After the assassination of Cesar,
toe conspirators endeavoured to stir up the feelings of
Ihe people in favour of liberty; but Antony, by reading
th?
toe conspirators endeavoured to stir up the feelings of
Ihe people in favour of liberty; but Antony, by reading
th?
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, 2, 8, 20, &c.
)
Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, said to signify " the
discoverer of honey. " Some derive the appellation
from the nymphs called Brisn, the nurses of the god.
Cornutus, the interpreter of Persius, deduces it from
Iris, equivalent, as he informs us, to jucundut. Bo-
chart gives a Syriac derivation, briz iloubta, "a lake
of honey. " (Hulle, Rechcrches, &c, vol. 3, p. 390. )
Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. (Vid. Bri-
tannia. )
Britannia, called also Albion. (Vid. Albion. )
An island in the Atlantic Ocean, and the largest in
Europe. The Phoenicians appear to have been early
acquainted with it, and to have carried on here a traffic
for tin. {Vid. Cassitcrides. ) Commercial jealousy,
however, induced them to keep their discoveries a pro-
found secret. The Carthaginians succeeded to the
Phoenicians, but were equally mysterious. Avicnus, in
his small poem entitled Ora Maritima, v. 412, makes
mention of the voyages of a certain Himilco in this
quarter, and professes to draw his information from the
long-concealed Punic Annals. Little, was known of
Britain until Cesar's time, who invaded and endeav-
oured, although ineffectually, to conquer the island.
After a long interval, Oslorius, in the reign of Claudius,
reduced the southern part of the island, and Agricola,
subsequently, in the reign of Domitian, extended the
Roman dominion to the Frith of Forth and the Clyde.
The whole force of the empire, although exerted to the
utmost under Sevcrus, could not, however, reduce to
? ubjection the hardy natives of the highlands. Britain
continued a Roman province until AJ). 426, when the
troops were in a great measure withdrawn, to assist
Valcntinian the Third against the Huns, and never re-
turned. The Britons had become so enervated under
the Roman yoke as to be unable to repel the incursions
of the inhabitants of the north. They invoked, there-
fore, the aid of the Saxons, by whom they wero them-
selves subjugated, and at length obliged to take ref-
uge in the mountains of Wales. --The name of Britain
was unknown to the Romans before the time of Ce-
sar. Boehart derives it from the Phoenician or He-
brew term Baratanac, "the land of tin" Others
deduce the name of Britons from the Gallic Britti,
"painted," in allusion to the custom on the part of the
inhabitants of painting their bodies (Adelunp, Mith-
ridiiitit. vol. 2, p. 50. ) Britain was famous for the
Roman walls built in it, of which traces remain at the
present day. The first was built by Agricola, AD.
79, nearly in the situation of the rampart of Hadrian,
? ? and wall of Sevcrus mentioned below. In AD. 81,
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? BRU
X. -Miller, Spinet. , p. 164, scan. -- Kctghtley's
MjiWogy, p. 131 ) ' //
BUXBLLUM, a town of Italy, in Gallia Cispadana,
Wrtheast of Parma, where Olho slew himself when
defeated. It is now, /irescllo. (Tacit. , Hist. , 2, 33. )
BIIUA, a- city of Oallia Cisalpina, to the west of
tbeLicia Bcnacus, and southeast of Bergomum. It
wu the capital of the Cenomanni, as we learn from
Lin (32, 30). Brixia is known to have become a
Roman colony, but we are not informed at what pe-
riod this event took place. (Plin. , H. N. , 3, 19. )
Strabo speaks of it as inferior in size to Mediolanum
and Verona. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 63. )
i! i . . -. '? ? -. an appellation given to Bacchus, from
the noise with which his festivals were celebrated. It
is derived from ftpi'it:,,, "to roar. "
BKOXTES. one of the Cyclopes. The name is de-
wed from jipmrrii, "thunder. " (Vtrg. , JEn. , 8, 425. )
BZL-CTKKI, a people of Germany, between the Am-
iuaor? nu, and Lacus Flevus or Zuyder Zee. (7V
cK. . A**. , 1, 51. )
BirnDisTux, or less correctly BRUNDUSIUX, a cele-
brated city on the coast of Apulia, in the territory of
the Calabri. By the Greeks it was called BpfvrtViox,
i word which, in the Messapian language, signified a
tog's head, from the resemblance which its different
harbours and creeks bore to the antlers of that animal.
(Strata, 388. --Festus, *. v. Brundtsium. -- Slcphan.
