where we may watch and wake
Until the dawn of morning break,
We learnt it from our mothers -- they
From theirs, -- for centuries far away;
Upon St.
Until the dawn of morning break,
We learnt it from our mothers -- they
From theirs, -- for centuries far away;
Upon St.
Poland - 1881 - Poets and Poetry of Poland
"
Useless the yield of well worked fields
If but to waste the housewife yields.
The poet tells us that the above has a twofold meaning.
One is: no matter how many victories we gain over our ene-
mies in the field, they will be productive of no good if there
is discord and misrule at home. And another is : no matter
how hard a farmer works in the field if his wife is wasteful,
idle and improvident, the farming operations must come to
? ruin. Which is proven by another proverb:
A wasteful housewife can carry out with her apron more
than the farmer can haul in with a wagon.
The light of Holy Truth can never be extinguished.
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? KOCHANOWSKI.
"Wszystko sie dziwnie plecie
Na tym tu biednym s? wiecie.
A-ktoby chcia? wszystkiego rozumem dochodzic? ,
I zginie, a nie be? dzie umia? w to ugcdzic? .
Translation on the last page of Kochanowski (*).
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 41
KOCHANOWSKI.
John Kochanowski, who attained great celebrity as
a poet, is the type and true representative of the Polish
muse of the sixteenth century, for in him were united
all the rhythmical elements of that epoch. From the
many of his lyrical creations could be mentioned " So-
bo? tka," or the song of St. John's Eve, " Threns (or
Laments) on Ursula's Death," "Reconciliation," "Epi-
taphs," "Inscriptions," "Psalms," "Translations from
the Songs of Anacreon," and "Chess. "
Kochanowski having had no specimens of Polish
literature before him, had himself to break through the
first difficulties of rhythmical art. He had himself to
invent the form, language, and poetical style. In his
compositions as well as his life, two separate and
characteristic epochs are perceptible: one of frenzy,
frivolity, love matters and pleasure, the other presents
peace of the soul, resignation, and a serene, religious
feeling.
He was born in Siczyn, in 1530, in Great Poland.
Desiring more information he traveled in the south of
Europe, in order to get a better knowledge of classical
antiquity, and after his return was advanced to many
high offices of the state, but he resigned them all for
the sake of retirement and peace.
Kochanowski wrote also in Latin, and his poetry in
that language was considered superior to that of any of
his contemporaries. His poems are full of beauty, and
the melodious flow of his verse is truly delightful.
Although his writings are various, his reputation is prin-
cipally founded upon his " Laments " (Treny), in which
he mourns the loss of his little daughter Ursula, whom
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? 42 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
he represents as gifted, intelligent and lovely; his com-
positions overflow with expressions of passionate grief.
Other gems, like the song on " St. John's Eve,"
" Nothing Sure in this World," etc. , are admired to the
present day. He also wrote songs from Horace and
from Greek anthology, translated Virgil's "JEneid,"
and Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered. " His poem on
John Tarnowski, the celebrated Polish hero, is an epic
which entitles him to the highest rank as an author of
heroic poetry. Kochanowski also printed a drama,
"The Greek Ambassadors," in hexameter measure.
His prose works are scarcely less numerous than his
poetical, and are equally distinguished for their grace
and purity of style. He died in 1584.
THE GREATNESS OF GOD.
O God! What wilt Thou for Thy gifts from us
For Thy unmeasured goodness bounteous ?
No church contains Thee, for Thou fillest space --
Ocean and Earth, and Heaven Thy dwelling place.
We cannot give Thee gold, for gold is Thine,
All earthly treasures bear Thy seal divine.
Praise we can give Thee from a grateful heart,
Thou who above us and beyond us art!
Thou art the master of the world -- hast reared
The heavens with all its starry orbs ensphered.
And Earth's foundations, at Thy word straightway
Arose from nothingness in green array.
The sea, at Thy commands, despite its fret,
Remains within the bounds Thy hand has set.
The countless rivers at Thy mandate flow,
Thou bid'st the night and day to come and go.
For Thee the Spring with flowers her brow adorn,
For Thee the Summer binds her ears of corn-
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 43
To Thee the Autumn yields both fruit and vine,
And winter wreathes red holly for Thy shrine.
The withered herbage 'neath Thy dew revives,
Beneath Thy rain the parched up grain-field thrives.
From out Thy hand all creatures take their food,
And through Thy bounty all things are renewed.
everlasting God! be praised therefor --
Grant us Thy grace and bounty evermore:
Shield us while here from every evil thing.
And fold us close beneath a Father's wing.
THREN I.
Come gather 'round my dwelling, tears and sighs,
Eloquent woes, and loud-voiced miseries ;
All tones of sorrow, anguish, and regret,
Hand- wringing grief, and pangs the cheeks that wet, --
Yes! gather 'round my dwelling all, and join
Your plaint, your passion, with these plaints of mine,
O'er that sweet child whom most unholy death
Hath smitten, and in one outrageous breath
Dispers'd all joy! -- as when a dragon springs
On Philomela's nest, who sits and sings
Heedless, till roused by cries she flaps her wings,
Flutters around her home, and shrieking tries
To arrest the spoiler, -- idle strife! She flies
On wearied wing ; in vain -- the abandoned one
Becomes in turn a prey -- I'll weep alone,
Weep bitterest tears. Vain too, 'tis vain I know, --
All is irreparably vain below; --
We only grasp delusions, life's a cheat
Of new deceit, but link'd to old deceit.
1 know not which is vainer, -- if to bear
And struggle with our grief in mute despair,
Or give the anguish passionate vent, as here.
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? 44 POETS AND POETEY OF POLAND.
THREN VII.
Thou angel child! thy mournful dress before me
Throws bitter sorrow o'er me;
Thy little ornaments of joy and gladness
Awake a deeper sadness.
Never again to wear your splendors, -- never;
All hope is fled forever!
