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iu/io. tikov (de Isocr. , p. 95, ed. Sylb. ). The breasts
of his statues were particularly admired. (Auct. ad
Herenn. ,i, 6. ) We find also, in other writers, several
narratives illustrative of his skill, and his accurate
judgment of the arts. Consult, in particular, Plutarch
(Symp. , 2, 3) and . (Elian (V. H. , 14, 8, 16). He
wrote also a treatise on the Symmetry of the Members
of the Human Body, of which Galen makes mention.
(Tlepl tuv naff 'lrnroKp. nal UMr. , 4. 3, vol. 5, p.
449, ed. Kuhn. --SiUig, Diet. Art. , p. 104. )--II. A
statuary, a native of Argos, who flourished a little be-
fore Olymp. 100. He executed, among other works,
a figure of Hecate at Argos, the Amyclean Venus, and
a statue of Alcibiades. (Pausan. , 2, 22. --Dio Chry-
sost. , Oral. , 37, vol. 2, p. 122, ed. Reiskc. -- Sillig,
Diet. Art. , p. 104. )
Polycrates, I. a tyrant of Samos, who raised him-
self to the chief power, from the condition of a private
person, by his abilities alone, about 566 B. C. His
history is narrated at length by Herodotus. He shared,
at first, the government of his country with his two
brothers Pantaleon and Syloson; but subsequently
ie caused the former to be put to death, and expelled
the latter; after which he reigned with undivided au-
thority. His successes were great and rapid, and he
acquired a power which made him dreaded equally by
his subjects and neighbours; and his alliance was
courted by some of the most powerful sovereigns of
? ? that period. He conquered the Lesbians and other
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? POL
POL
Ki, tiie titter of Hecuba. He mrrr'td Lycaate, a
natural daughter of Priam. According to Dares, Po-
lyomas, in conjunction with Antenor and . Eneas, be-
trayed Troy 10 the Greeks. (Dar. , Phry/r. , 39, >>eq(j)
--II. A son of Panthoiis, and born the same night as
Hector. He was distinguished for wisdom and val-
our. Dictys of Crete makes him to have been slain
by Ajax. Homer, however, is silent about the man-
ner of his death. (Did. Cret. , 2, 7. --Horn. , II. , 11,
67. --Id. ib. , 14,458, &c. )---III. A celebrated athlete
of Scotussa, remarkable for his great size and strength
of body, in both of which respects he is said to have
surpassed all the men of his time. He was conquered,
indeed, according to one account, by Promacnus of
Pallene, at the Olympic games, but this was denied
by his countrymen the Tnessalians. (Pausan. , 6, 5.
--Id. , 7, 27. ) He is said to have killed lions with his
hands, tearing them in pieces like so many lambs.
(Diod. Sic. , fragm. , 18, p. 640, cd. West. ) Pausa-
nias, however, merely says that be met a lion on one
occasion, and, though unarmed, destroyed it in emu-
lation of Hercules (6, 5). At another time he seized
the largest and fiercest bull in a herd, and held it ao
firmly by one of its hind legs, that the animal, after
many efforts, only managed to escape at length with
the loss of its hoof. He could also hold back a char-
iot, when advancing at full speed, so firmly with one
hand, that the charioteer could not urge it onward in
the least by the most vigorous application of the lash
to his steeds. The tame of his exploits obtained for
him an invitation to the court of Artaxerxes, where he
slew three of the royal body-guard, called the immor-
tals, who attacked him at once. He lost his life by an
act of foolhardiness; for, having one day entered a
cave along with some friends for the purpose of caress-
ing in this cool retreat, the roof of the cave became
rent on a sudden, and was on the point of fall'ng. The
rest of the party fled; but Polydamas, endeavouring
to support with his arms the failing mass, was crushed
beneath it. A statue was erected to him at Olympia,
on the pedestal of which was inscribed a narrative of
hit exploits. (I'ausan , 6, 5 . ) Lucian says, that the
touch of this statue was believed to cure levers.
(Dear Coneil. , 12. )
Pol rnscTKs, king of the island of Soriphus when
Danae and her son Perseus were wafted thither. ( Vid.
