To this, how-
ever, it may be objected, that, though Florus adopts
four periods or divisions in his work, his arrangement
is not exactly tbe same with that mentioned hy Lactan-
tius; besides, Florus might have borrowed from Sen-
eca.
ever, it may be objected, that, though Florus adopts
four periods or divisions in his work, his arrangement
is not exactly tbe same with that mentioned hy Lactan-
tius; besides, Florus might have borrowed from Sen-
eca.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
--Diod.
Sic, 19, 65.
)
Fereteius, an appellation of Jupiter among the
Romans, who was so called from the fcrttrum, a
frame supporting the rpolia opima, dedicated to him
by Romulus, after the defeat of the Csninenses, and
the death of their king. This derivation, however, is
apposed by some, who think it better to derive the
term from the Latin ferirc, to smite. This is the opin-
ion of Plutarch, and he adds, that Romulus had prayed
to Jupiter that he might have power to smite his ad-
versary and kill him. (Liv. ,1, 10. --Plut. , Vil. Rom. )
FekT* Latinx, the Latin Holydays. (Vid. La-
tium )
FeronIa, a goddess worshipped with great solem-
nity by both the Sabines and Latins, but more espe-
cially the former. Sho is commonly tanked among
the rural divinities. Feronia had a temple at the foot
of Mount Soracte, and in her grove around this tem-
ple great markets used to be held during the time of
her festival. Her priests at this place used to walk
unhurt on burning coals. (Dion. Hal. , 9,32. --Strab. ,
226. -- Hcyne, ad Virg. , Jin. , 7, 800. --Fabretti, In-
script. , p. 452. ) She had also a temple, grove, and
fount near Anxur, and in this temple manumitted
slaves went through certain formalities to complete
their freedom, such as cutting off and consecrating
the hair of their head, and putting on a pilcus or cap.
(Liv. , 32, 1. --Sen. ad Virg. ,Jln. ,7, 564. ) Flowers
and first-fruits were the offerings to her, and the in-
terpretation of her name given in Greek was Flower-
bearing or Garland-loving, while some rendered it
Persephone (Proserpina). Thus Dionysius of Hali-
rarnassus remarks, lepov tart . . . &cuc itpuvtiac
bvo/ia^ofiivnc, fjv ol furae)pu? ovrec tic rqv 'EXXudo
y? jjaoav ol fih> 'Kvdnfybpov, ol 6e QiXoorcfavov, ol
6i itpotfavnv xaXovatv. (Dion. Hal. , 3, 32, where
for Qcpaveiac we must evidently read Qepuviac, to
suit the text in another part of Dionysius, 2, 49, as
also the quantity given by the Latin poets. ) Feronia
was also said to have been called Juno Virgo (Sen.
? ? ad Jin. , 7,799); but this, according to Spangenberg,
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? FID
FLA
Luinnrun Vclnum, vol. 2, 4to, Lips, 1832. --II.
Porcius. governor of Judxa after Felix, whom the
leva solicited to condemn St. Paul or to order him
op to Jerusalem. The apostle's appeal to Caesar (the
Emperor Nero) frustrated the intentions of both Fes-
<<s and the Jews. (Acts, 25, 1, seqq. )
Fibbinus, a small stream of Latium. running into
he Liris, and forming before its junction a small isl-
and. This island belonged to Cicero, and is the spot
where the scene is laid of his dialogues with Atticus
and his brother Quintus on legislation. He describes
it in the opening of the book as the property and resi-
dence of his ancestors, who had lived there for many
fenerations; he himself was born there, A. U. C. 646.
The Fibrenus, in another passage of the second book,
is mentioned as remarkable for the coldness of its wa-
ters. The river is now called Fiume delta Posta:
the island has taken the name of S. Domenico Abate.
(Romanclli, vol. 3, p. 366, seqq. --Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 2, p. 113. )
FicuLEA or Ficulnea. a town of Latium, beyond
Mount Sacer, to the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa
there, and the road that led to the town was called Fi-
culnensis, afterward Nomenlana Via. (Cic, Alt. , 12,
34-- Lit. , 1, 38; 3, 52. ) It is supposed by Nibby
to have stood at Monti Gentile, about nine miles from
Rome. (JieUe Vie degli Antiehi, p. 94 )
FiDis. *, a town of the Sabines, between four and
five miles from Rome. It was at first a colony of Alba
(Dion. Hal. , 2, 54), but fell subsequently into the hands
of the Etrurians, or more probably the people of Veii.
Fiderue, according to Dionysius (2, 23), was conquered
by Romulus soon after the death of Tatius; he repre-
sents it as being at that period a large and populous
town. I*, made several attempts to emancipate itself
from the Roman yoke, sometimes with the aid of the
Etruscans, at others in conjunction with the Sabines.
Its last revolt occurred A. U. C. 329, when the dictator
jV. inilius Mamercus, after having vanquished the Fide-
natts in the field, stormed their city, which was aban-
doned to the licentiousness of his soldiery. (Lie, 4,
i) From this time we hear only of Fidenat as a de-
serted place, with a few country-seats in its vicinity.
