No More Learning

These hymns,
clastic controversy was raging, and the brothers though not in verse, are acrostich, the first letters
were sent by the patriarch of Jerusalem to remon- of the successive paragraphs forming a sentence,
strate with the emperor Leo V. , the Armenian, a which serves as a motto to the piece. 3. Canon
zealous iconoclast, who reigned from A. D. 813 to Purucleticus ad B. Dviputram, mentioned by Fa-
8:20. The accomplishments and boldness of Theo- bricius. (Vila Thcolori Grapti, by a contemporary
dore excited the emperor's adnuiration, but the per-writer, printed in the Orig. Rerumque CPolit.
tinacious resistance of the brothers to his proceed-Manip. of Combefis ; Theophanes Continuatus, iii.
ings provoked his anger, and they were scourged, | De Theophilo Michaelis Fil. 14, iv. ; De Michaele
and banished from Constantinople. After the Theophili Fil. 11 ; Symeon Mag. De Theophil. c. 22,
murder of Leo V. , they were at first allowed by 23, De Michaele et l'heodora, c. 5; Georg. Monach.
Michael II. the Stammerer (who reigned from A. D. De Theophilo, c. 25 ; Cedrenus, vol. i. p. 799, rol. ii.
820 to 829) to return to that city, but were shortly pp. 114—117, 149, 150, ed. Bonn. ; Fabric
. Bill.
afterwards again banished. Under Theophilus, the Gr. vol. viii. p. 84, vol. x. pp. 332, 395, rol xi. pp.
Bon of Michael (who reigned from A. D. 829 to 84, 220, 718. )
(J. C. M. ]
842), they were still more severely treated. In GRASI'DIUS SACERDOS. (SACERDOS. )
addition to a third banishment from Constantinople, GRATA. 1. Daughter of the emperor Valen-
or rather imprisonment (we do not find when they tinian I. by his second wife, Justina, whom he
had returned from their second exile), they had a married, according to Theophanes, A. D. 368. She
long inscription of opprobrious iambic verses carved remained all her life unmarried. She and her
on their faces; the verses are given by the author of sister, Justa, were at Mediolanum or Milan while
the life of Theodore, as well as by the continuator the remains of her murdered brother, Valentilian
of Theophanes, by Symeon Magister, by George the 11. , continued there unburied, and deeply in-


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GRATA.
301
GRATIANUS.
mented his loss. It is doubtful if they were at | Success. c. 97 ; Olympiod. apud Phot. Bill. cod.
Vienna in Gaul, where he was killed, at the time 80 ; Theophan. Chronog. vol. i. p. 162, ed. Bonn ;
of his death (A. D. 392), and accompanied his body Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vols. v. and vi. ; Gibbon,
to Milan, or whether they were at Milan. (Socrat. c. 35 ; Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 189; Gruter, Inscript.
II. E. iv. 31; Ambros. de Obitu Valentiniani, mxlviii. 1. )
(J. C. M. )
$ 40, &c. , Epist. 53, cd. Benedict. ; Tillemont, GRATIAE. (CHARITES. )
Iſist. des Emp. vol. r. )
GRATIANUS. 1. GRATIANUS FUNARIUS,
2. Justa Grata Honoria, was the daughter of father of the emperors Valentinian I. and Valens,
Constantius III. , emperor of the West [CONSTAN- was born at Cibalae or Cibalis, in Pannonia, of an
tius III. ), and Galla Placidia (Galla, No. 2), obscure family. He obtained the name of Funarius
and daughter of Theodosius the Grcat. The time (“the rope-man") because, when cirrying about
of her birth is not known, but it may be estimated some rope (funis) for sale, he successfully resisted
approximately by the marriage of her parents, the efforts of five soldiers to wrest it from him. This
which took place on Jan. 1, 417, and the birth of circumstance Jed to his enlisting in the army, and
her brother, Valentinian III. , younger than her he became distinguished for bodily strength and
self, which occurred in A. D. 419. She fled into for skill in military wrestling. He rose through
the castern empire, with her mother and brother, the rank of Protector and Tribunus to be Comes,
upon the death of Honorius (A. P. 424) and the and, as we understand Ammianus Marcellinus,
usurpation of Joannes ; and shared in the danger Magister Militum in Africa ; but lost that appoint-
from the sea and the deliverance therefrom, which ment through being suspected of peculation. How-
are recorded in an inscription now in the wall of ever, after a long interval, he obtained the garne
St. John's Church at Ravenna (GALLA, No. 2). rank in Britain ; and at last returned, with a good
In that inscription she is termed Augusta, which reputation, to his birth-place, to end his days in
title was probably given her after the restoration privacy. He suffered the confiscation of all his
of Valentinian III. to the western empire ; and, it property by the emperor Constantius II. , “because
is conjectured, in order to prevent her marrying, he was said to have hospitably entertained Mag-
by raising her above the rank of a subject. Impa- nentius, who was hastening through the place of his
tient at being restricted from marriage, she secretly residence to the fulfilment of his purpose ” (Amm.
