]
Polvbius describes the country around Amyclaj as
most beautifully wooded and of great fertility; which
iceount is corroborated by Dodwell, who says, "it
luxuriates in fertility, and abounds in mulberries, ol-
ives, and all the fruit-trees -which grow in Greece.
Polvbius describes the country around Amyclaj as
most beautifully wooded and of great fertility; which
iceount is corroborated by Dodwell, who says, "it
luxuriates in fertility, and abounds in mulberries, ol-
ives, and all the fruit-trees -which grow in Greece.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Amphiaraus received
divine honours after death, and had a celebrated temple
and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue was made
of white marble, and near his temple was a fountain,
whose waters were held sacred. They only who had
consulted his oracle, or had been delivered from a dis-
ease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which they
threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those
who consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus, sacrificed a
ram to the prophet, and spread the skin upon the ground,
upon which they slept, in expectation of receiving in
a dream the answer of which they were in quest.
{Apollod. , 3, 6, 2. -- Horn. , Od. , 15, 243, &c -- Msch. .
Sept. c. Theb. -- Hygm. , Fab. , 70, 73, &c. --Pausan. ,
I, 34. )
Amphicrates, I. a biographer, who, according to
Diogenes Laertius (Vit. Aristip), was condemned to
die by poison. (Compare Athaueus, 13, 5. )--II. An
Athenian orator, who, being banished from his country,
retired to Scleucia on the Tigris, and took up his resi-
dence there under the protection of Cleopatra, daugh-
ter of Mithradates. He starved himself to death, be-
cause suspected by this princess of treason. Jonsius
{dc Script. Hist. Phil. , 2, 15) thinks that this is the
same with the preceding. --III. An artist, mentioned
by Pliny (34, 8), according to a new reading proposed
by Sillig {Did. Art. , s. >>. ).
Amphictyon, a mythic personage, son of Deucalion,
who is said to have reigned in Attica after driving out
Cranaus, his father-in-law, and to have been himself
expelled by Erichthonius. (Aprillod. , 3, 14, 6. ) The
establishment of the Amphictyonic council is ascribed
to him by some. (Compare Ha/nc, ad he. )
Ampbictyones, the deputies of the cities and people
? ? of Greece, who represented their respective nations in
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? AMP
AMPHIPOLIS.
of this council shows that it was almost powerless for
good, except, perhaps, as a passive instrument, and
that it was only active for purposes that were either
unimportant or pernicious. Its most legitimate sphere
of action lay in cases where the honour and safety of
the Delphic sanctuary were concerned, and in these it
might safely reckon on general co-operation from all the
Greeks. A remarkable instance is atforded by the
Sacred or Crissa? an war. (Vid. Crissa and Phocis. )
The origin of the Amphictyonic Council is altogether
uncertain. Acris/us la said to have founded the one
at Delphi, Amphicty on the other at Thermopylae, a tra-
dition in favour of the opinion above advanced, that the
great council was a union of two. Independently,
however, of these two, it is probable that many Am-
phictyonics (so to caV them) once existed in Greece,
all trace of which, Vias been lost. (ThirlwalCs History
of Greece, vo\. V, p. 374, teaq. )--The name of this
confederation, if we give credit to Androtion, as cited
by Pansanias (lO, 8), was originally Amphietioncs ('A/i-
QutTiovtc), and referred to its being composed of the
tribes that dwelt round about. An alteration took
place when Amphictt/on, the son of Deucalion, found-
ed a temple of Ceres at Thermopylae, one of the places
of assembling. From this time, we are informed, the
confederation took the name of Amphictyoncs ('Afi-
aisn/orrc).
A>>phidro<<jia. a festival observed by private families
at Athens, the fifth day after the birth of every child.
It was customary to run ronnd the fire with a child in
their arms; thereby, as it were, making it a member
of the family, and putting it under the protection of the
household deities, to whom the hearth served as an
altar. Hence the 11 11 in- of the festival, from ilfi<j>idpa-
faiv, "to run around. "' (Poller, Gr. Ant. , 4, 14. )
AmphigknTa, a town of Mcssenia, near the river
Hypsoeis. According to Homer (II. , 2. 593), it be-
longed to Nestor. Some critics assigned it to Triphy-
lia (Straho, 349. >
AjsPHtt-dcHi-s, I. son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle.