(Strata, 226. --Cic. , de Leg. Agr. , 2, 25. --Horat. ,
Epist. , 1, 2, 7. ) In the reign of Tiberius a terrible
disaster occurred here by the fall of a wooden amphi-
theatre, during a show of gladiators, by which accident
50,000 persons, as Tacitus reports (Ann. , 4, 62), or
20,000, according to Suetonius (Tib. , 40), were killed
orwounded. From the passage of Tacitus here cited,
it appears that Fidenee had risen again to the rank of a
municipal town. (Compare Juvenal, 10, 99. ) The
distance of five miles, which ancient writers reckon
between Rome and Fidenaj, and the remains of anti-
quity which are yet to be seen there, fix the site of
this place near Castel Giubilco. (Nibby, Viaggio An-
itq. , vol. 1. p. 85. --Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 302. )
Fink's Dids, a Roman deity, whose name often oc-
curs in adjurations. The expression Me dius fidius,
which is found so frequently in the Roman classics, has
been variously explained. Festus makes dius fidius
to be put for Aio<; films, the son of Jupiter, i. c. , Her-
cules; he cites, at the same time, other opinions, as
that it is the same with swearing per divifidem ox per
Hum lemporis (i. e. , diei)fidem. All these etymolo-
gies, however, are decidedly erroneous. A passage in
Planus (Asin , 1, 1, 8) furnishes a safer guide, which
? ? is as follows: "Per drum fidinm quaris ; jurato mihi
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? FLAMININUS.
FLU
ind totally defeated him in the battle of Cynoscepha-
lae, in a spot broken by small hills, between Pherse and
Larissa. The Macedonians lost HOOD killed and 5000
prisoners. After granting peace to the Macedonian
monarch on severe and humiliating terms, Flamini-
nus was continued in his command for another year,
B. C. 199, to sec these conditions executed. In that
year, at the meeting of the Isthmian Games, where
multitudes had assembled from every part of Greece,
Flamininus caused a crier to proclaim, " that the senate
and people of Home, and their commander Titus Quin-
ti'js, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, re-
stored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Eulxrans,
Thessalians, Achsans, &c, to their freedom and in-
dependence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws. "
Bursts of acclamation followed this announcement, and
the crowd pressed forward to express their gratitude
to Flamininus, whose conduct throughout these mem-
orable transaction" was marked by a wisdom, modera-
tion, and liberality seldom found united in a victorious
Roman general. He wa. -> thus the means of protract-
ing the independence of the Greek states for half a cen-
tury longer. In the following year, B. C. 195, Flamini-
nus was intrusted with the war against Nabis, tyrant of
Lacedemon, who had treacherously seized on the city of
Argos. The Roman commander marched into I. aco-
nia, and laid siege to Sparta, but he met with a brave
resistance, and at last agreed to grant peace to Nabis,
on condition that he should give up Aigos and all the
other places which he had usurped, and restore their
lands to the descendants of the Messcnians. His
motives for granting peace to Nabis were, he said, part-
ly to prevent the destruction of one of the most illus-
trious of the Greek cities, and partly the great prepara-
tions which Antiochus, king of Syria, was then making
on the coast of Asia. Livy suggests, as another prob-
able reason, that Flamininus wished to terminate the
war himself, and not to give time to a new consul to
supersede him and reap the honours of the victory.
The senate confirmed the peace with Nabis, and in the
following year, 194 B. C. , Flamininus, having settled
the affairs of Greece, prepared to return to Italy.
Having repaired to Corinth, where deputations from all
the Grecian cities had assembled, he took a friendly
leave of them, withdrew his garrisons from all their
cities, and left them to the enjoyment of their own
freedom. On returning to Italy, both he and his sol-
diers were received with great demonstrations of joy,
and the senate decreed him a triumph for three days.
Before the car of Flaminimis, in the celebration of this
triumph, appeared, among the hostages, Demetrius son
of Philip, and Armenes son of Nabis, and in the rear
followed the Roman prisoners, who had been sold as
slaves to the Greeks by Hannibal during the second
Punic war, and whose liberation Flamininus had ob-
tained from the gratitude of the Grecian states. The
Achxans alone are said to have liberated 1200, for
whom they paid 100 talents as compensation-money
to their masters. Altogether, there was never, per-
haps, a Roman triumph so satisfactory as this to all
parties, and so little offensive to the feelings of human-
ity. In the year 183 B. C. , Flamininus was sent to
Prisiaa, king of Bithynia, upon the ungracious mission
of demanding the person of Hannibal, then in his old
age, and a refugee at the court of Prusias. The mon-
arch was prevailed upon to violate the claims of hospi-
tality, but the Carthaginian prevented his treachery
? ? by destroying himself with poison. In the year 168
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? ruiv
FOR
tt has addressed two of his epistles. It is true that
some manuscripts give the historian the name of Julius;
in order, however, to admit the hypothesis of Titze,
wc must regard as interpolated a passage of the Pro-
trmium of Florus, where mention is made of Trajan.
(Consult the work of Titze, " De Epitome rerum Ro-
manarum, qua tub nomine Lucii Annan, give Fieri,
Seneca fcrtur, atate probabilissima, rero avclore,
opens antiqui forma" Lincii, 1804, 8vo. ) Florus
has left us an abridgment of Roman History, entitled
"Epitome de gestis Romanorum," divided into four
books. It commences with the origin of Rome, and
evtends tj A. U. C. 725, when Augustus closed the
temple of Janus, a ceremony which had not taken place
for 206 rears previous. This work is an extract not
merely from Livy, but from many other ancient his-
torians, no part of whose works any longer remain.
