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[526] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 26.

[527] Plutarch, _Marcellus_, 11, 33.

[528] Titus Livius, XXVII. 49.

[529] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 54.

[530] In 536, Rome had at sea 220 quinquiremes and 20 small vessels
(Titus Livius, XXI. 17), with which she protected efficiently the coasts
of Sicily and Italy. (Titus Livius, XXI. 49, 51. )--In 537, Scipio, with
35 vessels, destroyed a Carthaginian fleet at the mouth of the Ebro
(Titus Livius, XXII. 19), and the consul Servilius Geminus effected a
landing in Africa with 120 vessels, in order to prevent Carthage from
sending reinforcements to Hannibal. (Titus Livius, XXII. 31. )--In 538,
the fleet of Sicily is reinforced with 25 ships. (Titus Livius, XXII.
37. )--In 539, Valerius Lævinus had 25 vessels to protect the coast of
the Adriatic, and Fluvius the same number to watch the coast of Ostia
(Titus Livius, XXIII. 32) after which the Adriatic fleet, raised to 55
sails, is sent to act as a check upon Macedonia. (Titus Livius, XXIII.
38. )--The same year, the fleet of Sicily, under Titus Otacilius, defeats
the Carthaginians. (Titus Livius, XXIII. 41. )--In 540 Rome has 150
vessels (Titus Livius, XXIV. 11) this year and the following, the Roman
fleet defends Apollonia, attacked by the King of Macedonia, and lands
troops which ravage the territory of Utica. The effective strength of
the Roman fleet appears not to have varied until 543, the epoch at which
Greece again required the presence of 50 Roman ships and Sicily 100.
(Titus Livius, XXVI. 1. )--In 544, 20 vessels were stationed in the
waters of Rhegium, to secure the passage of provisions between Sicily
and the garrison of Tarentum. (Titus Livius, XXVI. 39. )--In 545, 30
sails are detached from the fleet of Sicily to cruise before that town.
(Titus Livius, XXVII. 22. )--In 546, Carthage was preparing a formidable
fleet of 200 sails (Titus Livius, XXVII. 22); Rome opposes it with 280
ships: 30 defend the coast of Spain, 50 guard Sardinia, 50 the mouths of
the Tiber, 50 Macedonia, 100 are stationed in Sicily, ready to make a
descent in Africa, and the Carthaginian fleet is beaten before Clupea.
(Titus Livius, XXVII. 29. )--Lastly, in 547, a second victory gained by
Valerius Lævinus renders the sea entirely free. (Titus Livius, XXVIII.
4. )

[531] “The Carthaginians, occupied only with the care of maintaining
themselves in Spain, sent no succour to Hannibal, as though he had had
nothing but successes in Italy. ” (Titus Livius, XXVIII. 12. )

[532] Titus Livius, XXIII. 13 and 41.

[533] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, liv.

[534] In 540, Rome had on foot eighteen legions; in 541, twenty legions;
in 542 and 543, twenty-three legions; in 544 and 546, twenty-one; in
547, twenty-three; in 551, twenty; in 552, sixteen; in 553, fourteen; in
554, the number is reduced to six. (Titus Livius, XXIV. 11-44; XXV. 3;
XXVI. 1, 28; XXVII. 22, 36; XXX. 2, 27, 41; XXXI. 8. )

[535] “The Romans raised their infantry and cavalry only in Rome and
Latium. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 37. )

[536] Titus Livius, XXIII. 23.

[537] Q. Metellus said “that the invasion of Hannibal had re-awakened
the slumbering virtue of the Roman people. ” (Valerius Maximus, VII. ii.
3. )

[538] The Senate demanded of thirty colonies men and money. Eighteen
gave both with eagerness, namely, Signia, Norba, Saticulum, Brundusium,
Fregellæ, Luceria, Venusia, Adria, Firmum, Ariminum, Pontia, Pæstum,
Cosa, Beneventum, Isernia, Spoletum, Placentia, and Cremona. The twelve
colonies which refused to give any succours, pretending that they had
neither men nor money, were: Nepete, Sutrium, Ardea, Cales, Alba,
Carseoli, Cora, Suessa, Setia, Circeii, Narnia, Interamna. (Titus
Livius, XXVII. 9. )

[539] “The quarrels and struggles between the two parties ended in the
second Punic war. ” (Sallust, _Fragments_, I. vii. )

[540] “Four tribes referred it to the Senate to grant the right of
suffrage to Formiæ, Fundi, and Arpinum; but they were told in reply that
to the people alone belonged the right of suffrage. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXVIII. 36. )

[541] “The annual change of generals was disastrous to the Romans. They
recalled all those who had experience in war, as though they had been
sent not to fight, but only to practice. ” (Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII.
16. )

[542] Titus Livius, XXII. 29.