By? . , t. v. Bpcvreotoi'. ) Jt is not necessary to re-
peat the various accounts given by different writers
respecting the foundation of this city; its antiquity is
evident from the statement of Strabo, that Brundisium
was already in existence, and under the government
of its own princes, when the Lacedcemoman Phalan-
thus arrived with his colony in this part of Italy. It
U recorded also to the honour of the Llnimlisians, that
although this chief had been instrumental in depriving
them of a great portion of their territory, they gen'jr-
oasly afforded him an asylum when he was exiled from
Tarentum, and after his death erected a splendid
monument to his memory. (Slrab. , 282. --Arislol. ,
Polit. , 5, 3. --Justin, 3, 4. ) The situation of its har-
bour, to advantageous for communicating with the op-
posite coast of Greece, naturally rendered Brundisium
a place of great resort, from the time that the colonies
of that country had fixed themselves on the shores of
Italy. Herodotus speaks of it as a place generally
well known, when he compares the Tauric Cherso-
nese to the lapygian peninsula, which might be con-
sidered as included between the harbours of Brundisi-
om and Tarentum (4, 99. ) Brundisium soon became
a formidable rival to Tarentum, which had hitherto
engrossed all the commerce of this part of Italy
(Po(yo. . /ra? . 11); nor did the facilities which it af-
forded for extending their conquests out of that country,
escape the penetrating views of the Romans. Under
the pretence that several towns on this coast had fa-
voured the invasion of Pyrrhus, they declared war
against them, and soon possessed themselves of Brun-
disiutn (Zonar. , Ann , 3), whither a colony was sent
A. U. C. 503. (Flor. , 1, 20. --Ln. , Epit. , 19. --Veil.
Palcfc. , 1, 14. ) From this period the prosperity of
this port continued to increase in proportion with the
greatness of the Roman empire. Large fleets were
always stationed there for the conveyance of troops
into Macedonia, Greece, or Asia; and from the con-
venience of its harbour, and its facility of access from
every other part of Italy, it became a place of general
? ? thoroughfare for travellers visiting those countries.
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? BRU
BRUTUS.
A. U. C. 480, which was two years after Pyrrhus had
withdrawn his troops from Italy. (Lib. , Epit. , 14. --
Polyb. , 1, 6. ) The arrival of Hannibal once more,
however, roused the Brutii to exertion; they flocked
eagerly to the victorious standard of that general, who
was by their aid enabled to maintain his ground in this
corner of Italy, when all hope of final success seemed
to be extinguished. But the consequences of this
protracted warfare proved fatal to the country in which
it was carried on; many of the Brutian towns being
totally destroyed, and others so much impoverished as
to retain scarcely a vestige of their former prosperity.
To these misfortunes was added the weight of Roman
vengeance; for that power, when freed from her for-
midable enemy, too well remembered the support he
had derived from the Brutii for so many years to allow
their defection to pass unheeded. A decree was there-
fore passed, reducing this people to a most abject state
of dependance: they were pronounced incapable of
being employed in a military capacity, and their ser-
vices werci confined to the menial offices of couriers
and letter-carriers. (Strabo, 251. --Id. , 253. )
Brutium, or Brutiorum Ager, the country occu-
pied by the Brutii. (Vid. Brutii. )
Britus, I. L. Junius, a celebrated Roman, the au-
thor, according to the Roman legends, of the great
revolution which drove Tarquin the Proud from his
throne, and which substituted the consular for the re-
gal government. He was the son of Marcus Junius
and of Tarquinia the second daughter of Tarquin.
While yet young in years, he Baw his father and broth-
er slain by the order of Tarquin, and having no means
of avenging them, and fearing the same fate to him-
self, he affected a stupid air, in order not to appear at
all formidable in the eyes of a suspicious and cruel
tyrant. This artifice proved successful, and he so far
deceived Tarquin, and the other members of the royal
family, that they gave him, in derision, the surname of
Brutus, as indicative of his supposed mental imbecility.
At length, when Lucretia had been outraged by Sextus
Tarquinius, Brutus, amid the indignation that pervaded
all orders, threw off the mask, and, snatching the dag-
ger from the bosom of the victim, swore upon it eternal
exile to the family of Tarquin. Wearied out with the
tyranny of this monarch, and exasperated by the spec-
tacle of the funeral solemnities of Lucretia, the people
abolished royalty, and confided the chief authority to
the senate and two magistrates, named at first pnetors.
but subsequently consuls. Brutus and the husband
of Lucretia were first invested with this important of-
fice. They signalized their entrance upon its duties
by making all the people take a solemn oath never
again to have a king of Rome. Efforts nevertheless
were soon made in favor of the Tarquins: an ambas-
sador sent fromEtruria, under the pretext of procuring
a restoration of the property of Tarquin and his family,
formed a secret plot for the overthrow of the new gov-
ernment, and the sons of Brutus became connected with
the conspiracy. A discovery having been made, the
sons of the consul and their accomplices were tried,
condemned, and executed by the orders of their father,
although the people were willing that he should par-
don them. From this time Brutus sought only to die
himself, and some months after, a battle between the
Romans and the troops of Tarquin enabled him to
gratify his wish. He encountered, in the fight, Aruns,
the son of the exiled monarch; and with so much im-
? ? petuosity did they rush to the attack, that both fell
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? r
BRTJTUS.
md freedom, that Caesar was struck by it, and was re-
minded of what he used frequently to say of Brutus,
that, what his inclinations might be, made a very great
difference; but th. it. -whatever they were, they would
he nothing lukewarm. It was about this time also that
Bratus divorced his first wife, Appia, daughter of Ap-
pius Claudius, and married the famous Porcia, his
cousin, the daughter of Cato. Soon after he received
another mark of Cssar's favour (Plat. , Vit. Brul. ,c. 7.