After the Trojan war he left Argos, his native country,
retired to Acarnania, and there built Argos Ainphi-
lochium. This is the account of Thueydides (2, 63);
but rid. Argos IV- II. An Athenian philosopher
who wrote upon agriculture. (Varro, tie R. K. , 1. )
Amphixomus and Avnipcs, two brothers, who, when
Catana and the neighbouring cities were in (lames by
an eruption from Mount Vesuvius, saved their parents
upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is said, spared
them while it consumed others by their side; and
Pluto, to reward their uncommon piety, placed them
after death in the island of I,eucc. They received di-
vine honours in Sicily. ( Val. Max. , 5, 4. --SU. I'M. ,
14, 197. --Claud, Idyll. , 7, 41. )
AmphTon, I. a Theban prince, son of Antiope and
Jupiter, or, rather, of Epopcus, king of Sicyon. An-
tiope, the niece of Lycus, king of Thebes, having be-
come the mother of twins, Amphion and Zcthus, ex-
posed them on Mount Cithsron, where they were found
and brought up by shepherds. Having learned, on
reaching manhood, the cruelties inflicted upon their
mother bv Lycus and Dirce (fid. Antiope), the twin
brothers avenged her wrongs by the death of both the
offending parties (>><<' Lycus and Dirce). and made
themselves masten* of Thebes, where they reigned con-
jointly. Under their rule the kingdom of Thebes ac-
quired new splendour, and the arts of peace flourished.
? ? Amphion cultivated music with the greatest success,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? AMP
AMY
ing the Stiymonic Gulf; and it commands the only
easy communication from the coast of that gulf into
the great Macedonian plains, which extend tor sixty
miles from beyond Mcleniko to Philippi. (Cramer'a
Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 292, acqq. )
Amphis, a Greek comic poet of Athens, contempo-
rary with Plato. His works are lost, though some of
the titles of his pieces have reached us. (Consult
Schwcigh. ad Athen. , vol. 9, Index Aur. t. , a. t. )
Amphissa, I. a daughter of Macarcus, fabled to
have given her name to the city of Amphissa. --II.
The chief city of the Locri Ozolre. We find, from
Strabo, that it stood at the head of the Crissaian Gulf,
and . -Eschines (in Clca. , p. 71) informs us that its dis-
tance from Delphi was sixty stadia: Pausanias reck-
on. ; one hundred and twenty. Amphissa was said to
have derived its name from the circumstance of its
being surrounded on every side by mountains. (Ana-
lot, up. Harpocrat. , Lex. --Steph. Byz. , a. >>. 'Ap. <j>iaoa. )
Amphissa was destroyed by order of the Amphictyons,
for having dared to restore the walls of Crissa, and to
cultivate the ground, which was held to be sacred; and
lastly, on account of the manner in which they molest-
ed travellers who had occasion to pass through their
territory. (Strabo, 419. -- Machin. in Ctca. , p. 71,
acqq. ) At a later period, however, it appears to have
somewhat recovered from this ruined state when under
the dominion of the -Etolians. In the war carried on
by the Romans against this people, they besieged Am-
phissa, when the inhabitants abandoned the town and
retired into the citadel, which was deemed impregna-
ble. (La;. , 37, 5. ) It is generally agreed, that the
modern town of Salona represents the ancient Amphis-
sa. Sir William Gcll (Itinerary, p. 196) observes,
that the real distance between Delphi and Amphissa is
Bcvcn miles. (Cramcr'a Ane. Greece, vol. 2, p. 111. )
Amphitheatrum, an edifice of an elliptical form,
used for exhibiting combats of gladiators, wild beasts,
and other spectacles. The word is derived from a/i<j>i
and fttarpov, from the spectators being so ranged as
to sec equally well from every side. The first dura-
ble amphitheatre of stone was built by Statilius Taurus,
at the desire of Augustus. The largest one was begun
by Vespasian, and completed by Titus, now called
Coliseum, from the Colossus, or large statue of Nero,
which Vespasian transported to the square in front of
it. ( It is said to have contained 87,000 spectators, to
have been 5 years in building, and to have cost a sum
equal to 10 millions of crowns. 12,000 Jews were
employed upon it, who were made slaves at the con-
quest of Jerusalem. Its magnificent ruins still remain.
--There are amphitheatres still standing in various de-
grees of perfection, at several other places besides
Home--at Pola in htria, at Niamca, at Arlea, Bour-
deaux, and particularly at Verona. --The place where
the gladiators fought was called the arena, because it
was covcAl with sand or sawdust to prevent the glad-
iators from sliding, and to absorb the blood.
AmphitrTte, a daughter of Ncrcus and Doris, and
the spouse of Neptune. She for a long time shunned
the addresses of this deity; but her place of conceal-
ment was discovered to "Neptune by a dolphin, and
the god, out of gratitude, placed this fish among the
stars Aniphitritc had, by Neptune, Triton, one of
the sea-deities. (Ovid, Metamorph. , 1, 14-- Heatod,
Thcog. )
Amphitryon, a Theban prince, son of Alcajus and
? ? Hipponome. His sister Anaxo had married Electryon,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 'GfJavrsr,,
"17, conspicuous, even in Pausamas s time
'o<"its temples and other edifices, mani
richly adorned with sculptures and other
art. Its most celebrated structure was the
. of the Amyclezu? Apollo. (Polyb. , 4, 9, 3.
Xrnjds is mentioned by Momer (//. , 2, 584) and
Pffliar (Pytfe. , 1, 122. 2*thm. , 7, 18). Polybius
totes that Aruyelee -was onlv twenty stadia from Spar-
ta (Nyi. , 5, 18); but Dodwell observes, that Sclavo-
Ckmo, which, occupies its ancient site, is nearly
double that distance. ( Classical Tour, vol. 2, p,
413. -- Cramer',* Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p. 213.