A sleep, a hard and iron sleep, hath bound thee,
Dark night has gather'd round thee.
Thy golden belt is dim; thy flower-wreathed tresses
Scattered. Thy summer dresses
Which thy poor mother wrought; she had array' d thee
For love, and we have laid thee
In the tomb's bridal bed; and now thy dower
Is a funeral flower,--
A little shroud, -- a grave. Sweet child! thy father
Some odorous hay shall gather,
To pillow thy cold head. Death's dormitory
Holds thee, and all thy glory.
THREN IX.
My gentle child! and art thou vanished? Thou
Hast left a dreary blank of sadness now;
Our house though full is desolate and lone
Since thy gay spirit and its smiles are gone !
We heard thy*tongue's sweet prattle, and thy song
Echoed in every corner all day long.
Thy mother never grieved, and anxious care
Ne'er rack'd thy father's thoughts while thou wert there ;
Now hers -- now mine -- thy childish, fond caress --
The overflow of youth and tenderness.
But all is vacant now, -- all dull and dead;
All peace, and hope, and laughing joy are fled;
Our home possess'd by ever present grief,
And the tired spirit vainly seeks relief.
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 45
THREN X.
Whither, O whither fled ! in what bright sphere
Art thou, my Ursula, a wanderer?
Say, has thou wing'd above yon heavens thy flighty
A cherub midst the cherubim of light?
Dwell'st thou in Eden's garden? -- or at rest
Reposing midst the islands of the blest?
Doth Charon waft thee o'er the gloomy lake,
And bid thee waters of oblivion take?
I know not; but I know my misery
Is all unknown, is all a blank to thee --
Thy gentle form, thy angel thoughts, where now?
A nightingale of paradise art thou ;
Thy moral taints all purified -- if taint
Could stain the spirit of so fair a saint;
Thou art returned to that same hallow'd spot
Thou didst make holy when earth knew thee not.
But wheresoe'er thou be, compassionate
My misery. If this terrestrial state
Be closed upon thee -- pity still -- and be
A dream, a shadow, something yet to me!
THREN XIII.
Would thou hadst ne'er been born -- or being born
Hadst left me not, sweet infant ! thus forlorn ;
I have paid lasting woe for fleeting bliss --
A dark farewell, a speechless pang like this;
Thou wert the brightest, fairest dream of sleep;
And as the miser cherishes his heap
Of gold, I held thee ; soon 'twas fled, and nought
Left but the dreary vacancies of thought,
That once was blessedness. And tlwii are fled.
Whose fairy vision floated in my head
And play'd around my heart. And thou art gone,
Gone with my joys; and I am left alone;
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? 46 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
Half of my soul took flight with thee, the rest
Clings to thy broken shadow in my breast.
Come raise her tombstone, sculptor. Let there be
This simple offer to her memory.
" Her father's love, -- his Ursula lies here,
His love, alas! his tears, his misery.
Thine was a barbarous mandate, death ! The tear
I drop for her, she should have shed for me. "
The following epitaph was written on his elder
daughter, who soon followed Ursula to the tomb:
Thou Anna! too, thy sister's track has trod,
And prematurely sought death's dark abode;
Grief soon shall call your father to his God,
To brighter worlds beyond life's dismal road.
FROM CANTO XIII.
Sweet sleep! sure man might learn to die from thee,
Who dost unravel all death's mystery;
Come, spread thy balmy influence o'er my soul,
And let it soar, beyond the world's control,
Up to the realms where morning has its birth,
Down to the abyss whence darkness wraps the earth,
Where time has piled its everlasting snows,
Where parch'd by sunbeams not a fountain flows;
Oh, let it count each bright and wandering star,
Or trace its mazy pilgrimage afar;
Sit in the center, while each circling sphere
Pours its aerial music on the ear ;
Drink of the o'erflowing cup of joy and peace,
While the tired body sleeps in weariness;
No dreams to hang upon its mortal breath ;
And so -- undying -- let it taste of death.
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? KOCHANOWSKI 47
TALES OF ST. JOHN'S EVE; OR, SOBO? TKA FIRE. *
When the first sunbeams Cancer fill
And tuneful nightingale is still,
In Czarny las\ from older days
Sobotka's fire is wont to blaze.
The neighboring swain, the distant guest,
Around the sacred fire have prest;
The orchards with the joyous sound
Of three gay fiddlers laugh around.
On the green turf they take their seat, .
Where twice six maidens fair and neat,
Their ornaments and dress as one,
And girdled with the same bright zone,
And skill'd in dance, are all the throng;
And all are skill'd in gentle song;
To all the call of music rings,
And thus the foremost maiden sings:
First Maiden.
Sisters! the fire is blazing high,
And all proclaims festivity;
Now join your friendly hands to mine,
And let our mirthful voices join.
* In Poland, as in most Catholic countries, St. John's Day is a
time of great festivity, and in the evening the Poles are accustomed
in their meadows, and particularly by the side of rivers, to light
large fires, and to dance round them singing ancient songs. Koch-
anowski, to whom the Black Forest belonged as an hereditary pos-
session, used to gather the youths and maidens together in order to
celebrate the festival in the very manner in which he has described
it. Niemcewiz has published a drama called " Kochanowski," and
there introduced the old poet with the nymphs singing around him.
f Czarny las-- the Black Forest,
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? 48 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
Sweet night! be fair and tranquil now,
No rain-storm rage, no tempest blow; --
Sweet night !
where we may watch and wake
Until the dawn of morning break,
We learnt it from our mothers -- they
From theirs, -- for centuries far away;
Upon St. John's joy-rousing night
Sobotka's festal fire to light.
Youths, reverence now, while ye behold
Mementoes of the days of old ;
Let gleeful hours breathe joy again,
And gladness revel now and then.
Their festal moments they enjoy'd,
Yet wisely all their time employ'd;
Each bore its fruits and gratitude,
Pour'd forth its praise to heaven all-good.