It is less a history than an eulogium on the Roman
people, written with elegance, but, at the same time, in
an oratorical style, and not without affectation. Of-
tentimes facta are merely hinted at, events are passed
nver with a flourish of rhetoric; while the declamatory
lone which everywhere prevails, and the concise and
sententious phrases in which he is fond of indulging,
impart an air of coldness to his writings, and render
them monotonous, and sometimes obscure. Florus
likewise commits many errors of a geographical nature,
and on many occasions is defective in point of chro-
nology. His text has reached us in a very corrupt state,
and alvHinds with interpolations. --Some manuscripts
give to the author of this work the name of Seneca:
in fact, a branch of the Anriiean family bore the name
of Seneca; and there is even reason to believe that
this family took indiscriminately the surname of Sene-
:a or Florus. (Consult Wernsdorff, Poet. Lot. Min. ,
vol. 3, p. 452. ) From this title, as given by certain
manuscripts, and from a passage of Lactantius, some
nti:s have concluded that the Epitome is the work of
Seneca the philosopher. Lactantius (Inst, divin. . 7,
15) lays, that Seneca divided the history of the Ro-
mui people into four periods; that of infancy, youth,
manhood, and old age. This division occurs also in
Floras, hut in no other writer of antiquity, which would
tend to strengthen the opinion that Lactantius has ci-
ted Florus under the name of Seneca.
To this, how-
ever, it may be objected, that, though Florus adopts
four periods or divisions in his work, his arrangement
is not exactly tbe same with that mentioned hy Lactan-
tius; besides, Florus might have borrowed from Sen-
eca. The best edition of Florus is that of Duker,
Lugd. Sal. , 1722, and 1744, 2 vols. 8vo. The edi-
tion of Fischer is also valuable, Lips. , 1760, 8vo.
(Schbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 2, p. 389, seqq. --Bdhr,
Gesch. Rim. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 452, seqq. )--II. A young
Roman, the friend of Horace, who accompanied Ti-
berius in his expedition into Dalmatia (A. U. C. 731),
and subsequently into Armenia (A. U. C. 734). Hor-
ace addresses two epistles to him (1, 3, and 2, 2).
Some make him the same with Florus the historian.
(Consult preceding* article. )
Font Sous. rid. Ammon.
Foxteics, Capito, I. an intimate friend of Horace,
and who, in the conference at Brundisium, acted for
Antony, while Maecenas had charge of the interests of
Oetavius. (Herat. , Sat. , 1, 5, 32. )--II. A Roman
who raised commotions in Germany during the reign
jf Galba. He was put to death by the lieutenants
? ? ? tationed there, before even orders reached them from
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? FOR
f ft A
fit eternal verdure, and bloomed with the richest
Sowers; while the productions of earth were poured
lorth spontaneously in the utmost profusion. The le-
gend of the Island of the Blessed in the Western Ocean
may possibly have given rise to the tale of the Fortu-
nate Islands. ( Vat Elysium. )--Many at the present
day regard the Fortunate Islands of antiquity as geo-
graphical realities. Some make them identical with
the Canartcs, and this opinion is grounded upon the
s. '. union and temperature of thoae islands, and the d-:
bcious fruits which they oroduce. (Plin. , 6, 32. --
Diod. Sic, 5, Id. )
Forum Romanum, Vetus vel Magnum, a large open
space between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills, called
until lately Campo Vaccina, or the Cow-field, or mar-
ket. The Italians, however, have grown ashamed of
so vulgar a name, and have restored to the place its
ancient appellation of Forum Romanum. It is now
a mere open space, strewed for the most part with
ruins. It is collected from Livy (1, 12) and Dio-
nysius of Halicarnassus (2, 66), that the Forum was
s'tuale between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills; and
from Vitruvius we learn that its shape was that of a
rectangle, the length of which exceeded the breadth by
one third. From these data, which agree with other
incidental circumstances, it is generally thought that
the four angles of the Roman forum were formed by
the arch of Sevens at the foot of the Capitol; the
Fabian arch, at (he termination of the Via Sacra;
the church of Si. Theodore, at the foot of the Pala-
tine; and that of the Consolazione, below the Capi-
tol. Here the assemblies of the people used general-
ly to be held, and here also justice was administered,
and public business transacted. It was formed by
Romulus, and surrounded with porticoes, shops, atid
DinldingsbyTarquinius Priscus. (Lav. , 1,35. --Dion.
Hal, 3, 67. ) Around the Forum were built spacious
halls, called Basilica;, where courts of justice might
sit, and other public business be transacted. The
present surface of the Forum is from fifteen to twenty
fco: above its ancient level. -^-There was only one For-
um under the republic;Ca\sar added another; Au-
gustus a third; a fourth was begun by Uoinitian, and
finished by Nerva, after whom it was named. But the
most splendid was that of Trajan, adorned with the
spoils he had taken in war. Besides these, there were
various fora or places where commodities were sold.
Forum, a name given in Roman geography to many
places where there was either a public market, or
where the prater held his court (Forum sire Conven-
tut); of these the most important were: I. Forum,
a town of Latium, on the Appian Way, about twenty-
three miles from Aricia, and sixteen from Tres Ta-
bernae It is mentioned by St. Taul in the account of
his journey to Rome (Acts. 28, 15), and is also well
known as Horace's second resting-place in his jour-
ney to Brundisium. Holstenius and Corradini agree
in fixing ihe position of Forum Appii at Casarillo di
Santa Maria. Bui D'Anville, from an exact compu-
tation of distances and relative positions, inclines to
place it at Borgo hungo, near Trtponti, on the present
road (Anal. Geogr. de I'Italic, p. 186); and he would
seem to be correct, especially as it appears clear from
Horace, that here it was usual to embark on a canal,
which ran parallel to the Via Appia, and which was
called Decennovium, its length being nineteen miles.
