: "Marcus
Aurelius
in his Meditations,"
27
Brutus, 297, 29S Byzantium, 22
Ca utum, 261
Casaubon, Meric, 24, 25
Cassius Dio, 3, S , 20, 21, 21S, 246, 247, 24S-
249, 250, 2S9, 293, 300, 305
Cato ofUtica, 297, 29S, 304
Cato the Younger, 4
Catulus.
27
Brutus, 297, 29S Byzantium, 22
Ca utum, 261
Casaubon, Meric, 24, 25
Cassius Dio, 3, S , 20, 21, 21S, 246, 247, 24S-
249, 250, 2S9, 293, 300, 305
Cato ofUtica, 297, 29S, 304
Cato the Younger, 4
Catulus.
Hadot - The Inner Citadel The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
C£ P.
Graindor, Un milliardaire antique: Herode Atticus et saJamille (Cairo, 1930); W.
Ameling, Herodes Atticus, 2 vols.
(Hildesheim, 1983).
58. On the documents we possess about this trial, see ]. H. Oliver, "Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civil and Cultural Policy in the East, " in Hesperia, Supple ment XIII, 1970. For a French translation of the documents, see S. Follet, " Lettre de Marc Aurele aux Atheniens (EM 1 3 3 66) : nouvelles lectures et inter pretations," Revue dephilologie, 53 (1979): 29-43. On the rst ofthese trials, see Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar, III, 3 ; p. 37, 5 Van den Hout = vol. I, pp. 59 Haines. On the relations between Marcus and Herodes Atticus, see Bowersock, Greek Sophists, pp. 49, 94-100.
59. Fronto,AdVerumImper. ,I,6,p. III, 17VandenHout=vol. II,p. 154 Haines .
60. Fronto, Ad Amicos, I, 3, p. 173, 28 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 280 Haines.
6r. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 4, p. 234, 13 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. I 8 Haines.
62. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 229.
63. On the rst book ofthe Meditations, see the excellent book by F. Marti- nazzolli, La "Successio " di Marco Aurelio (Bari, 1 9 5 1 ) .
64. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, I O .
65. See R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 132.
66. Renan, p. 36.
67. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, 6.
68. On Marius Maximus, see R. Syme, Emperors and Biography (Oxford,
1971), pp. 1 1 3-1 14.
69. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4-5.
70. Ibid. , 30, 2.
7 r . Historia Augusta, , XX, 5 .
72. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4.
73. Histo a Augusta, Avidius Cassius, I, 8.
74. Institut. Justin. , III, I I , r, quoted by W. Williams, in Jou al of Roman
Studies, 66: 80; c£ G. Cortassa, Scritti di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1984), p. 574
Notes to Pages 296-306 337
(Greek and Latin texts with Italian translation of all the works of Marcus Aure lius) .
75. On these gures, see R. MacMullen, Enemies ofthe Roman Order (Cam bridge, Mass. , 1966), pp. I- 4·
76. The emperor Julian compares the gures of Cato and Dio of Syracuse, because oftheir unhappy te (To Themistius, 3, 256a).
77. Plutarch, Dio, 5, S, 96ob; 7, r, 96oe; S, l, 961b; 17, 6, 965a; 47, l-9, 97S-979; 52, r-3, 9So-9Si.
7S. Seneca, On the Constancy ofthe Sage, VII, l; On Providence, II, 9
79. Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 67-6S, 792-793.
So. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 2, 19; IV, l, 123.
SI. On these questions, see P. A. Brunt, "Stoicism and the Principate," Papers
of the British School at Rome, 43 (1975): 7-35; R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, pp. 59-So (an excellent study of"The Stoics and the Empire").
S2. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 33, 2.
S3. Historia Augusta, MA, XXII, 3; VIII, I .
S4. Herodian, Histo ofthe Empire, I , 2 , 4; and cf F. Millar, The Emperor in the
Roman World (London, 1977), pp. 271-27i. In his pre ce to the Loeb edition of Herodian (p. ), C. R. Whittaker emphasizes the relations between the ide ology of Herodian and the tradition which goes back to Claudius Severus.
S 5 . H i s t o r i a A ug u s t a , MA , X I I , I .
S6. See P. Hadot, "F rstenspiegel," Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum, vol. VIII, sc. 60 (1970), pp. 555-632.
S7. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. roS.
SS. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, XII, 6.
S9. Historia Augusta, MA, VIII, I .
90. Since Alexander and Philip were great conquerors, the context rces us
to conclude that the Demetrius mentioned here is not the statesman and Aristo telian philosopher Demetrius of Phaleron, but the Macedonian conqueror De metrius Poliorcetes, the "taker ofcities. " The reading "ofPhaleron," attested by manuscripts A and T, is a gloss which has been incorporated into the text, as had been suspected by H. Schenkl and G. Cortassa.
9i. Cicero, Orator, I, 230.
92. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 2, I, S; Plutarch, Phocion, 3, 2, 742£
93. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 95, 33.
94. G . Ville, Gladiature en Occident des origines a la mort de Domitien (Rome,
l9S2), pp. 462, 4S2.
95. Historia Augusta, MA, XXIII, 5 .
96. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 29, 3 .
97. Reading hosepronomeia (pronoia AT).
9S. Vaclav Havel, Meditations d'he (Paris, 1992), p. 137 [published in English
as Vaclav Havel, Summer Meditations, trans. Paul Wilson, New York: Vintage Books, 1993 -Trans. ].
Notes to Pages 3 07-3 1 2
Conclusion
I . Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, II, §168; vol. 2, p. 446 Colli/Mon- tanari.
2. Renan, p. 166.
3. Ibid. , p. 162.
4. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, 2nd section
[= p. 42 1 in the edition of the Konigliche Preussische Akademie der Wissen schaft (Berlin, 1902-1938) -Trans. ].
5 . ]. Gernet, Chine et christianisme (Paris, 19912), p. 193 ·
6. ]. Gernet, "La sagesse chez Wang-Fou-tche, philosophe chinois du XVII0 siecle," in Les Sagesses du monde (Paris, 1991), p. 103.
7. Ibid. , p. 103.
8. Tang Zhen, Ecrits d'un sage encore inconnu, trans. L. Gernet (Paris, 1991), p. 97.
9. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 95, 3 3 .
IO. Goldschmidt, Systemestoi'cien, pp. 216-218.
INDEX
Acceptance, 35-36, 38, 91- 2, 143, 144-145, 148, 162
Accessory consequence. See Consequence, ac cessory
Accord, 75, 150, 213, 308. Seealso Harmony Action: appropriate, 72, 86, 94, 188-190; and
community, 40, 184-185, 18 -190, 235; and completeness, 195-198; discipline o 40, 68, 69, 134, 183-231, 234, 235, 238, 266, 306; and discipline ofdesire, 184-185, 204, 214, 266; elimination o r87-188; and Epictetus, 68; and eedom, 200; and good, I I 8, 1 89; and happiness, 240; indispensable, 1 87; and
justice, 134, 234, 23 5; and Nature, 201-202; and obstacle, 204; and politics, 1 90, 3 06; and present, lr9; and Reason, 185, 202; and rules ofli , 46; and Seneca, r99, 216; and soul, 83, 86; and time, 196; and value, 215- 216; and value-judgment, 127; and virtue, 238; whole-hearted, 1 86, 1 87. See also Duty; Impulse
Adequacy, 84-85, 88, 104, 131
Aelius Aristides, 294
Aelius Caesar, r
Aeschylus: The Seven Against Thebes, 2 3 3 Aesthetics, r70, 260
A ectionateness, 279-280
Africa, T. W. , 250, 25r-253, 256
Alexander ofDamascus, 19
Alexander the grammarian, 282
Alexander the Great, 275, 305-306 Alexander the Platonist, 16, 17, 282 Alexandre, Monique, 257
All, 92, 98-100, 129, 176, 211, 212, 240, 242.
See a o Whole
Altruism, 44, 210-215 Amorfati, 143-147 Anachronism, 257, 308, 309
Anger, ro, 67, 233, 271
Animal, 150, 184, 189, 280
Annius Verus, 282-283
AntipaterofTarsus, 192
Antisthenes, 269
Antoninus Pius, r, 2, 6, rr, 15, 246, 278, 298;
and impartiality, 218; as model, 17, 268, 283,
299, 300-302; and reserve clause, 194 Apollonius ofChalcedon, 9, 14-15, 37 Apollonius ofSeleucia, 90
Appearance, 87, 133, 164, 165 Arcesilaus, 200
Archedemus, 82, 192
Arethas, 22, 24
Arista (jurist) , 7
Arista ofChios, rl-14, 71-72; "Compari-
sons," 13
Aristotelianism, 19, 73, 79
Aristotle, 73, 74, 79, 123, 169, 170, 219, 223 Arrian ofNicomedia, 50, 6o-63, 65, 98- 9 Art, 134, 147
Assent: and desire, 125, 129; and destiny, l2r;
discipline o 87-88, 91, 93, 97, ror-127, 131, 234, 235-236; andEpictetus, 102-103; and evil, 12 5; and good, 12 5; and guiding principle, 128; and hierarchy, 93; and im pulse, 125, 129; and logic, 91; and present, 131; and reality, 232; andrepresentation, 85, 87-88, 97, 125, 128; and truth, 125, 234, 235-236; and value-judgment, 127. See also
Judgment
Athenagorus, 1 9
Atomism, 39, 43, 55-56
Atoms vs. providence, 39-40, 147-163, 265,
308
Attention, 132, 134, 137, 215. See also Con
sciousness Au diusVictorinus, l r, r3
3 40
Index
Augustine, 2S7; Soliloquies, 33
Aulus Ge ius, 4, 34, 52-53, 59, 63-64, 65, 102;
Attic Nights, 32, 1 1 5-1 16
Aurelius Victor, 2 1
Autonomy, S 3 , l So
Aversion, S7, l2S. See also Desire Avidius Cassius, 2, 21, 24S, 262, 2S9, 294
Barth, Carl, 26, 27
Baudelaire, Charles, 293
Beast. SeeAnimal
Beauty, 76, 169, 170, 171, 259 Benevolence, 200-203, 217, 21S, 22S, 271 Bergson, Henri, 161
Body: and circumscription, ll3, ll4, l2o; com munity as, 230; as co se, 167; and depend ence, S3; and emotion, 1 1 5-1 16; eedom om, 49; and humanity, 201, 214; and intel lect, 39; andself, ll3, ll4, l20, lSo; and sen sation, 101; and soul, 1 13-1 14
Bonh er, A. , S2
Breath. See Vital breath
Brehier, Emile, 74, 7S, S2, 127
Breithaupt, G. , 261, 262
Brunt, P.