--DID Cast. , 44, 12), in being appointed Praetor Urba-
nus, A. U. C. 709; and he was holding that office when
he resolved to become the assassin of the man whose
government he had twice- acknowledged by consenting
to act in a public station under it. He was led into
the conspiracy, it is said, by Cassius, who sought at
first by writing, and afterward by means of his wife
Junia, the sister of Brutiis, to obtain his consent to be-
come an. accomplice; and Plutarch informs us, that
when the attack was made on Csesar in the senate-
hoose. the latter resisted and endeavoured to escape,
until he saw the dagger of Brutus pointed against him,
when he covered his head with his robe and resigned
himself to his fate.
After the assassination of Cesar,
toe conspirators endeavoured to stir up the feelings of
Ihe people in favour of liberty; but Antony, by reading
th? will of the dictator, excited against them so violent
a SoTM of odium, that they were compelled to flee from
the city. _ Brutus retired to Athens, and used every
exertion to raise a party there among the Roman no-
bility. Obtaining possession, at the same time, of a
large sum of the public money, he was enabled to bring
to hi* standard many of the old soldiers of Pompey
who were scattered about Thessaly. His forces dai-
ly increasing, be soon saw himself surrounded by a
considerable army, and Hortensius, the governor of
Macedonia, aiding him, Brutus became master in this
way of all Greece and Macedonia. He went now to
Asia and joined Cassius, whose efforts had been equal-
ly successful. In Rome, on the other hand, the trium-
virs were all powerful; the conspirators had been con-
demned, and the people had taken up arms against
them. Brutus and Cassius returned to Europe to op-
pose the triumvirs, and Octavius and Antony met them
on the plains of Philippi. In thia memorable conflict
Bratus commanded the right wing of the republican
army, and defeated the division of the enemy opposed
to him, and would in all probability have gained the
day, if, instead of pursuing the fugitives, he had brought
succours to his left wing, commanded by Cassius, which
was hard pressed and eventually beaten by Antony.
Cassius, upon this, believing everything lost, slew him-
self in despair. Brutus bitterly deplored his fate, sty-
ling him, with tears of the sincerest sorrow, "the last
of the Romans. " On the following day, induced by
the ardour of the soldiers, Brutus again drew up his
forces in line of battle, but no action took place, and
he then took possession of an advantageous post, where
it was difficult for an attack to be made upon him. His
true policy was to have remained in this state, without
hazarding an engagement, for his opponents were dis-
tressed for provisions, and the fleet that was bringing
them supplies had been totally defeated by the vessels
of Brutus. This state of things, however, was un-
known to the latter, and, after an interval of twenty
days, he hazarded a second battle. Where he himself
fought in person, he was still successful; but the rest
of his army was soon overcome, and the conflict ended
? ? in a total defeat of the republican army. Escaping
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? BUP
BUR
impressed upon his flank; or, according to another
account, because he had a black mark upon hid head
resembling that 01" an ox, the rest of his body being
white. Plutarch gives an account of the mode in
which Bucephalus came into the hands of Alexander.
The horse had been offered for sale to Philip, the
prince's father, by a Thcssalian, but had proved so un-
manageable that the monarch refused to purchase,
and ordered it to be taken away. Alexander there-
upon expressing his regret that they were losing so
fine a horse for want of skill and spirit to manage
it, Philip agreed to pay the price of the steed if his
son would ride it. The pnnce accepted the offer,
and succeeded in the attempt. Bucephalus, after this,
would allow no one but Alexander to mount him, and
he accompanied the monarch in all his campaigns. In
the battle with Poms, he received, according to the
same authority, several wounds, of which he died not
long after. A writer, however, quoted by the same
Plutarch, states that he died of age and fatigue, being
thirty years old. Arrian also (Ezp. At, 6, 19) ex-
pressly confirms this last account: dirlBavev afoov,
oil /JAflOrff TTpoc ovicvbf, utM air! ) nav/iaraf re Kal
j/faniac' r/v flip ufifyl T<J TpiuKovra frn. Alexander,
upon this occasion, showed as much regret as if he
had lost a faithful friend and companion. He built a
city near the Hydaspes, which he called Buccphala,
after the name of his steed. (Pint. , Vit. Alex. , 61. --
Plin. , 6, 20. --Ptol. , 7, l. --Diod. Sic. , 17, 95 )
BUCOLICUM, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate
between the Sebennytic and Mendesian mouths. It
is the same with the Phatnetic. (Herod. , 2, 17. )
Buns, I. a town of Phocis, on the shore of the
Sinus Corinthiacus, southeast of Anticyra. The town
was situate on a hill, only seven stadia from its port,
which is doubtless the same as the Mychos of Strabo,
and the Naulochus of Pliny (4, 3). Pausanias seems
to assign Bulls to Bceotia (10, 37), but Steph. Byz. ,
Pliny, and Ptolemy (p. 87), to Phocis. (Cramer's
Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 158. )--II. A Lacedenraian,
given up to Xerxes, along with his countryman isper-
thias, to atone for the conduct of the Spartans in put-
ting the king's messengers to death. The king, how-
ever, refused to retaliate. (Herod. , 7, 134, &c. )
BULLATIUS, a friend of Horace's, who was roaming
abroad for the purpose of dispelling his cares. The
poet addressed an epistle to him, in which he instructs
him that happiness does not depend upon climate or
place, but upon the state of one's own mind. (Horat. ,
Epist. , 1, 11. )
BUPALUS, a sculptor and architect, born in the isl-
and of Chios, and son of Anthermus, or rather Archcn-
nus. (Vid. Anthermus. ) He encountered the ani-
mosity of the poet Hipponax (Callim. , Frapm. 90, p.