]
Polvbius describes the country around Amyclaj as
most beautifully wooded and of great fertility; which
iceount is corroborated by Dodwell, who says, "it
luxuriates in fertility, and abounds in mulberries, ol-
ives, and all the fruit-trees -which grow in Greece. "
AITCLi~, I. son of Lncodn'moii and Sparta, built
Ike city of Amycla;. (fau-san. , 3,1. )--II. The name
which Locan gives to the master of the small twelve-
oired vessel in which Caesar had embarked in disguise,
iff the purpose of soiling to Urundisium, and bringing
from that place over into Oreece the remainder of his
forces. A violent wind producing a rough sea, the
pilot despaired of making good his passage, and or-
dered the mariners to turn back. Cesar, perceiving
the. roee up, and showing himself to the pilot accord-
ing to Plutarch, but. according to Lucan, to Amyclas
the master of the vessel, 'exclaimed, "Go forward, my
friend, and fear nothing; thou earnest Cesar and
Cesar's fortunes in thy vessel. " The effect of this
speech was instantaneous; the mariners forgot the
storm and made new efforts; but they were at length
permitted to turn about by Csjsar himself. (Plut. , Vit.
Cfi. ) The noble simplicity of Cesar's reply, as given
above by Plutarch, has been amplified by Lucan into
tumid declamation. (Pharsal. , 5, 578, ieqq. )
AUTCCS, son of Neptune by Melia, was king of the
Bebrvces. He was famous for his skill in boxing with
the cestus or gauntlets, and challenged all strangers to
a trial of strength. After destroying many persons in
this way, he was himself slain in a contest with Pol-
lux, whom he had defied to the combat, when the Ar-
gonauts, in their expedition, had stopped for a season
on bis coasts. (ApoU. Rkod. , 2, 1, seqq. --Virg. , jEn. ,
5,373)
AHVHONB, I. one of the Danaides, and mother of
Ninplius by Neptune. The god produced a fountain,
by striking the ground with his trident, on the spot
where he had first seen her. Vid. Amymone II.
(Proper/. , 2,26,46. --Hygin. , Fab. , 169. )--II. A foun-
tain of Argolis, called after Amymone the daughter of
Danaus. It was the most famous among the streams
which contributed to form the Lernean Lake. (Eurip. ,
Pkxn. , m. --Pausan. , 2, 37. )
A>>YWTIS, I. was king of Macedonia, and succeeded
hi* fethcr Alcetas, B. C. 547. His son Alexander mur-
dered the ambassadors of Megabyzus for their improp-
er behaviour to the ladies of his father's court, Un-
bares, a Persian general, was sent with an army to re-
venge the death of the ambassadors; but he was gain-
ed over by rich presents, and by receiving in marriage
be hand of a daughter of Amyntas, to whom he had
6een previously attached. (Herod. , 5, 19. -- Justin,
7. 3 ) -- II. Successor to Archelaus. B. C. 399. He
reigned only one year, and performed nothing remark-
abie. --III. The third of the name, ascended the throne
of Macedonia B. C. 397. after having dispossessed
? ? Paafaniaa of the regal dignity. HP was expelled by
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ANA
ANA
of Attica had derived from them. (Compare Tzel:. ,
ad It. , p. 69. ) Spanhcim (ad Caihm. , Hymn, in Jus. ,
79) and Schclling (Samothr. Gottheit. , p. 95) derive
the form 'Avanec from the Hebrew Enakim. (Deu-
teron. , 1, 28. ) The Greek grammarians, on the other
hand, have sought for an etymology in their own lan-
guage, and make the term in question come from uvu,
"above," as expressive of the idea of superiority and
dominion. They attach to this name the triple sense
of i? eoc, QaoiXeic, and olKodeonorrjc. Hence also the
adverb uvaxuc (Htrodot. , 1, 24. -- Tlmcyd. , 8, 102),
? which the scholiasts explain by npovonTtxue nal <jni-
/oitriKuf. (Compare Euslath. , ad Od. , 1, 397. --
Creuzer's Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 305, in
notis. )
A. NAcHARSis, a Scythian philosopher, who flourish-
ed nearly six centuries before the Christian era. He
was the son of a Scythian prince, who had married a
native of Greece. Early instructed by his mother in
the Greek language, he became desirous of acquiring
a portion of Greek wisdom, and obtained from the
king of Scythia an embassy to Athens, where he ar-
rived in the year 592 B. C. , and was introduced to So-
lon by his countryman Toxaris. On sending in word
that a Scythian was at the door, and requested his
friendship, Solon replied that friends were best made
at home. "Then let Solon, who is at home, make
me his friend," was the smart retort of Anacharsis;
and, struck by its readiness, Solon not only admitted
him, but, finding him worthy of his confidence, favour-
ed him with his advice and friendship. Ho accord-
ingly resided some years at Athens, and was the first
stranger whom the Athenians admitted to the honours
of citizenship. He then travelled into other countries,
and finally returned to Scythia, with a view to com-
municate to his countrymen the information he had re-
ceived, and to introduce among them the laws and re-
ligion of Greece. The attempt was, however, unsuc-
cessful; for the Scythians were not only indisposed to
receive them, but it is said that Anacharsis was killed
by an arrow, from the king, his brother's, own hand,
who detected him performing certain rites in a wood,
before an image of Cybcle. Great respect, however,
was paid to him after death, which is not unusual.