: "Marcus Aurelius in his Meditations,"
27
Brutus, 297, 29S Byzantium, 22
Ca utum, 261
Casaubon, Meric, 24, 25
Cassius Dio, 3, S , 20, 21, 21S, 246, 247, 24S-
249, 250, 2S9, 293, 300, 305
Cato ofUtica, 297, 29S, 304
Cato the Younger, 4
Catulus. See Cinna Catulus Cause:andchoice, 114;andChrysippus,153;
and destiny, l20; direct vs. indirect, 153; dis tinguishment of, 40-4 1 ; and event, 47; and exteriority, 106; exte al, 1 14, 12S, 129, l3S, 271; and eedom, II4; inner, 114, l2S, 129; andmatter, 40, 49; and Nature, 47, l3S, 271; outer (ektos aitia, outer cause) , 2 7 1 ; and Rea son, l53; andrules oflife, 46; andStoicism, 79; as theme, 273
Champlin, E. , 12, 13
Chance, l5l-152
Chaos, l4S
Chapter-heads, 3S-41, 67
Choice: and accord with sel 75; and causality,
114; anddestiny, l2o; andjustice, 222; and morality, l2l; and probability, 77, 191-192,
193; and self-consciousness, l79-1So; and
soul, S3; and Stoicism, S9
Christianity, lS-19, 60, 1 59, 23 1 Chrysippus, S2, 1 2 3 ; and consequences, 1 9 1 ;
and cosmic unity, 1 4 1 ; and desire, 94; and - rect vs. indirect causality, l53; and educa tion, So, S l; explication of, 63, 73; Fronto on, lS; and Moirai, 139-140; and Nature,
94, l 30; and Plutarch, So; and present, 146; and Reason in matter, 1 66; and repre sentation, 110; and time, 135, 136
Cicero, 9, 14, 43, 52, 99, 161, 162, 194-195, 304; Dream Scipio, 255; OnDuties, 192, 23S
Cinna Catulus, 16-17, 19
Circumscription, 112-125, 13 l-137
City: and Epictetus, 2rr; human vs. cosmic,
99; and Reason, 75; ofWorld, 42-43, 21 l-
212, 214, 239, 291
Claudius Ma mus, 16-17, 19, 2S1-2S2 Claudius Severus Arabianus, 16-17, 19, 2S2,
296, 297, 29S-299
Cleanthes, lS; Hymn to Zeus, 157
Clotho, l3 l40
Coherence, 75-76, 9S-100, 130-131, 212, 246-
247. See also Harmony
Co odus, l, 2, 19, 22, 24S, 252, 293, 294 Community: and action, 40, lS4-1S5, lS -
190, 235; as body, 230; conduct toward, 20S; andEpictetus, 215; as rmofreality, 232; and good, 192, 210-211, 215; and impulse,
S7, l3 l; and indi erence, S6; and love, 229- 23 l; and politics, 306; and reason, 40, 7S, S6, 21 l, 212, 213, 229-230; and self-circumscrip tion, I I S; service to, 46, 200, 20 1 ; as theme, 271; and wealth, 215; and w l, 13! . See also Society
Composition, interwoven, 264, 26S, 269, 271, 272
Concern, 190-191, 209, 210
Concord. SeeAccord
Conscience, 95, lSl, 215, 266, 274, 30S, 309,
3 1 1
Consciousness, l12, rr6, 120, 137, 145-146,
l79-1S2, 201, 202, 203. See also Attention Consent: and desire, 145, 149, lS3; to Destiny, 44, 92, 145, 197, 239; discipline of, 40; and
event, 144, 145, 146; and present, 132, 145, 146; and providence, 162; and reason, 145, 14S, 149: to Whole, 143; to Wo d, 145
Consequence, 151, 153-154, 155, 156, l6S- 170, 190-191, 220. See also Result
Index
3 4 1
Convention, 8, 55-56
Cosmos: andconsciousness, 145-146, 179-182;
immensity o 172-179, 180, 253, 254, 255, 256; and love, 142; and Reason, 82, 100; and sel 180; unity o l 19, 141. See also Uni verse; World
Courage, 88, 233
Court life, 267, 291-296 Crates, 57
Cynicism, 7, 8, 56, 57, 173-175
Dailly, R. , 247-249, 252
Daimon, 76, 123-124, 130, 159-160, 265, 266 Dalfen, J. , 257
Dance, 134, 147, 195
Danger, 155
Danubian campaign, 248, 250-251, 262, 300 Dead Poets' Society, The, 171-172
Death: and , 1 76; and autobiography, 275-
277; andcourtlife, 292-293; andDanubian campaigns, 262; and Destiny, 40; ofele ments, 55; Epictetus on, 66; and exercise, 275; and eedom, 275; and ivolity, 186- 187; and homogeneity, 178; and imagina tion, 47-48; andmetamorphosis, 172; and Nature, 275; and obstacle, 275; and perspec tive, 175; and physical de nition, 166; and present, 147; and rules oflife, 46; and seri ousness, 188; and Socrates, 74; and Stoic vs. Epicurean physics, 148; as theme, 264, 265- 266,27 2 71,273-274;andtime, 135-137, 186-187
Deception, 97
De nition, physical, 104-105, 133, 137, 154,
164-166, 167
Delimitation. See Circumscription
Demetrius Poliorcetes, 250, 305-306 Demetrius the Cynic, 7
Democritus, 55-56, 187, 269
Dependence, 8 3 ; and body, 49, 8 3 ; and desire,
91; and event, 142; and evil, 86, 138; and good, 1 3 8 ; and impulse, 87; and indi er ence, 108, 151; and obstacle, 209; and self circumscription, 1 14; and time, 1 3 1 ; and value-judgment, l l l-1 12. See also Freedom
DeQuincey, Thomas, 255, 256
Derveni papyrus, 1 3 9
Descartes, l 5 5
Desire: and acceptance, 9l- 2; and action, l97;
and , 99, 129; andassent, 125, 129; and Ch sippus, 94; and coherence, l 3 0 ; and consent, 145, 149, 183; and dependence, 91;
and Destiny, 86, 129, 145, 235; iscipline o 45, 68, 69, 91 2, 93, 94, 99, 128-182, 183, 184-185, 197, 204, 214, 220, 234, 235, 236, 238, 266; and discipline ofaction, 184-185, 204, 214, 266; and Epictetus, 137-138, 143; and event, 129; and exercise, 87; goal o 137-138; and good, 84, 91; and guiding prin ciple, 89; and indi erence, l l 8, l 3 8; and in ner discourse, 84; and merit, 220; and Na ture, 95, r28-130; and pain, 128; and
passion, 128; and passivity, 128; and physics, 91, 92, 94-97, 142; and piety, 134; and Plato, 233; and pleasure, 128; and present, 131; and Reason, 92; and rules oflife, 44; and soul, 86, 88; teaching on, 94; and temperance, 234, 235, 236, 238; and value-judgment,
127; and virtue, 238; and will, 128. See also
Aversion
Destiny: and assent, I2 l ; and attachment, l l 9;
and causality, 120; andchoice, 120; and con sent, 44, 92, i45, 197, 239; and death, 40; and desire, 86, 129, 145, 235; and determi nate universe, 155; and event, 138, 142; and evil, 207; as rm ofreality, 232; and ee dom, 180; andguidingprinciple, 114-115,
l l 8; and indi erence, l 89; and intention, 195: andjustice, 221; love of, 144, 145; and necessity, l 57; and obstacle, 204, 209; and providence, l48; and self-circumscription,
I I4-1 15, 1 17-1 18; and self-consciousness, 180;andStoicism,144-145;andthreeactsof
soul, 83; andtime, i36; andvalue, 221; and
will, l 80. See also Fate
Development, 155-156
Dialectic, 4, 13, 48-51, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79,
80-82, 85. SeealsoDiscourse
Dianoia (re ection). SeeReflection
Dice game, 209, 2 1 0
Dictation, 33
Di culty, 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 204-209. See also Mis r-
tune; Obstacle Dio, 297
Diogenes Laertius, 102
Diogenes ofBabylon, 192, 221 Diognetus, 5, 6-7, 8, 16, 282 Dionysiac, 145
Dionysius of Syracuse, 297
Discipline of action. See Action Discipline ofassent. SeeAssent Discipline ofdesire. SeeDesire Discipline of impulse. See Impulse Discipline ofjudgment. SeeJudgment
342
Index
Discourse, 79, 80, Sr, 82, 84-85, 8 -90. See also Dialectic; Inner discourse
Discourses (Epictetus), 5, 14, 26, 37, 50; compo sition o 6o-64; content of, 64, 83, 94-95,
1 16-1 1 7, 238, 269; quotations om, 66-69, 272
Di unction, 39, 43, 147-163
Distribution, ofportion, 218, 219, 221-222 Dodds, E . R. , 246-247
Dogma, 36-43, 50, 51, 6r, 67
Domitian, 60, 296, 298
Dorandi, Tiziano, 33
Duration, 136, 137
Duty, 72, 184, 190, 224, 225-226, 228. See also
Action, appropriate
Education, 4, 63-64, 74, 80-82, 96- 8, r6r, 225-227, 228
Egotism, 214, 215, 280
Ektos aitia (outer cause), 271
Eleusinian Mysteries, 2
Eloquence. SeeRhetoric
Emotion, 115-117, 180. See also Passion Empedocles, 55, rr9
Empiricism, r8r
Ends, kingdom of, 213
End (telos) vs. goal (skopos), 194-195 Epakolouthesis (necessary but nonessential conse-
quence), 52
Epaphroditus, 60
Epictetus, 159; and assent, I02-I03; and body
as corpse, 167; and city, 21 r; and commu nity, 2 1 5 ; and consequences, 1 9 1 ; and death, 66; and discipline of desire, 1 3 7- 1 3 8 , 1 4 3 ; and disjunction, 149; and dogma, 36; and du , 188, 190; and education, 226; and ego tism, 2 1 4; and Epicureanism, 5 8 ; and evil,
126-127, 207, 223-224; and exercise-theme, 82-IOo, IOI; and exteriority, I06; and fallibil ity, 286; and ult, 58; and resight, 206; and eedom, 208-209; and good, 126-127, 215; and ignorance, 223 -224; and impulse, 2 1 5 ; and indi erence, r I O ; and intention, 1 9 5 ; andjudgment, 50, 56, I07; andJunius Rus ticus, 17; andman, 211, 3u-312; andMar cus Aurelius, 82, 128, 131; and Moirai, 140; and Nature, 66; and obstacle, 209; and
Other, 121-122, 124; and philosophy, 4, IO, 190, 286; and pity, 224; and Plato, 223-224; andprovidence, 161; and reason, 66, 158, 181; and representation, 55, 56, I04, I05, ru;andreserveclause, 193,204;andsage,
r6 r; and self-circumscription, r r4; and self extent, 1 8 1 ; and soul, 66, 8 8 , 1 1 4; and spiri tual exercise, 50, 51, 243; stature o rr; and Stoicism, 16, 73, 82-IOo; teachings o 59- 66, 82-IOo; and three rules oflife, 69-70; andvalue, I09, 215, 218, 3u-312; andvir tue, 23 8; and whole-hearted action, r86; Manual, 6r, 99, I09, 1 14, 143. See also Dis courses (Epictetus)
Epicureanism, 58-59, 148-150, 151-152, 240, 308
Epicurus, 39, 43, 58-59
Equality, 2r9, 299
Eros, 76
Ete alRetu , 75-76, 144, 145, 267. Seealso
Repetition
Ethics, 73-74, 77, 78, 79, 80-82, 89, 90, 91, 94,
97. See also Morality
Eudemus ofPergamon, 19
Euripides, 142, 269
Event, 35-36, 38, 45, 47, 129, 138-139, 140-
141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146
Evil: apparent, 87; and Aristotle, 223; and as
sent, 125;anddependence, 86, r38;andDes tiny, 207; and Epictetus, 126-127, 207, 223- 224; and eedom, I07-I08; and ignorance, 223-225; andjudgment, 109, 223, 225; and
justice, 220; moral, 36-37, 39, 69, 73, 84, 86, I07-I09, 125, 138, 223-225; and Nature, 40; and necessary consequence, r 56; and phys ics, 94; and Plato, 223; and Reason, 88-89, I09; and Socrates, 74; and soul, ro8-I09; source o I 07
Exercise: and Danubian campaigns, 262; and death, 275; dialectical, 48-5r; and di culty, 204-209; and Epictetus, 50, 5r, 243; intellec tual vs. lived, 97; and obstacle, 270; philo sophical, 86- 8, 164; spiritual, 48-51, IOI, 243-244, 255, 312-313; and time, 131
Exercise-theme, 82-IOo, IOI, 232 Experience, 220
Exteriority, I 06
Fallibility, 286-287, 293, 295-296 Fame,40, 165, 175-176, 268. SeealsoGlo Family, 72
Farquharson, A. S. L. , 27, 65
Fate, 45. See also Destiny
Fault, 39, 57-58, 86
Faustina, r, 2, 252, 262, 283
Favorinus, 5 9
Favoritism, 2r8, 2r9
Index
343
Fire, 74, 75, 144, 199, 267 Flavius Boethius, l9 Foresight, 205-206, 208 Formula, 2 5 8-2 5 9
France, Anatole, l 3 3
Frankel, H. , 68, 69
Freedom, 71; and action, 200; and attention,
134; and body, 49; and causality, 1 14; and death, 275; and Destiny, 180; and Epictetus, 208-209; and ev , I07-I08; and resight, 208; and good, 71, 84, I07-I08; and guiding principle, 83-84, 89, I07, I08, 122; inner, 29l; and inner discourse, I06, I07; and in tention, 203; andjudgment, 40, 47; kinds o ! 22; and Nature, 54-55; and necessity, l I2; political, 298, 299-300; and present, l32; and Reason, 198; and self-consciousness, 179-180; and soul, 83, I06-I07; and Stoi cism, 89; and value, 171; ofviewpoint, I2l; and will, 199· See also Dependence
Frivolity, l 86-l 87
Franta, IO, 18,51, 188,257,259,27g-280;cor
respondence, l-2, 4-5, 6, 8, l l-12, 14, 16 Future, 206
Galen, 19, 60, 62; OnAntidotes, 250-251; On Becoming Aware ofPsychic Defects, 223
Gataker, Thomas, 23, 24, 25 Gavius Clarus, 27g-280 Generosity: SeeBenevolence Gentleness, 226-228, 229, 301-302 Gemet,J. , 3IO
Gesner, Andreas, 22
Gilliam,J. F. , 3
Gladiator, 304-305
Glory, 40, 268, 3 o r . See also Fame Goal, 185, 194-195, 241
God, 76, 95- 6, 156, 157, 179, 199-200. See also Daim n
Gods, 86, 148, l58, 236, 271
Goldschmidt, Victor, l IO, l l l ' l 37, 3 l 2 Good: and action, l l 8, l 89; and , 240; ap-
parent, 87; and Aristotle, 223; and assent, I2 5; and circumscribed sel ! 20; common, l18, 187; and community, 192, 210-2u,
2 1 5 ; and consciousness, 20 1 , 202; and de
pendence, 86, 138; and desire, 84, 91; and disinterest, 201; andEpictetus, ! 26-127, 215; and evil, 39; exte al, I20; and eedom, 71, 84, I07-I08; and God, l9g-200; and happi ness, 86, 201; and impulse, 84, 215; and in tention, 77, 193, 194, 195, l96; andjudg-
ment, ro9; and knowledge, 223-225; moral, 36-37, 39, 71, 84, I07-I09, 125, 138, 146, 189, 193, 195, 196, 201, 210-2II, 308; and natural nction, 20 1 ; and Nature, 202 ; and part, 201 ; perception of, 227; and physics, 94; and Plato, 126; and Reason, 78, 88-89, I09; and Socrates, 73-74, 126, 223; and soul, I08-I09; source o I07; and Stoicism, 36- 37; value o 146; and whole, 160, 201, 212, 2l9; and Zeno ofCitium, 75. See also Be nevolence
Good man, 35, 46, 78, 263, 265 Gorgemanns, H. , 13
Gran river, 261, 262
Grima! , Pierre, 247
Guiding principle, 45, 49, 52, 70; and assent, ! 28; and cause, 49; and contentment, 179; and desire, 89; and destiny, 1 14-I I5, 1 18; and emotion, l 16-1 17; and eedom, 83-84, 89, I07, I08, 122; and image, I01; and im pulse, 89, ! 28; and inner citadel, 122; and in nerdiscourse, ro6;andintellect, ll3; and
morality, 83-84; and Plutarch, I08; and rep resentation, 128; and self, 1 12, 121; and sen sation, I I6-1 17; soul as, I06; as theme, 264, 266, 271, 273; andvalue-judgment, I09-
I I0; and , 128
Hadot, I. , 9
Hadrian, l, 298, 302
Happiness, 42, 86, 146, 179, 189, 201, 238-242 Hardship, 132, 133, 207. SeealsoMis rtune;
Obstacle Harm, 39
Harmony, 79, 123, 142-143, 196, 211, 212, 227. See also Accord; Coherence
Hate, l 19
Havel, Vaclav, 306
Health, 71, 215
Hellenism, 7, 170
Helvidius Priscus, 296, 297, 298
Herodes Atticus, 51, 59, 65, 279 Herodian, 219, 300
Herrenius Senecion, 297 Hesiod, 272
Hierarchy, 88-89, 92- 3, 183, 21g-220, 221 Hierosgamos (sacredmarriage), 142, 230-231 Historia Augusta, 7, 8, 15, 21, 246, 247, 276,
288, 289, 294, 300, 302
History, 41, 177-178, 244-257 Holzmann, Wilhelm, 22, 24, 25, 26
Heraclitus, 54-55, 73-74, 253, 268
344
Index
Homer, 123 , 139, 272
Homoeides (identity; homogeneity) . See Homo-
geneity
Homogeneity, 41, 79, 176-178
H o n o r , 8 3
Horace, l l9
Horme, hormai (impulse). See Impulse Hugo, Victor, 36
Humanity. See Man
Idea, 78, 79
Ignorance, 39, 223-225
Image hantasia), ro1-ro2, ro3. SeealsoRepre
sentation
Imagery,259
Imagination, 47-48, 206, 254, 255, 256. See also
Representation
Immensity, cosmic, 172-179, 180, 253, 254,
255, 256
Impartiality, 218, 219
Impiety, 234, 235, 270. See also Piety
Impulse: and assent, 125, 129; and coherence,
1 30; and community, 87, 1 3 1 ; and depend ence, 87; discipline o 90, 93, 94, 99, 1 3 1 ; as dogma, 46; and Epictetus, 70, 215; and eth ics, 90, 9 1 , 94; and good, 84, 2 1 5 ; and guid ing principle, 89, 128; and hierarchy, 93; and human nature, 129; and inner discourse, 84; andjustice, 238; originary, 154-156, 158, l60, l68,220;andpresent, l3l;andreason, 238; and rules oflife, 44; and society, 99; and soul, 86, 8 8 ; and Stoicism, 70; teaching on, 94; and will, l28. See also Action; Will