Danae. i. x Pcrseui. .
Polyoorus, I. a son of Cadmus and Harmonia.
He succeeded his father on the throne of Thebes,
and married Nycte'it, daughter of Nycteus, by wl. jm
he became the father of Labdacus. (Apollod. , 3, 4,
2. ? Id. , 3, 5, 4. --Consult Heyne, ad loc. )--II. A son
of Priam and Hecuba, treacherously put to death by
Polymnestor, king of Thrace, to whose care his father
had consigned him, on account of his early years, to-
wards the close of the Trojan war. (Vid. Polymnes-
tor. ) According to the legend followed by Euripides,
in his play of the " Hecuba," the body of the young
Trojan prince was thrown into the tea, and, having
been washed up by the waves on the beach, was there
found by Hecuba, then a prisoner to the Greeks. Vir-
gil, however, following a different version of the fable,
makes him to have been trantfllxed by many spears,
and these spears to have grown into trees over his
corpse. When . . Eneas visited the Thracian coast, and
was preparing to oflei a sacrifice in this spot, he en-
deavoured to pull up some of these trees, in order to
? ? procure boughs for shading the altar. From the root
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? POL
l>>OL
jet ond more unfavourable, and ihoae of Ihe last exact
representations. (Ami. , Pott. , 2, 2. ) Pliny states,
that Polygnotus likewise gave attention to statuary.
(Plin. , 34, 8, 18. --SiUig, Diet. Art. , s. v. )
Polyhymnia and Polymnia, one of the Muses,
daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided
over singing and rhetoric, and was deemed the invent-
ress of harmony. She was represented veiled in white,
holding a sceptre in her left hand, and with her right
raised up, as if ready to harangue Ausonius describes
her attributes in the following line, " Signal cuncta
manu, loquitur Polyhymnia geitu. {Idyll. ,ull. ) The
etymology of the name is disputed. According to the
common acceptation of the term, it cornea from -n'/. ve,
"much" and v/tvoc, " a long" or "hymn," and indi-
cates one who is much given to singing. Some, how-
ever, deduce it from iroMc and /iveia, "memory,"
and therefore write the name Polymncia, making her
the Muse that watches over the remembrance of things
and the establishment of truth. Hence Virgil remarks,
"Nam verum fateamur: amat Polymneia verum. "
(Ciria, 55. --Consult fleyne, ad loc. in Var. Led. )
Polymnestor or Polymkbtor, a king of the Thra-
cian Chersonese, who married Ilione, one of the daugh-
ters of Priam. When Troy was besieged by the
Greeks, Priam sent his youngest son Polydorus, with
a large amount of treasure, to the court of Polymnes-
tor, and consigned him to the care of that monarch.
His object in doing this was to guard the young prince
against the contingencies of war, and, at the aame time,
to provide resourcea for the surviving members of his
family, in case Troy should fall. As long as the city
withstood the attacks of its foes, Polymnestor remain-
ed faithful to his charge. But when the tidings reach-
ed him of the death of Priam and the destruction of
Troy, he murdered Polydorus, and seized upon the
treasure. A very short time after this, the Grecian
fleet touched at the Chersonese on its return home,
bearing with it the Trojan captives, in the number of
whim was Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. Here
me of the female Trojans discovered the corpse of the
young prince amid the waves on the shore, Polymnes-
tor having thrown it into the sea. Tho dreadful in-
telligence was immediately communicated to Hecuba,
who, calling to mind the fearful dreams which had
visited her during the previous night, immediately con-
cluded that Polymnestor was the murderer. Resolv-
ing to avenge the death of her son, and having obtain-
ed from Agamemnon a promise that ho would not in-
terfere, she enticod Polymnestor within, under a prom-
ise of showing him where some treasures were hid, and
then, with Ji- aid of the other female captives, she de-
prived him of sight, having first murdered before his
eyes his two sons who had accompanied him. (Eu-
rip. , Hec. ) -- Hyginus gives a different version of the
legend. According to this writer, when Polydorus
was sent to Thrace, his sister Ilione, apprehensive of
her husband's cruelty, changed him for her son Diphi-
lus, who was of the same age, so that Polydorus pass-
ed for her son, and Diphilua for her brother, tho mon-
arch being altogether unacquainted with tho imposi-
tion. After the deatruction of Troy, the conquerors,
who wiahed the house and family of Priam to be ex-
tirpated, offered Electra, the daughter of Agamemnon,
in marriage to Polymnestor, if he would destroy Ilione
and Polydorus. The ""inarch accepted the offer, and
immediately murdered his v,*ro son Diphilua, whom he
? ? had been taught to regard as Polydorus. Polydorus,
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? fiRCHON.