(Proeop. , Her. Got. , 1, 2. ) Vestiges of this canal
? ? may still be traced a little beyond Borgo Lungo. It
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? Kb
FRO
>>as, nevertheless, by no means commensurate wilh
modern France, consisting of merely the northern Ger-
man provinces on probably both banks of the Rhine,
of the present kingdom of the Netherlands, and of so
much of Franco as lies north of the Loire, wilh the
exception of Brittany, where large bodies of Britons,
exposed from their insular home by the Saxons, had
estaolished themselves, and long maintained their in-
dependence. Of the southern half of France, the lar-
ger part, situated to the west of the Rhone, was in-
cluded in the Visigothic kingdom of Spain; while the
provinces to the cast of that river were held, together
with Savoy and Switzerland, by the Burgundians.
Chlodwig attacked both. Against the Burgundians he
effected little or nothing, but he was more successful
against their western neighbours. Assisted by the
hatred which the Catholic natives entertained towards
their Arian master, he, before his death, reduced the
Visigothic dominions in Gaul to the single province
of Languedoc, incorporating all the rest in his Frank
realm. His sons and grandsons, in time, not only sub-
dued Burgundy, but brought many German states, as
the Thunngians, Allcmaus, and Bavarians, into com-
plete feudal subjection. (Foreign Quarterly Review,
No 13, p. 169, seqq. )
Fif. cki. l. c, a city of Latium, situate near the I,iris,
and close to the Via Latina, as appears from the men-
tion of a station called Fregcllanum in the Itineraries
which describe that route. Frcgella; is stated by Stra-
bo (238) to have been once a place of some conse-
quence, and the capital of a considerable district. It
was taken by the Romans A. U. C. 427. After suffer-
ing from Pyrrhus, and subsequently from Hannibal,
this place attained to so considerable a degree of im-
portance and prosperity as to suppose that it could
compete even with Rome; its inhabitants revolted,
and probably under circumstances peculiarly offensive
to the Romans. L. Opimius was ordered to reduce
the f regellani. Their town was immediately besieged,
and, after a vigorous resistance, was taken through
the treachery of . Numitorius Pullus, one of their own
citizens, whose name has been handed down to us
by Cicero. (De Fin,, 5, 22. --PAL'. , 3, 6. ) Fregel-
le was on this occasion destroyed, the discontented
state of the allies of Rome at that period probably ren-
dering such severe measures necessary. (Lie. , Epit. ,
60 -- Met. ad Her. , I, 9. ~VeU. Paten. , 2, 6. --
Vol. Max. , 2, 8. ) In Strabo's time the condition of
this city was little better than that of a village, to
which the neighbouring population resorted at certain
periods for religious purposes. Its ruins, according to
Cluverius, are to be seen at Ceperano, a small town
on the right of the Garigliano. (Ital. Ant. , vol. 1, p.
1036--Compare Moist, ad Stcph. Byz. , p. 220, and
De Clumpy, vol - 3, p. 474 ) A more modern writer,
however, faxes this ancient site at S. Giovanni Incari-
co, aboot three miles farther down the river. (Pas-
quaie Cayro, Cttta del Lazio, vol. I. --Romanelli, vol.
3, p. 3S0. --Cramers Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 111. )
FiektIni, a people of Italy, on the Adriatic coast,
east of Samnium and northwest of Apulia, who re-
ceived their name from the river Frento, now Fortore,
which runs through the eastern part of their country,
and falls into the -Vdriatic opposite the islands of Dio-
rr. ede. The Freritani appear to have possessed a
separate political existence, independent of the Sam-
nitic confederacy, though we are assured that they de-
? ? rived their descent from that warlike and populous
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? FK O
I UL
te was succeeded by Pliny. Frontinus wrote a work
on the Roman aqueducts, and another on military
stratagems. The former of these, to which the copy-
ists of the middle ages have given the barbarous title
of " De aquaductibus urbis Roma Commcntanus," is
written in an easy style, but without the least elegance.
It is important, however, for archaeology, since we lind
in it a detailed history of those remarkable monuments,
the aqueducts of Rome. As regards the title of the
work, it may be remarked, that the term aquaductus
doc-i not appear in the treatise itself: and an old edi-
tion gives as the superscription, " De Aquis, qua. in
Urbcm influutit, Melius mirabilis. " The other work,
entitled "Stratagematicon libri IV. ," is partly of a
military and partly of an historical character; it is a
mere compilation, sometimes written with great neg-
ligence, especially in the historical part. Still, even
in an historical point of view, the work is not with-
out interest, since it contains some particulars which
are not to be found in the other historians that have
come down to us. To Frontinua are ascribed other
productions, which are, however, of a later age. One
is entitled " De Re Agraria," or "De Agrorum Qual-
itate;" the others, "De Limitibus" and "De Colo-
niia. " The last two are merely fragments, and their
authors lived after the time of the Anlonines, who are
mentioned in them. The be<< edition 1/ Frontinus is
that of Oudendorp, Lugd. iii , 1779, 8vo. (B'dhr,
Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, |? P*',, seqq. )
Fbonto, I. a Latin writer, Dorn at Cirta, in Africa,
of an Italian family. After studying in his own coun-
try, he came to Rome in the reign of Hadrian, and ac-
quired great reputation as a rhetorician and gramma-
rian. Antoninus Pius appointed him preceptor to his
two adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus,
whose confidence and affection he gained, as is proved
by their letters. After being consul, Fronto was ap-
pointed '? "> a government in Asia, which his bad health
prevented him from rilling. His learning and his in-
structive conversation are mentioned with praise by
Aulus Gellius, the historianaAppian, and others of his
contemporaries. He died in the reign of Marcus Au-
lelius, at an advanced age. (Klugling, Suppl. ad.