Independence. See Freedom
Indi erence, 86; and beauty, l70; and co u
nity, 86; and dependence, ro8, 151; and de sire, l 18, IJS; and Destiny, 189; and Epictetus, no; and event, 142; and innate tendency, 190; and intention, 193; andjudg ment, ro9; and Lavelle, 222-223 ; and moral ity, 222; and Nature, 71, 87; and politics, 71- 72; and providence, 162; and society, 217; and Stoicism, 71; andtime, 13 l; andvalue,
2 1 5
Indispensability, l87
Individual: and egotism, 214; and merit, 220-
221; and Providence, 156-163, 220-221, 222, 285; value o 218-219; vs. universal, 212
Infallibility, l92 In nity, 40, 255-256 Innate disposition, 222
Innate tendency, l 89-l90, 202
Inner citadel, r o7, l 20, l 22
Inner dialogue, 88
Inner discourse, 89; and assent, 125; and desire,
8 4 ; a n d e v e n t , l 3 8 ; a n d fa l s e v a l u e , I I O ; a n d eedom, 106, ro7; and guiding principle, ro6; and impulse, 84; and present, 1 3 8 ; and representation, 84-86, ro3; and sensation, ro2, ro4; and Stoicism, 50. See also Dis course
Inner disposition, l 46, l 47, 29 l
Instinct, l89, 202
Intellect:of l, 21l;andAristotle, 123;and
body, 39; divine, 211, 212; and guiding prin ciple, ll3;andjudgment, rl3;pathof,269- 270; and Plotinus, 124; and re ection, l 13; as theme, 272; ofWhole, 220
Intention, 187, 193-200, 202, 203, 213, 242 Interwoven composition, 264, 268, 269, 271,
272
Involuntary movement, l 16 Irrationality, 145
Jesus Christ, l 24, 202
Joly,Jean-Pierre de, 26-27, 34
Joy. See Happiness
Judgn1ent, 39, 84-86; and body, 49; discipline
o 45, 47, 68, 69, 90, 93, 99, 216; dogma o 41; and Epictetus, 50, 56, ro7; and evil, ro9, 223,225; eedomo 40,47;andgood, ro9; and image hantasia), ro3 ; and indi erence,
109; and inner dialogue, 8 8 ; and intellect,
1 13; and logic, 90, 91; and morality, I09-
1 r o; and Nature, 72; and passion, 223 ; and reality, 232; and Reason, 89, 99; and repre sentation, 56, 93, ro3; and rules oflife, 44, 46; and Socrates, 74; as theme, 268; and value, 216; and vanity, 56. See also Rational ity; Re ection (dianoia); Value-judgment Junius Rusticus, 5, 8-1 1 , 14, 16, 17, 19, 37, 59, 61, 65-66, 282, 284-285
Justice, 218-223; and action, 134, 234, 235; and Aeschylus, 233; and Antoninus Pius, 301; aristocratic, 2 1 9; and choice, 222; and Des
tiny, 221; and discipline ofaction, 134, 234, 235; divine, 219-223; and evil, 220; and im pulse, 238; and merit, 299; and morality,
222; and Nature, 219, 234, 236-237; and ob stacle, 219; and Plato, 88; and politics, 306;
and reason, 219; and rules oflife, 35, 44; and service, 220; and Stoicism, 219, 233; and value, 218; as virtue, 232. See also Law
Index 345
Justin: Apology, 1 9 Juvenal: Satires, 297
Kairos (right moment), 143
Kalan (moral good), 37. See also Good
Kant, Immanuel, l ro, 213, 230, 309; Critique of
PracticalReason, 181-182
Kataleptikos (comprehensive; adequate), 84-85 Kathekon, kathekonta (duty; appropriate action),
86, 1 8 8 . See also Action, appropriate Kephalaia (chapter-head), 38-41, 67 Kingdom, of ends, 2 1 3 , 2 3 0
Knowledge, 42, 74, 77, 78, 79, 125-126, 223-
225. See also Philosophy, parts of
Lachesis, l 39
Laconians. See Sparta
Language, 51-53, 62
Lavelle, Louis, 222-223, 227
Law, 42, 155-156, 183-184, 221, 299. Seealso
Justice
Leonidas ofTarentum, 253
Liberty, 40, 49
Li , 13, 35-36, 43-47, 48, 66, 68, 6 -70, 81-
82, 89-90
L e ofMarcus Aurelius. See Historia Augusta
Logic : and Aristo, 72; and assent, 9 1 ; discourse about, 89; and education, 97-98; andjudg ment, 90, 91; lived, 81-82, 89, 90-91; and representation, 97, 98; and Stoicism, 79; theme o 97 8; theoretical vs. lived, 89, 90- 91; theoretical vs. practical, 97-98; theory of, 81; and time, 80
Logos, 74, 79. See also Reason
Lot, Ferdinand, 3
Love, l 19; of , 212; and community, 229-
23 l; and cosmos, 142; ofDestiny, 144, 145; andevent, 143;andhappiness,242; rhu manity, 183; and Nature, 230-231; r neigh bor, 229-23l; and providence, 162; and rea son, 229-230, 231; and Seneca, 231; and Stoicism,231;andWhole, 142
Lucian, 59-60; Charon or The Overseers, 174- 175; Episkopountes, l75; Icaromenippus ("The Man Who Rose Above the Clouds"), 173- 174
Lucilla (daughter ofMA), 19, 276
Lucius, l5-16
Lucius Gellius, 65
Lucius Verus, l, 2, 4, 19-20, 247, 248, 252,
276, 283 , 288, 294, 302 Lucretius, 52, 178
M. Vetulenus Civica Barbarus, 1 9
Mach, E. , 141
Malevolence. See Evil
Man, humanity: and , 92; as beast, l50; and
body, 201, 214; conduct toward, 208; and Epictetus, 211, 3rr-312; good, 35, 46, 78, 263,265;andimpulse, 129;love r, 183;na ture of, 44, 129, 214, 239, 3 12; and reason, 76, 78, 1 5 1 , 2 1 1 , 3 12; unhappiness o 42; value o J I r . See also Community; Society
Marcomanni, 2, 261
Marcus Annius Verus. See Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius: career, I-3, II, 17-20; corre-
spondence with Fronto, l-2, 4-5, 6, 8, 1 1- 12, 14, 16; and dream, 246-247; as Emperor, 217, 218, 267, 268, 300; and Epictetus, 82, 128, 1 3 1 ; mily, l; intention of, 30-3 1 ; and language, 51; and opium, 250-257; personal ity o 288-290; as philosopher, 3-20; psy chology of, 244-257, 285-287; reputation,
1 8; on self, 1 1-12, 286-288; and sincerity, 288-290; and solitude, 290-296; and writing, 5l,53
Marius Maximus, 2 8 8
Marriage, sacred, 142, 230-23l
Martins Verus, 2
Materialism, 7 3 , 74
Matidia, 18
Matter, 40, 46, 49, 166-167, 268, 273 Maximus. See Claudius Maximus
Maximus ofTyre, 255
Meaning, 107
Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 21-34, 243-306;
autobiography in, 260-263, 267, 268, 270, 271, 275-288, 291-296; and chronology, 260-263; composition of, 261-263; as "Con fessions," 277-288; genre of, 23, 24, 25-28, 29-34;andlanguage,51-53;aspersonal notes, 30-34; quotations in, 30; relevance of, 307-313; structure of, 263-275, 278; style of, 257-260; text of, 21-23, 24-25, 28-29; themesin,263-275;titleof,23-25
Menander, 56
Merit, 218, 219, 220-221, 299. See also Value Mesomedes, 236
Metamorphosis, 40, 48, 55, 171-172, 205-206,
267, 268, 270, 272. See also Trans rmation Meteorology, 6 1
Metrodorus, 2 5 5
Misch, G . : Histo o fAutobiography, 27 Mis rtune, 206-207, 208
Moirai, 1 3 9- 1 40
Index
onarchy, 296, 299
onimus the Cynic, 56
orality, 8; and choice, 121; and dialectic, 85;
di culty of, 289; and indi erence, 222; and judgment, ro9-1ro; andjustice, 222; and Nature, 1 3 0; and physics, 64; and present,
137, 146, 147; progress in, 58, 222, 304; and repulsiveness, 168; and sel 120-121, 181; and Stoicism, 124; as theme, 268; and tran scendence, 311; and value, 167, 171
usonius Ru s, 7, 8, 16, 60, 298
Nakedness, 164, 165
Nature, 8, 39; and acceptance, 91- 2; accord
o 1 50; and action, 201-202; and , 242; and Aristotelianism, 1 5 4-1 5 5 ; and cause, 47, 138, 271; and Chrysippus, 94, 130; and co herence, 75-76; cohesion o I 50; and death, 275; and desire, 95, 128-130; divine, 219; Epictetus o n , 6 6 ; and evil, 40; miliarity with, 55, 170-171; ur kinds o 183-184; and eedom, 54-55; as goddess, 236; and Good, 202; and happiness, 240-24 1 ; and har mony, 79; and human nature, 128-130, 266, 2 6 7 ; a n d i m p i e t y , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 7 0 ; a n d i n d i e r ence, 71, 87; and innate tendency, 189, 190;
judgment of, 72; andjustice, 219, 234, 236- 237; knowledge o 42; and law, 56, 1 83- 184;li accordingto,215;andlove,230- 23 r; and morality, 130; and obstacle, 199; and originary impulse, 154-156, 158, 160,
168; and perspective, I 12, 164, 168, 173; and physical de nition, ro5; and Plato, 241; as providence, 148; and reason, 78, II8, I30, 2II; andrepetition, 41; and rules oflife, 44; andStoicism,43, 154-155;andtemperance, 235, 236; as theme, 270; and truth, 234-235, 236;unityo 43, 171;universal,40,43,86,
I 12, 128-130, 168, 173, 234-235, 236, 266, 267; vegetative, I 84; and Whole, 220; will o 55; Zeus as, 158
Necessity, 74, ro7, 1 12, 157. See also Conse- quence
Neopythagoreanism, 2 5 5
Nero, 296
Nerva, 296, 298, 299
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 144, I45 Nonn, transcendent, 121, 124
Object, 155, 198. See also End; Goal Objectivity, 44, ro1-ro4, 105, ro9-1u, 131,
164, 310-JlI
Obstacle: and action, 204; and death, 275; and dependence, 209; and Destiny, 204, 209; and Epictetus, 209; and exercise, 270; andjustice, 219; and Nature, 199; and Reason, 270; and resignation, 209; as virtue, 197-199. Seealso Di culty; Hardship; Mis rtune
Old Academy. See Platonism Old Stoa, 82, 130
Oilier, F. , 7-8
Opinion, 56
Orexis (desire), 45, 70, 83. See also Desire Origen, 60, 161
Other, I 15, 121-122, 124
Ovid, 254
Paetus Thrasea, 296, 297, 298
Pain, 39, 83, 116, 128, 154, 155, 162 Pamphila, 32, 34
Panaetius, 82, 238
Pantheia, 276
Parcai, r39-140
Part, 133-134, 165, 201, 214, 311
Parthians, 2
Pascal, Blaise, 124, 155, 255-256; Pensees, 181 P a s s i o n , 8 6 , 9 3 , 1 2 8 , 1 6 8 , 1 8 3 , 2 2 3 . S e e a l s o
Emotion
Path, 241, 269-270
Pelops, 247
Perception,84, IOI, I16, 137, 227. SeealsoSen-
sation
Perseverance, 8
Person. See Individual
Perspective: and aesthetics, 170; and beauty,
171; and Cicero, 162; cos c, 171; and cos mic immensity, 172-179; and death, 175; eedomo 121;ofGod,95- 6;individual vs. impersonal, 162; individual vs. universal, 212;andNature, 112, 164, 168, 173;and providence, 162; and repetition, 177-178; and self-consciousness, 1 8 1 ; and value, 167- 168
Pessimism, 163-179, 245, 246
Petit, Paul, 245
Phantasia (image) . See Image
Phantasia (representation) . See Representation Philip of acedon, 3 0 5
Philo, 2 5 5
Philo o fAlexandria, 7 1 , 205
Philosopher: and Aristotle, 1 70; and beauty,
170; education of, 96- 8, 161; and Epictetus, 190; idea of, 4-5; and sage, 77; and Socrates, 76; Stoic, 76-77
Index
347
Philosophy: andAntoninusPius, 302; andAr rian ofNicomedia, 61; and coherence, 246- 247; and court life, 267, 29 l-296; discourse on, 81; and education, 63-64, 74, 96- 8, 161; and Epictetus, 4, IO, 190, 286; Fronto on, 18; initiation into, 9; language o 52; as lived, 5, 35, 76-77, 81-82, 93, 98, 285; parts of, 77-82, 89- 8; and Plato's Republic, 303- 304; teaching of, 79-82, 96- 8; as theme,
35; theoryvs. practice, 98;training r, 86-88 Philostratus: Images, 247
Photius, 64
Physics: and Aristo, 72; and consequence, 168-
170; and desire, 91, 92, 94-97, 142; and edu cation, 96- 7; and Epictetus, 64; and good andevil, 94; andHeraclitus,73; andlife, 8l- 82, 89- 0;andMarcusAurelius,72;andmo rality, 64; and Platonism, 77; and Seneca, 150-151; and Stoicism, 49, 78 79; Stoic vs. Epicurean, 148-150, 151-152; teaching o 80-82; theory o 8l
Physis, meanings o l 84, 240
Piety, l34. See also Impiety
Pity, l57, 224-225
Plato, 79, 123; and anger, 233; and Brutus, 298;
and contemplation, 255; and desire, 233; and Dio, 297; and Epictetus, 223-224; and evil, 223; and good, 126, 223; andjustice, 88; and Nature, 24 1 ; and Parcai, 1 3 9; and political equality, 219; and politics, 297; and reason, 89, 121, 233; and Republic, 222, 303-306; and soul, 88, 233; and virtue, 232-233, 234; Works: Apology, 57, 74; E hth Letter, 299; Phaedo, 298; R ublic, 57, 66, 88, 233, 234; Symposium, 76, 77; Theaetetus, 57, 290; Timaeus, 123
Platonism, 57, 77, 79
Pleasure, 39, 76, 83, 116, 128, 150, 240
Pliny the Younger, 7
Plotinus, 124, 170, 202-203
Plutarch, 34, 89, 108, 253-254, 297; On Stoic
Self-Contradictions, 80; On the Tranquillity
the Soul, 32
Pneuma (breath) . See Vital breath
Politics, 71 72, 165, 189, 190, 219, 233, 296-
306
Portion, distribution of, 218, 219, 221-222 Posidonius, 82
Position, 83
Posterity, l 6 5
Poverty, 71
Present, II 5, ll9; and action, l96; and assent,
131; andattention, 137; andChrysippus,
146; circumscription o 131-137; concentra tion on, 206, 207, 3 12; and consciousness, 137; and consent, 132, 145, 146; and death, 147; and desire, 131; and event, 138; and eedom, 132; and harmony, 196; and im pulse, l3 l; and inner discourse, l 3 8; and in ner disposition, 146, 147; and kairos (right moment), 143; and morality, 137, 146, 147; andpolitics, 303; andrepresentation, 137; and Seneca, 146; and Stoicism, 135; and value-judgment, l 3 I . See also Time
Preservation. See Sel preservation of Principle, guiding. SeeGuidingprinciple Probability, 77, 191-192, 193
Providence, 39, 40, 159-160; andacceptance,
162;andconsent, 162;constrainton, 154- 1 5 5 ; and Destiny, 1 4 8 ; and Epictetus, 1 6 1 ; general, 160-161; immanent, 156; imper sonal, 156-163, 285; and indi erence, 162;
andindividual, 156-163, 220-221, 222, 285; and love, 162; and Nature, 148; and perspec tive, 162; andpity, r57; and representation, 162; and sage, 161; and Seneca, 157; and Stoicism, 39, 144-145; and subjectivity, 162; vs. atoms, 39-40, 147-163, 265, 308
Prudence, 232, 233
Psychology, 205, 226-227, 244-257 Pyrrho, 7 1
Pythagoreanism, 58
Quadi, 2, 261, 262 Quintillian, 52
Rabbow, Paul, 256
Realism, 167, 170
Reality: and assent, 232; constitution of, 268;
andDestiny, 232; homogeneity of, 79; knowledge o 77; and representation, 104; three aspects o 82; three domains of, 44; three rms of, 232; unity o l4T
Reason, 124, 140, 159; accord with, 148, 149, 308-309; and action, 1 85, 202; and All, 240; and appropriateness, 86; and cause, 1 5 3 : and city, 75; and coherence, 75, 100; and com munity, 40, 78, 86, 211, 212, 213, 229-230; and consciousness, I 16; and consent, 145, 148, 149; and cosmos, 82, 100; and decep tion, 97; and desire, 92; and determinate ob
ject, 1 5 5 ; deviation om, 76- 7; and dia logue, 74; divine, 78, 139; and emotion, l 16; and Epictetus, 66, 158, 181; and evil, 88-89,
I ndex
Reason (continued)
109; culty o 184; and eedom, 198; and gen eness, 227; and God, 76, I 56; and good, 78, 88-89, 109; as guide, 268; and happiness, 240; and harmony, 79; and imagination, 206; immanence o 166; and impulse, 238; inner, r 59; and instinct, 1 89; and intention, 203 ; andjudgment, 89, 99; andjustice, 219; kinds o 74-75, 78, l2I; law of, 42; and love, 229- 230, 231; and man, 76, 78, 151, 211, 312;
and matter, 166; and Nature, 78, II8, 130, 2u;andnecessity, 150-151;andobstacle, 270; opposition to, 54-55; and parts ofphi
losophy, 78; path o 269; and Plato, 89, 121, 233; and sage, 76, 77; and self, 121, 146, 180- 181; seminal, 156; and society, 75; as theme, 272; and three aspects ofreality, 82; unity of, 74-75, 78; universal, 40, 82, 99, 121, 130,
145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 153, 180-181, 308- 309; and universe, 40; and Whole, 99;
and world, 40; Zeus as, 1 5 8 . See alsoJudg ment
Rectitude, 3 5-36
Reeves, Hubert, 141
Reflection (dianoia), 102, ro8, 113, 123, 185.