Anacharsis was famous for a manly and nervous kind
of language, which was called, from his country, Scy-
thian eloquence. The apophthegms attributed to him
are shrewd, and better worth quoting than many of the
ancient saws, which are often indebted for their celeb-
rity much more to their antiquity than to their wisdom.
His repartee to an Athenian, who reproached him with
the barbarism of his country, is well known: "My
country is a disgrace to me, but you are a disgrace to
your country. " Strabo tells us, from an old historian,
that Anacharsis invented the bellows, the anchor, and
the potter's wheel: but this account is very doubtful,
as Pliny, Seneca (Epist. , 90), Diogenes Laertius. and
Suidas, who likewise speak of the inventions ascribed
to that philosopher, mention only the last two: while
Strabo, moreover, remarks that the potter's wheel is
noticed in Homer. (Beckman's History of Invention*,
vol. 1, p. 104 --Compare Bitter's Vorhalle. p. 237
and 262. ) The epistles which bear the name of Ana-
charsis, and which were published in Greek and Latin,
at Paris, 1552, are unequivocally spurious. They arc
supposed to have been produced at a later period, in
the school of the sophists. (Gorton's Biogr. Diet. ,
? ? vol. 1, p. 72. -- Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol.
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ANA
Aognawas colonized by Drusus. (Front. , de Cot. )
rnm Tacitus (Hw*. , 3, 62) we learn, that it was the
tothplace of Valens, a. general of Vitcllius, and the
duef supporter of his partv. The Latin way was
joined near this city by the Via Prasnestina, which
from that circumstance ? \v:ix called Corapitum Anag-
mnum. _ (Cramer's A. nc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 79, seqg. )
Axtlns, a goddess of" Armenia, who appears to be'
Ae same with the Venus of the western nations. |
She is identical also with the goddess of Nature, wor-
shipped among the Persians. (Creuser, Symfiolik,
TO), 2, p, 27. ) The temple of Anaitis, in Armenia,
stood in the district of Acilisene, in the angle between i
the northern and southern branches of the" Euphrates.
She was worshipped also in Zela, a city of Pontus,
and in Comana (. Crenver, 1. e. ) As regards the
origin of the name itself, much difference of opinion
exists. Von Hammer (Fundgr. its Or. , vol. 3, p.
175) derives it from the Persian Anahid, the name
of the morning star, and of the female genius that di-
rects with her lyre the harmony of the spheres. Ack-
ofeUd, on the other hand (Lellre au Cheval. Italinski,
kc-. Rom. , 1817), referring to Clemens Alexandrinus,
(Pmtrtptr. , 5, p. 57) and Eustathius (ad Dionys.
ffritf. , v. 845), where mention is made of an 'A^po-
fin|Troa>>c, and a Tavat-rif, and also to the Phoenician
Tatar, asserts, that the true name of the goddess in
question was Tovoirtc (corrupted in most passages
of ihe ancient writers into *Av<z/r(c), and that the root
ii Taut, the appellation of an Asiatic goddess, who
is at one time confounded with Diana, and at another
with Minerva. (Compare also the Egyptian Neith
with the article prefixed, A-neith, and 'Avfinr, another
fonn of the name Anaitis, as appearing in Plutarch,
Vit. Artaien. , c. 27. ) Silvestre de Sacy, however
(Jmtnul. i. Son. JaiUet, 1817, p. 439), in opposition
to Ackerblad, remarks, that the Persians, most indu-
bitably, call the planet Venus Anahiil or Nahid, and
that the name Anaitis is evidently derived from this
? onree: he observes, moreover, that Tavairtc is it-
self a false reading. --The temple of the goddess Anai-
tis bad a large tract of land set apart for its use, and
a great number of male and female slaves to cultivate
it (IcfxAav^joi), It was famed for its riches, and it
was from this sacred edifice that Antony, in his Par-
thian expedition, carried off a statue of the goddess
of solid gold. (Plin. , 33, 4. ) The commercial rela-
tions which subsisted between the Armenians and
other countries, caused the worship of Anaitis to be
spread orer other lands, and hence we read of its hav-
in? been introduced into Persia, Media, Bactria, &c.