communicated, by one of her eunuchs, whom she Marc. xxx. 7), i. e. apparently when hastening to
sent on the mission, with Attila, who had lately encounter Constantius in the battle of Mursa, A. D.
become king of the Huns, inviting him to come 35). He is thought to have held the office of pre-
into Italy and to marry her. There is some doubt fectus praetorio, but this is not certain. He was very
as to the time of this mission ; but we prefer, on popular with the soldiers, whose regard for him, even
the whole, to follow Jornandes, who fixes it before after his death, is said to have contributed to the
her connection with Eugenius. It was probably at elevation of his son Valentinian to the empire. The
this time that she sent her ring to Attila as a senate of Constantinople decreed to him a statue of
pledge of her faith ; but Attila did not attend to brass about the time of the accession of Valens, A. D.
her invitation, and Honoria's unbridled appetite 364. (Amm. Marc. xxx. 7; Aurel. Vict. Epit. c.
led her into an illicit connection with her own 45; Paulus Diaconus, de Gest. Romun. lib. xi ;
steward, Eugenius, by whom she became pregnant. Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. v. )
On the discovery of her condition, she was con- 2. GRATIANUS AUG. , son of the emperor Valen-
fined, but not in the palace, and then sent (A. D. tinian, by his first wife Severa (or perhaps Valeria
434) to Theodosius II. at Constantinople. Vale Severa), was born at Sirmium, in Pannonia, 19th
sius has affirmed that Eugenius was put to death, April, A. D. 359, about five years before his
but this assertion appears to be unsupported by father's accession to the empire. In A. D. 366,
testimony. In a. D. 450, after the death of Theo- while yet nobilissimus puer, or heir apparent, he
dosius, she appears to have been sent back to her was made consul, and on 24th Aug. 367, he was
brother, Valentinian ; for in that year Attila, raised by his father to the rank of Augustus, at
anxious to find a cause of quarrel with the west. Ambiani or Amiens, in Gaul. This eleration is
ern empire, sent an embassy to Valentinian com- ascribed by Aurelins Victor to the influence of his
plaining of the wrongs of Honoria, claiming her as mother, Severa, and his maternal grandmother. In
betrothed to him, and, with her, that portion of the following year he accompanied his father in the
the empire to which she was entitled. Valen- campaign against the Alamanni, in their own
tinian replied that she could not marry Attila, as country, though he was not, on account of his
she had a husband already ; that women had no tender age, exposed to the full hardships and dan-
part in the succession to the empire, and that, con- gers of the war. Great care was bestowed on his
sequently, his sister had no claim. This assertion education; and the poet Ausonius (AUSONIUS),
that Honoria had a husband has led to the con- whom, in gratitude for his instruction, he after-
jecture that she was forced at this time to marry wards (a. D. 379) raised to the consulship, was his
some obscure person, and that this enforced mar- tutor.
riage was one occasion of a second embassy of On the sudden death of Valentinian, at Bregitio
Attila, reiterating his claim to her, and sending or Bergentio, now Bregenz, on the lake of Con-
ber ring as an assurance that she had engaged her- stance (17 Nov. A. D. 375), the troops there, at the
self to him. Valentinian sent a similar reply to instigation of some of their officers, elevated Valen-
his former one ; and the invasion of Gaul by Attila tinian II. , a child of four years, half brother of
soon followed (Attila). Of the subsequent his- Gratian, to a share in the empire.
The writers of
tory of Honoria nothing appears to be known; best authority tell us that the good disposition and
Gibbon states, but apparently without authority, prudence of Gratian, or his advisers, prevented that
that she was condemned to perpetual imprison- prince from taking umbrage at this intrusion upon
ment. (Marcellin. Chronicon ; Priscus, de Leyrtion. hiin of a partner in his power ; but Theophanes
i. 7, 8, ii. 1; Jornand. de Rib. Gel. c. 42, de Regn. and Zonaras say that he punished the authors of his
:


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302
GRATIANUS.