See alsoJudgment
Renan, E. , 27-28, 244-245, 287-288, 293, 294,
307-308, 309
Repetition, 40, 41, 48-49, 51, 75, 177-178. See
also Ete al Retu
Representation, 37, 43, 44, 45, 50, 52, 70, 88;
adequate, 101-104, 105, ro -1rr, 131, 154; andassent, 85, 87-88, 97, 125, 128; and Chrysippus, uo; comprehensive, 125; and consequence, I 54; and cosmic immensity, 254, 255; criticism of, 132-133; and dogma,
50; and Epictetus, 55, 56, 104, 105, 1 1 1; and exteriority, ro6;andguidingprinciple, 128; and inner discourse, 84-86, 103; andjudg ment, 56, 93, 103; and logic, 97, 98; objec tive, 101-104, 105, 109-111, IJI, 164; and passion, 93; and present, I 37; and provi dence, 162; and reality, 104; and rhetoric, 256; and Seneca, 254; and sensation, 102; and Stoicism, 50, 254; and time, IJI. See also Image; Imagination
Repulsiveness, 154, 155, 162, 168
Reserve clause, 193-194, 204-209, 215 Resignation, 209-210
Respect, 226, 229
Responsibility, 57, 183
Result, l90-I9I, I97. SeealsoConsequence
Reuchelin, Johannes: De arte cabalistica, 22
Reward, 20 1
Rhetoric, ro, r 8
Rist, ]. M. , 245
River (metaphor), 252-254 Rogatianus, 4
Rule (kanon), 67
Rutherford, R. B. , 13, 257, 280
Sage, 76, 77, 78; and beauty, 170; education o 161;andemotion, 116, 117;andEmpedo cles, 1 19; and Epictetus, 161; and individual providence, 161; and infallibility, 192; and reason, 76, 77; and reserve clause, 193, 194; andSeneca, I 17, 194, 196, 205; and sensa tion, 102-103; and success, 194, 196. See also Philosopher
Satis ction, 143
Saying, 257, 265, 270
Scaevola, 9
Schaerer, Rene, 126
Schopenhauer, Arthur, r 78
Seed, 155-156
Sel 123, 124; attentionto,203, 215; andbody,
II3, 114, 120, 180; and choice, 75, 179-180; circumscription o 112-125, 131; andcoher ence, 75, 76, 130-131, 212; and community, 1 18; and conscience, 181; and consciousness, 1 20, 1 7 -1 80, 1 8 1 , 203 ; and cosmic immen sity, 180; andDestiny, 114-115, II7-II8, I80; discovery of, III-II2; and emotion, I80; empiricalvs. moral, I8I; andEpictetus, II4, 181; extentof, 181; and eedom, 179- 180; and good, 120; and guiding principle,
1 12, 121; limitation o 181; and morality, 120-121, 181; preservation o 75, 86, 87, n4, 155, 189,212;andReason, 121, 146, 180-181; and Stoicism, 212; two kinds o 120; andvital breath, ISo
Seneca, 7, 9, 14, 52, 75, 99; andaction, 199, 216; and Cato, 298; and color, 199; and cos mic i ensity, 253; and disjunction, 149, 151-152; and emotion, 1J7; andEpicurean ism, 58; and gladiators, 304, 305; and happi ness, 239; and love, 23 r; and obsession with ture, 206; andpity, 225; andpresent, 146; andprovidence, I57; andrealism, 167; and representation, 254; and reserve clause, 193- 194, 205; and sage, I 17, 194, 196, 205; and Stoic vs. Epicurean physics, 150-151; and success, 194, 196;andtime, II5;andvalue,
Index
349
216; and value of man, 311; and virtue, 240;
and wisdom, 239; and Zeus, 157-158 Sensation, ror, 102-103, 104, 116-117, 184.
See also Perception
Sensible world, 79
"Sentences ofDemocratus," 55
Serenity, 35-36, 38, 187, 198, 209, 302 Sergius Paulus, 19
Seriousness, ofaction, 185-188
Service, 183, 187, 200, 201, 220 Severus. SeeClaudiusSeverusArabianus Sextus Empiricus, ro6, r14
Sextus ofChaeronea, 14-16, 37
Simplicius, 60
Si ium, 262, 263
Skepticism, 71, 1 14
Skopos (goal), 194-195
Society: and appropriate actions, r90; and dis
course, 82; and impulse, 99; and indi er ence, 217; and instinct, 189; and Platonism, 7 8 ; and Reason, 7 5 ; and soul, 2 3 3 ; and Stoi cism, 78, 216-217; and value, 216-217; vs. philosophy, 267. See also Community
Socrates, 57, 61, 73-74, 76, 123, 125-126, 223
Song, r34
Souda, 15, 22, 24, 26
Souilhe, J. , 63
Soul: and action, 83, 86; as air, ro6; and body,
rr3-r14; and choice, 83; and desire, 86, 88; and Destiny, 83; and Epictetus, 66, 88, r 14; and eedom, 83, 106-107; and good/evil, 108-109; greatness of, 209; as guiding princi ple, ro6; and impulse, 86, 88; and Plato, 88, 233; and politics, 233; self-modi ing, 108- 109; and sensation, ror-104; and society, 233; as theme, 272-273; three operations o 44, 83-88; three parts of, 88; and three rules oflife, 70; ofworld, r55
Sparta, and Stoicism, 7, 8
Sphairos, 55, r19
Spinoza, Baruch, 201
Statius Priscius, 2
Stoicism: and acceptance, 144-145; and Aris
totle, 73, 74, 79; and austerity, 7; and body
vs. soul, 1 1 3-1 1 4; and cause, 79; and choice, 89; and circumscription, l20; and contempla tion, 255; and cosmic immensity, 253; and courage, 233; and Destiny, 144-145; devel opment of, 64; and dialectic, 73, 78, 79; and dogma, 37, 61; and duty/appropriate action, 188-190; and Epictetus, r6, 73, 82-roo;
and Epicureanism, 58-59; and ethics, 78,
79; and llibility, 286-287; and ult, 57-58; and eedom, 89; as ndamental, 3r0-312; general characteristics o 73 7: and gladi ators, 304; and goal, 241; and Helvidius Pris cus, 298; and Heraclitus, 54-55, 73; and im pulse, 70; and indi erence, 71; and inner discourse, 50; andjustice, 219, 233; and love, 231; and morality, 124; and Nature, 43, 154- r55; and Paetus Thrasea, 298; and Parcai, 139;andphysics,49,78-79, 148-150, 151- 152; andpresent, 135; andProvidence, 39, 144-145; and prudence, 233; and repre sentation, 50, 254; and responsibility, 57; and sel 120, 212; and self-modi ing soul, ro8; and self-preservation, 212; and society, 78, 216-217; and Socrates, 73-74; and spiritual exercise, 243 ; and temperance, 23 3 ; and theme, 90; and three rules oflife, 70; and time, 59; and value, 215; and virtue, 79, 232, 2 3 3 ; and wisdom, 5 7-5 8 ; and world a s city, 43
Strength, 232
Subdisjunction, r52
Subjectivity, 88, 104, 105, 109, 154, 162, 167-
168
Success, 194, 196
Suicide, r9l
Suitability. See Action, appropriate Sumbainein, translation of, l 3 8- l 3 9 Syllogism, 72, 97, 98, 103
Tacitus, 299; e ofAgricola, 296-297 Tang Zhen, 3 I I
Teaching, 80
Telos (end), 194-195
Temperance, 88, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238
Tendency, innate, 1 89, 202 Theater, 1 47
Theiler, W. , 261
Theme. See Exercise, philosophical Themistius, 9, 21, 24, 61 Theophrastus, 5 7
Theophylactus Simocattes, 24
Theorema (dogma), 37
Theory, 42, 72, 79, 81, 89- o, 93, 97 8, 271-
272
Theriac, 250
Thompson, Francis, 141 Thought, 40, 49 Thucydides: Histories, r77
350 Index
Time, 1 19, 255; and action, 196; and Chrysip pus, 135, 136; circumscription o 131-137; and death, 135-137, 186-187; and depend ence, 131; anddestiny, 136; andEpicurean ism, 59; and exercise, 131; and indi erence, 13 1; logical vs. psychological, 80; obsession with, 206; and perception, 137; and rules of life, 46; and Seneca, 1 1 5; and Stoicism, 59; value of, 188. See also Present
Titus Arista, 12, 14
Trajan, 298, 302 Transcendence, 193, 202, 3 1 1 Transcendent Norm, 1 2 1 , 1 24 Transcendent wo d, 79
T r a n s r m a t i o n , 7 4 , 1 5 5 . S e e a l s o M e t a m o r p h o sis
Truth, 125, 224, 234-236, 237 Tyranny, 280, 298, 299
Uncertainty, 190-193
Unconsciousness, 54
Uni rmity. See Homogeneity
Unity: ofall things, 2 1 3 ; of consciousness, 1 16;
ofcosmos, l 19, 141; ofNature, 43, 171; of reality, 141; andreason, 74-75, 78; and sphai s, 119; ofWhole, 230
Universal vs. individual, 212
Universe, 123; determinate, 155; rationality o
40; and seed, 155-156; trans rmation of, 74;
unity of, 1 19. Seealso Cosmos Use lness, 192
Value: andaction, 215-216; degrees of, 215; andDestiny,221;andDiogenesofBabylon, 221; and divine law, 221; and Epictetus, 109, 215, 218; false, 1 10; and eedom, 171; and good, l46;andhealth,2l5;hierarchyof, 183, 21 -220, 221; and indi erence, 215; of individual, 218-219; and inner discourse,
1 10; andjudgment, 216; andjustice, 218; andlaw,221;ofman,3ll; andmetamor phosis, 172; and morality, 167, 171; and per spective, 167-168; pleasure as, 150; relative, 189; and Seneca, 216, 3n; and society, 216- 217; and Stoicism, 215; and subjectivity, 167- 168; and wealth, 2l 5. See also Merit
Value-judgment, 52, 83, 103, 105; and action, 127; and assent, 127; criticism o 125, 132- 133; and dependence, 111-112; and desire, 127;andguidingprinciple, 109-110;and knowledge, 126; and pain, 1 16; and pleasure,
I I 6; and present, 1 3 1 ; and sensation, I I 6; and subjectivity, 109. SeealsoJudg-
ment
VanE enterre, H. , 247-249, 252 Vanity, 48, 56, 57
Vaticanus Graecus 1950 (manuscript), 22, 28 Veracity, 35-36
Vice, 86, 125-126, 168
Viewpoint. See Perspective
Ville, G. , 304
Villon, Franvois, 275
Virtue: and discipline ofaction, 238; and disci
pline of desire, 23 8; and Epictetus, 23 8; and guiding principle, 237; and happiness, 86;
a n d k n o w l e d g e , 1 2 5 - 1 2 6 , 2 2 3 ; l i fe w i t h o u t , 48; and MA's relationships, 278; and moral evil, 69; and Nature, 215; obstacle as, 197- 199; as own reward, 201, 240; and rules of life, 45; and Seneca, 240; Socratic, 73-74; and Stoicism, 79, 232, 233; and three disci plines, 232-238
Vital breath, l l 3 ' l 14, I I 5-I I 6, l So Voelke, A. -J. , 92
Voltaire, 175
Wang-Fou-chih, 310-3l l Wealth, 71, 74, 83, 215
Weaving (as image), 139-140, 141 Wendland, P. , 245
Whole, 95; and coherence, 130-13 l; consent to, 143; and good, 160, 201, 212, 219; and ham1ony, 142-143; Intellect o 220; and love, 142; and Nature, 220; and part, 201, 214,3ll; andReason,99;unityo 230. See also
Will, 38, 83; accord o 213; and acts ofsoul, 83;andcommunity, 13I; anddependence, 83; and desire, 128; andDestiny, 180; disci pline o 131; divine, 134, 142, 143; and event, 143; and eedom, 199; and guiding principle,128;identi cationwith,143;and impulse, 128; and intention, 213; ofNature, 55; and object, 198; personal vs. divine, 142; and piety, 134; and transcendence, 193, 202. See also Impulse
Williams, W. , 260, 295
Wisdom, 57-58, 76, 77, 81, 233, 239 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 147
Wo d: City o 42-43, 211-212, 214, 239, 291;
consentto, 145;discoveryo lll-l12; bri cation o 54; matter o 268; mind or soul
Index 351
o 155, 158; origin o 43; rationality o 40; repetition of, 7 5 ; sensible vs. intelli-
gible, l 82; unity o 40, 43 .