POL
he threw I:::. i i Ho prison, and only pardoned him aftci
a considerable lime had elapsed. \Ve find Polysper-
chon, subsequently 'o this, again intrusted with a com-
mand, and sent to besiege the city of Ora, on Alex-
ander's inarch to India. He took the place in a short
time After Alexander's death, he pasFtd over into
Europe, and subdued the Thessaiians, who had revolted
Irom the Macedonian power. In B. C. 319, Antipa-
ter, then on his deathbed, bestowed the regency of
the empire on Polyspcrchon, as the oldest of all the
surviving captains of Alexander, and committed to his
care the two kings, who appear to have resided at
Pella ever since the death of Perdiccas. Cassander,
the son of Antipater, deeply irritated at this prefer-
ence of a stranger, endeavoured to form a party against
the new regent, and with this view engaged Ptolemy
and Antigonus on his side. Polyspcrchon, on his
part, neglected nothing that was necessary to strength-
en his interests; and he found himself compelled to
have recourse to measures, of which some were inju-
dicious, and others positively hurtful. The only wise
step which he took (luring this emergency was an al-
liance with Eumcnes, whom, in the name of the kings,
he appointed sole general of the army serving in Asia,
and invested, at the same time, with the uncontrolled
disposal of all the resources of the eastern empire.
Desirous, too. by all possible means, to increase the
popularity of his cause in Macedon, and to check the
influence of Eurydice, who had still a powerful party
in the army, Polysperchon advised the recall of Olym-
pias, the mother of Alexander, bin he had soon rea-
son to repent of this step; far Olympias, still un-
taught by events and thirsting for revenge, returned
to the Macedonian capital only to gratify her worst
prasions, and to disturb the tranquillity of private life.
But of ill the measures into which Polysperchon was
diiven by the pressure of affairs, none was more ques-
tionable than the following. Eager to retain the
Greeks in his interest, and to defeat the plans of Cas-
sander, who, before the death of Antipater was known
at Athcc;, ill sent Nicanor thither to succeed Me-
nylliu in tne command of the garrison of Munychia,
mid had soon after made himself master of the Pireus,
Polysperchon published an edict for re-establishing
democracy in all the states which owned the protec-
tion of Macedon The policy of this step was not
. ess wicked than its effects were pernicious: the boon
of democracy created such a degree of contention and
popular licentiousness in most of the states, that the
arms of the citizens were for a time employed against
one another. Almost every individual distinguished
by rank or merit was stripped of his property, ban-
ished, or put to death.
The condition of Athens, con-
trolled by the garrison in the Munychia, prevented the
people of that city from partaking of the benefit held
out to them by Polysperchon. But when Alexander,
the ion of the latter, reached Athens with a body of
forces, the democracy was restored, and Phocion and
others were put to death. (VOL. Phocion. ) Cassan-
der, however, soon after made himself master of Ath-
ens, and Polysperchon, on receiving intelligence of
this, immediately hastened to besiege him in that city;
but, as the siege took up much time, he left part of
his troops before the place, and advanced with the
rest into the Peloponnesus, to force the city of Mega-
lopolis to surrender. The attempt, however, was an
unsuccessful one; and it was fortunate for the mili-
? ? tary character of the protector that an apology for his
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? POM
POM
K>>>. She was also nurse to Queci Hypsipylj. It
was by her advice that the Lemnian women murdered
their husbands. (Apoll. Rhod. , 1, 668. -- Val. Ftacc,
2,316. --Hygm. ,fab. , 16. )--II. A female, a native of
Argos, who married Tlepolemus, son of Hercules.