Harks. Notit. Brev. , p. 320.
Fereteius, an appellation of Jupiter among the
Romans, who was so called from the fcrttrum, a
frame supporting the rpolia opima, dedicated to him
by Romulus, after the defeat of the Csninenses, and
the death of their king. This derivation, however, is
apposed by some, who think it better to derive the
term from the Latin ferirc, to smite. This is the opin-
ion of Plutarch, and he adds, that Romulus had prayed
to Jupiter that he might have power to smite his ad-
versary and kill him. (Liv. ,1, 10. --Plut. , Vil. Rom. )
FekT* Latinx, the Latin Holydays. (Vid. La-
tium )
FeronIa, a goddess worshipped with great solem-
nity by both the Sabines and Latins, but more espe-
cially the former. Sho is commonly tanked among
the rural divinities. Feronia had a temple at the foot
of Mount Soracte, and in her grove around this tem-
ple great markets used to be held during the time of
her festival. Her priests at this place used to walk
unhurt on burning coals. (Dion. Hal. , 9,32. --Strab. ,
226. -- Hcyne, ad Virg. , Jin. , 7, 800. --Fabretti, In-
script. , p. 452. ) She had also a temple, grove, and
fount near Anxur, and in this temple manumitted
slaves went through certain formalities to complete
their freedom, such as cutting off and consecrating
the hair of their head, and putting on a pilcus or cap.
(Liv. , 32, 1. --Sen. ad Virg. ,Jln. ,7, 564. ) Flowers
and first-fruits were the offerings to her, and the in-
terpretation of her name given in Greek was Flower-
bearing or Garland-loving, while some rendered it
Persephone (Proserpina). Thus Dionysius of Hali-
rarnassus remarks, lepov tart . . . &cuc itpuvtiac
bvo/ia^ofiivnc, fjv ol furae)pu? ovrec tic rqv 'EXXudo
y? jjaoav ol fih> 'Kvdnfybpov, ol 6e QiXoorcfavov, ol
6i itpotfavnv xaXovatv. (Dion. Hal. , 3, 32, where
for Qcpaveiac we must evidently read Qepuviac, to
suit the text in another part of Dionysius, 2, 49, as
also the quantity given by the Latin poets. ) Feronia
was also said to have been called Juno Virgo (Sen.
? ? ad Jin. , 7,799); but this, according to Spangenberg,
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? FID
FLA
Luinnrun Vclnum, vol. 2, 4to, Lips, 1832. --II.
Porcius. governor of Judxa after Felix, whom the
leva solicited to condemn St. Paul or to order him
op to Jerusalem. The apostle's appeal to Caesar (the
Emperor Nero) frustrated the intentions of both Fes-
<<s and the Jews. (Acts, 25, 1, seqq. )
Fibbinus, a small stream of Latium. running into
he Liris, and forming before its junction a small isl-
and. This island belonged to Cicero, and is the spot
where the scene is laid of his dialogues with Atticus
and his brother Quintus on legislation. He describes
it in the opening of the book as the property and resi-
dence of his ancestors, who had lived there for many
fenerations; he himself was born there, A. U. C. 646.
The Fibrenus, in another passage of the second book,
is mentioned as remarkable for the coldness of its wa-
ters. The river is now called Fiume delta Posta:
the island has taken the name of S. Domenico Abate.
(Romanclli, vol. 3, p. 366, seqq. --Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 2, p. 113. )
FicuLEA or Ficulnea. a town of Latium, beyond
Mount Sacer, to the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa
there, and the road that led to the town was called Fi-
culnensis, afterward Nomenlana Via. (Cic, Alt. , 12,
34-- Lit. , 1, 38; 3, 52. ) It is supposed by Nibby
to have stood at Monti Gentile, about nine miles from
Rome. (JieUe Vie degli Antiehi, p. 94 )
FiDis. *, a town of the Sabines, between four and
five miles from Rome. It was at first a colony of Alba
(Dion. Hal. , 2, 54), but fell subsequently into the hands
of the Etrurians, or more probably the people of Veii.
Fiderue, according to Dionysius (2, 23), was conquered
by Romulus soon after the death of Tatius; he repre-
sents it as being at that period a large and populous
town. I*, made several attempts to emancipate itself
from the Roman yoke, sometimes with the aid of the
Etruscans, at others in conjunction with the Sabines.
Its last revolt occurred A. U. C. 329, when the dictator
jV. inilius Mamercus, after having vanquished the Fide-
natts in the field, stormed their city, which was aban-
doned to the licentiousness of his soldiery. (Lie, 4,
i) From this time we hear only of Fidenat as a de-
serted place, with a few country-seats in its vicinity.