58. On the documents we possess about this trial, see ]. H. Oliver, "Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civil and Cultural Policy in the East, " in Hesperia, Supple ment XIII, 1970. For a French translation of the documents, see S. Follet, " Lettre de Marc Aurele aux Atheniens (EM 1 3 3 66) : nouvelles lectures et inter pretations," Revue dephilologie, 53 (1979): 29-43. On the rst ofthese trials, see Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar, III, 3 ; p. 37, 5 Van den Hout = vol. I, pp. 59 Haines. On the relations between Marcus and Herodes Atticus, see Bowersock, Greek Sophists, pp. 49, 94-100.
59. Fronto,AdVerumImper. ,I,6,p. III, 17VandenHout=vol. II,p. 154 Haines .
60. Fronto, Ad Amicos, I, 3, p. 173, 28 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 280 Haines.
6r. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 4, p. 234, 13 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. I 8 Haines.
62. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 229.
63. On the rst book ofthe Meditations, see the excellent book by F. Marti- nazzolli, La "Successio " di Marco Aurelio (Bari, 1 9 5 1 ) .
64. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, I O .
65. See R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 132.
66. Renan, p. 36.
67. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, 6.
68. On Marius Maximus, see R. Syme, Emperors and Biography (Oxford,
1971), pp. 1 1 3-1 14.
69. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4-5.
70. Ibid. , 30, 2.
7 r . Historia Augusta, , XX, 5 .
72. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4.
73. Histo a Augusta, Avidius Cassius, I, 8.
74. Institut. Justin. , III, I I , r, quoted by W. Williams, in Jou al of Roman
Studies, 66: 80; c£ G. Cortassa, Scritti di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1984), p. 574
Notes to Pages 296-306 337
(Greek and Latin texts with Italian translation of all the works of Marcus Aure lius) .
75. On these gures, see R. MacMullen, Enemies ofthe Roman Order (Cam bridge, Mass. , 1966), pp. I- 4·
76. The emperor Julian compares the gures of Cato and Dio of Syracuse, because oftheir unhappy te (To Themistius, 3, 256a).
77. Plutarch, Dio, 5, S, 96ob; 7, r, 96oe; S, l, 961b; 17, 6, 965a; 47, l-9, 97S-979; 52, r-3, 9So-9Si.
7S. Seneca, On the Constancy ofthe Sage, VII, l; On Providence, II, 9
79. Plutarch, Cato the Younger, 67-6S, 792-793.
So. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 2, 19; IV, l, 123.
SI. On these questions, see P. A. Brunt, "Stoicism and the Principate," Papers
of the British School at Rome, 43 (1975): 7-35; R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, pp. 59-So (an excellent study of"The Stoics and the Empire").
S2. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 33, 2.
S3. Historia Augusta, MA, XXII, 3; VIII, I .
S4. Herodian, Histo ofthe Empire, I , 2 , 4; and cf F. Millar, The Emperor in the
Roman World (London, 1977), pp. 271-27i. In his pre ce to the Loeb edition of Herodian (p. ), C. R. Whittaker emphasizes the relations between the ide ology of Herodian and the tradition which goes back to Claudius Severus.
S 5 . H i s t o r i a A ug u s t a , MA , X I I , I .
S6. See P. Hadot, "F rstenspiegel," Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum, vol. VIII, sc. 60 (1970), pp. 555-632.
S7. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. roS.
SS. Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius, XII, 6.
S9. Historia Augusta, MA, VIII, I .
90. Since Alexander and Philip were great conquerors, the context rces us
to conclude that the Demetrius mentioned here is not the statesman and Aristo telian philosopher Demetrius of Phaleron, but the Macedonian conqueror De metrius Poliorcetes, the "taker ofcities. " The reading "ofPhaleron," attested by manuscripts A and T, is a gloss which has been incorporated into the text, as had been suspected by H. Schenkl and G. Cortassa.
9i. Cicero, Orator, I, 230.
92. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, 2, I, S; Plutarch, Phocion, 3, 2, 742£
93. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 95, 33.
94. G . Ville, Gladiature en Occident des origines a la mort de Domitien (Rome,
l9S2), pp. 462, 4S2.
95. Historia Augusta, MA, XXIII, 5 .
96. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 29, 3 .
97. Reading hosepronomeia (pronoia AT).
9S. Vaclav Havel, Meditations d'he (Paris, 1992), p. 137 [published in English
as Vaclav Havel, Summer Meditations, trans. Paul Wilson, New York: Vintage Books, 1993 -Trans. ].
Notes to Pages 3 07-3 1 2
Conclusion
I . Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, II, §168; vol. 2, p. 446 Colli/Mon- tanari.
2. Renan, p. 166.
3. Ibid. , p. 162.
4. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, 2nd section
[= p. 42 1 in the edition of the Konigliche Preussische Akademie der Wissen schaft (Berlin, 1902-1938) -Trans. ].
5 . ]. Gernet, Chine et christianisme (Paris, 19912), p. 193 ·
6. ]. Gernet, "La sagesse chez Wang-Fou-tche, philosophe chinois du XVII0 siecle," in Les Sagesses du monde (Paris, 1991), p. 103.
7. Ibid. , p. 103.
8. Tang Zhen, Ecrits d'un sage encore inconnu, trans. L. Gernet (Paris, 1991), p. 97.
9. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 95, 3 3 .
IO. Goldschmidt, Systemestoi'cien, pp. 216-218.
INDEX
Acceptance, 35-36, 38, 91- 2, 143, 144-145, 148, 162
Accessory consequence. See Consequence, ac cessory
Accord, 75, 150, 213, 308. Seealso Harmony Action: appropriate, 72, 86, 94, 188-190; and
community, 40, 184-185, 18 -190, 235; and completeness, 195-198; discipline o 40, 68, 69, 134, 183-231, 234, 235, 238, 266, 306; and discipline ofdesire, 184-185, 204, 214, 266; elimination o r87-188; and Epictetus, 68; and eedom, 200; and good, I I 8, 1 89; and happiness, 240; indispensable, 1 87; and
justice, 134, 234, 23 5; and Nature, 201-202; and obstacle, 204; and politics, 1 90, 3 06; and present, lr9; and Reason, 185, 202; and rules ofli , 46; and Seneca, r99, 216; and soul, 83, 86; and time, 196; and value, 215- 216; and value-judgment, 127; and virtue, 238; whole-hearted, 1 86, 1 87. See also Duty; Impulse
Adequacy, 84-85, 88, 104, 131
Aelius Aristides, 294
Aelius Caesar, r
Aeschylus: The Seven Against Thebes, 2 3 3 Aesthetics, r70, 260
A ectionateness, 279-280
Africa, T. W. , 250, 25r-253, 256
Alexander ofDamascus, 19
Alexander the grammarian, 282
Alexander the Great, 275, 305-306 Alexander the Platonist, 16, 17, 282 Alexandre, Monique, 257
All, 92, 98-100, 129, 176, 211, 212, 240, 242.
See a o Whole
Altruism, 44, 210-215 Amorfati, 143-147 Anachronism, 257, 308, 309
Anger, ro, 67, 233, 271
Animal, 150, 184, 189, 280
Annius Verus, 282-283
AntipaterofTarsus, 192
Antisthenes, 269
Antoninus Pius, r, 2, 6, rr, 15, 246, 278, 298;
and impartiality, 218; as model, 17, 268, 283,
299, 300-302; and reserve clause, 194 Apollonius ofChalcedon, 9, 14-15, 37 Apollonius ofSeleucia, 90
Appearance, 87, 133, 164, 165 Arcesilaus, 200
Archedemus, 82, 192
Arethas, 22, 24
Arista (jurist) , 7
Arista ofChios, rl-14, 71-72; "Compari-
sons," 13
Aristotelianism, 19, 73, 79
Aristotle, 73, 74, 79, 123, 169, 170, 219, 223 Arrian ofNicomedia, 50, 6o-63, 65, 98- 9 Art, 134, 147
Assent: and desire, 125, 129; and destiny, l2r;
discipline o 87-88, 91, 93, 97, ror-127, 131, 234, 235-236; andEpictetus, 102-103; and evil, 12 5; and good, 12 5; and guiding principle, 128; and hierarchy, 93; and im pulse, 125, 129; and logic, 91; and present, 131; and reality, 232; andrepresentation, 85, 87-88, 97, 125, 128; and truth, 125, 234, 235-236; and value-judgment, 127. See also
Judgment
Athenagorus, 1 9
Atomism, 39, 43, 55-56
Atoms vs. providence, 39-40, 147-163, 265,
308
Attention, 132, 134, 137, 215. See also Con
sciousness Au diusVictorinus, l r, r3
3 40
Index
Augustine, 2S7; Soliloquies, 33
Aulus Ge ius, 4, 34, 52-53, 59, 63-64, 65, 102;
Attic Nights, 32, 1 1 5-1 16
Aurelius Victor, 2 1
Autonomy, S 3 , l So
Aversion, S7, l2S. See also Desire Avidius Cassius, 2, 21, 24S, 262, 2S9, 294
Barth, Carl, 26, 27
Baudelaire, Charles, 293
Beast. SeeAnimal
Beauty, 76, 169, 170, 171, 259 Benevolence, 200-203, 217, 21S, 22S, 271 Bergson, Henri, 161
Body: and circumscription, ll3, ll4, l2o; com munity as, 230; as co se, 167; and depend ence, S3; and emotion, 1 1 5-1 16; eedom om, 49; and humanity, 201, 214; and intel lect, 39; andself, ll3, ll4, l20, lSo; and sen sation, 101; and soul, 1 13-1 14
Bonh er, A. , S2
Breath. See Vital breath
Brehier, Emile, 74, 7S, S2, 127
Breithaupt, G. , 261, 262
Brunt, P.
: "Marcus Aurelius in his Meditations,"
27
Brutus, 297, 29S Byzantium, 22
Ca utum, 261
Casaubon, Meric, 24, 25
Cassius Dio, 3, S , 20, 21, 21S, 246, 247, 24S-
249, 250, 2S9, 293, 300, 305
Cato ofUtica, 297, 29S, 304
Cato the Younger, 4
Catulus. See Cinna Catulus Cause:andchoice, 114;andChrysippus,153;
and destiny, l20; direct vs. indirect, 153; dis tinguishment of, 40-4 1 ; and event, 47; and exteriority, 106; exte al, 1 14, 12S, 129, l3S, 271; and eedom, II4; inner, 114, l2S, 129; andmatter, 40, 49; and Nature, 47, l3S, 271; outer (ektos aitia, outer cause) , 2 7 1 ; and Rea son, l53; andrules oflife, 46; andStoicism, 79; as theme, 273
Champlin, E. , 12, 13
Chance, l5l-152
Chaos, l4S
Chapter-heads, 3S-41, 67
Choice: and accord with sel 75; and causality,
114; anddestiny, l2o; andjustice, 222; and morality, l2l; and probability, 77, 191-192,
193; and self-consciousness, l79-1So; and
soul, S3; and Stoicism, S9
Christianity, lS-19, 60, 1 59, 23 1 Chrysippus, S2, 1 2 3 ; and consequences, 1 9 1 ;
and cosmic unity, 1 4 1 ; and desire, 94; and - rect vs. indirect causality, l53; and educa tion, So, S l; explication of, 63, 73; Fronto on, lS; and Moirai, 139-140; and Nature,
94, l 30; and Plutarch, So; and present, 146; and Reason in matter, 1 66; and repre sentation, 110; and time, 135, 136
Cicero, 9, 14, 43, 52, 99, 161, 162, 194-195, 304; Dream Scipio, 255; OnDuties, 192, 23S
Cinna Catulus, 16-17, 19
Circumscription, 112-125, 13 l-137
City: and Epictetus, 2rr; human vs. cosmic,
99; and Reason, 75; ofWorld, 42-43, 21 l-
212, 214, 239, 291
Claudius Ma mus, 16-17, 19, 2S1-2S2 Claudius Severus Arabianus, 16-17, 19, 2S2,
296, 297, 29S-299
Cleanthes, lS; Hymn to Zeus, 157
Clotho, l3 l40
Coherence, 75-76, 9S-100, 130-131, 212, 246-
247. See also Harmony
Co odus, l, 2, 19, 22, 24S, 252, 293, 294 Community: and action, 40, lS4-1S5, lS -
190, 235; as body, 230; conduct toward, 20S; andEpictetus, 215; as rmofreality, 232; and good, 192, 210-211, 215; and impulse,
S7, l3 l; and indi erence, S6; and love, 229- 23 l; and politics, 306; and reason, 40, 7S, S6, 21 l, 212, 213, 229-230; and self-circumscrip tion, I I S; service to, 46, 200, 20 1 ; as theme, 271; and wealth, 215; and w l, 13! . See also Society
Composition, interwoven, 264, 26S, 269, 271, 272
Concern, 190-191, 209, 210
Concord. SeeAccord
Conscience, 95, lSl, 215, 266, 274, 30S, 309,
3 1 1
Consciousness, l12, rr6, 120, 137, 145-146,
l79-1S2, 201, 202, 203. See also Attention Consent: and desire, 145, 149, lS3; to Destiny, 44, 92, 145, 197, 239; discipline of, 40; and
event, 144, 145, 146; and present, 132, 145, 146; and providence, 162; and reason, 145, 14S, 149: to Whole, 143; to Wo d, 145
Consequence, 151, 153-154, 155, 156, l6S- 170, 190-191, 220. See also Result
Index
3 4 1
Convention, 8, 55-56
Cosmos: andconsciousness, 145-146, 179-182;
immensity o 172-179, 180, 253, 254, 255, 256; and love, 142; and Reason, 82, 100; and sel 180; unity o l 19, 141. See also Uni verse; World
Courage, 88, 233
Court life, 267, 291-296 Crates, 57
Cynicism, 7, 8, 56, 57, 173-175
Dailly, R. , 247-249, 252
Daimon, 76, 123-124, 130, 159-160, 265, 266 Dalfen, J. , 257
Dance, 134, 147, 195
Danger, 155
Danubian campaign, 248, 250-251, 262, 300 Dead Poets' Society, The, 171-172
Death: and , 1 76; and autobiography, 275-
277; andcourtlife, 292-293; andDanubian campaigns, 262; and Destiny, 40; ofele ments, 55; Epictetus on, 66; and exercise, 275; and eedom, 275; and ivolity, 186- 187; and homogeneity, 178; and imagina tion, 47-48; andmetamorphosis, 172; and Nature, 275; and obstacle, 275; and perspec tive, 175; and physical de nition, 166; and present, 147; and rules oflife, 46; and seri ousness, 188; and Socrates, 74; and Stoic vs. Epicurean physics, 148; as theme, 264, 265- 266,27 2 71,273-274;andtime, 135-137, 186-187
Deception, 97
De nition, physical, 104-105, 133, 137, 154,
164-166, 167
Delimitation. See Circumscription
Demetrius Poliorcetes, 250, 305-306 Demetrius the Cynic, 7
Democritus, 55-56, 187, 269