460, erf. Ernest. "), the cause of which is said to have
been the refusal of Bupalus to give his daughter in
marriage to Hipponax, while others inform us that it
was owing to a statue made in derision of the poet by
Bupalus. (Wclcker, Fragm. Hippon. , 12. ) The satire
and invective of the bard were so severe, that, accord-
ing to one account, Bupalus hung himself in despair.
(Horat. , Epod. , 6, 14. --Acron. ad Horat. , 1. c. --Plin. ,
36, 5. ) As Hipponax flourished in the reign of Da-
rius (Proclus, ad fin. , Heplual. , p. 380, ed. Gaisf. ),
Bupalus must have been living not only in Olymp.
58, but also very probably in Olymp. 64. His broth-
er's name was Athenis. In addition to the statue
? ? which Bupalus made in derision of Hipponax, other
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? BUS
BUT
(ifjnvfmment seems to have been sometimes Lyons
(Lu^iluuum), and sometimes Geneva. --By their old
constitution, they had kings, called hcndinos, whom
they chose and deposed at their pleasure. If any great
calamity befell them, as a failure of the crops, a pesti-
lence, or a defeat, the king was made responsible for
it. and his throne was given to another, from whom
they hoped for better times. Before their conversion
to Christianity (which happened after their settlement
in Gaul), they had a high-priest called Sinestus, whose
person was sacred, and whose oilier was for life. The
trial by combat even then existed among them, and
was regarded as an appeal to the judgment of God. --
Continually endeavouring to extend their limits, they
became engaged in a war with the Franks, by whom
they were at last completely subdued, under the son of
Clovis, after Clovis himself had taken Lyons. They
still preserved their constitution, laws, and customs for
a time. But the dignity of king was soon abolished,
and, under the Carlo vingians, the kingdom was divided
into provinces, which, from time to time, shook off
their dependance. Their later movements belong to
modern history. (Claud. , Mamert. Paneg. Maxim-
ion. , c. 5. --Hadrian, Vales. Rer. Franc, 1, p. 50. --
Jornand. , de Regnor. Success. , p. 54. --Id. , de reb. Get. ,
p. 98. -- Paul. Warnc/r. dc got. Longob. , 3, 3. --
Encyclop. Amcric. , vol. 2, p. 329. )
BcsTsis, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Ly-
sianassa, daughter of Epaphus, or (as Plutarch states,
from the Simian Agatho), of Neptune and Anippe,
daughter of the ! Nile. (Plut. , Parall. , p. 317. ) This
king, in consequence of an oracle, offered up strangers
on the altar of Jupiter: for Egypt having been afflicted
with a dearth for nine years, a native of Cyprus, named
Thrasius, a great soothsayer, came thither, and said that
it would cease if they sacrificed a stranger every year
to Jupiter. Busiris sacrificed the prophet himself first
ai all, and then continued the practice. When Her-
colea, in the course of his wanderings, came into Egypt,
he was seized and dragged to the altar; but he burst
bis bonds, and slew Busiris, his son Amphidamas, and
lis herald Chalbes. (Apollod. , 2, 5, 11. )--Now who
was this Busiris *--We have here a question to which
the ancients themselves gave very different answers.
Isocratcs, in defending the memory of the Egyptian
monarch, pretends that he lived two centuries before
Perseus, and, consequently, long anterior to Hercules.
(Isoer. , Busir. , c. 15. ) Other writers have made
mention of from three to five kings of Egypt bearing
this same name. (Heyne, ad Apollod. , I. c. --Sturz. ,
ad Pkcrecyd. , p. 141. -- Compare Theon. , Progymn. ,
c 6. --SynccU. , Chron. , p. 152. --Interpret: ad Diod. ,
1,88. ) Herodotus contradicts the common tradition,
and seeks to free the Egyptians from the reproach of
having offered up human victims. He may be right as
regards the times immediately preceding the period
when he himself flourished, since it is well known that
King Amasis abolished human sacrifices at Hcliopolis,
and great changes took place also after the Persian
conquest. Still, however, numerous scenes and ima-
ges delineated in the temples and sepulchres of Egypt,
speak but too plainly for the existence of this frightful
custom in earlier times. (Costaz, Descript. dc VEg ,
voL 1 c. 9, p. 401. -- Guigniaut, planchc xliv. --
Compare Maneino, ap. Porphyr. dc Abstin. , 2, 55 --
Plut. de Is. el Os. , p. 556, ed. Wyttenb.
Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, said to signify " the
discoverer of honey. " Some derive the appellation
from the nymphs called Brisn, the nurses of the god.
Cornutus, the interpreter of Persius, deduces it from
Iris, equivalent, as he informs us, to jucundut. Bo-
chart gives a Syriac derivation, briz iloubta, "a lake
of honey. " (Hulle, Rechcrches, &c, vol. 3, p. 390. )
Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. (Vid. Bri-
tannia. )
Britannia, called also Albion. (Vid. Albion. )
An island in the Atlantic Ocean, and the largest in
Europe. The Phoenicians appear to have been early
acquainted with it, and to have carried on here a traffic
for tin. {Vid. Cassitcrides. ) Commercial jealousy,
however, induced them to keep their discoveries a pro-
found secret. The Carthaginians succeeded to the
Phoenicians, but were equally mysterious. Avicnus, in
his small poem entitled Ora Maritima, v. 412, makes
mention of the voyages of a certain Himilco in this
quarter, and professes to draw his information from the
long-concealed Punic Annals. Little, was known of
Britain until Cesar's time, who invaded and endeav-
oured, although ineffectually, to conquer the island.
After a long interval, Oslorius, in the reign of Claudius,
reduced the southern part of the island, and Agricola,
subsequently, in the reign of Domitian, extended the
Roman dominion to the Frith of Forth and the Clyde.
The whole force of the empire, although exerted to the
utmost under Sevcrus, could not, however, reduce to
? ubjection the hardy natives of the highlands. Britain
continued a Roman province until AJ). 426, when the
troops were in a great measure withdrawn, to assist
Valcntinian the Third against the Huns, and never re-
turned. The Britons had become so enervated under
the Roman yoke as to be unable to repel the incursions
of the inhabitants of the north. They invoked, there-
fore, the aid of the Saxons, by whom they wero them-
selves subjugated, and at length obliged to take ref-
uge in the mountains of Wales. --The name of Britain
was unknown to the Romans before the time of Ce-
sar. Boehart derives it from the Phoenician or He-
brew term Baratanac, "the land of tin" Others
deduce the name of Britons from the Gallic Britti,
"painted," in allusion to the custom on the part of the
inhabitants of painting their bodies (Adelunp, Mith-
ridiiitit. vol. 2, p. 50. ) Britain was famous for the
Roman walls built in it, of which traces remain at the
present day. The first was built by Agricola, AD.
79, nearly in the situation of the rampart of Hadrian,
? ? and wall of Sevcrus mentioned below. In AD. 81,
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? BRU
X. -Miller, Spinet. , p. 164, scan. -- Kctghtley's
MjiWogy, p. 131 ) ' //
BUXBLLUM, a town of Italy, in Gallia Cispadana,
Wrtheast of Parma, where Olho slew himself when
defeated. It is now, /irescllo. (Tacit. , Hist. , 2, 33. )
BIIUA, a- city of Oallia Cisalpina, to the west of
tbeLicia Bcnacus, and southeast of Bergomum. It
wu the capital of the Cenomanni, as we learn from
Lin (32, 30). Brixia is known to have become a
Roman colony, but we are not informed at what pe-
riod this event took place. (Plin. , H. N. , 3, 19. )
Strabo speaks of it as inferior in size to Mediolanum
and Verona. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 63. )
i! i . . -. '? ? -. an appellation given to Bacchus, from
the noise with which his festivals were celebrated. It
is derived from ftpi'it:,,, "to roar. "
BKOXTES. one of the Cyclopes. The name is de-
wed from jipmrrii, "thunder. " (Vtrg. , JEn. , 8, 425. )
BZL-CTKKI, a people of Germany, between the Am-
iuaor? nu, and Lacus Flevus or Zuyder Zee. (7V
cK. . A**. , 1, 51. )
BirnDisTux, or less correctly BRUNDUSIUX, a cele-
brated city on the coast of Apulia, in the territory of
the Calabri. By the Greeks it was called BpfvrtViox,
i word which, in the Messapian language, signified a
tog's head, from the resemblance which its different
harbours and creeks bore to the antlers of that animal.
(Strata, 388. --Festus, *. v. Brundtsium. -- Slcphan.