[543] Titus Livius, XXVII. 5, 7.

[544] Titus Livius, XXXII. 28.

[545] Titus Livius, XXXI. 4, 49.

[546] Titus Livius, XXIV. 49. --Polybius, III. 75.

[547] Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII. 16.

[548] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 3.

[549] Plutarch, _Marcellus_, 28.

[550] Titus Livius, XXIII. 30.

[551] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 54.

[552] “Et equites Romanos milites et negociatores. ” (Sallust,
_Jugurtha_, 65. )

[553] “In 342, a senator and two knights were charged, during a famine,
with the provisioning of Rome. ” (Titus Livius, IV. 3. )

[554] _Seminarium senatus. _ (Titus Livius, XLII. 61. )

[555] Titus Livius, XXIII. 49. --Valerius Maximus, V. vi. 8.

[556] Titus Livius, XXI. 63; XXV. 3.

[557] Valerius Maximus, IV. viii. 2.

[558] Valerius Maximus, IV. v. 1.

[559] They had no deliberative voice, because, according to the public
Roman law, no acting magistrate could vote. (See Mommsen, i. 187. )

[560] “Now you have still the comitia by centuries, and the comitia by
tribes. As for the comitia by curiæ, they are observed only for the
auspices. ” (Cicero, _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 9. )

[561] The ancient mode of division by curiæ had lost all significance
and ceased to be in use. (Ovid, _Fasti_, II. 1. 531. ) So Cicero says,
speaking of them: “The comitia, which are retained only for the sake of
form, and because of the auspices, and which, represented by the thirty
lictors, are but the appearance of what was before. _Ad speciem atque
usurpationem vetustatis. _” (_Oration on the Agrarian Law_, II. 12. )--In
the latter times of the Republic, the curiæ, in the election of the
magistrates, had only the inauguration of the flamens, of the king of
the sacrifices (_rex sacrificulus_), and probably the choice of the
grand curion (_curio maximus_). (Titus Livius, XXVII. 8. --Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, V. 1. --Aulus Gellius, XV. 27. --Titus Livius, XXVII. vi.
36. )

[562] “Achaia alone had twelve hundred for her share. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXIV. 50. )

[563] Titus Livius, XXXIII. 32.

[564] “The allies exclaimed that the war must be continued, and the
tyrant exterminated, without which the liberty of Greece would be always
in danger. It would have been better not to have taken up arms at all
than to lay them down without having attained the end. The consul
replied, ‘If the siege of Lacedæmon retained the army a long time, what
other troops could Rome oppose to a monarch (Antiochus) so powerful and
so formidable? ’” (Titus Livius, XXXIV. 33. )

[565] Titus Livius, XXXIII. 12.

[566] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 58.

[567] “Other peoples of Greece had shown in this way a no less culpable
forgetfulness of the benefits of the Roman people. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXVI. 22. )

[568] Titus Livius, XXXVII. 45.

[569] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 43.

[570] Titus Livius, XL. 38; XLII. 22.

[571] Roads from Arezzo to Bologna, from Placentia to Rimini (Titus
Livius, XXXIX. 2), and from Bologna to Aquileia.

[572] ROMAN COLONIES--488-608.

_Æsulum_ (507), or Æsium, according to Mommsen, _Jesi_ in Umbria,
on the River Æsis.

_Alsium_ (507), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Palo_,
near _Porto_.

_Fregenæ_ (509), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Torre
Maccarese_.

_Pyrgi_ (before 536), maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_);
_Santa Severa_.

_Castrum_ (555), _Pagus_, near Sylaceum; Bruttium, near
_Squillace_; united in 631 to the colony Minerviæ.

_Puteoli_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Pozzuoli_; Prefecture.

_Vulturnum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Castelamare_, or
_Castel di Volturno_; Prefecture.

_Liternum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Tor di Patria_, near
the _Lago di Patria_; Prefecture.

_Salernum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Salerno_; decreed
three years before.

_Buxentum_ (560), maritime colony, Lucania; _Policastro_.

_Sipontum_ (560), maritime colony, Apulia; _Santa Maria di
Siponto_; recolonised.

_Tempsa_ (Temesa) (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; perhaps near to
_Torre del Piano del Casale_.

_Croton_ (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; _Cotrone_.