(Strata, 226. --Cic. , de Leg. Agr. , 2, 25. --Horat. ,
Epist. , 1, 2, 7. ) In the reign of Tiberius a terrible
disaster occurred here by the fall of a wooden amphi-
theatre, during a show of gladiators, by which accident
50,000 persons, as Tacitus reports (Ann. , 4, 62), or
20,000, according to Suetonius (Tib. , 40), were killed
orwounded. From the passage of Tacitus here cited,
it appears that Fidenee had risen again to the rank of a
municipal town. (Compare Juvenal, 10, 99. ) The
distance of five miles, which ancient writers reckon
between Rome and Fidenaj, and the remains of anti-
quity which are yet to be seen there, fix the site of
this place near Castel Giubilco. (Nibby, Viaggio An-
itq. , vol. 1. p. 85. --Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 302. )
Fink's Dids, a Roman deity, whose name often oc-
curs in adjurations. The expression Me dius fidius,
which is found so frequently in the Roman classics, has
been variously explained. Festus makes dius fidius
to be put for Aio<; films, the son of Jupiter, i. c. , Her-
cules; he cites, at the same time, other opinions, as
that it is the same with swearing per divifidem ox per
Hum lemporis (i. e. , diei)fidem. All these etymolo-
gies, however, are decidedly erroneous. A passage in
Planus (Asin , 1, 1, 8) furnishes a safer guide, which
? ? is as follows: "Per drum fidinm quaris ; jurato mihi
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? FLAMININUS.
FLU
ind totally defeated him in the battle of Cynoscepha-
lae, in a spot broken by small hills, between Pherse and
Larissa. The Macedonians lost HOOD killed and 5000
prisoners. After granting peace to the Macedonian
monarch on severe and humiliating terms, Flamini-
nus was continued in his command for another year,
B. C. 199, to sec these conditions executed. In that
year, at the meeting of the Isthmian Games, where
multitudes had assembled from every part of Greece,
Flamininus caused a crier to proclaim, " that the senate
and people of Home, and their commander Titus Quin-
ti'js, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, re-
stored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Eulxrans,
Thessalians, Achsans, &c, to their freedom and in-
dependence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws. "
Bursts of acclamation followed this announcement, and
the crowd pressed forward to express their gratitude
to Flamininus, whose conduct throughout these mem-
orable transaction" was marked by a wisdom, modera-
tion, and liberality seldom found united in a victorious
Roman general. He wa. -> thus the means of protract-
ing the independence of the Greek states for half a cen-
tury longer. In the following year, B. C. 195, Flamini-
nus was intrusted with the war against Nabis, tyrant of
Lacedemon, who had treacherously seized on the city of
Argos. The Roman commander marched into I. aco-
nia, and laid siege to Sparta, but he met with a brave
resistance, and at last agreed to grant peace to Nabis,
on condition that he should give up Aigos and all the
other places which he had usurped, and restore their
lands to the descendants of the Messcnians. His
motives for granting peace to Nabis were, he said, part-
ly to prevent the destruction of one of the most illus-
trious of the Greek cities, and partly the great prepara-
tions which Antiochus, king of Syria, was then making
on the coast of Asia. Livy suggests, as another prob-
able reason, that Flamininus wished to terminate the
war himself, and not to give time to a new consul to
supersede him and reap the honours of the victory.
The senate confirmed the peace with Nabis, and in the
following year, 194 B. C. , Flamininus, having settled
the affairs of Greece, prepared to return to Italy.
Having repaired to Corinth, where deputations from all
the Grecian cities had assembled, he took a friendly
leave of them, withdrew his garrisons from all their
cities, and left them to the enjoyment of their own
freedom. On returning to Italy, both he and his sol-
diers were received with great demonstrations of joy,
and the senate decreed him a triumph for three days.
Before the car of Flaminimis, in the celebration of this
triumph, appeared, among the hostages, Demetrius son
of Philip, and Armenes son of Nabis, and in the rear
followed the Roman prisoners, who had been sold as
slaves to the Greeks by Hannibal during the second
Punic war, and whose liberation Flamininus had ob-
tained from the gratitude of the Grecian states. The
Achxans alone are said to have liberated 1200, for
whom they paid 100 talents as compensation-money
to their masters. Altogether, there was never, per-
haps, a Roman triumph so satisfactory as this to all
parties, and so little offensive to the feelings of human-
ity. In the year 183 B. C. , Flamininus was sent to
Prisiaa, king of Bithynia, upon the ungracious mission
of demanding the person of Hannibal, then in his old
age, and a refugee at the court of Prusias. The mon-
arch was prevailed upon to violate the claims of hospi-
tality, but the Carthaginian prevented his treachery
? ? by destroying himself with poison. In the year 168
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? ruiv
FOR
tt has addressed two of his epistles. It is true that
some manuscripts give the historian the name of Julius;
in order, however, to admit the hypothesis of Titze,
wc must regard as interpolated a passage of the Pro-
trmium of Florus, where mention is made of Trajan.
(Consult the work of Titze, " De Epitome rerum Ro-
manarum, qua tub nomine Lucii Annan, give Fieri,
Seneca fcrtur, atate probabilissima, rero avclore,
opens antiqui forma" Lincii, 1804, 8vo. ) Florus
has left us an abridgment of Roman History, entitled
"Epitome de gestis Romanorum," divided into four
books. It commences with the origin of Rome, and
evtends tj A. U. C. 725, when Augustus closed the
temple of Janus, a ceremony which had not taken place
for 206 rears previous. This work is an extract not
merely from Livy, but from many other ancient his-
torians, no part of whose works any longer remain.