When her husband was compelled to flee, in conse-
quence of the accidental homicide of Licymnius, broth-
er of Alcmena, Polyxo accompanied him to Rhodes,
where the inhabitants chose him for their king. On
the death of Tlepolemus, who fell in the Trojan war,
Polyxo became sole mistress of the kingdom, and du-
ring her reign Helen came to Rhodes, having been
driven from the Peloponnesus, after the death of Men-
elaus, by Nicostratus and Megapenthes. Polyxo, de-
termined to avenge her husband's fall, caused some of
her female attendants to habit themselves like Furies,
seize Helen while bathing, and hang her on a tree.
The Rhodians afterward, in memory of the deed, con-
secrated a temple to Helen, giving her the surname of
Dendritis (Aevdpinc) from the manner of her death.
<Pausan, 3, 19, 10. --Sicbtlis ad Pausan. , I. c. --Bit-
itger, Furicnmaske, p. 47, seq. )
Polyzelus, I. a poet of the uld comedy, who flour-
ished about the time of the battle of Argiuusae. The
titles of some of his pieces have reached us. (Fabric,
MM. Gr. , v. 2, p. 488, ed. Harks. --Hemsterhus. ad
Polluc. , 10,76. )--II. An historian, a native of Rhodes.
{Van, Hist. Gr. , 3, p. 406. --Athentcus, 8, p. 361, c. )
Pom itia. Vid. Suessa Pometia.
Pomona (from pomum, "fruit"), a goddess among
the Romans, presiding over fruit-trees. Her worship
was of long standing at Rome, where there was a
Flamen Pomonalis, who sacrificed to her every year
for the preservation of the fruit. The story of Pomo-
na and Vertumnus is prettily told by Ovid. This
Hamadryad lived in the time of Procas, king of Alba.
She was devoted to the culture of gardens, to which
? he confined herself, shunning all society with the
male deities. Vertumnus, among others, was enam-
oured of her, and under various shapes tried to win
her hand: sometimes he came as a reaper, sometimes
as a haymaker, sometimes as a ploughman or a vine-
dresser: he was a soldier and a fisherman, but to
equally little purpose. At length, under the guise of
an old woman, he won the confidence of the goddess;
and, by enlarging on the evils of a single life and the
blessings of the wedded state; by launching out into
the praises of Vertumnus, and relating a tale of the
punishment of female cruelty to a lover, he sought to
move the heart of Pomona: then resuming his real
form, he obtained the hand of the no longer reluctant
nymph. (Omd, Met. , 14, 623, seqq. --Kcighllcy's
Mythology, p. 539. )
Pompeia Gins, an illustrious plebeian family at
Rome, divided into two branches, the Rufi and Stra-
bones. A subdivision of the Rufi bore the surname
of Bithynicus, from a victory gained by one of their
number in Bithynia. From the line of the Strabones
Pompcy the Great was descended. (Veil. Paterc, 2,
21. --Putean. ad Veil. , I. c. )
Pomfku, I. daughter of Q. Pompeius, and third
wife of Julius Cassaf. She was suspected of criminal
intercourse with Clodius, who introduced himself into
her dwelling, during the festival of the Bona Dea, in
the disguise of a female musician. Caesar divorced
Pompeia; but when the trial of Clodius came on for
this act of impiety, he gave no testimony against him;
? ? neither did he affirm that he was certain of any injury
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? POM
POMPEIUS.