(Compare Strabo, 535, and Heyne, de Sacerdotio Co-
ntfnfnri, t* Nov. Comment. Sot. Scient. Getting:, 16,
p. 117, seijq) Artaxerxes Mnemon is said to have
been the first that introduced the worship of Anaitis
into Susa, Babylon, and Ecbatana. (Clemens Alex-
<<wfr-. , Protrcptr. , p. 57, ed. Potter. -- Creuzer't Sym-
tofefc, vol. 2. p.
divine honours after death, and had a celebrated temple
and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue was made
of white marble, and near his temple was a fountain,
whose waters were held sacred. They only who had
consulted his oracle, or had been delivered from a dis-
ease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which they
threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those
who consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus, sacrificed a
ram to the prophet, and spread the skin upon the ground,
upon which they slept, in expectation of receiving in
a dream the answer of which they were in quest.
{Apollod. , 3, 6, 2. -- Horn. , Od. , 15, 243, &c -- Msch. .
Sept. c. Theb. -- Hygm. , Fab. , 70, 73, &c. --Pausan. ,
I, 34. )
Amphicrates, I. a biographer, who, according to
Diogenes Laertius (Vit. Aristip), was condemned to
die by poison. (Compare Athaueus, 13, 5. )--II. An
Athenian orator, who, being banished from his country,
retired to Scleucia on the Tigris, and took up his resi-
dence there under the protection of Cleopatra, daugh-
ter of Mithradates. He starved himself to death, be-
cause suspected by this princess of treason. Jonsius
{dc Script. Hist. Phil. , 2, 15) thinks that this is the
same with the preceding. --III. An artist, mentioned
by Pliny (34, 8), according to a new reading proposed
by Sillig {Did. Art. , s. >>. ).
Amphictyon, a mythic personage, son of Deucalion,
who is said to have reigned in Attica after driving out
Cranaus, his father-in-law, and to have been himself
expelled by Erichthonius. (Aprillod. , 3, 14, 6. ) The
establishment of the Amphictyonic council is ascribed
to him by some. (Compare Ha/nc, ad he. )
Ampbictyones, the deputies of the cities and people
? ? of Greece, who represented their respective nations in
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? AMP
AMPHIPOLIS.
of this council shows that it was almost powerless for
good, except, perhaps, as a passive instrument, and
that it was only active for purposes that were either
unimportant or pernicious. Its most legitimate sphere
of action lay in cases where the honour and safety of
the Delphic sanctuary were concerned, and in these it
might safely reckon on general co-operation from all the
Greeks. A remarkable instance is atforded by the
Sacred or Crissa? an war. (Vid. Crissa and Phocis. )
The origin of the Amphictyonic Council is altogether
uncertain. Acris/us la said to have founded the one
at Delphi, Amphicty on the other at Thermopylae, a tra-
dition in favour of the opinion above advanced, that the
great council was a union of two. Independently,
however, of these two, it is probable that many Am-
phictyonics (so to caV them) once existed in Greece,
all trace of which, Vias been lost. (ThirlwalCs History
of Greece, vo\. V, p. 374, teaq. )--The name of this
confederation, if we give credit to Androtion, as cited
by Pansanias (lO, 8), was originally Amphietioncs ('A/i-
QutTiovtc), and referred to its being composed of the
tribes that dwelt round about. An alteration took
place when Amphictt/on, the son of Deucalion, found-
ed a temple of Ceres at Thermopylae, one of the places
of assembling. From this time, we are informed, the
confederation took the name of Amphictyoncs ('Afi-
aisn/orrc).
A>>phidro<<jia. a festival observed by private families
at Athens, the fifth day after the birth of every child.
It was customary to run ronnd the fire with a child in
their arms; thereby, as it were, making it a member
of the family, and putting it under the protection of the
household deities, to whom the hearth served as an
altar. Hence the 11 11 in- of the festival, from ilfi<j>idpa-
faiv, "to run around. "' (Poller, Gr. Ant. , 4, 14. )
AmphigknTa, a town of Mcssenia, near the river
Hypsoeis. According to Homer (II. , 2. 593), it be-
longed to Nestor. Some critics assigned it to Triphy-
lia (Straho, 349. >
AjsPHtt-dcHi-s, I. son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle.
After the Trojan war he left Argos, his native country,
retired to Acarnania, and there built Argos Ainphi-
lochium. This is the account of Thueydides (2, 63);
but rid. Argos IV- II. An Athenian philosopher
who wrote upon agriculture. (Varro, tie R. K. , 1. )
Amphixomus and Avnipcs, two brothers, who, when
Catana and the neighbouring cities were in (lames by
an eruption from Mount Vesuvius, saved their parents
upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is said, spared
them while it consumed others by their side; and
Pluto, to reward their uncommon piety, placed them
after death in the island of I,eucc. They received di-
vine honours in Sicily. ( Val. Max. , 5, 4. --SU. I'M. ,
14, 197. --Claud, Idyll. , 7, 41. )
AmphTon, I. a Theban prince, son of Antiope and
Jupiter, or, rather, of Epopcus, king of Sicyon. An-
tiope, the niece of Lycus, king of Thebes, having be-
come the mother of twins, Amphion and Zcthus, ex-
posed them on Mount Cithsron, where they were found
and brought up by shepherds. Having learned, on
reaching manhood, the cruelties inflicted upon their
mother bv Lycus and Dirce (fid. Antiope), the twin
brothers avenged her wrongs by the death of both the
offending parties (>><<' Lycus and Dirce). and made
themselves masten* of Thebes, where they reigned con-
jointly. Under their rule the kingdom of Thebes ac-
quired new splendour, and the arts of peace flourished.