But now both late and hard we toil,
Our festivals are but turmoil:
Our gains are neither much nor sure,
And though not pious we are poor.
Come sister! then, this holy night
Is with old time's resplendence bright;
Blaze! blaze anew, Sobotka's fire!
Till lull'd by song the night retire.
Second Maiden.
This is my fault; I'll guilty plead.
I love to dance, -- I love indeed.
Come, tell me, neighbors, does the love '
Of dancing all your spirits move?
I see your smiles, -- your smiles betray
Your sympathy in what I say;
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 49
Come, join the round; why sit ye still?
And dance and leap with hearty will.
I spring, I leap, I cannot be
A statue; and 'tis sweet to rne
To hear the beating tambourine;
No mortal could keep still, I ween.
Oh, thou art mighty, graceful one,
That wakest music's thrilling tone;
The village listens to thy lay,
It calls, we hear, and swift obey.
Here, midst the crowd, each maid may start,
Who is the empress of thy heart: --
Say, is she here? Oh, why inquire?
She is not here, -- thy heart's desire.
No! join our song; thy twinkling feet
Some other twinkling one's may meet;
And here, amidst our joyous band,
Some maid may yet invite thy hand.
To man, to man alone, has heaven
The privilege of laughter given ;
And this, and this alone, has he
In proof of noble ancestry.
Oh, it were foolish, -- it were vain,
So high a privilege to disdain;
And let the wretch go whine and weep
Who mirth's gay revel dares not keep.
Laugh on ! laugh on ! and though at nought,
Still laughter is a pleasant thought:
Laugh at my folly, or my sense ;
Laugh on! laugh on! on some pretense.
3
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? 50 POETS AND POETEY OF POLAND.
I am not sad ; I can't be sad.
Be, maidens all, like me, -- be glad;
For sorrow wrinkles o'er the brow
Ere time tells when, or thought knows how.
But health and youth delight to stay-
Where youth is glad and age is gay;
Where years may hasten as they will,
And eld is in its boyhood still.
Come follow, circle -- all around,
Let the light song of joy rebound;
And maiden sing! be ready, -- thine
The task to waken notes like mine.
Fourth Maiden.
The fairest flow'rets of the mead
I wreathe in garlands for thy head :
For thee, for none but thee, who art
The very empress of my heart.
Oh, place upon thy graceful brow
The blooming wreath I offer now ;
So let me in thy bosom rest
As thou dost well within my breast.
There's not a moment but doth bring
Thy memory upon its wing;
Sleep cannot drive thy thoughts from me,
For when I sleep I dream of thee.
And may I hope thou dost not deem
Me worthless of thy heart's esteem;
That thou wilt hear my passion's tone
And recompense it with thine own?
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 51
But oh, my tongue cannot conceal
The thoughts, the fears, the doubts I feel,
That other longing eyes may stray
O'er charms so beautiful, so gay.
O maiden! if those charms are mine,
Veil, veil, from all those charms of thine;
For it were madness should they move
Other impassioned youths to love.
All other ills I'll calmly share, --
Injury and insult I can bear;
But not to see another dwell
In thine eyes' sunshine, -- that were hell.
Twelfth Maiden.
Sweet village! peace and joy's retreat!
Oh, who shall tune thy praise of song?
Oh, who shall wake a music meet
Thy smiles, thy pleasures to prolong!
Bliss dwells within thy solitude,
Which selfish avarice never stains;*
Where thought and habit make us good,
And sweet contentment gilds our gains.
Let others seek a dazzling court,
Where treachery poisons eye and ear;
Or to the troubled sea resort,
With death and danger ever near.
Let others sell their tongues for hire,
With falsehood and with trick delude;
Or fame or victory's wreath acquire
By deeds of darkness and of blood.
* Usury was considered a most degrading vice among the old
Slavonians.
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? 52 POETS AND POETEY OF POLAND.
The ploughman tills the fertile field,
His children bless his daily care ;
While the rich fruits his labors yield,
His well-contented household share.
For him the bee its honey stocks,
For him its gifts the orchard holds;
For him are shorn the fleecy flocks ;
For him the lambkins fill the folds.
He gathers from the generous meads
Their offering to his annual store,
And winter with her snow-storms leads
Repose and pleasure to his door.
Around the fire they tell their tales,
The songs are sung with smiles and glee;
The lively dance * again prevails,
The cenar and the goniony, f
At twilight's hour the swains repair
To where the crafty foxes hie ;
The hare, the thoughtless fowls they snare,
And aye! return with full supply.
Or in the stream the baited hook,
The light and treacherous net they fling ;
While near the gently echoing brook
The warblers of the forest sing.
The cattle seek the watery mead,
The shepherd sits in solitude,
While to his gay and rustic reed
Dance all the nymphs that grace the wood.
* Bowing dance. The old Polonaise, something like a minuet.
f Amusements of the Poles. The Cenar perhaps may be trans-
lated Blind Harry, which is now called in Poland S? lepa Babka, and
in Lithuania Zmurki. Goniony may be rendered Hide and Seek.
The whole of this poem is popular throughout Poland.
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 53
At home the housewife's busy hands
The evening's frugal meal provide:
'Tis all the produce of her lands;
No wish is breathed for aught beside.
She counts the herds; she knows the sheep
When from the pasture meads they come;
Her busy eyes can never sleep;
Abroad they watch, -- direct at home.
The little children reverent bow
And ask an aged grandsire's love,
Who tenderly instructs them how
In peace and virtue's path to move.
So rolls the day, -- but many a sun
Would sink his chariot in the sea,
Were I to end the tale begun
Of rural joy and revely.
EXCERPTS.
However poor and scanty be your fare,
Forsake not smiling hope for deep despair.
That sets to-day the last sun do not fear,
A brighter day to-morrow may appear.
The nightingale sings on the tree, although
? Her heart is aching, -- full of tender woe;
'Tis often thus with man, O Lord! he cheers
His sinking heart with hope and sings through tears.