_Potentia_ (570), maritime colony, Picenum; _Porto di Potenza_, or
_di Ricanati_.

_Pisaurum_ (570), maritime colony, Gaulish Umbria (_Via Flaminia_);
_Pesaro_.

_Parma_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Parma_; Prefecture.

_Mutina_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Modena_;
Prefecture.

_Saturnia_ (571), Etruria (centre); _Saturnia_.

_Graviscæ_ (573), maritime colony, Etruria (south) (_Via Aurelia_);
_San Clementino_ or _Le Saline_ (? ).

_Luna_ (577), Etruria (north), (_Via Aurelia_); _Luni_, near
_Sarzana_.

_Auximum_ (597), maritime colony, Picenum; _Osimo_.

LATIN COLONIES: 488-608.

_Firmum_ (490), Picenum (_Via Valeria_); _Fermo_.

_Æsernia_ (491), Samnium; _Isernia_.

_Brundisium_ (510), Iapygian Calabria (_Via Egnatia_); _Brindisi_.

_Spoletum_ (513), Umbria (_Via Flaminia_); _Spoleto_.
_Cremona_ (536), Transpadane Gaul; _Cremona_; reinforced in 560.

_Placentia_ (536), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Piacenza_.

_Copiæ_ (territory of Thurium) (561), Lucania.

_Vibo_, or _Vibona Valentia_, called also _Hipponium_, Bruttium
(565, or perhaps 515); _Bibona_. _Monte-Leone. _

_Bononia_ (565), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Bologna_.

_Aquileia_ (573), Transpadane Gaul; _Aquileia_.

_Carteia_ (573), Spain; St. Roque, in the Bay of Gibraltar.


[573] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 26.

[574] Titus Livius, XLI. 19.

[575] Titus Livius, XLI. 22.

[576] Titus Livius, XLII. 62.

[577] Titus Livius, XLI. 5.

[578] Titus Livius, XLV. 21 _et seq. _

[579] Titus Livius, XLV. 29.

[580] Titus Livius, XLV. 26.

[581] Titus Livius, XLV. 18. --“The laws given to the Macedonians by
Paulus Æmilius were so wisely framed, that they seemed to have been made
not for vanquished enemies, but for allies whose services it was desired
to reward; and in which, after a long course of years, use, the sole
reformer of laws, showed nothing defective. ” (Titus Livius, XLV. 32. )

[582] Polybius, XXX. 10; XXXV. 6.

[583] Titus Livius, XLII. 24. --We see by the following passage in Livy
that Masinissa feared the justice of the Senate as against his own
interest: “If Perseus had had the advantage, and if _Carthage had been
deprived of the Roman protection_, nothing would then have hindered
Masinissa from conquering all Africa. ” (Titus Livius, XLII. 29. )

[584] Titus Livius, XLV. 13.

[585] Titus Livius, XLV. 42.

[586] Titus Livius, XLV. 44.

[587] Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 45.

[588] Titus Livius, XLI. 7.

[589] Titus Livius, XLIII. 1.

[590] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 3.

[591] “It was commonly said that the masters of the Spanish provinces
themselves opposed the prosecution of noble and powerful persons. ”
(Titus Livius, XLIII. 2. )

[592] Valerius Maximus, VI. ix. 10.

[593] Montesquieu, _Grandeur et Décadence des Romains_, ix. 66.

[594] Scipio reproves the people, who wished to make him perpetual
consul and dictator. (Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 56. )

[595] Cato used interpreters in speaking to the Athenians, though he
understood Greek perfectly. (Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 18. )--It was
an old habit of the Romans, indeed, to address strangers only in Latin.
(Valerius Maximus, II. ii. 2. )

[596] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 8, 25.

[597] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVIII. --Valerius Maximus, IV. i. 10.

[598] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 34. --Aulus Gellius, VI. 14.

[599] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLIX.

[600] “Cato barked without ceasing at the greatness of Scipio. ” (Titus
Livius, XXXVIII. 54. )

[601] “P. Cato had a bitter mind, a sharp and unmeasured tongue. ” (Titus
Livius, XXXIX. 40. )

[602] “He declaimed against usurers, and he himself lent out, at high
interest, the money which he got from his estates. He condemned the sale
of young slaves, yet trafficked in the same under an assumed name. ”
(Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 33. )

[603] Drumann, _Geschichte Roms_, v. , p. 148.

[604] “The last act of his political life was to cause the ruin of
Carthage to be determined on. ” (Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 39. )

[605] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVIII.