By? . , t. v. Bpcvreotoi'. ) Jt is not necessary to re-
peat the various accounts given by different writers
respecting the foundation of this city; its antiquity is
evident from the statement of Strabo, that Brundisium
was already in existence, and under the government
of its own princes, when the Lacedcemoman Phalan-
thus arrived with his colony in this part of Italy. It
U recorded also to the honour of the Llnimlisians, that
although this chief had been instrumental in depriving
them of a great portion of their territory, they gen'jr-
oasly afforded him an asylum when he was exiled from
Tarentum, and after his death erected a splendid
monument to his memory. (Slrab. , 282. --Arislol. ,
Polit. , 5, 3. --Justin, 3, 4. ) The situation of its har-
bour, to advantageous for communicating with the op-
posite coast of Greece, naturally rendered Brundisium
a place of great resort, from the time that the colonies
of that country had fixed themselves on the shores of
Italy. Herodotus speaks of it as a place generally
well known, when he compares the Tauric Cherso-
nese to the lapygian peninsula, which might be con-
sidered as included between the harbours of Brundisi-
om and Tarentum (4, 99. ) Brundisium soon became
a formidable rival to Tarentum, which had hitherto
engrossed all the commerce of this part of Italy
(Po(yo. . /ra? . 11); nor did the facilities which it af-
forded for extending their conquests out of that country,
escape the penetrating views of the Romans. Under
the pretence that several towns on this coast had fa-
voured the invasion of Pyrrhus, they declared war
against them, and soon possessed themselves of Brun-
disiutn (Zonar. , Ann , 3), whither a colony was sent
A. U. C. 503. (Flor. , 1, 20. --Ln. , Epit. , 19. --Veil.
Palcfc. , 1, 14. ) From this period the prosperity of
this port continued to increase in proportion with the
greatness of the Roman empire. Large fleets were
always stationed there for the conveyance of troops
into Macedonia, Greece, or Asia; and from the con-
venience of its harbour, and its facility of access from
every other part of Italy, it became a place of general
? ? thoroughfare for travellers visiting those countries.
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? BRU
BRUTUS.
A. U. C. 480, which was two years after Pyrrhus had
withdrawn his troops from Italy. (Lib. , Epit. , 14. --
Polyb. , 1, 6. ) The arrival of Hannibal once more,
however, roused the Brutii to exertion; they flocked
eagerly to the victorious standard of that general, who
was by their aid enabled to maintain his ground in this
corner of Italy, when all hope of final success seemed
to be extinguished. But the consequences of this
protracted warfare proved fatal to the country in which
it was carried on; many of the Brutian towns being
totally destroyed, and others so much impoverished as
to retain scarcely a vestige of their former prosperity.
To these misfortunes was added the weight of Roman
vengeance; for that power, when freed from her for-
midable enemy, too well remembered the support he
had derived from the Brutii for so many years to allow
their defection to pass unheeded. A decree was there-
fore passed, reducing this people to a most abject state
of dependance: they were pronounced incapable of
being employed in a military capacity, and their ser-
vices werci confined to the menial offices of couriers
and letter-carriers. (Strabo, 251. --Id. , 253. )
Brutium, or Brutiorum Ager, the country occu-
pied by the Brutii. (Vid. Brutii. )
Britus, I. L. Junius, a celebrated Roman, the au-
thor, according to the Roman legends, of the great
revolution which drove Tarquin the Proud from his
throne, and which substituted the consular for the re-
gal government. He was the son of Marcus Junius
and of Tarquinia the second daughter of Tarquin.
While yet young in years, he Baw his father and broth-
er slain by the order of Tarquin, and having no means
of avenging them, and fearing the same fate to him-
self, he affected a stupid air, in order not to appear at
all formidable in the eyes of a suspicious and cruel
tyrant. This artifice proved successful, and he so far
deceived Tarquin, and the other members of the royal
family, that they gave him, in derision, the surname of
Brutus, as indicative of his supposed mental imbecility.
At length, when Lucretia had been outraged by Sextus
Tarquinius, Brutus, amid the indignation that pervaded
all orders, threw off the mask, and, snatching the dag-
ger from the bosom of the victim, swore upon it eternal
exile to the family of Tarquin. Wearied out with the
tyranny of this monarch, and exasperated by the spec-
tacle of the funeral solemnities of Lucretia, the people
abolished royalty, and confided the chief authority to
the senate and two magistrates, named at first pnetors.
but subsequently consuls. Brutus and the husband
of Lucretia were first invested with this important of-
fice. They signalized their entrance upon its duties
by making all the people take a solemn oath never
again to have a king of Rome. Efforts nevertheless
were soon made in favor of the Tarquins: an ambas-
sador sent fromEtruria, under the pretext of procuring
a restoration of the property of Tarquin and his family,
formed a secret plot for the overthrow of the new gov-
ernment, and the sons of Brutus became connected with
the conspiracy. A discovery having been made, the
sons of the consul and their accomplices were tried,
condemned, and executed by the orders of their father,
although the people were willing that he should par-
don them. From this time Brutus sought only to die
himself, and some months after, a battle between the
Romans and the troops of Tarquin enabled him to
gratify his wish. He encountered, in the fight, Aruns,
the son of the exiled monarch; and with so much im-
? ? petuosity did they rush to the attack, that both fell
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? r
BRTJTUS.
md freedom, that Caesar was struck by it, and was re-
minded of what he used frequently to say of Brutus,
that, what his inclinations might be, made a very great
difference; but th. it. -whatever they were, they would
he nothing lukewarm. It was about this time also that
Bratus divorced his first wife, Appia, daughter of Ap-
pius Claudius, and married the famous Porcia, his
cousin, the daughter of Cato. Soon after he received
another mark of Cssar's favour (Plat. , Vit. Brul. ,c. 7.