(*) All things in this poor world of ours, 'tis true,
Are tangled mysteries without a clue ;
And he, however wise, who attempts to solve them will
Encounter darker, deeper, stranger mysteries still.
* Translation of the four lines under the portrait of Kochanowski.
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? 54 POETS AND POETEY OF POLAND.
KLONOWICZ.
" Fabian Sebastian Klonowicz (Acernus) was per-
haps the greatest Polish satirist of the sixteenth cen-
tury. He united Kochanowski's feeling with Key's
satiric spirit, but was superior to both in the arrange-
ment of subject-matter. The most noted of his literary
productions are " Memoirs of Polish Kings and Princes
in Epigrams," " Judas's Bags; or, The Acquisition of
Wealth Dishonestly," u Sepulchral Complaints on the
Death of John Kochanowski," "Flis; or, The Floating
of Vessels Down the Eiver Vistula," " The Conflagra-
tion, and the Exhortation To Quench the Same; or,
the Prophecy as to the Downfall of the Turkish
Power. "
A disinterested lover of truth, Klonowicz boldly at-
tacked misdeeds without regard to persons or their
social connections. Persecution did not affect his
moral powers nor stifle his inclination to satirize, on the
contrary, it only incited him the more and strength-
ened his spirit of criticism. Strong in didactic poetry,
he possessed no great talent for the lyrics. In his
didactics he exhibits superiority of reason over imagi-
nation and feeling; with him thought was superior to
the manner of expression.
In his " Flis," that is, watermen floating boats down
the Vistula, we perceive altogether a different phase of
this poet's writing. The subject being out of the com-
mon track of his former experiences, his mind becomes
more easy and lively, and his poetical figures more pict-
uresque. He describes his impressions and his feelings
caused by witnessing this novel sight, and unlike his
former compositions there is not a shadow of satire in
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? KLONOWICZ. 55
the whole poem. It is supposed that there is not a
poem in the Polish language, written during the reign
of Sigismunds, which preserves the national features
and the coloring stronger than the " Flis. "
" The Bags of Judases " is a peculiar satire, paint-
ing with an artistic brush different sorts of people,
who by usurious and dishonest practices, their power,
artfulness, flattery and stratagems, and by assumed
magnanimity deceive and cheat the weaker part of
humanity.
Zealous and ardent in the defense of what was good
and noble, he boldly attacked misrule and abuse of
power of the officials, bribery and avaricious cupidity
of the high dignitaries; in fact he pursued with his sat-
ires all who were defrauding the republic.
His "Complaints" are only imitations of Kocha-
nowski's Threns on the death of his daughter Ursula,
with this difference, Kochanowski's complaints flowed
from an aching heart overflowing with grief that only
a father can feel, but Klonowicz wrote them straight
along, preserving the apparent coolness; for that rea-
son his complaints do not touch the feeling nor call forth
even a sigh -- because sighs did not produce them, nor
were they bedewed with tears.
Klonowicz was born in 1551, in Great Poland, in a
village called Sulmierzyce, in the palatinate of Kalish,
and received his education in the Academy of Cracow,
where he was made doctor of philosophy. He traveled
in Hungary and Bohemia, Dantzig and Lemberg, where
he spent four years. In 1580 he went to the city of
Lublin, where he was a counsellor and judge of Jewish
affairs, and finally became the mayor. He also held
an office at Isary, the property of Benedictine monks,
wherein sprung a great friendship between the
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? 56 POETS AND POETKY OF POLAND.
abbot and afterward a bishop of Kijew, Wereszczyn? -
ski, and it is to this intimacy that we are indebted for
the production of his "Flis. " Having written against
the Jesuits he was bitterly persecuted by them and
somewhat apostatized from the faith. Then again he
incurred the displeasure of the inferior nobility, his
former companions, and the Jews. As if to complete
his misfortunes he was constantly harassed by his
wasteful and wayward wife, who poisoned his life and
brought him to abject poverty. He died in an hospital
in 1608.
His works were published in Cracow, Leipsic, and
Che? mno. The latest editions are those of Turowski,
1858, and Weritzlewski, 1861.
MERITS OF POLAND.
Poland is rich in green and fertile lands
That in God's bosom, as it were, seem thrown,
What cares the Pole for ocean or its strands?
Content, he ploughs his own.
Here Ceres, harvest goddess, wandered by
After she left her own Sicilian plain,
Here fields of rye abound, and bastion high
Loom up the stacks of grain.
In Poland, high, commodious barns arise,
With harvest bounty amply filled and stored,
Here, for the jolly peasant will suffice
Of rye, a goodly hoard !
Let who will praise the fertile Asian fields,
The yellow maize of Egypt and the Nile,
Upon our shore the oat abundance yields,
For many a mile and mile.
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? KLONOWICZ. 57
Game is abundant, cattle horned abound,
Fat oxen, horses, sheep with lengthy coat,
And heifers graze within the meadows 'round,
Beside the frisky goat !
From out his herds the farmer gets his teams,
Makes clothing for himself, and servants, too,
And of fresh meat, and milk-meat as it seems,
There is no end thereto.
Then, who could count the flocks of cackling geese,
The greedy ducks the swan whose whiteness charms,
The chickens, too, whose brood each day increase,
And travel 'round the farms.
Of dishes rich a great variety
We get, and dainty food the dovecot gives,
How pleasant 'tis the bacon flitch to see
Suspended 'neath the eaves!
Then, too, the things we gather in the wood,
God's bounty to the open-handed Pole,
He who desires to use these gifts of good
Are welcome to the dole.
Through field and wood flit herds of graceful deer,
On trees the birds sing out their countless lives,
And the industrious bee his honey'd cheer
Bears homeward to the hives.
As to the fish, a million of them speed
Through pond and lake and river seaward bound,
Nor lack the Poles for anything they need,
With much abundance crowned.