It is less a history than an eulogium on the Roman
people, written with elegance, but, at the same time, in
an oratorical style, and not without affectation. Of-
tentimes facta are merely hinted at, events are passed
nver with a flourish of rhetoric; while the declamatory
lone which everywhere prevails, and the concise and
sententious phrases in which he is fond of indulging,
impart an air of coldness to his writings, and render
them monotonous, and sometimes obscure. Florus
likewise commits many errors of a geographical nature,
and on many occasions is defective in point of chro-
nology. His text has reached us in a very corrupt state,
and alvHinds with interpolations. --Some manuscripts
give to the author of this work the name of Seneca:
in fact, a branch of the Anriiean family bore the name
of Seneca; and there is even reason to believe that
this family took indiscriminately the surname of Sene-
:a or Florus. (Consult Wernsdorff, Poet. Lot. Min. ,
vol. 3, p. 452. ) From this title, as given by certain
manuscripts, and from a passage of Lactantius, some
nti:s have concluded that the Epitome is the work of
Seneca the philosopher. Lactantius (Inst, divin. . 7,
15) lays, that Seneca divided the history of the Ro-
mui people into four periods; that of infancy, youth,
manhood, and old age. This division occurs also in
Floras, hut in no other writer of antiquity, which would
tend to strengthen the opinion that Lactantius has ci-
ted Florus under the name of Seneca.
To this, how-
ever, it may be objected, that, though Florus adopts
four periods or divisions in his work, his arrangement
is not exactly tbe same with that mentioned hy Lactan-
tius; besides, Florus might have borrowed from Sen-
eca. The best edition of Florus is that of Duker,
Lugd. Sal. , 1722, and 1744, 2 vols. 8vo. The edi-
tion of Fischer is also valuable, Lips. , 1760, 8vo.
(Schbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 2, p. 389, seqq. --Bdhr,
Gesch. Rim. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 452, seqq. )--II. A young
Roman, the friend of Horace, who accompanied Ti-
berius in his expedition into Dalmatia (A. U. C. 731),
and subsequently into Armenia (A. U. C. 734). Hor-
ace addresses two epistles to him (1, 3, and 2, 2).
Some make him the same with Florus the historian.
(Consult preceding* article. )
Font Sous. rid. Ammon.
Foxteics, Capito, I. an intimate friend of Horace,
and who, in the conference at Brundisium, acted for
Antony, while Maecenas had charge of the interests of
Oetavius. (Herat. , Sat. , 1, 5, 32. )--II. A Roman
who raised commotions in Germany during the reign
jf Galba. He was put to death by the lieutenants
? ? ? tationed there, before even orders reached them from
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? FOR
f ft A
fit eternal verdure, and bloomed with the richest
Sowers; while the productions of earth were poured
lorth spontaneously in the utmost profusion. The le-
gend of the Island of the Blessed in the Western Ocean
may possibly have given rise to the tale of the Fortu-
nate Islands. ( Vat Elysium. )--Many at the present
day regard the Fortunate Islands of antiquity as geo-
graphical realities. Some make them identical with
the Canartcs, and this opinion is grounded upon the
s. '. union and temperature of thoae islands, and the d-:
bcious fruits which they oroduce. (Plin. , 6, 32. --
Diod. Sic, 5, Id. )
Forum Romanum, Vetus vel Magnum, a large open
space between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills, called
until lately Campo Vaccina, or the Cow-field, or mar-
ket. The Italians, however, have grown ashamed of
so vulgar a name, and have restored to the place its
ancient appellation of Forum Romanum. It is now
a mere open space, strewed for the most part with
ruins. It is collected from Livy (1, 12) and Dio-
nysius of Halicarnassus (2, 66), that the Forum was
s'tuale between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills; and
from Vitruvius we learn that its shape was that of a
rectangle, the length of which exceeded the breadth by
one third. From these data, which agree with other
incidental circumstances, it is generally thought that
the four angles of the Roman forum were formed by
the arch of Sevens at the foot of the Capitol; the
Fabian arch, at (he termination of the Via Sacra;
the church of Si. Theodore, at the foot of the Pala-
tine; and that of the Consolazione, below the Capi-
tol. Here the assemblies of the people used general-
ly to be held, and here also justice was administered,
and public business transacted. It was formed by
Romulus, and surrounded with porticoes, shops, atid
DinldingsbyTarquinius Priscus. (Lav. , 1,35. --Dion.
Hal, 3, 67. ) Around the Forum were built spacious
halls, called Basilica;, where courts of justice might
sit, and other public business be transacted. The
present surface of the Forum is from fifteen to twenty
fco: above its ancient level. -^-There was only one For-
um under the republic;Ca\sar added another; Au-
gustus a third; a fourth was begun by Uoinitian, and
finished by Nerva, after whom it was named. But the
most splendid was that of Trajan, adorned with the
spoils he had taken in war. Besides these, there were
various fora or places where commodities were sold.
Forum, a name given in Roman geography to many
places where there was either a public market, or
where the prater held his court (Forum sire Conven-
tut); of these the most important were: I. Forum,
a town of Latium, on the Appian Way, about twenty-
three miles from Aricia, and sixteen from Tres Ta-
bernae It is mentioned by St. Taul in the account of
his journey to Rome (Acts. 28, 15), and is also well
known as Horace's second resting-place in his jour-
ney to Brundisium. Holstenius and Corradini agree
in fixing ihe position of Forum Appii at Casarillo di
Santa Maria. Bui D'Anville, from an exact compu-
tation of distances and relative positions, inclines to
place it at Borgo hungo, near Trtponti, on the present
road (Anal. Geogr. de I'Italic, p. 186); and he would
seem to be correct, especially as it appears clear from
Horace, that here it was usual to embark on a canal,
which ran parallel to the Via Appia, and which was
called Decennovium, its length being nineteen miles.