GRATIANUS.
brother's elevation, and Zonarns adds that he the camp he cultivated poetry; and the filattering
severely rebuked the troops for their share in the panegyric of Ausonius declares that Achilles had
transaction. A division of the provinces of the found in him a Roman Homer. He was pious,
West was made between the brothers, though the chaste, and temperate ; but his character was too
greaier age of Gratian gave him pre-eminence. As yielding and pliant, it wanted force ; and the infiu-
the castern provinces remained subject to Valens, ence of others led him to severities that were
brother and colleague of Valentinian I. , the part foreign to his own character. By the instigation
immediatety subject to the government of Gratian of his mother, he had, at the commencement of his
comprehended Gaul, Spain, and Britain. But there reign, put to death Maximus, praefectus praetorio
is some doubt both as to the time when the pro- in Gaul, Simplicius, and others of his father's
vinces of the West were partitioned, and as to the officers. It is difficult to determine how far he is
authority, if any, which Gratian retained or exer- answerable for the death of Count Theodosius,
cised in the provinces of his brother. (See Tille- father of the emperor, who was put to death at
mont and Gothofredus, Nol. ad Cod. Theod. 16. tit. Carthage soon after Gratian's accession, unless we
9. s. 4, 5. ) Treviri, now Trèves, seems to have could ascertain whether the partition of the wester
been his usual residence.
provinces had then been made ; and if so, whether
In the early part of his reign hostilities were Gratian retained any authority in the provinces
fiercely carried on along the Danubian provinces allotted to his brother. His piety and reverence
and in Illyricum, where Frigeridus, Gratian's for ecclesiastics, especially for Ambrose of Milan,
general, defeated the Taifali ; and Gratian him- rendered him too willing a party to the persecu-
self was preparing to march into Thrace to assist tions which the Christians, now gaining the ascen-
his uncle Valens against the Goths, but was de- dancy, were too ready to exercise, whether against
tained in the West by an incursion of the Len- the heathens or against heretics of their own body.
tienses, who formed part of the great confederation Valentinian I. had wisely allowed religious liberty;
of the Alamanni. The invading hosh, to the but under Gratian this was no longer permitted.
number of 40,000 (some accounts, probably exag- (Cod. Theod. 16. tit. 9. s. 4, 5, with the notes of
gerated, make them 70,000), was encountered and Gothofredus. ) He refused to put on the insignia
cut to pieces by the army of Gratian, under his of Pontifex Maximus, on the plea that a Christian
generals Nannienus and Mellobaudes the Frank, could not wear them; and herein he only acted
who held the office of Comes Domesticorum at consistently. Tillemont, on the authority of Am-
Argentovaria or Argentaria (at or near Colmar, in brose, ascribes to him the removal of the Altar of
Alsace), about May, a. D. 378 or according to some Victory at Rome, and the confiscation of its re-
authorities in 377. Whether Gratian was present venues; and the prohibition of legacies of real pro-
at the battle does not appear ; but he conducted perty to the Vestals, with the abolition of their
his army in person across the Rhine, and compelled Other privileges, steps of which the justice is more
the Lentienses to submit. He afterwards advanced questionable. Ambrose also ascribes to him the
towards or into the eastern empire, where the prohibition of heathen worship at Rome, and the
Goths, who had defeated and killed Valens near purging of the church from all taint of sacrilegious
Adrianople (Aug. 378), were committing great heresy — vague expressions, but indicative of the
devastation. By the death of his uncle, Valens, persecuting spirit of his government. The Priscil-
the eastern empire had devolved upon him ; but lianists indeed are said to have obtained readmis-
his consciousness of his inadequacy to this increased sion into the church by bribing the officers of his
charge led him to send for Theodosius [THEODO-court ; and during the short time after Valens'
sIUs I. Avg. ] from Spain, and after appointing death that he held the Eastern empire, he con-
him in the first instance general against the Goths, tented himself with relieving the orthodox party
he soon after (Jan. 19, 379), at Sirmium, raised from persecution, and tolerated the Arians, probably
him to be his colleague in the empire, and come from the conviction that in the critical period of the
mitted the East to him.
Gothic war, it would not do to alienate so powerful
For some time after this the pressure of affairs a body. The Eunomians, Photinians, and Mani-
compelled Gratian to exert himself. He sanctioned chaeans were not, however, tolerated even then.
the settlement in Pannonia and Upper Maesia of (Suidas, s. v. Spatiavós, and notes of Gothofredus
some German nations, who were pressing upon the to Cod. Theod. l. c. ) Sulpicius Severus intimates that
frontier of the empire; perhaps thinking thus to at one time he issued an edict for the banishment
repair the waste of population in the Gothic war, of all heretics ; but it is difficult to believe that
or to raise up a barrier against further invasion. this could have been effected or eren attempted.