? ? Amphion cultivated music with the greatest success,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? AMP
AMY
ing the Stiymonic Gulf; and it commands the only
easy communication from the coast of that gulf into
the great Macedonian plains, which extend tor sixty
miles from beyond Mcleniko to Philippi. (Cramer'a
Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 292, acqq. )
Amphis, a Greek comic poet of Athens, contempo-
rary with Plato. His works are lost, though some of
the titles of his pieces have reached us. (Consult
Schwcigh. ad Athen. , vol. 9, Index Aur. t. , a. t. )
Amphissa, I. a daughter of Macarcus, fabled to
have given her name to the city of Amphissa. --II.
The chief city of the Locri Ozolre. We find, from
Strabo, that it stood at the head of the Crissaian Gulf,
and . -Eschines (in Clca. , p. 71) informs us that its dis-
tance from Delphi was sixty stadia: Pausanias reck-
on. ; one hundred and twenty. Amphissa was said to
have derived its name from the circumstance of its
being surrounded on every side by mountains. (Ana-
lot, up. Harpocrat. , Lex. --Steph. Byz. , a. >>. 'Ap. <j>iaoa. )
Amphissa was destroyed by order of the Amphictyons,
for having dared to restore the walls of Crissa, and to
cultivate the ground, which was held to be sacred; and
lastly, on account of the manner in which they molest-
ed travellers who had occasion to pass through their
territory. (Strabo, 419. -- Machin. in Ctca. , p. 71,
acqq. ) At a later period, however, it appears to have
somewhat recovered from this ruined state when under
the dominion of the -Etolians. In the war carried on
by the Romans against this people, they besieged Am-
phissa, when the inhabitants abandoned the town and
retired into the citadel, which was deemed impregna-
ble. (La;. , 37, 5. ) It is generally agreed, that the
modern town of Salona represents the ancient Amphis-
sa. Sir William Gcll (Itinerary, p. 196) observes,
that the real distance between Delphi and Amphissa is
Bcvcn miles. (Cramcr'a Ane. Greece, vol. 2, p. 111. )
Amphitheatrum, an edifice of an elliptical form,
used for exhibiting combats of gladiators, wild beasts,
and other spectacles. The word is derived from a/i<j>i
and fttarpov, from the spectators being so ranged as
to sec equally well from every side. The first dura-
ble amphitheatre of stone was built by Statilius Taurus,
at the desire of Augustus. The largest one was begun
by Vespasian, and completed by Titus, now called
Coliseum, from the Colossus, or large statue of Nero,
which Vespasian transported to the square in front of
it. ( It is said to have contained 87,000 spectators, to
have been 5 years in building, and to have cost a sum
equal to 10 millions of crowns. 12,000 Jews were
employed upon it, who were made slaves at the con-
quest of Jerusalem. Its magnificent ruins still remain.
--There are amphitheatres still standing in various de-
grees of perfection, at several other places besides
Home--at Pola in htria, at Niamca, at Arlea, Bour-
deaux, and particularly at Verona. --The place where
the gladiators fought was called the arena, because it
was covcAl with sand or sawdust to prevent the glad-
iators from sliding, and to absorb the blood.
AmphitrTte, a daughter of Ncrcus and Doris, and
the spouse of Neptune. She for a long time shunned
the addresses of this deity; but her place of conceal-
ment was discovered to "Neptune by a dolphin, and
the god, out of gratitude, placed this fish among the
stars Aniphitritc had, by Neptune, Triton, one of
the sea-deities. (Ovid, Metamorph. , 1, 14-- Heatod,
Thcog. )
Amphitryon, a Theban prince, son of Alcajus and
? ? Hipponome. His sister Anaxo had married Electryon,
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 'GfJavrsr,,
"17, conspicuous, even in Pausamas s time
'o<"its temples and other edifices, mani
richly adorned with sculptures and other
art. Its most celebrated structure was the
. of the Amyclezu? Apollo. (Polyb. , 4, 9, 3.
Xrnjds is mentioned by Momer (//. , 2, 584) and
Pffliar (Pytfe. , 1, 122. 2*thm. , 7, 18). Polybius
totes that Aruyelee -was onlv twenty stadia from Spar-
ta (Nyi. , 5, 18); but Dodwell observes, that Sclavo-
Ckmo, which, occupies its ancient site, is nearly
double that distance. ( Classical Tour, vol. 2, p,
413. -- Cramer',* Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p. 213.