(Proeop. , Her. Got. , 1, 2. ) Vestiges of this canal
? ? may still be traced a little beyond Borgo Lungo. It
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? Kb
FRO
>>as, nevertheless, by no means commensurate wilh
modern France, consisting of merely the northern Ger-
man provinces on probably both banks of the Rhine,
of the present kingdom of the Netherlands, and of so
much of Franco as lies north of the Loire, wilh the
exception of Brittany, where large bodies of Britons,
exposed from their insular home by the Saxons, had
estaolished themselves, and long maintained their in-
dependence. Of the southern half of France, the lar-
ger part, situated to the west of the Rhone, was in-
cluded in the Visigothic kingdom of Spain; while the
provinces to the cast of that river were held, together
with Savoy and Switzerland, by the Burgundians.
Chlodwig attacked both. Against the Burgundians he
effected little or nothing, but he was more successful
against their western neighbours. Assisted by the
hatred which the Catholic natives entertained towards
their Arian master, he, before his death, reduced the
Visigothic dominions in Gaul to the single province
of Languedoc, incorporating all the rest in his Frank
realm. His sons and grandsons, in time, not only sub-
dued Burgundy, but brought many German states, as
the Thunngians, Allcmaus, and Bavarians, into com-
plete feudal subjection. (Foreign Quarterly Review,
No 13, p. 169, seqq. )
Fif. cki. l. c, a city of Latium, situate near the I,iris,
and close to the Via Latina, as appears from the men-
tion of a station called Fregcllanum in the Itineraries
which describe that route. Frcgella; is stated by Stra-
bo (238) to have been once a place of some conse-
quence, and the capital of a considerable district. It
was taken by the Romans A. U. C. 427. After suffer-
ing from Pyrrhus, and subsequently from Hannibal,
this place attained to so considerable a degree of im-
portance and prosperity as to suppose that it could
compete even with Rome; its inhabitants revolted,
and probably under circumstances peculiarly offensive
to the Romans. L. Opimius was ordered to reduce
the f regellani. Their town was immediately besieged,
and, after a vigorous resistance, was taken through
the treachery of . Numitorius Pullus, one of their own
citizens, whose name has been handed down to us
by Cicero. (De Fin,, 5, 22. --PAL'. , 3, 6. ) Fregel-
le was on this occasion destroyed, the discontented
state of the allies of Rome at that period probably ren-
dering such severe measures necessary. (Lie. , Epit. ,
60 -- Met. ad Her. , I, 9. ~VeU. Paten. , 2, 6. --
Vol. Max. , 2, 8. ) In Strabo's time the condition of
this city was little better than that of a village, to
which the neighbouring population resorted at certain
periods for religious purposes. Its ruins, according to
Cluverius, are to be seen at Ceperano, a small town
on the right of the Garigliano. (Ital. Ant. , vol. 1, p.
1036--Compare Moist, ad Stcph. Byz. , p. 220, and
De Clumpy, vol - 3, p. 474 ) A more modern writer,
however, faxes this ancient site at S. Giovanni Incari-
co, aboot three miles farther down the river. (Pas-
quaie Cayro, Cttta del Lazio, vol. I. --Romanelli, vol.
3, p. 3S0. --Cramers Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 111. )
FiektIni, a people of Italy, on the Adriatic coast,
east of Samnium and northwest of Apulia, who re-
ceived their name from the river Frento, now Fortore,
which runs through the eastern part of their country,
and falls into the -Vdriatic opposite the islands of Dio-
rr. ede. The Freritani appear to have possessed a
separate political existence, independent of the Sam-
nitic confederacy, though we are assured that they de-
? ? rived their descent from that warlike and populous
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? FK O
I UL
te was succeeded by Pliny. Frontinus wrote a work
on the Roman aqueducts, and another on military
stratagems. The former of these, to which the copy-
ists of the middle ages have given the barbarous title
of " De aquaductibus urbis Roma Commcntanus," is
written in an easy style, but without the least elegance.
It is important, however, for archaeology, since we lind
in it a detailed history of those remarkable monuments,
the aqueducts of Rome. As regards the title of the
work, it may be remarked, that the term aquaductus
doc-i not appear in the treatise itself: and an old edi-
tion gives as the superscription, " De Aquis, qua. in
Urbcm influutit, Melius mirabilis. " The other work,
entitled "Stratagematicon libri IV. ," is partly of a
military and partly of an historical character; it is a
mere compilation, sometimes written with great neg-
ligence, especially in the historical part. Still, even
in an historical point of view, the work is not with-
out interest, since it contains some particulars which
are not to be found in the other historians that have
come down to us. To Frontinua are ascribed other
productions, which are, however, of a later age. One
is entitled " De Re Agraria," or "De Agrorum Qual-
itate;" the others, "De Limitibus" and "De Colo-
niia. " The last two are merely fragments, and their
authors lived after the time of the Anlonines, who are
mentioned in them. The be<< edition 1/ Frontinus is
that of Oudendorp, Lugd. iii , 1779, 8vo. (B'dhr,
Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, |? P*',, seqq. )
Fbonto, I. a Latin writer, Dorn at Cirta, in Africa,
of an Italian family. After studying in his own coun-
try, he came to Rome in the reign of Hadrian, and ac-
quired great reputation as a rhetorician and gramma-
rian. Antoninus Pius appointed him preceptor to his
two adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus,
whose confidence and affection he gained, as is proved
by their letters. After being consul, Fronto was ap-
pointed '? "> a government in Asia, which his bad health
prevented him from rilling. His learning and his in-
structive conversation are mentioned with praise by
Aulus Gellius, the historianaAppian, and others of his
contemporaries. He died in the reign of Marcus Au-
lelius, at an advanced age. (Klugling, Suppl. ad.
Harks. Notit. Brev. , p. 320.