--DID Cast. , 44, 12), in being appointed Praetor Urba-
nus, A. U. C. 709; and he was holding that office when
he resolved to become the assassin of the man whose
government he had twice- acknowledged by consenting
to act in a public station under it. He was led into
the conspiracy, it is said, by Cassius, who sought at
first by writing, and afterward by means of his wife
Junia, the sister of Brutiis, to obtain his consent to be-
come an. accomplice; and Plutarch informs us, that
when the attack was made on Csesar in the senate-
hoose. the latter resisted and endeavoured to escape,
until he saw the dagger of Brutus pointed against him,
when he covered his head with his robe and resigned
himself to his fate.
After the assassination of Cesar,
toe conspirators endeavoured to stir up the feelings of
Ihe people in favour of liberty; but Antony, by reading
th? will of the dictator, excited against them so violent
a SoTM of odium, that they were compelled to flee from
the city. _ Brutus retired to Athens, and used every
exertion to raise a party there among the Roman no-
bility. Obtaining possession, at the same time, of a
large sum of the public money, he was enabled to bring
to hi* standard many of the old soldiers of Pompey
who were scattered about Thessaly. His forces dai-
ly increasing, be soon saw himself surrounded by a
considerable army, and Hortensius, the governor of
Macedonia, aiding him, Brutus became master in this
way of all Greece and Macedonia. He went now to
Asia and joined Cassius, whose efforts had been equal-
ly successful. In Rome, on the other hand, the trium-
virs were all powerful; the conspirators had been con-
demned, and the people had taken up arms against
them. Brutus and Cassius returned to Europe to op-
pose the triumvirs, and Octavius and Antony met them
on the plains of Philippi. In thia memorable conflict
Bratus commanded the right wing of the republican
army, and defeated the division of the enemy opposed
to him, and would in all probability have gained the
day, if, instead of pursuing the fugitives, he had brought
succours to his left wing, commanded by Cassius, which
was hard pressed and eventually beaten by Antony.
Cassius, upon this, believing everything lost, slew him-
self in despair. Brutus bitterly deplored his fate, sty-
ling him, with tears of the sincerest sorrow, "the last
of the Romans. " On the following day, induced by
the ardour of the soldiers, Brutus again drew up his
forces in line of battle, but no action took place, and
he then took possession of an advantageous post, where
it was difficult for an attack to be made upon him. His
true policy was to have remained in this state, without
hazarding an engagement, for his opponents were dis-
tressed for provisions, and the fleet that was bringing
them supplies had been totally defeated by the vessels
of Brutus. This state of things, however, was un-
known to the latter, and, after an interval of twenty
days, he hazarded a second battle. Where he himself
fought in person, he was still successful; but the rest
of his army was soon overcome, and the conflict ended
? ? in a total defeat of the republican army. Escaping
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? BUP
BUR
impressed upon his flank; or, according to another
account, because he had a black mark upon hid head
resembling that 01" an ox, the rest of his body being
white. Plutarch gives an account of the mode in
which Bucephalus came into the hands of Alexander.
The horse had been offered for sale to Philip, the
prince's father, by a Thcssalian, but had proved so un-
manageable that the monarch refused to purchase,
and ordered it to be taken away. Alexander there-
upon expressing his regret that they were losing so
fine a horse for want of skill and spirit to manage
it, Philip agreed to pay the price of the steed if his
son would ride it. The pnnce accepted the offer,
and succeeded in the attempt. Bucephalus, after this,
would allow no one but Alexander to mount him, and
he accompanied the monarch in all his campaigns. In
the battle with Poms, he received, according to the
same authority, several wounds, of which he died not
long after. A writer, however, quoted by the same
Plutarch, states that he died of age and fatigue, being
thirty years old. Arrian also (Ezp. At, 6, 19) ex-
pressly confirms this last account: dirlBavev afoov,
oil /JAflOrff TTpoc ovicvbf, utM air! ) nav/iaraf re Kal
j/faniac' r/v flip ufifyl T<J TpiuKovra frn. Alexander,
upon this occasion, showed as much regret as if he
had lost a faithful friend and companion. He built a
city near the Hydaspes, which he called Buccphala,
after the name of his steed. (Pint. , Vit. Alex. , 61. --
Plin. , 6, 20. --Ptol. , 7, l. --Diod. Sic. , 17, 95 )
BUCOLICUM, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate
between the Sebennytic and Mendesian mouths. It
is the same with the Phatnetic. (Herod. , 2, 17. )
Buns, I. a town of Phocis, on the shore of the
Sinus Corinthiacus, southeast of Anticyra. The town
was situate on a hill, only seven stadia from its port,
which is doubtless the same as the Mychos of Strabo,
and the Naulochus of Pliny (4, 3). Pausanias seems
to assign Bulls to Bceotia (10, 37), but Steph. Byz. ,
Pliny, and Ptolemy (p. 87), to Phocis. (Cramer's
Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 158. )--II. A Lacedenraian,
given up to Xerxes, along with his countryman isper-
thias, to atone for the conduct of the Spartans in put-
ting the king's messengers to death. The king, how-
ever, refused to retaliate. (Herod. , 7, 134, &c. )
BULLATIUS, a friend of Horace's, who was roaming
abroad for the purpose of dispelling his cares. The
poet addressed an epistle to him, in which he instructs
him that happiness does not depend upon climate or
place, but upon the state of one's own mind. (Horat. ,
Epist. , 1, 11. )
BUPALUS, a sculptor and architect, born in the isl-
and of Chios, and son of Anthermus, or rather Archcn-
nus. (Vid. Anthermus. ) He encountered the ani-
mosity of the poet Hipponax (Callim. , Frapm. 90, p.