Dependence, 8 3 ; and body, 49, 8 3 ; and desire,
91; and event, 142; and evil, 86, 138; and good, 1 3 8 ; and impulse, 87; and indi er ence, 108, 151; and obstacle, 209; and self circumscription, 1 14; and time, 1 3 1 ; and value-judgment, l l l-1 12. See also Freedom
DeQuincey, Thomas, 255, 256
Derveni papyrus, 1 3 9
Descartes, l 5 5
Desire: and acceptance, 9l- 2; and action, l97;
and , 99, 129; andassent, 125, 129; and Ch sippus, 94; and coherence, l 3 0 ; and consent, 145, 149, 183; and dependence, 91;
and Destiny, 86, 129, 145, 235; iscipline o 45, 68, 69, 91 2, 93, 94, 99, 128-182, 183, 184-185, 197, 204, 214, 220, 234, 235, 236, 238, 266; and discipline ofaction, 184-185, 204, 214, 266; and Epictetus, 137-138, 143; and event, 129; and exercise, 87; goal o 137-138; and good, 84, 91; and guiding prin ciple, 89; and indi erence, l l 8, l 3 8; and in ner discourse, 84; and merit, 220; and Na ture, 95, r28-130; and pain, 128; and
passion, 128; and passivity, 128; and physics, 91, 92, 94-97, 142; and piety, 134; and Plato, 233; and pleasure, 128; and present, 131; and Reason, 92; and rules oflife, 44; and soul, 86, 88; teaching on, 94; and temperance, 234, 235, 236, 238; and value-judgment,
127; and virtue, 238; and will, 128. See also
Aversion
Destiny: and assent, I2 l ; and attachment, l l 9;
and causality, 120; andchoice, 120; and con sent, 44, 92, i45, 197, 239; and death, 40; and desire, 86, 129, 145, 235; and determi nate universe, 155; and event, 138, 142; and evil, 207; as rm ofreality, 232; and ee dom, 180; andguidingprinciple, 114-115,
l l 8; and indi erence, l 89; and intention, 195: andjustice, 221; love of, 144, 145; and necessity, l 57; and obstacle, 204, 209; and providence, l48; and self-circumscription,
I I4-1 15, 1 17-1 18; and self-consciousness, 180;andStoicism,144-145;andthreeactsof
soul, 83; andtime, i36; andvalue, 221; and
will, l 80. See also Fate
Development, 155-156
Dialectic, 4, 13, 48-51, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79,
80-82, 85. SeealsoDiscourse
Dianoia (re ection). SeeReflection
Dice game, 209, 2 1 0
Dictation, 33
Di culty, 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 204-209. See also Mis r-
tune; Obstacle Dio, 297
Diogenes Laertius, 102
Diogenes ofBabylon, 192, 221 Diognetus, 5, 6-7, 8, 16, 282 Dionysiac, 145
Dionysius of Syracuse, 297
Discipline of action. See Action Discipline ofassent. SeeAssent Discipline ofdesire. SeeDesire Discipline of impulse. See Impulse Discipline ofjudgment. SeeJudgment
342
Index
Discourse, 79, 80, Sr, 82, 84-85, 8 -90. See also Dialectic; Inner discourse
Discourses (Epictetus), 5, 14, 26, 37, 50; compo sition o 6o-64; content of, 64, 83, 94-95,
1 16-1 1 7, 238, 269; quotations om, 66-69, 272
Di unction, 39, 43, 147-163
Distribution, ofportion, 218, 219, 221-222 Dodds, E . R. , 246-247
Dogma, 36-43, 50, 51, 6r, 67
Domitian, 60, 296, 298
Dorandi, Tiziano, 33
Duration, 136, 137
Duty, 72, 184, 190, 224, 225-226, 228. See also
Action, appropriate
Education, 4, 63-64, 74, 80-82, 96- 8, r6r, 225-227, 228
Egotism, 214, 215, 280
Ektos aitia (outer cause), 271
Eleusinian Mysteries, 2
Eloquence. SeeRhetoric
Emotion, 115-117, 180. See also Passion Empedocles, 55, rr9
Empiricism, r8r
Ends, kingdom of, 213
End (telos) vs. goal (skopos), 194-195 Epakolouthesis (necessary but nonessential conse-
quence), 52
Epaphroditus, 60
Epictetus, 159; and assent, I02-I03; and body
as corpse, 167; and city, 21 r; and commu nity, 2 1 5 ; and consequences, 1 9 1 ; and death, 66; and discipline of desire, 1 3 7- 1 3 8 , 1 4 3 ; and disjunction, 149; and dogma, 36; and du , 188, 190; and education, 226; and ego tism, 2 1 4; and Epicureanism, 5 8 ; and evil,
126-127, 207, 223-224; and exercise-theme, 82-IOo, IOI; and exteriority, I06; and fallibil ity, 286; and ult, 58; and resight, 206; and eedom, 208-209; and good, 126-127, 215; and ignorance, 223 -224; and impulse, 2 1 5 ; and indi erence, r I O ; and intention, 1 9 5 ; andjudgment, 50, 56, I07; andJunius Rus ticus, 17; andman, 211, 3u-312; andMar cus Aurelius, 82, 128, 131; and Moirai, 140; and Nature, 66; and obstacle, 209; and
Other, 121-122, 124; and philosophy, 4, IO, 190, 286; and pity, 224; and Plato, 223-224; andprovidence, 161; and reason, 66, 158, 181; and representation, 55, 56, I04, I05, ru;andreserveclause, 193,204;andsage,
r6 r; and self-circumscription, r r4; and self extent, 1 8 1 ; and soul, 66, 8 8 , 1 1 4; and spiri tual exercise, 50, 51, 243; stature o rr; and Stoicism, 16, 73, 82-IOo; teachings o 59- 66, 82-IOo; and three rules oflife, 69-70; andvalue, I09, 215, 218, 3u-312; andvir tue, 23 8; and whole-hearted action, r86; Manual, 6r, 99, I09, 1 14, 143. See also Dis courses (Epictetus)
Epicureanism, 58-59, 148-150, 151-152, 240, 308
Epicurus, 39, 43, 58-59
Equality, 2r9, 299
Eros, 76
Ete alRetu , 75-76, 144, 145, 267. Seealso
Repetition
Ethics, 73-74, 77, 78, 79, 80-82, 89, 90, 91, 94,
97. See also Morality
Eudemus ofPergamon, 19
Euripides, 142, 269
Event, 35-36, 38, 45, 47, 129, 138-139, 140-
141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146
Evil: apparent, 87; and Aristotle, 223; and as
sent, 125;anddependence, 86, r38;andDes tiny, 207; and Epictetus, 126-127, 207, 223- 224; and eedom, I07-I08; and ignorance, 223-225; andjudgment, 109, 223, 225; and
justice, 220; moral, 36-37, 39, 69, 73, 84, 86, I07-I09, 125, 138, 223-225; and Nature, 40; and necessary consequence, r 56; and phys ics, 94; and Plato, 223; and Reason, 88-89, I09; and Socrates, 74; and soul, ro8-I09; source o I 07
Exercise: and Danubian campaigns, 262; and death, 275; dialectical, 48-5r; and di culty, 204-209; and Epictetus, 50, 5r, 243; intellec tual vs. lived, 97; and obstacle, 270; philo sophical, 86- 8, 164; spiritual, 48-51, IOI, 243-244, 255, 312-313; and time, 131
Exercise-theme, 82-IOo, IOI, 232 Experience, 220
Exteriority, I 06
Fallibility, 286-287, 293, 295-296 Fame,40, 165, 175-176, 268. SeealsoGlo Family, 72
Farquharson, A. S. L. , 27, 65
Fate, 45. See also Destiny
Fault, 39, 57-58, 86
Faustina, r, 2, 252, 262, 283
Favorinus, 5 9
Favoritism, 2r8, 2r9
Index
343
Fire, 74, 75, 144, 199, 267 Flavius Boethius, l9 Foresight, 205-206, 208 Formula, 2 5 8-2 5 9
France, Anatole, l 3 3
Frankel, H. , 68, 69
Freedom, 71; and action, 200; and attention,
134; and body, 49; and causality, 1 14; and death, 275; and Destiny, 180; and Epictetus, 208-209; and ev , I07-I08; and resight, 208; and good, 71, 84, I07-I08; and guiding principle, 83-84, 89, I07, I08, 122; inner, 29l; and inner discourse, I06, I07; and in tention, 203; andjudgment, 40, 47; kinds o ! 22; and Nature, 54-55; and necessity, l I2; political, 298, 299-300; and present, l32; and Reason, 198; and self-consciousness, 179-180; and soul, 83, I06-I07; and Stoi cism, 89; and value, 171; ofviewpoint, I2l; and will, 199· See also Dependence
Frivolity, l 86-l 87
Franta, IO, 18,51, 188,257,259,27g-280;cor
respondence, l-2, 4-5, 6, 8, l l-12, 14, 16 Future, 206
Galen, 19, 60, 62; OnAntidotes, 250-251; On Becoming Aware ofPsychic Defects, 223
Gataker, Thomas, 23, 24, 25 Gavius Clarus, 27g-280 Generosity: SeeBenevolence Gentleness, 226-228, 229, 301-302 Gemet,J. , 3IO
Gesner, Andreas, 22
Gilliam,J. F. , 3
Gladiator, 304-305
Glory, 40, 268, 3 o r . See also Fame Goal, 185, 194-195, 241
God, 76, 95- 6, 156, 157, 179, 199-200. See also Daim n
Gods, 86, 148, l58, 236, 271
Goldschmidt, Victor, l IO, l l l ' l 37, 3 l 2 Good: and action, l l 8, l 89; and , 240; ap-
parent, 87; and Aristotle, 223; and assent, I2 5; and circumscribed sel ! 20; common, l18, 187; and community, 192, 210-2u,
2 1 5 ; and consciousness, 20 1 , 202; and de
pendence, 86, 138; and desire, 84, 91; and disinterest, 201; andEpictetus, ! 26-127, 215; and evil, 39; exte al, I20; and eedom, 71, 84, I07-I08; and God, l9g-200; and happi ness, 86, 201; and impulse, 84, 215; and in tention, 77, 193, 194, 195, l96; andjudg-
ment, ro9; and knowledge, 223-225; moral, 36-37, 39, 71, 84, I07-I09, 125, 138, 146, 189, 193, 195, 196, 201, 210-2II, 308; and natural nction, 20 1 ; and Nature, 202 ; and part, 201 ; perception of, 227; and physics, 94; and Plato, 126; and Reason, 78, 88-89, I09; and Socrates, 73-74, 126, 223; and soul, I08-I09; source o I07; and Stoicism, 36- 37; value o 146; and whole, 160, 201, 212, 2l9; and Zeno ofCitium, 75. See also Be nevolence
Good man, 35, 46, 78, 263, 265 Gorgemanns, H. , 13
Gran river, 261, 262
Grima! , Pierre, 247
Guiding principle, 45, 49, 52, 70; and assent, ! 28; and cause, 49; and contentment, 179; and desire, 89; and destiny, 1 14-I I5, 1 18; and emotion, l 16-1 17; and eedom, 83-84, 89, I07, I08, 122; and image, I01; and im pulse, 89, ! 28; and inner citadel, 122; and in nerdiscourse, ro6;andintellect, ll3; and
morality, 83-84; and Plutarch, I08; and rep resentation, 128; and self, 1 12, 121; and sen sation, I I6-1 17; soul as, I06; as theme, 264, 266, 271, 273; andvalue-judgment, I09-
I I0; and , 128
Hadot, I. , 9
Hadrian, l, 298, 302
Happiness, 42, 86, 146, 179, 189, 201, 238-242 Hardship, 132, 133, 207. SeealsoMis rtune;
Obstacle Harm, 39
Harmony, 79, 123, 142-143, 196, 211, 212, 227. See also Accord; Coherence
Hate, l 19
Havel, Vaclav, 306
Health, 71, 215
Hellenism, 7, 170
Helvidius Priscus, 296, 297, 298
Herodes Atticus, 51, 59, 65, 279 Herodian, 219, 300
Herrenius Senecion, 297 Hesiod, 272
Hierarchy, 88-89, 92- 3, 183, 21g-220, 221 Hierosgamos (sacredmarriage), 142, 230-231 Historia Augusta, 7, 8, 15, 21, 246, 247, 276,
288, 289, 294, 300, 302
History, 41, 177-178, 244-257 Holzmann, Wilhelm, 22, 24, 25, 26
Heraclitus, 54-55, 73-74, 253, 268
344
Index
Homer, 123 , 139, 272
Homoeides (identity; homogeneity) . See Homo-
geneity
Homogeneity, 41, 79, 176-178
H o n o r , 8 3
Horace, l l9
Horme, hormai (impulse). See Impulse Hugo, Victor, 36
Humanity. See Man
Idea, 78, 79
Ignorance, 39, 223-225
Image hantasia), ro1-ro2, ro3. SeealsoRepre
sentation
Imagery,259
Imagination, 47-48, 206, 254, 255, 256. See also
Representation
Immensity, cosmic, 172-179, 180, 253, 254,
255, 256
Impartiality, 218, 219
Impiety, 234, 235, 270. See also Piety
Impulse: and assent, 125, 129; and coherence,
1 30; and community, 87, 1 3 1 ; and depend ence, 87; discipline o 90, 93, 94, 99, 1 3 1 ; as dogma, 46; and Epictetus, 70, 215; and eth ics, 90, 9 1 , 94; and good, 84, 2 1 5 ; and guid ing principle, 89, 128; and hierarchy, 93; and human nature, 129; and inner discourse, 84; andjustice, 238; originary, 154-156, 158, l60, l68,220;andpresent, l3l;andreason, 238; and rules oflife, 44; and society, 99; and soul, 86, 8 8 ; and Stoicism, 70; teaching on, 94; and will, l28. See also Action; Will
Independence. See Freedom
Indi erence, 86; and beauty, l70; and co u
nity, 86; and dependence, ro8, 151; and de sire, l 18, IJS; and Destiny, 189; and Epictetus, no; and event, 142; and innate tendency, 190; and intention, 193; andjudg ment, ro9; and Lavelle, 222-223 ; and moral ity, 222; and Nature, 71, 87; and politics, 71- 72; and providence, 162; and society, 217; and Stoicism, 71; andtime, 13 l; andvalue,
2 1 5
Indispensability, l87
Individual: and egotism, 214; and merit, 220-
221; and Providence, 156-163, 220-221, 222, 285; value o 218-219; vs. universal, 212
Infallibility, l92 In nity, 40, 255-256 Innate disposition, 222
Innate tendency, l 89-l90, 202
Inner citadel, r o7, l 20, l 22
Inner dialogue, 88
Inner discourse, 89; and assent, 125; and desire,
8 4 ; a n d e v e n t , l 3 8 ; a n d fa l s e v a l u e , I I O ; a n d eedom, 106, ro7; and guiding principle, ro6; and impulse, 84; and present, 1 3 8 ; and representation, 84-86, ro3; and sensation, ro2, ro4; and Stoicism, 50. See also Dis course
Inner disposition, l 46, l 47, 29 l
Instinct, l89, 202
Intellect:of l, 21l;andAristotle, 123;and
body, 39; divine, 211, 212; and guiding prin ciple, ll3;andjudgment, rl3;pathof,269- 270; and Plotinus, 124; and re ection, l 13; as theme, 272; ofWhole, 220
Intention, 187, 193-200, 202, 203, 213, 242 Interwoven composition, 264, 268, 269, 271,
272
Involuntary movement, l 16 Irrationality, 145
Jesus Christ, l 24, 202
Joly,Jean-Pierre de, 26-27, 34
Joy. See Happiness
Judgn1ent, 39, 84-86; and body, 49; discipline
o 45, 47, 68, 69, 90, 93, 99, 216; dogma o 41; and Epictetus, 50, 56, ro7; and evil, ro9, 223,225; eedomo 40,47;andgood, ro9; and image hantasia), ro3 ; and indi erence,
109; and inner dialogue, 8 8 ; and intellect,
1 13; and logic, 90, 91; and morality, I09-
