of very good workmanship, with the story of
is quoted by Diogenes Laërtius (vi. 75, 95). Alceste, bearing the inscription ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ
1. A commentator on Homer, and Hesiod. | ENOIEI. But we are not able to decide whether
(Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 129. ) Perhaps he was it is to be referred to the father, or to the son, or
the same as the philosopher.
[P. S. ) to a third and more recent artist, whose name is
CLEOʻMENES (KAeouévns), the name of a published by Raoul-Rochette. (Monumens inédits
## p. 797 (#817) ############################################
CLEON.
797
CLEON.
Orestéide, pl. xxv. p. 130. ) The inscriptions of four The following winter unmasked his boldest ene-
statues in the collection of Wilton House are of a my. At the city Dionysia, B. c. 426, in the pre-
very doubtful description. (Visconti, Ocuvres di- sence of the numerous visitors from the subject
verses, vol. iii. p. 11; Thiersch, Epochen, p. 208, states, Aristophanes represented his “ Babylonians. ”
&c. )
(L. U. ) It attacked the plan of election by lot, and contain-
CLEOMY'TTADES (KXcourttádns). 1. The ed no doubt the first sketch of his subsequent por-
sixth of the family of the Asclepiadae, the son of trait of the Athenian democracy. Cleon, it would
Crisamis I. and the father of Theodorus I. , who appear, if not actually named, at any rate felt him-
lived probably in the tenth century B. C. (Jo. self reflected upon; and he rejoined by a legal suit
Tzetzes, Chil. vii. Hist. 155, in Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. against the author or his representative. The Scho-
vol. xii. p. 680, cd. vet. )
liasts speak of it as directed against his title to the
2. The tenth in descent from Aesculapius, the franchise (fevías ypaon), but it certainly also as-
son of king Crisamis II. , and the father of Theo sailed him for insulting the government in the pre-
dorus II.