460, erf. Ernest. "), the cause of which is said to have
been the refusal of Bupalus to give his daughter in
marriage to Hipponax, while others inform us that it
was owing to a statue made in derision of the poet by
Bupalus. (Wclcker, Fragm. Hippon. , 12. ) The satire
and invective of the bard were so severe, that, accord-
ing to one account, Bupalus hung himself in despair.
(Horat. , Epod. , 6, 14. --Acron. ad Horat. , 1. c. --Plin. ,
36, 5. ) As Hipponax flourished in the reign of Da-
rius (Proclus, ad fin. , Heplual. , p. 380, ed. Gaisf. ),
Bupalus must have been living not only in Olymp.
58, but also very probably in Olymp. 64. His broth-
er's name was Athenis. In addition to the statue
? ? which Bupalus made in derision of Hipponax, other
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? BUS
BUT
(ifjnvfmment seems to have been sometimes Lyons
(Lu^iluuum), and sometimes Geneva. --By their old
constitution, they had kings, called hcndinos, whom
they chose and deposed at their pleasure. If any great
calamity befell them, as a failure of the crops, a pesti-
lence, or a defeat, the king was made responsible for
it. and his throne was given to another, from whom
they hoped for better times. Before their conversion
to Christianity (which happened after their settlement
in Gaul), they had a high-priest called Sinestus, whose
person was sacred, and whose oilier was for life. The
trial by combat even then existed among them, and
was regarded as an appeal to the judgment of God. --
Continually endeavouring to extend their limits, they
became engaged in a war with the Franks, by whom
they were at last completely subdued, under the son of
Clovis, after Clovis himself had taken Lyons. They
still preserved their constitution, laws, and customs for
a time. But the dignity of king was soon abolished,
and, under the Carlo vingians, the kingdom was divided
into provinces, which, from time to time, shook off
their dependance. Their later movements belong to
modern history. (Claud. , Mamert. Paneg. Maxim-
ion. , c. 5. --Hadrian, Vales. Rer. Franc, 1, p. 50. --
Jornand. , de Regnor. Success. , p. 54. --Id. , de reb. Get. ,
p. 98. -- Paul. Warnc/r. dc got. Longob. , 3, 3. --
Encyclop. Amcric. , vol. 2, p. 329. )
BcsTsis, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Ly-
sianassa, daughter of Epaphus, or (as Plutarch states,
from the Simian Agatho), of Neptune and Anippe,
daughter of the ! Nile. (Plut. , Parall. , p. 317. ) This
king, in consequence of an oracle, offered up strangers
on the altar of Jupiter: for Egypt having been afflicted
with a dearth for nine years, a native of Cyprus, named
Thrasius, a great soothsayer, came thither, and said that
it would cease if they sacrificed a stranger every year
to Jupiter. Busiris sacrificed the prophet himself first
ai all, and then continued the practice. When Her-
colea, in the course of his wanderings, came into Egypt,
he was seized and dragged to the altar; but he burst
bis bonds, and slew Busiris, his son Amphidamas, and
lis herald Chalbes. (Apollod. , 2, 5, 11. )--Now who
was this Busiris *--We have here a question to which
the ancients themselves gave very different answers.
Isocratcs, in defending the memory of the Egyptian
monarch, pretends that he lived two centuries before
Perseus, and, consequently, long anterior to Hercules.
(Isoer. , Busir. , c. 15. ) Other writers have made
mention of from three to five kings of Egypt bearing
this same name. (Heyne, ad Apollod. , I. c. --Sturz. ,
ad Pkcrecyd. , p. 141. -- Compare Theon. , Progymn. ,
c 6. --SynccU. , Chron. , p. 152. --Interpret: ad Diod. ,
1,88. ) Herodotus contradicts the common tradition,
and seeks to free the Egyptians from the reproach of
having offered up human victims. He may be right as
regards the times immediately preceding the period
when he himself flourished, since it is well known that
King Amasis abolished human sacrifices at Hcliopolis,
and great changes took place also after the Persian
conquest. Still, however, numerous scenes and ima-
ges delineated in the temples and sepulchres of Egypt,
speak but too plainly for the existence of this frightful
custom in earlier times. (Costaz, Descript. dc VEg ,
voL 1 c. 9, p. 401. -- Guigniaut, planchc xliv. --
Compare Maneino, ap. Porphyr. dc Abstin. , 2, 55 --
Plut. de Is. el Os. , p. 556, ed. Wyttenb.