Hence, I know not why you should grasp for more
My brother Pole, with such productive soil, --
Why should you seek to gather to your store
Of foreign lands the spoil?
?
Useless the yield of well worked fields
If but to waste the housewife yields.
The poet tells us that the above has a twofold meaning.
One is: no matter how many victories we gain over our ene-
mies in the field, they will be productive of no good if there
is discord and misrule at home. And another is : no matter
how hard a farmer works in the field if his wife is wasteful,
idle and improvident, the farming operations must come to
? ruin. Which is proven by another proverb:
A wasteful housewife can carry out with her apron more
than the farmer can haul in with a wagon.
The light of Holy Truth can never be extinguished.
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? KOCHANOWSKI.
"Wszystko sie dziwnie plecie
Na tym tu biednym s? wiecie.
A-ktoby chcia? wszystkiego rozumem dochodzic? ,
I zginie, a nie be? dzie umia? w to ugcdzic? .
Translation on the last page of Kochanowski (*).
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 41
KOCHANOWSKI.
John Kochanowski, who attained great celebrity as
a poet, is the type and true representative of the Polish
muse of the sixteenth century, for in him were united
all the rhythmical elements of that epoch. From the
many of his lyrical creations could be mentioned " So-
bo? tka," or the song of St. John's Eve, " Threns (or
Laments) on Ursula's Death," "Reconciliation," "Epi-
taphs," "Inscriptions," "Psalms," "Translations from
the Songs of Anacreon," and "Chess. "
Kochanowski having had no specimens of Polish
literature before him, had himself to break through the
first difficulties of rhythmical art. He had himself to
invent the form, language, and poetical style. In his
compositions as well as his life, two separate and
characteristic epochs are perceptible: one of frenzy,
frivolity, love matters and pleasure, the other presents
peace of the soul, resignation, and a serene, religious
feeling.
He was born in Siczyn, in 1530, in Great Poland.
Desiring more information he traveled in the south of
Europe, in order to get a better knowledge of classical
antiquity, and after his return was advanced to many
high offices of the state, but he resigned them all for
the sake of retirement and peace.
Kochanowski wrote also in Latin, and his poetry in
that language was considered superior to that of any of
his contemporaries. His poems are full of beauty, and
the melodious flow of his verse is truly delightful.
Although his writings are various, his reputation is prin-
cipally founded upon his " Laments " (Treny), in which
he mourns the loss of his little daughter Ursula, whom
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? 42 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
he represents as gifted, intelligent and lovely; his com-
positions overflow with expressions of passionate grief.
Other gems, like the song on " St. John's Eve,"
" Nothing Sure in this World," etc. , are admired to the
present day. He also wrote songs from Horace and
from Greek anthology, translated Virgil's "JEneid,"
and Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered. " His poem on
John Tarnowski, the celebrated Polish hero, is an epic
which entitles him to the highest rank as an author of
heroic poetry. Kochanowski also printed a drama,
"The Greek Ambassadors," in hexameter measure.
His prose works are scarcely less numerous than his
poetical, and are equally distinguished for their grace
and purity of style. He died in 1584.
THE GREATNESS OF GOD.
O God! What wilt Thou for Thy gifts from us
For Thy unmeasured goodness bounteous ?
No church contains Thee, for Thou fillest space --
Ocean and Earth, and Heaven Thy dwelling place.
We cannot give Thee gold, for gold is Thine,
All earthly treasures bear Thy seal divine.
Praise we can give Thee from a grateful heart,
Thou who above us and beyond us art!
Thou art the master of the world -- hast reared
The heavens with all its starry orbs ensphered.
And Earth's foundations, at Thy word straightway
Arose from nothingness in green array.
The sea, at Thy commands, despite its fret,
Remains within the bounds Thy hand has set.
The countless rivers at Thy mandate flow,
Thou bid'st the night and day to come and go.
For Thee the Spring with flowers her brow adorn,
For Thee the Summer binds her ears of corn-
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 43
To Thee the Autumn yields both fruit and vine,
And winter wreathes red holly for Thy shrine.
The withered herbage 'neath Thy dew revives,
Beneath Thy rain the parched up grain-field thrives.
From out Thy hand all creatures take their food,
And through Thy bounty all things are renewed.
everlasting God! be praised therefor --
Grant us Thy grace and bounty evermore:
Shield us while here from every evil thing.
And fold us close beneath a Father's wing.
THREN I.
Come gather 'round my dwelling, tears and sighs,
Eloquent woes, and loud-voiced miseries ;
All tones of sorrow, anguish, and regret,
Hand- wringing grief, and pangs the cheeks that wet, --
Yes! gather 'round my dwelling all, and join
Your plaint, your passion, with these plaints of mine,
O'er that sweet child whom most unholy death
Hath smitten, and in one outrageous breath
Dispers'd all joy! -- as when a dragon springs
On Philomela's nest, who sits and sings
Heedless, till roused by cries she flaps her wings,
Flutters around her home, and shrieking tries
To arrest the spoiler, -- idle strife! She flies
On wearied wing ; in vain -- the abandoned one
Becomes in turn a prey -- I'll weep alone,
Weep bitterest tears. Vain too, 'tis vain I know, --
All is irreparably vain below; --
We only grasp delusions, life's a cheat
Of new deceit, but link'd to old deceit.
1 know not which is vainer, -- if to bear
And struggle with our grief in mute despair,
Or give the anguish passionate vent, as here.
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? 44 POETS AND POETEY OF POLAND.
THREN VII.
Thou angel child! thy mournful dress before me
Throws bitter sorrow o'er me;
Thy little ornaments of joy and gladness
Awake a deeper sadness.
Never again to wear your splendors, -- never;
All hope is fled forever!
A sleep, a hard and iron sleep, hath bound thee,
Dark night has gather'd round thee.