her of sko'etor. s discovered in Pompeii does not ex-
ceed sixty; and ten times this number would be in
considerable, when compared with the extent and pop-
ulation of the city. Besides, the first agitation and
threatening aspect of the mountain must have filled
every breast with terror, and banished all gayety and
amusement. No doubt the previous intimations were
of such a nature as to have fully apprized the inhabi-
tants of their danger, and induced the great mass of
them to save themselves by flight. The discovery of
Pompeii (rid. Herculaneum), after having lain so long
buried and unknown, has furnished us with many cu-
rious and valuable remains of antiquity. The excava-
tions are still continued. Although two thirds are still
covered, it is estimated that the town was three quar-
ters of a mile in length by nearly half a mile in
breadth. The walls are from eighteen to twenty feet
high, and twelve thick, and contained several main
gates, of which nix have been uncovered. Twenty
? treets, fifteen feet wide, paved with lava, and having
footways of three feet broad, have also been excava-
ted. The houses are joined together, and are gener-
ally only two stories, with terraces for roofs. The
fronts are often shops, with inscriptions, frescoes, and
ornaments of every kind. The principal rooms are in
the rear: in the centre is a court, which often con-
tains a marble fountain. In some of the houses the
rooms have been found very richly ornamented. A
forum, surrounded by handsome buildings, two thea-
tres, temples, baths, fountains, statues, urns, utensils
of all sorts, &c. ( have been discovered. Most of the
objects of curiosity have been deposited in the muse-
ums of Naples and Portici: among them are a great
number of manuscripts. It is certainly surprising,
that this most interesting city should have remained
undiscovered till so late a period, and that antiquaries
ind learned men should have so long and materially
erred about its situation. In many places, masses
of ruins, portions of the buried theatres, temples, and
bou<<? s. were not two feet below the surface of the
toi. . The country people were continually digging up
pieceo of worked marble and other antique objects.
In several spots they had even laid open the outer
_ walls of the town; and yet men did not find out what
it was that the peculiarly isolated mound of cinders and
ashes, earth and pumice-stone covered. There is an-
other circumstance which increases the wonder of
Pompeii being so long concealed. A subterraneous
canal, cut from the river Sarno, traverses the city, and
is seen darkly and silentl) gliding under the temple
of Isis. This is said to tiave been cut towards the
middle of the fifteenth century, to supply the contiguous
town of Torre deW Anmtnziata with fresh water; it
probably ran anciently in the same channel; but, in cut-
ting it or clearing it, workmen must have crossed un-
der Pompeii from one side to the other. --For a more
detailed account of the excavations made at this place,
consult Sir W. Gell's "Pomptiana," Land. , 1832,
8vo; Within's Vieios of Pompeii; Cooke's Delinea-
tions (London, 1827, 2 vols. fol. , 90 plates); Bibent's
Plan of Pompeii (Paris, 1826), showing the progress
of the excavations from 1703 to 1825; Komauelli,
Viaggio a P&mpei ed Ercola. no, &c.
POMPEIOS, I. Q. Nepos Rufus, was consul B. C.
141, and the first of the Pompoian family who was ele-
vated to that high office. He is said to have attained
to it by practising a deception on his friend Lselius,
? ? who was a candidate for the same station, by promi-
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? P0MPE1U3.
POMPEIUS.
with Jt litis Cffisir. Hewi. oorn B. C. 106, the sami
rear with Cicero. As soon as he had assurrcd the
manly gown, he entered the Roman army, and made
Dis first campaigns with great distinction under the
orders of his parent. The beauty of his person, the
zrace and elegance of his manners, and his winuing
eloquence, gained him, at an early age, the hearts of
both citizens and soldiers; and he even, on one occa-
lion, pcisesscd sufficient influence to save the life of
zia (ither, when Cinnr. had gained over some of the
joldiery of Strabo, and a mutiny ensued. After the
death of his parent, a charge was preferred against the
latter that he had converted the public money to his
own use; and Pompey, as his heir, was obliged to an-
swer it. But he pleaded his own cause with so much
ability and acuteness, and gained so much applause,
that Antistius, the prator, who had the hearing of the
cause, conceived a high regard for him, and offered
him hia daughter in marriage. After the establish-
ment of Cinna's power at Rome, Pompey retired to
Picenum, where ho possessed some property, and
where his father's memory, hated as it was by the
Romans, was regarded with respect and affection.
To account for this, we must suppose that, during the
long period of his military command in that neighbour-
hood, he had prevented his soldiers from being bur-
densome to the people, and had found means of obli-
ging or gratifying some of tho principal inhabitants.