His generals, the Franks, Bauto and Arbogastes, The religious meetings of heretics were, however,
with their army, were sent to assist Theodosius ; interdicted by him. (Cod. Theod. l. c. ) After these
and Gratian himself, if we may trust an obscure indications of his zeal, we do not wonder that Am-
expression of Idatius, gained a victory over some brose addressed to him his treatise De Fide.
hostile army, but of what nation is not said. He While these persecuting measures were cooling
also, during the illness of Theodosius, arranged or the attachment of those of his subjects who were
strengthened a treaty with the Goths. After these exposed to his severity, his constant engagement in
transactions, which may be referred to the year field sports, to the neglect of more serious matters,
380 at latest, we hear little of any warlike or other incurred contempt. The indulgence and flattery
transactions in which Gratian was engaged. of his councillors and courtiers allowed and induced
Historians, Pagan and Christian, are agreed as him to devote himself to amusement. Night and
to the character of this prince. In person he was day, says Aurelius Victor, he was thinking of no-
well made and good looking ; in his disposition thing else than arrows, and considered that to hit
gentle and docile ; submissive. as a youth, to his the mark was the greatest of pleasures and the
instructors, possessed of a cultivated understanding perfection of art. So sure was his aim, that his
and of a ready and pleasing eloquence. Even in arrows were said to be endowed with intelligence.


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GRATIANUS.
303
GRATIDIUS.

He associated with a few of the Alans, whom he man. He was murdered by the troops who had
made his friends and followers, and travelled raised him to the furple about four months after
habited in their garb. This deportment excited his elevation (A. D. 407), and was succeeded by
the contempt of the army. While thus unpopular, Constantine. [CONSTANTINUS, the tyrant, vol. I.
a competitor for the empire suddenly appeared in p. 830. ] (Olympiod. apud Phot. Bill. Cod. 80;
the person of Maximus, a man of energy and repu- Zosiin. vi. 2 ; Oros. vii. 40 ; Sozom. H. E. ix. 11;
tation, who was elected by the legions in Britain, Baeda, H. E. i. 11. ).
(J. C. M. ]
and at once crossed over into Gaul, and defeated GRATI'DIA, a sister of M. Gratidius [No. 1]
Gratian somewhere near Paris. Deserted by his of Arpinum, was married to M. Tullius Cicero, the
troops, and, according to some, betrayed by bis grandfather of the orator. (Cic. de Leg. ii.
general, Mellobaudes, or Merobaudes, Gratian fled 16. )
[L. S. )
in the direction of Italy, but being excluded by the GRATIDIA’NUS, M. MA'RIUS, the son of
inhabitants of the cities in his route, was overtaken M. Gratidius [No. 1], but his name shows that he
and slain apparently near Lugdunum or Lyon, by was adopted by one Marius, probably a brother of
Andragathius, whom Maximus had sent in pursuit the great Marius. He was a very popular speaker,
of him. (25 Aug. 383. ) In his last extremity he and able to maintain his ground even in very tur-
called upon the name of Ambrose. Zosimus places bulent assemblies. Owing to his popularity, he
his death near Singidunum, now Belgrade, on the was twice invested with the praetorship, and in
borders of Pannonia and Maesia. Maximus re- one of them he proposed an edict concerning the
fused to give up his body to his brother Valentinian coinage (edictum de re nummaria), which raised his
for burial; but subsequently, probably on the favour with the people still higher. During the
overthrow of Maximus, it was removed and interred proscriptions of Sulla, he was killed by Catiline in
at Milan. Sozomen and Socrates, followed by a most cruel and brutal manner, and his head was
Theophanes, describe the stratagem by which carried in triumph through the city. Cicero was
Andragathius succeeded in killing him, and though connected with him by intimate friendship. (Cic.
their story is improbable enough, it perhaps origi- Brut. 62, de Leg. ii. 16, de off. iii. 16, 20, de
nated in some treachery actually employed. Petit. Cons. 3, de Orat. i. 39, ii. 65; Ascon. in Cic.
Gratian was twice married. 1. About a. D. 374 in tog. cand. p. 84, ed. Orelli; Senec, de Ira, 3
or 375, to Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 9. )
[L. S. ]
the emperor Constantius II. , by whom he appears GRATI'DIUS, the name of a family of Arpi-
to have had a son, of whom nothing is known. num, of which a few members are known in the
Constantia died about six months before her hus- last century of the Roman republic.
band. 2. To Laeta, of whom little is known, and 1. M. GRATIDIUS, proposed in B. c. 115 a lex
who survived him. (Amm. Marc. xxvii. 6, xxviii
. tabellaria at Arpinum, which was opposed by M.
1, xxix. 6, xxx. 10, xxxi. 9, 10; Aurel. Vict. Epit. . Tullius Cicero, the grandfather of the orator, who
c. 45, 47, 48; Oros. vii. 32, 33, 34; Zosim. vi. 12, was married to Gratidia, the sister of M. Grati-
19, 24, 34, 35, 36; Zonar. xiii. 17; Marcellin. dius.