Thy golden belt is dim; thy flower-wreathed tresses
Scattered. Thy summer dresses
Which thy poor mother wrought; she had array' d thee
For love, and we have laid thee
In the tomb's bridal bed; and now thy dower
Is a funeral flower,--
A little shroud, -- a grave. Sweet child! thy father
Some odorous hay shall gather,
To pillow thy cold head. Death's dormitory
Holds thee, and all thy glory.
THREN IX.
My gentle child! and art thou vanished? Thou
Hast left a dreary blank of sadness now;
Our house though full is desolate and lone
Since thy gay spirit and its smiles are gone !
We heard thy*tongue's sweet prattle, and thy song
Echoed in every corner all day long.
Thy mother never grieved, and anxious care
Ne'er rack'd thy father's thoughts while thou wert there ;
Now hers -- now mine -- thy childish, fond caress --
The overflow of youth and tenderness.
But all is vacant now, -- all dull and dead;
All peace, and hope, and laughing joy are fled;
Our home possess'd by ever present grief,
And the tired spirit vainly seeks relief.
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 45
THREN X.
Whither, O whither fled ! in what bright sphere
Art thou, my Ursula, a wanderer?
Say, has thou wing'd above yon heavens thy flighty
A cherub midst the cherubim of light?
Dwell'st thou in Eden's garden? -- or at rest
Reposing midst the islands of the blest?
Doth Charon waft thee o'er the gloomy lake,
And bid thee waters of oblivion take?
I know not; but I know my misery
Is all unknown, is all a blank to thee --
Thy gentle form, thy angel thoughts, where now?
A nightingale of paradise art thou ;
Thy moral taints all purified -- if taint
Could stain the spirit of so fair a saint;
Thou art returned to that same hallow'd spot
Thou didst make holy when earth knew thee not.
But wheresoe'er thou be, compassionate
My misery. If this terrestrial state
Be closed upon thee -- pity still -- and be
A dream, a shadow, something yet to me!
THREN XIII.
Would thou hadst ne'er been born -- or being born
Hadst left me not, sweet infant ! thus forlorn ;
I have paid lasting woe for fleeting bliss --
A dark farewell, a speechless pang like this;
Thou wert the brightest, fairest dream of sleep;
And as the miser cherishes his heap
Of gold, I held thee ; soon 'twas fled, and nought
Left but the dreary vacancies of thought,
That once was blessedness. And tlwii are fled.
Whose fairy vision floated in my head
And play'd around my heart. And thou art gone,
Gone with my joys; and I am left alone;
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? 46 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
Half of my soul took flight with thee, the rest
Clings to thy broken shadow in my breast.
Come raise her tombstone, sculptor. Let there be
This simple offer to her memory.
" Her father's love, -- his Ursula lies here,
His love, alas! his tears, his misery.
Thine was a barbarous mandate, death ! The tear
I drop for her, she should have shed for me. "
The following epitaph was written on his elder
daughter, who soon followed Ursula to the tomb:
Thou Anna! too, thy sister's track has trod,
And prematurely sought death's dark abode;
Grief soon shall call your father to his God,
To brighter worlds beyond life's dismal road.
FROM CANTO XIII.
Sweet sleep! sure man might learn to die from thee,
Who dost unravel all death's mystery;
Come, spread thy balmy influence o'er my soul,
And let it soar, beyond the world's control,
Up to the realms where morning has its birth,
Down to the abyss whence darkness wraps the earth,
Where time has piled its everlasting snows,
Where parch'd by sunbeams not a fountain flows;
Oh, let it count each bright and wandering star,
Or trace its mazy pilgrimage afar;
Sit in the center, while each circling sphere
Pours its aerial music on the ear ;
Drink of the o'erflowing cup of joy and peace,
While the tired body sleeps in weariness;
No dreams to hang upon its mortal breath ;
And so -- undying -- let it taste of death.
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? KOCHANOWSKI 47
TALES OF ST. JOHN'S EVE; OR, SOBO? TKA FIRE. *
When the first sunbeams Cancer fill
And tuneful nightingale is still,
In Czarny las\ from older days
Sobotka's fire is wont to blaze.
The neighboring swain, the distant guest,
Around the sacred fire have prest;
The orchards with the joyous sound
Of three gay fiddlers laugh around.
On the green turf they take their seat, .
Where twice six maidens fair and neat,
Their ornaments and dress as one,
And girdled with the same bright zone,
And skill'd in dance, are all the throng;
And all are skill'd in gentle song;
To all the call of music rings,
And thus the foremost maiden sings:
First Maiden.
Sisters! the fire is blazing high,
And all proclaims festivity;
Now join your friendly hands to mine,
And let our mirthful voices join.
* In Poland, as in most Catholic countries, St. John's Day is a
time of great festivity, and in the evening the Poles are accustomed
in their meadows, and particularly by the side of rivers, to light
large fires, and to dance round them singing ancient songs. Koch-
anowski, to whom the Black Forest belonged as an hereditary pos-
session, used to gather the youths and maidens together in order to
celebrate the festival in the very manner in which he has described
it. Niemcewiz has published a drama called " Kochanowski," and
there introduced the old poet with the nymphs singing around him.
f Czarny las-- the Black Forest,
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? 48 POETS AND POETRY OF POLAND.
Sweet night! be fair and tranquil now,
No rain-storm rage, no tempest blow; --
Sweet night !
where we may watch and wake
Until the dawn of morning break,
We learnt it from our mothers -- they
From theirs, -- for centuries far away;
Upon St. John's joy-rousing night
Sobotka's festal fire to light.
Youths, reverence now, while ye behold
Mementoes of the days of old ;
Let gleeful hours breathe joy again,
And gladness revel now and then.
Their festal moments they enjoy'd,
Yet wisely all their time employ'd;
Each bore its fruits and gratitude,
Pour'd forth its praise to heaven all-good.
But now both late and hard we toil,
Our festivals are but turmoil:
Our gains are neither much nor sure,
And though not pious we are poor.
Come sister! then, this holy night
Is with old time's resplendence bright;
Blaze! blaze anew, Sobotka's fire!