Be this as it may, the aon possessed so much influence
in Picenum as to succeed in raising an army of three
legions, or about sixteen or seventeen thousand men.
With this force he set out to join Sylla, and, after
successfully repelling several attacks from the adverse
party, he effected a junction with that commander,
who received him in the most Battering manner, and
saluted him, though a mere youth, only 23 years of
? ge, with tho title of Impcrator. So struck, indeed,
wei Sylla with the merits of the young Roman, that
tie persuaded Pompey to divorce the daughter of An-
tistius, and marry yEmilia, the daughter-in-law of Syl-
la. Three years after this (B. C. 80), Pompey retook
Sicily from the partisans of Marius, and drove them
also fiom Africa, in forty days. The Roman people
were astonished at these rapid successes, but they
served at the same time to excite the jealousy of
Sylla, who commanded him to dismiss his forces and
return to Rome. On his coming back to the capital,
Pompey was received with every mark of favour by
Sylla. According to Plutarch, the latter hastened to
meet him, and, embracing him in the most affectionate
manner, saluted him aloud with the surname of "Mag-
fats," or " the Great," a title which Pompey thence-
forward was always accustomed to bear. The jeal-
ousy of the dictator, however, was revived when
Pompey demanded a triumph. Sylla declared to him
that he should oppose this claim with all his power;
but Pompey did not hesitate to reply, that the people
were more ready to worship the rising than the setting
tun, and Sylla yielded. Pompey therefore obtained
the honour of a triumph, though he was the first Ro-
man who had been admitted to it without possessing
a higher dignity than that of knighthood, and was not
yet of tho legal age to be received into the senate.
Sylla soon after abdicated the dictatorship, and, at the
consular election, had the mortification to feel his
rival's ascendancy. After the death of Sylla, Pompey
came to be generally considered as chief of the aristo-
? ? cratic party, and as heir of the influence exercised by
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? POMPEIUS.
POMPEIUS.
>>ej, 31 bringing the Mithradalic war to a close, have
been related elsewhere. (Vid. Mithradates VI. ) Af-
ter Pompey had settled the affairs of Asia, he visited
Greece, where he displayed his respect for philosophy
by making a valuable gift to the city of Athens. On
his return to Italy, he dismissed his army as soon as
he landed at Brundisium, and entered Rome as a pri-
vate man. The whole city met him with acclama-
tions; his claim of a triumph was admitted without op-
position, and never had Home yet witnessed such a
display as on the two days of his triumphal procession.
Pompey's plan was now, under the appearance of a
private individual, to maintain the first place in the
state; but he found obstacles on every side. Lucul-
us and Crassus were superior to him in wealth; the
tealous republicans looked upon him with suspicion;
and Cesar was laying the foundation of hia future
greatness. The last-mentioned individual, on his re-
turn from Spain, aspired to the consulship. To ef-
fect this purpose, he reconciled Pomfey and Crassus
with each other, and united them in forming the co-
alition which is known in history under the name of
the First Triumvirate. He was chosen consul B. C.
59, and, by the marrisge of his daughter Julia with
Pompey (/Emilia having died in childbed), seemed
to have secured his union with the latter. From this
time Pompey countenanced measures which, as a good
citizen, he should have opposed as subversive of free-
dom. He allowed his own eulogist, Cicero, to be
driven into banishment by the tribune Clodius, whom
he had attached to his interest; but, having after-
ward himself quarrelled with Clodius, he had Cicero
recalled. lie supported the illegal nomination of Cse-
sar to a five years' command in Gaul; the fatal con-
sequences of which compliance appeared but too
plainly afterward. --The fall of Crassus in Parthia left
but two masters to the Roman world; and, on the
death of Julia in childbed, these friends became rivals.
(Encyclop. Amerie. , vol. 10, p. 239, segg. ) Pompey's
studied deference to the senate secured his influence
with that body; and he gained the good-will of the
people by hia judicious discharge of the duties of com-
missary of supplies during a time of scarcity.