]
Polvbius describes the country around Amyclaj as
most beautifully wooded and of great fertility; which
iceount is corroborated by Dodwell, who says, "it
luxuriates in fertility, and abounds in mulberries, ol-
ives, and all the fruit-trees -which grow in Greece. "
AITCLi~, I. son of Lncodn'moii and Sparta, built
Ike city of Amycla;. (fau-san. , 3,1. )--II. The name
which Locan gives to the master of the small twelve-
oired vessel in which Caesar had embarked in disguise,
iff the purpose of soiling to Urundisium, and bringing
from that place over into Oreece the remainder of his
forces. A violent wind producing a rough sea, the
pilot despaired of making good his passage, and or-
dered the mariners to turn back. Cesar, perceiving
the. roee up, and showing himself to the pilot accord-
ing to Plutarch, but. according to Lucan, to Amyclas
the master of the vessel, 'exclaimed, "Go forward, my
friend, and fear nothing; thou earnest Cesar and
Cesar's fortunes in thy vessel. " The effect of this
speech was instantaneous; the mariners forgot the
storm and made new efforts; but they were at length
permitted to turn about by Csjsar himself. (Plut. , Vit.
Cfi. ) The noble simplicity of Cesar's reply, as given
above by Plutarch, has been amplified by Lucan into
tumid declamation. (Pharsal. , 5, 578, ieqq. )
AUTCCS, son of Neptune by Melia, was king of the
Bebrvces. He was famous for his skill in boxing with
the cestus or gauntlets, and challenged all strangers to
a trial of strength. After destroying many persons in
this way, he was himself slain in a contest with Pol-
lux, whom he had defied to the combat, when the Ar-
gonauts, in their expedition, had stopped for a season
on bis coasts. (ApoU. Rkod. , 2, 1, seqq. --Virg. , jEn. ,
5,373)
AHVHONB, I. one of the Danaides, and mother of
Ninplius by Neptune. The god produced a fountain,
by striking the ground with his trident, on the spot
where he had first seen her. Vid. Amymone II.
(Proper/. , 2,26,46. --Hygin. , Fab. , 169. )--II. A foun-
tain of Argolis, called after Amymone the daughter of
Danaus. It was the most famous among the streams
which contributed to form the Lernean Lake. (Eurip. ,
Pkxn. , m. --Pausan. , 2, 37. )
A>>YWTIS, I. was king of Macedonia, and succeeded
hi* fethcr Alcetas, B. C. 547. His son Alexander mur-
dered the ambassadors of Megabyzus for their improp-
er behaviour to the ladies of his father's court, Un-
bares, a Persian general, was sent with an army to re-
venge the death of the ambassadors; but he was gain-
ed over by rich presents, and by receiving in marriage
be hand of a daughter of Amyntas, to whom he had
6een previously attached. (Herod. , 5, 19. -- Justin,
7. 3 ) -- II. Successor to Archelaus. B. C. 399. He
reigned only one year, and performed nothing remark-
abie. --III. The third of the name, ascended the throne
of Macedonia B. C. 397. after having dispossessed
? ? Paafaniaa of the regal dignity. HP was expelled by
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ANA
ANA
of Attica had derived from them. (Compare Tzel:. ,
ad It. , p. 69. ) Spanhcim (ad Caihm. , Hymn, in Jus. ,
79) and Schclling (Samothr. Gottheit. , p. 95) derive
the form 'Avanec from the Hebrew Enakim. (Deu-
teron. , 1, 28. ) The Greek grammarians, on the other
hand, have sought for an etymology in their own lan-
guage, and make the term in question come from uvu,
"above," as expressive of the idea of superiority and
dominion. They attach to this name the triple sense
of i? eoc, QaoiXeic, and olKodeonorrjc. Hence also the
adverb uvaxuc (Htrodot. , 1, 24. -- Tlmcyd. , 8, 102),
? which the scholiasts explain by npovonTtxue nal <jni-
/oitriKuf. (Compare Euslath. , ad Od. , 1, 397. --
Creuzer's Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 305, in
notis. )
A. NAcHARSis, a Scythian philosopher, who flourish-
ed nearly six centuries before the Christian era. He
was the son of a Scythian prince, who had married a
native of Greece. Early instructed by his mother in
the Greek language, he became desirous of acquiring
a portion of Greek wisdom, and obtained from the
king of Scythia an embassy to Athens, where he ar-
rived in the year 592 B. C. , and was introduced to So-
lon by his countryman Toxaris. On sending in word
that a Scythian was at the door, and requested his
friendship, Solon replied that friends were best made
at home. "Then let Solon, who is at home, make
me his friend," was the smart retort of Anacharsis;
and, struck by its readiness, Solon not only admitted
him, but, finding him worthy of his confidence, favour-
ed him with his advice and friendship. Ho accord-
ingly resided some years at Athens, and was the first
stranger whom the Athenians admitted to the honours
of citizenship. He then travelled into other countries,
and finally returned to Scythia, with a view to com-
municate to his countrymen the information he had re-
ceived, and to introduce among them the laws and re-
ligion of Greece. The attempt was, however, unsuc-
cessful; for the Scythians were not only indisposed to
receive them, but it is said that Anacharsis was killed
by an arrow, from the king, his brother's, own hand,
who detected him performing certain rites in a wood,
before an image of Cybcle. Great respect, however,
was paid to him after death, which is not unusual.