Till lull'd by song the night retire.
Second Maiden.
This is my fault; I'll guilty plead.
I love to dance, -- I love indeed.
Come, tell me, neighbors, does the love '
Of dancing all your spirits move?
I see your smiles, -- your smiles betray
Your sympathy in what I say;
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 49
Come, join the round; why sit ye still?
And dance and leap with hearty will.
I spring, I leap, I cannot be
A statue; and 'tis sweet to rne
To hear the beating tambourine;
No mortal could keep still, I ween.
Oh, thou art mighty, graceful one,
That wakest music's thrilling tone;
The village listens to thy lay,
It calls, we hear, and swift obey.
Here, midst the crowd, each maid may start,
Who is the empress of thy heart: --
Say, is she here? Oh, why inquire?
She is not here, -- thy heart's desire.
No! join our song; thy twinkling feet
Some other twinkling one's may meet;
And here, amidst our joyous band,
Some maid may yet invite thy hand.
To man, to man alone, has heaven
The privilege of laughter given ;
And this, and this alone, has he
In proof of noble ancestry.
Oh, it were foolish, -- it were vain,
So high a privilege to disdain;
And let the wretch go whine and weep
Who mirth's gay revel dares not keep.
Laugh on ! laugh on ! and though at nought,
Still laughter is a pleasant thought:
Laugh at my folly, or my sense ;
Laugh on! laugh on! on some pretense.
3
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? 50 POETS AND POETEY OF POLAND.
I am not sad ; I can't be sad.
Be, maidens all, like me, -- be glad;
For sorrow wrinkles o'er the brow
Ere time tells when, or thought knows how.
But health and youth delight to stay-
Where youth is glad and age is gay;
Where years may hasten as they will,
And eld is in its boyhood still.
Come follow, circle -- all around,
Let the light song of joy rebound;
And maiden sing! be ready, -- thine
The task to waken notes like mine.
Fourth Maiden.
The fairest flow'rets of the mead
I wreathe in garlands for thy head :
For thee, for none but thee, who art
The very empress of my heart.
Oh, place upon thy graceful brow
The blooming wreath I offer now ;
So let me in thy bosom rest
As thou dost well within my breast.
There's not a moment but doth bring
Thy memory upon its wing;
Sleep cannot drive thy thoughts from me,
For when I sleep I dream of thee.
And may I hope thou dost not deem
Me worthless of thy heart's esteem;
That thou wilt hear my passion's tone
And recompense it with thine own?
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 51
But oh, my tongue cannot conceal
The thoughts, the fears, the doubts I feel,
That other longing eyes may stray
O'er charms so beautiful, so gay.
O maiden! if those charms are mine,
Veil, veil, from all those charms of thine;
For it were madness should they move
Other impassioned youths to love.
All other ills I'll calmly share, --
Injury and insult I can bear;
But not to see another dwell
In thine eyes' sunshine, -- that were hell.
Twelfth Maiden.
Sweet village! peace and joy's retreat!
Oh, who shall tune thy praise of song?
Oh, who shall wake a music meet
Thy smiles, thy pleasures to prolong!
Bliss dwells within thy solitude,
Which selfish avarice never stains;*
Where thought and habit make us good,
And sweet contentment gilds our gains.
Let others seek a dazzling court,
Where treachery poisons eye and ear;
Or to the troubled sea resort,
With death and danger ever near.
Let others sell their tongues for hire,
With falsehood and with trick delude;
Or fame or victory's wreath acquire
By deeds of darkness and of blood.
* Usury was considered a most degrading vice among the old
Slavonians.
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? 52 POETS AND POETEY OF POLAND.
The ploughman tills the fertile field,
His children bless his daily care ;
While the rich fruits his labors yield,
His well-contented household share.
For him the bee its honey stocks,
For him its gifts the orchard holds;
For him are shorn the fleecy flocks ;
For him the lambkins fill the folds.
He gathers from the generous meads
Their offering to his annual store,
And winter with her snow-storms leads
Repose and pleasure to his door.
Around the fire they tell their tales,
The songs are sung with smiles and glee;
The lively dance * again prevails,
The cenar and the goniony, f
At twilight's hour the swains repair
To where the crafty foxes hie ;
The hare, the thoughtless fowls they snare,
And aye! return with full supply.
Or in the stream the baited hook,
The light and treacherous net they fling ;
While near the gently echoing brook
The warblers of the forest sing.
The cattle seek the watery mead,
The shepherd sits in solitude,
While to his gay and rustic reed
Dance all the nymphs that grace the wood.
* Bowing dance. The old Polonaise, something like a minuet.
f Amusements of the Poles. The Cenar perhaps may be trans-
lated Blind Harry, which is now called in Poland S? lepa Babka, and
in Lithuania Zmurki. Goniony may be rendered Hide and Seek.
The whole of this poem is popular throughout Poland.
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? KOCHANOWSKI. 53
At home the housewife's busy hands
The evening's frugal meal provide:
'Tis all the produce of her lands;
No wish is breathed for aught beside.
She counts the herds; she knows the sheep
When from the pasture meads they come;
Her busy eyes can never sleep;
Abroad they watch, -- direct at home.
The little children reverent bow
And ask an aged grandsire's love,
Who tenderly instructs them how
In peace and virtue's path to move.
So rolls the day, -- but many a sun
Would sink his chariot in the sea,
Were I to end the tale begun
Of rural joy and revely.
EXCERPTS.
However poor and scanty be your fare,
Forsake not smiling hope for deep despair.
That sets to-day the last sun do not fear,
A brighter day to-morrow may appear.
The nightingale sings on the tree, although
? Her heart is aching, -- full of tender woe;
'Tis often thus with man, O Lord! he cheers
His sinking heart with hope and sings through tears.
(*) All things in this poor world of ours, 'tis true,
Are tangled mysteries without a clue ;
And he, however wise, who attempts to solve them will
Encounter darker, deeper, stranger mysteries still.