[606] At Carthage, the multitude governed; at Rome, the power of the
Senate was absolute. (Polybius, VI. 51. )

[607] Titus Livius, L. 16.

[608] Appian, _Punic Wars_, 93 _et seq. _

[609] Justin, XXXIV. 1. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LI. --Polybius, I. 2,
3.

[610] Pausanias, VII. 16. --Justin, XXXIV. 2.

[611] Polybius, XL. 11.

[612] Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 52.

[613] Eutropius, IV. 7.

[614] The town of Garray, in Spain, situated about a league from Soria,
on the Duero, is built on the site of ancient Numantia. (Miñano,
_Diccionario Geográfico de España_. )

[615] Appian, _Civil Wars_, V. iv. 38.

[616] Velleius Paterculus, II. 20.

[617] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 31.

[618] Titus Livius, XLV. 21.

[619] Titus Livius, VII. 43.

[620] In 555, 585, and 639. (Titus Livius, XLV. 15. )--Aurelius Victor,
_Illustrious Men_, lxii.

[621] The tribune Licinius Crassus proposed, in 609, to transfer to the
people the election of the pontiffs, until then nominated by the
sacerdotal college. This proposition was adopted only in 650 by the law
Domitia, and was anew abolished by Sylla.

[622] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LVII.

[623] The expedition against the Scordisci, in 619.

[624] Sallust, _Fragm. _, I. 8.

[625] “Corruption especially had increased, because, Macedonia
destroyed, the empire of the world seemed thenceforth assured to Rome. ”
(Polybius, XI. 32. )

[626] Sallust, _Fragm. _, I. 10.

[627] The Romans expatriated themselves to such a degree that, when
Mithridates began war, and caused all the Roman citizens spread over his
states to be massacred in one day, they amounted to 150,000, according
to Plutarch (_Sylla_, xlviii. ); 80,000 according to Memnon (in the
_Bibliotheca_ of Photius, Codex CCXXIV. 31) and Valerius Maximus (IX. 2,
§ 3). --The small town of Cirta, in Africa, could only be defended
against Jugurtha by Italiotes. (Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 26. )

[628] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 35.

[629] “And Rome refused to admit in the number of her citizens the men
by whom she had acquired that greatness of which she was so proud as to
despise the peoples of the same blood and of the same origin. ” (Velleius
Paterculus, II. 15).

[630] See the list of Censuses at Note (^4) of page 256.

[631] Mommsen, _Geschichte Roms_, I. , p. 785.

[632] The lands taken from the town of Leontium were of the extent of
thirty thousand _jugera_. They were, in 542, farmed out by the censors;
but at the end of some time, there remained only one citizen of the
country among the eighty-four farmers who had installed themselves in
them; all the others belonged to the Roman nobility. (Mommsen, ii.
75. --Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, III. 46 _et seq. _)

[633] Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, 9.

[634] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXIV. 3.

[635] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXVI. , p. 147, ed. Schweighæuser.

[636] Strabo, XIV. v. 570.

[637] “Our ancestors feared always the spirit of slavery, even in the
case where, born in the field and under the roof of his master, the
slave learnt to love him from his birth. But since we count ours by
nations, each of which has its manners and gods, or perhaps has no gods,
no, this vile and confused assemblage will never be kept under but by
fear. ” (Tacitus, _Annales_, XIV. 44. )

[638] In 442, the censor Appius Claudius Cæcus causes the freedmen to be
inscribed in all the tribes, and allows their sons the entrance to the
Senate. (Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36. )--In 450 the censor Q. Fabius
Rullianus (Maximus) confines them to the four urban tribes (Titus
Livius, IX. 46); towards 530, other censors opened again all the tribes
to them; in 534, the censors L. Æmilius Papus and C. Flaminius
re-established the order of 450 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XX. ); an
exception is made in favour of those who have a son of the age of more
than five years, or who possess lands of the value of more than 30,000
sestertii (XLV. 15); in 585, the censor Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
expels them from the rustic tribes, where they had been again
introduced, and unites them in one sole urban tribe, the Esquiline.
(Titus Livius, XLV. 15. --Cicero, _De Oratore_, I. ix. 38. )--(639. ) “The
Æmilian law permits freedmen to vote in the four urban tribes. ”
(Aurelius Victor, _Illustrious Men_, 72. )

[639] Valerius Maximus, VI. 2, § 3. --Velleius Paterculus, II. 4.

[640] “I know Romans who have waited for their elevation to the
consulship to begin reading the history of our ancestors and the
precepts of the Greeks on military art.