1 r o; and Nature, 72; and passion, 223 ; and reality, 232; and Reason, 89, 99; and repre sentation, 56, 93, ro3; and rules oflife, 44, 46; and Socrates, 74; as theme, 268; and value, 216; and vanity, 56. See also Rational ity; Re ection (dianoia); Value-judgment Junius Rusticus, 5, 8-1 1 , 14, 16, 17, 19, 37, 59, 61, 65-66, 282, 284-285
Justice, 218-223; and action, 134, 234, 235; and Aeschylus, 233; and Antoninus Pius, 301; aristocratic, 2 1 9; and choice, 222; and Des
tiny, 221; and discipline ofaction, 134, 234, 235; divine, 219-223; and evil, 220; and im pulse, 238; and merit, 299; and morality,
222; and Nature, 219, 234, 236-237; and ob stacle, 219; and Plato, 88; and politics, 306;
and reason, 219; and rules oflife, 35, 44; and service, 220; and Stoicism, 219, 233; and value, 218; as virtue, 232. See also Law
Index 345
Justin: Apology, 1 9 Juvenal: Satires, 297
Kairos (right moment), 143
Kalan (moral good), 37. See also Good
Kant, Immanuel, l ro, 213, 230, 309; Critique of
PracticalReason, 181-182
Kataleptikos (comprehensive; adequate), 84-85 Kathekon, kathekonta (duty; appropriate action),
86, 1 8 8 . See also Action, appropriate Kephalaia (chapter-head), 38-41, 67 Kingdom, of ends, 2 1 3 , 2 3 0
Knowledge, 42, 74, 77, 78, 79, 125-126, 223-
225. See also Philosophy, parts of
Lachesis, l 39
Laconians. See Sparta
Language, 51-53, 62
Lavelle, Louis, 222-223, 227
Law, 42, 155-156, 183-184, 221, 299. Seealso
Justice
Leonidas ofTarentum, 253
Liberty, 40, 49
Li , 13, 35-36, 43-47, 48, 66, 68, 6 -70, 81-
82, 89-90
L e ofMarcus Aurelius. See Historia Augusta
Logic : and Aristo, 72; and assent, 9 1 ; discourse about, 89; and education, 97-98; andjudg ment, 90, 91; lived, 81-82, 89, 90-91; and representation, 97, 98; and Stoicism, 79; theme o 97 8; theoretical vs. lived, 89, 90- 91; theoretical vs. practical, 97-98; theory of, 81; and time, 80
Logos, 74, 79. See also Reason
Lot, Ferdinand, 3
Love, l 19; of , 212; and community, 229-
23 l; and cosmos, 142; ofDestiny, 144, 145; andevent, 143;andhappiness,242; rhu manity, 183; and Nature, 230-231; r neigh bor, 229-23l; and providence, 162; and rea son, 229-230, 231; and Seneca, 231; and Stoicism,231;andWhole, 142
Lucian, 59-60; Charon or The Overseers, 174- 175; Episkopountes, l75; Icaromenippus ("The Man Who Rose Above the Clouds"), 173- 174
Lucilla (daughter ofMA), 19, 276
Lucius, l5-16
Lucius Gellius, 65
Lucius Verus, l, 2, 4, 19-20, 247, 248, 252,
276, 283 , 288, 294, 302 Lucretius, 52, 178
M. Vetulenus Civica Barbarus, 1 9
Mach, E. , 141
Malevolence. See Evil
Man, humanity: and , 92; as beast, l50; and
body, 201, 214; conduct toward, 208; and Epictetus, 211, 3rr-312; good, 35, 46, 78, 263,265;andimpulse, 129;love r, 183;na ture of, 44, 129, 214, 239, 3 12; and reason, 76, 78, 1 5 1 , 2 1 1 , 3 12; unhappiness o 42; value o J I r . See also Community; Society
Marcomanni, 2, 261
Marcus Annius Verus. See Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius: career, I-3, II, 17-20; corre-
spondence with Fronto, l-2, 4-5, 6, 8, 1 1- 12, 14, 16; and dream, 246-247; as Emperor, 217, 218, 267, 268, 300; and Epictetus, 82, 128, 1 3 1 ; mily, l; intention of, 30-3 1 ; and language, 51; and opium, 250-257; personal ity o 288-290; as philosopher, 3-20; psy chology of, 244-257, 285-287; reputation,
1 8; on self, 1 1-12, 286-288; and sincerity, 288-290; and solitude, 290-296; and writing, 5l,53
Marius Maximus, 2 8 8
Marriage, sacred, 142, 230-23l
Martins Verus, 2
Materialism, 7 3 , 74
Matidia, 18
Matter, 40, 46, 49, 166-167, 268, 273 Maximus. See Claudius Maximus
Maximus ofTyre, 255
Meaning, 107
Meditations (Marcus Aurelius), 21-34, 243-306;
autobiography in, 260-263, 267, 268, 270, 271, 275-288, 291-296; and chronology, 260-263; composition of, 261-263; as "Con fessions," 277-288; genre of, 23, 24, 25-28, 29-34;andlanguage,51-53;aspersonal notes, 30-34; quotations in, 30; relevance of, 307-313; structure of, 263-275, 278; style of, 257-260; text of, 21-23, 24-25, 28-29; themesin,263-275;titleof,23-25
Menander, 56
Merit, 218, 219, 220-221, 299. See also Value Mesomedes, 236
Metamorphosis, 40, 48, 55, 171-172, 205-206,
267, 268, 270, 272. See also Trans rmation Meteorology, 6 1
Metrodorus, 2 5 5
Misch, G . : Histo o fAutobiography, 27 Mis rtune, 206-207, 208
Moirai, 1 3 9- 1 40
Index
onarchy, 296, 299
onimus the Cynic, 56
orality, 8; and choice, 121; and dialectic, 85;
di culty of, 289; and indi erence, 222; and judgment, ro9-1ro; andjustice, 222; and Nature, 1 3 0; and physics, 64; and present,
137, 146, 147; progress in, 58, 222, 304; and repulsiveness, 168; and sel 120-121, 181; and Stoicism, 124; as theme, 268; and tran scendence, 311; and value, 167, 171
usonius Ru s, 7, 8, 16, 60, 298
Nakedness, 164, 165
Nature, 8, 39; and acceptance, 91- 2; accord
o 1 50; and action, 201-202; and , 242; and Aristotelianism, 1 5 4-1 5 5 ; and cause, 47, 138, 271; and Chrysippus, 94, 130; and co herence, 75-76; cohesion o I 50; and death, 275; and desire, 95, 128-130; divine, 219; Epictetus o n , 6 6 ; and evil, 40; miliarity with, 55, 170-171; ur kinds o 183-184; and eedom, 54-55; as goddess, 236; and Good, 202; and happiness, 240-24 1 ; and har mony, 79; and human nature, 128-130, 266, 2 6 7 ; a n d i m p i e t y , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 7 0 ; a n d i n d i e r ence, 71, 87; and innate tendency, 189, 190;
judgment of, 72; andjustice, 219, 234, 236- 237; knowledge o 42; and law, 56, 1 83- 184;li accordingto,215;andlove,230- 23 r; and morality, 130; and obstacle, 199; and originary impulse, 154-156, 158, 160,
168; and perspective, I 12, 164, 168, 173; and physical de nition, ro5; and Plato, 241; as providence, 148; and reason, 78, II8, I30, 2II; andrepetition, 41; and rules oflife, 44; andStoicism,43, 154-155;andtemperance, 235, 236; as theme, 270; and truth, 234-235, 236;unityo 43, 171;universal,40,43,86,
I 12, 128-130, 168, 173, 234-235, 236, 266, 267; vegetative, I 84; and Whole, 220; will o 55; Zeus as, 158
Necessity, 74, ro7, 1 12, 157. See also Conse- quence
Neopythagoreanism, 2 5 5
Nero, 296
Nerva, 296, 298, 299
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 144, I45 Nonn, transcendent, 121, 124
Object, 155, 198. See also End; Goal Objectivity, 44, ro1-ro4, 105, ro9-1u, 131,
164, 310-JlI
Obstacle: and action, 204; and death, 275; and dependence, 209; and Destiny, 204, 209; and Epictetus, 209; and exercise, 270; andjustice, 219; and Nature, 199; and Reason, 270; and resignation, 209; as virtue, 197-199. Seealso Di culty; Hardship; Mis rtune
Old Academy. See Platonism Old Stoa, 82, 130
Oilier, F. , 7-8
Opinion, 56
Orexis (desire), 45, 70, 83. See also Desire Origen, 60, 161
Other, I 15, 121-122, 124
Ovid, 254
Paetus Thrasea, 296, 297, 298
Pain, 39, 83, 116, 128, 154, 155, 162 Pamphila, 32, 34
Panaetius, 82, 238
Pantheia, 276
Parcai, r39-140
Part, 133-134, 165, 201, 214, 311
Parthians, 2
Pascal, Blaise, 124, 155, 255-256; Pensees, 181 P a s s i o n , 8 6 , 9 3 , 1 2 8 , 1 6 8 , 1 8 3 , 2 2 3 . S e e a l s o
Emotion
Path, 241, 269-270
Pelops, 247
Perception,84, IOI, I16, 137, 227. SeealsoSen-
sation
Perseverance, 8
Person. See Individual
Perspective: and aesthetics, 170; and beauty,
171; and Cicero, 162; cos c, 171; and cos mic immensity, 172-179; and death, 175; eedomo 121;ofGod,95- 6;individual vs. impersonal, 162; individual vs. universal, 212;andNature, 112, 164, 168, 173;and providence, 162; and repetition, 177-178; and self-consciousness, 1 8 1 ; and value, 167- 168
Pessimism, 163-179, 245, 246
Petit, Paul, 245
Phantasia (image) . See Image
Phantasia (representation) . See Representation Philip of acedon, 3 0 5
Philo, 2 5 5
Philo o fAlexandria, 7 1 , 205
Philosopher: and Aristotle, 1 70; and beauty,
170; education of, 96- 8, 161; and Epictetus, 190; idea of, 4-5; and sage, 77; and Socrates, 76; Stoic, 76-77
Index
347
Philosophy: andAntoninusPius, 302; andAr rian ofNicomedia, 61; and coherence, 246- 247; and court life, 267, 29 l-296; discourse on, 81; and education, 63-64, 74, 96- 8, 161; and Epictetus, 4, IO, 190, 286; Fronto on, 18; initiation into, 9; language o 52; as lived, 5, 35, 76-77, 81-82, 93, 98, 285; parts of, 77-82, 89- 8; and Plato's Republic, 303- 304; teaching of, 79-82, 96- 8; as theme,
35; theoryvs. practice, 98;training r, 86-88 Philostratus: Images, 247
Photius, 64
Physics: and Aristo, 72; and consequence, 168-
170; and desire, 91, 92, 94-97, 142; and edu cation, 96- 7; and Epictetus, 64; and good andevil, 94; andHeraclitus,73; andlife, 8l- 82, 89- 0;andMarcusAurelius,72;andmo rality, 64; and Platonism, 77; and Seneca, 150-151; and Stoicism, 49, 78 79; Stoic vs. Epicurean, 148-150, 151-152; teaching o 80-82; theory o 8l
Physis, meanings o l 84, 240
Piety, l34. See also Impiety
Pity, l57, 224-225
Plato, 79, 123; and anger, 233; and Brutus, 298;
and contemplation, 255; and desire, 233; and Dio, 297; and Epictetus, 223-224; and evil, 223; and good, 126, 223; andjustice, 88; and Nature, 24 1 ; and Parcai, 1 3 9; and political equality, 219; and politics, 297; and reason, 89, 121, 233; and Republic, 222, 303-306; and soul, 88, 233; and virtue, 232-233, 234; Works: Apology, 57, 74; E hth Letter, 299; Phaedo, 298; R ublic, 57, 66, 88, 233, 234; Symposium, 76, 77; Theaetetus, 57, 290; Timaeus, 123
Platonism, 57, 77, 79
Pleasure, 39, 76, 83, 116, 128, 150, 240
Pliny the Younger, 7
Plotinus, 124, 170, 202-203
Plutarch, 34, 89, 108, 253-254, 297; On Stoic
Self-Contradictions, 80; On the Tranquillity
the Soul, 32
Pneuma (breath) . See Vital breath
Politics, 71 72, 165, 189, 190, 219, 233, 296-
306
Portion, distribution of, 218, 219, 221-222 Posidonius, 82
Position, 83
Posterity, l 6 5
Poverty, 71
Present, II 5, ll9; and action, l96; and assent,
131; andattention, 137; andChrysippus,
146; circumscription o 131-137; concentra tion on, 206, 207, 3 12; and consciousness, 137; and consent, 132, 145, 146; and death, 147; and desire, 131; and event, 138; and eedom, 132; and harmony, 196; and im pulse, l3 l; and inner discourse, l 3 8; and in ner disposition, 146, 147; and kairos (right moment), 143; and morality, 137, 146, 147; andpolitics, 303; andrepresentation, 137; and Seneca, 146; and Stoicism, 135; and value-judgment, l 3 I . See also Time
Preservation. See Sel preservation of Principle, guiding. SeeGuidingprinciple Probability, 77, 191-192, 193
Providence, 39, 40, 159-160; andacceptance,
162;andconsent, 162;constrainton, 154- 1 5 5 ; and Destiny, 1 4 8 ; and Epictetus, 1 6 1 ; general, 160-161; immanent, 156; imper sonal, 156-163, 285; and indi erence, 162;
andindividual, 156-163, 220-221, 222, 285; and love, 162; and Nature, 148; and perspec tive, 162; andpity, r57; and representation, 162; and sage, 161; and Seneca, 157; and Stoicism, 39, 144-145; and subjectivity, 162; vs. atoms, 39-40, 147-163, 265, 308
Prudence, 232, 233
Psychology, 205, 226-227, 244-257 Pyrrho, 7 1
Pythagoreanism, 58
Quadi, 2, 261, 262 Quintillian, 52
Rabbow, Paul, 256
Realism, 167, 170
Reality: and assent, 232; constitution of, 268;
andDestiny, 232; homogeneity of, 79; knowledge o 77; and representation, 104; three aspects o 82; three domains of, 44; three rms of, 232; unity o l4T
Reason, 124, 140, 159; accord with, 148, 149, 308-309; and action, 1 85, 202; and All, 240; and appropriateness, 86; and cause, 1 5 3 : and city, 75; and coherence, 75, 100; and com munity, 40, 78, 86, 211, 212, 213, 229-230; and consciousness, I 16; and consent, 145, 148, 149; and cosmos, 82, 100; and decep tion, 97; and desire, 92; and determinate ob
ject, 1 5 5 ; deviation om, 76- 7; and dia logue, 74; divine, 78, 139; and emotion, l 16; and Epictetus, 66, 158, 181; and evil, 88-89,
I ndex
Reason (continued)
109; culty o 184; and eedom, 198; and gen eness, 227; and God, 76, I 56; and good, 78, 88-89, 109; as guide, 268; and happiness, 240; and harmony, 79; and imagination, 206; immanence o 166; and impulse, 238; inner, r 59; and instinct, 1 89; and intention, 203 ; andjudgment, 89, 99; andjustice, 219; kinds o 74-75, 78, l2I; law of, 42; and love, 229- 230, 231; and man, 76, 78, 151, 211, 312;
and matter, 166; and Nature, 78, II8, 130, 2u;andnecessity, 150-151;andobstacle, 270; opposition to, 54-55; and parts ofphi
losophy, 78; path o 269; and Plato, 89, 121, 233; and sage, 76, 77; and self, 121, 146, 180- 181; seminal, 156; and society, 75; as theme, 272; and three aspects ofreality, 82; unity of, 74-75, 78; universal, 40, 82, 99, 121, 130,
145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 153, 180-181, 308- 309; and universe, 40; and Whole, 99;
and world, 40; Zeus as, 1 5 8 . See alsoJudg ment
Rectitude, 3 5-36
Reeves, Hubert, 141
Reflection (dianoia), 102, ro8, 113, 123, 185.