* Translation of the four lines under the portrait of Kochanowski.
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? 54 POETS AND POETEY OF POLAND.
KLONOWICZ.
" Fabian Sebastian Klonowicz (Acernus) was per-
haps the greatest Polish satirist of the sixteenth cen-
tury. He united Kochanowski's feeling with Key's
satiric spirit, but was superior to both in the arrange-
ment of subject-matter. The most noted of his literary
productions are " Memoirs of Polish Kings and Princes
in Epigrams," " Judas's Bags; or, The Acquisition of
Wealth Dishonestly," u Sepulchral Complaints on the
Death of John Kochanowski," "Flis; or, The Floating
of Vessels Down the Eiver Vistula," " The Conflagra-
tion, and the Exhortation To Quench the Same; or,
the Prophecy as to the Downfall of the Turkish
Power. "
A disinterested lover of truth, Klonowicz boldly at-
tacked misdeeds without regard to persons or their
social connections. Persecution did not affect his
moral powers nor stifle his inclination to satirize, on the
contrary, it only incited him the more and strength-
ened his spirit of criticism. Strong in didactic poetry,
he possessed no great talent for the lyrics. In his
didactics he exhibits superiority of reason over imagi-
nation and feeling; with him thought was superior to
the manner of expression.
In his " Flis," that is, watermen floating boats down
the Vistula, we perceive altogether a different phase of
this poet's writing. The subject being out of the com-
mon track of his former experiences, his mind becomes
more easy and lively, and his poetical figures more pict-
uresque. He describes his impressions and his feelings
caused by witnessing this novel sight, and unlike his
former compositions there is not a shadow of satire in
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? KLONOWICZ. 55
the whole poem. It is supposed that there is not a
poem in the Polish language, written during the reign
of Sigismunds, which preserves the national features
and the coloring stronger than the " Flis. "
" The Bags of Judases " is a peculiar satire, paint-
ing with an artistic brush different sorts of people,
who by usurious and dishonest practices, their power,
artfulness, flattery and stratagems, and by assumed
magnanimity deceive and cheat the weaker part of
humanity.
Zealous and ardent in the defense of what was good
and noble, he boldly attacked misrule and abuse of
power of the officials, bribery and avaricious cupidity
of the high dignitaries; in fact he pursued with his sat-
ires all who were defrauding the republic.
His "Complaints" are only imitations of Kocha-
nowski's Threns on the death of his daughter Ursula,
with this difference, Kochanowski's complaints flowed
from an aching heart overflowing with grief that only
a father can feel, but Klonowicz wrote them straight
along, preserving the apparent coolness; for that rea-
son his complaints do not touch the feeling nor call forth
even a sigh -- because sighs did not produce them, nor
were they bedewed with tears.
Klonowicz was born in 1551, in Great Poland, in a
village called Sulmierzyce, in the palatinate of Kalish,
and received his education in the Academy of Cracow,
where he was made doctor of philosophy. He traveled
in Hungary and Bohemia, Dantzig and Lemberg, where
he spent four years. In 1580 he went to the city of
Lublin, where he was a counsellor and judge of Jewish
affairs, and finally became the mayor. He also held
an office at Isary, the property of Benedictine monks,
wherein sprung a great friendship between the
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? 56 POETS AND POETKY OF POLAND.
abbot and afterward a bishop of Kijew, Wereszczyn? -
ski, and it is to this intimacy that we are indebted for
the production of his "Flis. " Having written against
the Jesuits he was bitterly persecuted by them and
somewhat apostatized from the faith. Then again he
incurred the displeasure of the inferior nobility, his
former companions, and the Jews. As if to complete
his misfortunes he was constantly harassed by his
wasteful and wayward wife, who poisoned his life and
brought him to abject poverty. He died in an hospital
in 1608.
His works were published in Cracow, Leipsic, and
Che? mno. The latest editions are those of Turowski,
1858, and Weritzlewski, 1861.
MERITS OF POLAND.
Poland is rich in green and fertile lands
That in God's bosom, as it were, seem thrown,
What cares the Pole for ocean or its strands?
Content, he ploughs his own.
Here Ceres, harvest goddess, wandered by
After she left her own Sicilian plain,
Here fields of rye abound, and bastion high
Loom up the stacks of grain.
In Poland, high, commodious barns arise,
With harvest bounty amply filled and stored,
Here, for the jolly peasant will suffice
Of rye, a goodly hoard !
Let who will praise the fertile Asian fields,
The yellow maize of Egypt and the Nile,
Upon our shore the oat abundance yields,
For many a mile and mile.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:12 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/loc. ark:/13960/t04x6gz3d Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? KLONOWICZ. 57
Game is abundant, cattle horned abound,
Fat oxen, horses, sheep with lengthy coat,
And heifers graze within the meadows 'round,
Beside the frisky goat !
From out his herds the farmer gets his teams,
Makes clothing for himself, and servants, too,
And of fresh meat, and milk-meat as it seems,
There is no end thereto.
Then, who could count the flocks of cackling geese,
The greedy ducks the swan whose whiteness charms,
The chickens, too, whose brood each day increase,
And travel 'round the farms.
Of dishes rich a great variety
We get, and dainty food the dovecot gives,
How pleasant 'tis the bacon flitch to see
Suspended 'neath the eaves!
Then, too, the things we gather in the wood,
God's bounty to the open-handed Pole,
He who desires to use these gifts of good
Are welcome to the dole.
Through field and wood flit herds of graceful deer,
On trees the birds sing out their countless lives,
And the industrious bee his honey'd cheer
Bears homeward to the hives.
As to the fish, a million of them speed
Through pond and lake and river seaward bound,
Nor lack the Poles for anything they need,
With much abundance crowned.
Hence, I know not why you should grasp for more
My brother Pole, with such productive soil, --
Why should you seek to gather to your store
Of foreign lands the spoil?
?