Anacharsis was famous for a manly and nervous kind
of language, which was called, from his country, Scy-
thian eloquence. The apophthegms attributed to him
are shrewd, and better worth quoting than many of the
ancient saws, which are often indebted for their celeb-
rity much more to their antiquity than to their wisdom.
His repartee to an Athenian, who reproached him with
the barbarism of his country, is well known: "My
country is a disgrace to me, but you are a disgrace to
your country. " Strabo tells us, from an old historian,
that Anacharsis invented the bellows, the anchor, and
the potter's wheel: but this account is very doubtful,
as Pliny, Seneca (Epist. , 90), Diogenes Laertius. and
Suidas, who likewise speak of the inventions ascribed
to that philosopher, mention only the last two: while
Strabo, moreover, remarks that the potter's wheel is
noticed in Homer. (Beckman's History of Invention*,
vol. 1, p. 104 --Compare Bitter's Vorhalle. p. 237
and 262. ) The epistles which bear the name of Ana-
charsis, and which were published in Greek and Latin,
at Paris, 1552, are unequivocally spurious. They arc
supposed to have been produced at a later period, in
the school of the sophists. (Gorton's Biogr. Diet. ,
? ? vol. 1, p. 72. -- Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol.
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:05 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ANA
Aognawas colonized by Drusus. (Front. , de Cot. )
rnm Tacitus (Hw*. , 3, 62) we learn, that it was the
tothplace of Valens, a. general of Vitcllius, and the
duef supporter of his partv. The Latin way was
joined near this city by the Via Prasnestina, which
from that circumstance ? \v:ix called Corapitum Anag-
mnum. _ (Cramer's A. nc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 79, seqg. )
Axtlns, a goddess of" Armenia, who appears to be'
Ae same with the Venus of the western nations. |
She is identical also with the goddess of Nature, wor-
shipped among the Persians. (Creuser, Symfiolik,
TO), 2, p, 27. ) The temple of Anaitis, in Armenia,
stood in the district of Acilisene, in the angle between i
the northern and southern branches of the" Euphrates.
She was worshipped also in Zela, a city of Pontus,
and in Comana (. Crenver, 1. e. ) As regards the
origin of the name itself, much difference of opinion
exists. Von Hammer (Fundgr. its Or. , vol. 3, p.
175) derives it from the Persian Anahid, the name
of the morning star, and of the female genius that di-
rects with her lyre the harmony of the spheres. Ack-
ofeUd, on the other hand (Lellre au Cheval. Italinski,
kc-. Rom. , 1817), referring to Clemens Alexandrinus,
(Pmtrtptr. , 5, p. 57) and Eustathius (ad Dionys.
ffritf. , v. 845), where mention is made of an 'A^po-
fin|Troa>>c, and a Tavat-rif, and also to the Phoenician
Tatar, asserts, that the true name of the goddess in
question was Tovoirtc (corrupted in most passages
of ihe ancient writers into *Av<z/r(c), and that the root
ii Taut, the appellation of an Asiatic goddess, who
is at one time confounded with Diana, and at another
with Minerva. (Compare also the Egyptian Neith
with the article prefixed, A-neith, and 'Avfinr, another
fonn of the name Anaitis, as appearing in Plutarch,
Vit. Artaien. , c. 27. ) Silvestre de Sacy, however
(Jmtnul. i. Son. JaiUet, 1817, p. 439), in opposition
to Ackerblad, remarks, that the Persians, most indu-
bitably, call the planet Venus Anahiil or Nahid, and
that the name Anaitis is evidently derived from this
? onree: he observes, moreover, that Tavairtc is it-
self a false reading. --The temple of the goddess Anai-
tis bad a large tract of land set apart for its use, and
a great number of male and female slaves to cultivate
it (IcfxAav^joi), It was famed for its riches, and it
was from this sacred edifice that Antony, in his Par-
thian expedition, carried off a statue of the goddess
of solid gold. (Plin. , 33, 4. ) The commercial rela-
tions which subsisted between the Armenians and
other countries, caused the worship of Anaitis to be
spread orer other lands, and hence we read of its hav-
in? been introduced into Persia, Media, Bactria, &c.
(Compare Strabo, 535, and Heyne, de Sacerdotio Co-
ntfnfnri, t* Nov. Comment. Sot. Scient. Getting:, 16,
p. 117, seijq) Artaxerxes Mnemon is said to have
been the first that introduced the worship of Anaitis
into Susa, Babylon, and Ecbatana. (Clemens Alex-
<<wfr-. , Protrcptr. , p. 57, ed. Potter. -- Creuzer't Sym-
tofefc, vol. 2. p.