See alsoJudgment
Renan, E. , 27-28, 244-245, 287-288, 293, 294,
307-308, 309
Repetition, 40, 41, 48-49, 51, 75, 177-178. See
also Ete al Retu
Representation, 37, 43, 44, 45, 50, 52, 70, 88;
adequate, 101-104, 105, ro -1rr, 131, 154; andassent, 85, 87-88, 97, 125, 128; and Chrysippus, uo; comprehensive, 125; and consequence, I 54; and cosmic immensity, 254, 255; criticism of, 132-133; and dogma,
50; and Epictetus, 55, 56, 104, 105, 1 1 1; and exteriority, ro6;andguidingprinciple, 128; and inner discourse, 84-86, 103; andjudg ment, 56, 93, 103; and logic, 97, 98; objec tive, 101-104, 105, 109-111, IJI, 164; and passion, 93; and present, I 37; and provi dence, 162; and reality, 104; and rhetoric, 256; and Seneca, 254; and sensation, 102; and Stoicism, 50, 254; and time, IJI. See also Image; Imagination
Repulsiveness, 154, 155, 162, 168
Reserve clause, 193-194, 204-209, 215 Resignation, 209-210
Respect, 226, 229
Responsibility, 57, 183
Result, l90-I9I, I97. SeealsoConsequence
Reuchelin, Johannes: De arte cabalistica, 22
Reward, 20 1
Rhetoric, ro, r 8
Rist, ]. M. , 245
River (metaphor), 252-254 Rogatianus, 4
Rule (kanon), 67
Rutherford, R. B. , 13, 257, 280
Sage, 76, 77, 78; and beauty, 170; education o 161;andemotion, 116, 117;andEmpedo cles, 1 19; and Epictetus, 161; and individual providence, 161; and infallibility, 192; and reason, 76, 77; and reserve clause, 193, 194; andSeneca, I 17, 194, 196, 205; and sensa tion, 102-103; and success, 194, 196. See also Philosopher
Satis ction, 143
Saying, 257, 265, 270
Scaevola, 9
Schaerer, Rene, 126
Schopenhauer, Arthur, r 78
Seed, 155-156
Sel 123, 124; attentionto,203, 215; andbody,
II3, 114, 120, 180; and choice, 75, 179-180; circumscription o 112-125, 131; andcoher ence, 75, 76, 130-131, 212; and community, 1 18; and conscience, 181; and consciousness, 1 20, 1 7 -1 80, 1 8 1 , 203 ; and cosmic immen sity, 180; andDestiny, 114-115, II7-II8, I80; discovery of, III-II2; and emotion, I80; empiricalvs. moral, I8I; andEpictetus, II4, 181; extentof, 181; and eedom, 179- 180; and good, 120; and guiding principle,
1 12, 121; limitation o 181; and morality, 120-121, 181; preservation o 75, 86, 87, n4, 155, 189,212;andReason, 121, 146, 180-181; and Stoicism, 212; two kinds o 120; andvital breath, ISo
Seneca, 7, 9, 14, 52, 75, 99; andaction, 199, 216; and Cato, 298; and color, 199; and cos mic i ensity, 253; and disjunction, 149, 151-152; and emotion, 1J7; andEpicurean ism, 58; and gladiators, 304, 305; and happi ness, 239; and love, 23 r; and obsession with ture, 206; andpity, 225; andpresent, 146; andprovidence, I57; andrealism, 167; and representation, 254; and reserve clause, 193- 194, 205; and sage, I 17, 194, 196, 205; and Stoic vs. Epicurean physics, 150-151; and success, 194, 196;andtime, II5;andvalue,
Index
349
216; and value of man, 311; and virtue, 240;
and wisdom, 239; and Zeus, 157-158 Sensation, ror, 102-103, 104, 116-117, 184.
See also Perception
Sensible world, 79
"Sentences ofDemocratus," 55
Serenity, 35-36, 38, 187, 198, 209, 302 Sergius Paulus, 19
Seriousness, ofaction, 185-188
Service, 183, 187, 200, 201, 220 Severus. SeeClaudiusSeverusArabianus Sextus Empiricus, ro6, r14
Sextus ofChaeronea, 14-16, 37
Simplicius, 60
Si ium, 262, 263
Skepticism, 71, 1 14
Skopos (goal), 194-195
Society: and appropriate actions, r90; and dis
course, 82; and impulse, 99; and indi er ence, 217; and instinct, 189; and Platonism, 7 8 ; and Reason, 7 5 ; and soul, 2 3 3 ; and Stoi cism, 78, 216-217; and value, 216-217; vs. philosophy, 267. See also Community
Socrates, 57, 61, 73-74, 76, 123, 125-126, 223
Song, r34
Souda, 15, 22, 24, 26
Souilhe, J. , 63
Soul: and action, 83, 86; as air, ro6; and body,
rr3-r14; and choice, 83; and desire, 86, 88; and Destiny, 83; and Epictetus, 66, 88, r 14; and eedom, 83, 106-107; and good/evil, 108-109; greatness of, 209; as guiding princi ple, ro6; and impulse, 86, 88; and Plato, 88, 233; and politics, 233; self-modi ing, 108- 109; and sensation, ror-104; and society, 233; as theme, 272-273; three operations o 44, 83-88; three parts of, 88; and three rules oflife, 70; ofworld, r55
Sparta, and Stoicism, 7, 8
Sphairos, 55, r19
Spinoza, Baruch, 201
Statius Priscius, 2
Stoicism: and acceptance, 144-145; and Aris
totle, 73, 74, 79; and austerity, 7; and body
vs. soul, 1 1 3-1 1 4; and cause, 79; and choice, 89; and circumscription, l20; and contempla tion, 255; and cosmic immensity, 253; and courage, 233; and Destiny, 144-145; devel opment of, 64; and dialectic, 73, 78, 79; and dogma, 37, 61; and duty/appropriate action, 188-190; and Epictetus, r6, 73, 82-roo;
and Epicureanism, 58-59; and ethics, 78,
79; and llibility, 286-287; and ult, 57-58; and eedom, 89; as ndamental, 3r0-312; general characteristics o 73 7: and gladi ators, 304; and goal, 241; and Helvidius Pris cus, 298; and Heraclitus, 54-55, 73; and im pulse, 70; and indi erence, 71; and inner discourse, 50; andjustice, 219, 233; and love, 231; and morality, 124; and Nature, 43, 154- r55; and Paetus Thrasea, 298; and Parcai, 139;andphysics,49,78-79, 148-150, 151- 152; andpresent, 135; andProvidence, 39, 144-145; and prudence, 233; and repre sentation, 50, 254; and responsibility, 57; and sel 120, 212; and self-modi ing soul, ro8; and self-preservation, 212; and society, 78, 216-217; and Socrates, 73-74; and spiritual exercise, 243 ; and temperance, 23 3 ; and theme, 90; and three rules oflife, 70; and time, 59; and value, 215; and virtue, 79, 232, 2 3 3 ; and wisdom, 5 7-5 8 ; and world a s city, 43
Strength, 232
Subdisjunction, r52
Subjectivity, 88, 104, 105, 109, 154, 162, 167-
168
Success, 194, 196
Suicide, r9l
Suitability. See Action, appropriate Sumbainein, translation of, l 3 8- l 3 9 Syllogism, 72, 97, 98, 103
Tacitus, 299; e ofAgricola, 296-297 Tang Zhen, 3 I I
Teaching, 80
Telos (end), 194-195
Temperance, 88, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238
Tendency, innate, 1 89, 202 Theater, 1 47
Theiler, W. , 261
Theme. See Exercise, philosophical Themistius, 9, 21, 24, 61 Theophrastus, 5 7
Theophylactus Simocattes, 24
Theorema (dogma), 37
Theory, 42, 72, 79, 81, 89- o, 93, 97 8, 271-
272
Theriac, 250
Thompson, Francis, 141 Thought, 40, 49 Thucydides: Histories, r77
350 Index
Time, 1 19, 255; and action, 196; and Chrysip pus, 135, 136; circumscription o 131-137; and death, 135-137, 186-187; and depend ence, 131; anddestiny, 136; andEpicurean ism, 59; and exercise, 131; and indi erence, 13 1; logical vs. psychological, 80; obsession with, 206; and perception, 137; and rules of life, 46; and Seneca, 1 1 5; and Stoicism, 59; value of, 188. See also Present
Titus Arista, 12, 14
Trajan, 298, 302 Transcendence, 193, 202, 3 1 1 Transcendent Norm, 1 2 1 , 1 24 Transcendent wo d, 79
T r a n s r m a t i o n , 7 4 , 1 5 5 . S e e a l s o M e t a m o r p h o sis
Truth, 125, 224, 234-236, 237 Tyranny, 280, 298, 299
Uncertainty, 190-193
Unconsciousness, 54
Uni rmity. See Homogeneity
Unity: ofall things, 2 1 3 ; of consciousness, 1 16;
ofcosmos, l 19, 141; ofNature, 43, 171; of reality, 141; andreason, 74-75, 78; and sphai s, 119; ofWhole, 230
Universal vs. individual, 212
Universe, 123; determinate, 155; rationality o
40; and seed, 155-156; trans rmation of, 74;
unity of, 1 19. Seealso Cosmos Use lness, 192
Value: andaction, 215-216; degrees of, 215; andDestiny,221;andDiogenesofBabylon, 221; and divine law, 221; and Epictetus, 109, 215, 218; false, 1 10; and eedom, 171; and good, l46;andhealth,2l5;hierarchyof, 183, 21 -220, 221; and indi erence, 215; of individual, 218-219; and inner discourse,
1 10; andjudgment, 216; andjustice, 218; andlaw,221;ofman,3ll; andmetamor phosis, 172; and morality, 167, 171; and per spective, 167-168; pleasure as, 150; relative, 189; and Seneca, 216, 3n; and society, 216- 217; and Stoicism, 215; and subjectivity, 167- 168; and wealth, 2l 5. See also Merit
Value-judgment, 52, 83, 103, 105; and action, 127; and assent, 127; criticism o 125, 132- 133; and dependence, 111-112; and desire, 127;andguidingprinciple, 109-110;and knowledge, 126; and pain, 1 16; and pleasure,
I I 6; and present, 1 3 1 ; and sensation, I I 6; and subjectivity, 109. SeealsoJudg-
ment
VanE enterre, H. , 247-249, 252 Vanity, 48, 56, 57
Vaticanus Graecus 1950 (manuscript), 22, 28 Veracity, 35-36
Vice, 86, 125-126, 168
Viewpoint. See Perspective
Ville, G. , 304
Villon, Franvois, 275
Virtue: and discipline ofaction, 238; and disci
pline of desire, 23 8; and Epictetus, 23 8; and guiding principle, 237; and happiness, 86;
a n d k n o w l e d g e , 1 2 5 - 1 2 6 , 2 2 3 ; l i fe w i t h o u t , 48; and MA's relationships, 278; and moral evil, 69; and Nature, 215; obstacle as, 197- 199; as own reward, 201, 240; and rules of life, 45; and Seneca, 240; Socratic, 73-74; and Stoicism, 79, 232, 233; and three disci plines, 232-238
Vital breath, l l 3 ' l 14, I I 5-I I 6, l So Voelke, A. -J. , 92
Voltaire, 175
Wang-Fou-chih, 310-3l l Wealth, 71, 74, 83, 215
Weaving (as image), 139-140, 141 Wendland, P. , 245
Whole, 95; and coherence, 130-13 l; consent to, 143; and good, 160, 201, 212, 219; and ham1ony, 142-143; Intellect o 220; and love, 142; and Nature, 220; and part, 201, 214,3ll; andReason,99;unityo 230. See also
Will, 38, 83; accord o 213; and acts ofsoul, 83;andcommunity, 13I; anddependence, 83; and desire, 128; andDestiny, 180; disci pline o 131; divine, 134, 142, 143; and event, 143; and eedom, 199; and guiding principle,128;identi cationwith,143;and impulse, 128; and intention, 213; ofNature, 55; and object, 198; personal vs. divine, 142; and piety, 134; and transcendence, 193, 202. See also Impulse
Williams, W. , 260, 295
Wisdom, 57-58, 76, 77, 81, 233, 239 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 147
Wo d: City o 42-43, 211-212, 214, 239, 291;
consentto, 145;discoveryo lll-l12; bri cation o 54; matter o 268; mind or soul
Index 351
o 155, 158; origin o 43; rationality o 40; repetition of, 7 5 ; sensible vs. intelli-
gible, l 82; unity o 40, 43 .
