] murmurs cool through apple boughs, and slumber streams from
quivering
leaves.
Universal Anthology - v03
c.
479, as well as to some extent of the history, traditions, geography, manners, and customs of other nations which came in contact with Greece.
It marks the beginning of historical writing among the Greeks.
]
Periander was son of Cypselus, and tyrant of Corinth. In his time a very wonderful thing is said to have happened. The Corinthians and the Lesbians agree in their account of the matter. They relate that Arion of Methymna, who as a player on the harp was second to no man living at that time, and who was, so far as we know, the first to invent the dithyrambic measure, to give it its name, and to recite in it at Corinth, was carried to Taenarum on the back of a dolphin.
He had lived for many years at the court of Periander, when a longing came upon him to sail across to Italy and Sicily. Having made rich profits in those parts, he wanted to recross the seas to Corinth. He therefore hired a vessel, the crew of which were Corinthians, thinking that there was no people in whom he could more safely confide; and going on board, he set sail from Tarentum. The sailors, however, when they reached the open sea, formed a plot to throw him overboard and seize upon his riches. Discovering their design, he fell on his knees, beseeching them to spare his life, and making them welcome to his money. But they refused ; and required him either to kill himself outright, if he wished for a grave on the dry land, or without loss of time to leap overboard into the sea. In this strait Arion begged them, since such was their pleasure, to allow him to mount upon the quarter-deck, dressed in his full costume, and there to play and sing, promising that as soon as his song was ended, he would destroy himself.
126
THE LEGEND OF ARION.
Delighted at the prospect of hearing the very best harper in the world, they consented, and withdrew from the stern to the middle of the vessel; while Arion dressed himself in the full costume of his calling, took his harp, and standing on the quarter-deck, chanted the Orthian. His strain ended, he flung himself, fully attired as he was, headlong into the sea. The Corinthians then sailed on to Corinth. As for Arion, a dol phin, they say, took him upon his back and carried him to Taenarum, where he went ashore, and thence proceeded to Corinth in his musician's dress, and told all that had happened to him.
Periander, however, disbelieved the story, and put Arion in ward, to prevent his leaving Corinth, while he watched anxiously for the return of the mariners. On their arrival he summoned them before him, and asked them if they could give him any tidings of Arion. They returned for answer that he was alive and in good health in Italy, and that they had left him at Tarentum, where he was doing well. Thereupon Arion appeared before them, just as he was when he jumped from the vessel: the men, astonished and detected in falsehood, could no longer deny their guilt. Such is the account which the Corinthians and Lesbians gave; and there is to this day at Taenarum an offering of Arion's at the shrine, which is a small figure in bronze, representing a man seated upon a dolphin.
[The story was apparently invented from the statue, which was one of Apollo. There is extant a short hymn in which the writer thanks the dolphins for preserving him from death at sea : it is ascribed to Arion, and if his, as Mure thinks, the legend is only a legitimate decoration of the statements in the poem ; though these were doubt less meant figuratively, to express having been saved from ship wreck, —the dolphins, which sport around vessels at sea in calm weather, being considered as guardian sub-deities of seafarers, and " to be saved by the dolphins " being a current term for escaping from perils of the sea. The poem is generally thought apocryphal ; but after all, some one must have written and under this interpre tation as likely to have been Arion as another. The same may be said of the statue was doubtless personal offering in grati tude for having got safe to land, and why should not the poet have made the offering?
; it
it is
a
it,
ARION. 127
ARION.
By GEORGE ELIOT.
[George Eliot, pseudonym of Mrs. Marian Evans Cross : A famous English novelist ; born in Warwickshire, England, November 22, 1819. After the death of her father (1840) she settled in London, where she became assistant editor of the Westminster Review (1851). In 1864 she formed a union with George Henry Lewes, and after his death married, in 1880, John Walter Cross. " Scenes of Clerical Life" first established her reputation as a writer, and was followed by the novels "Adam Bede," "The Mill on the Floss," "Silas Marner," "Rom- ola," "Felix Holt," "Middlemarch," and "Daniel Deronda. " Among her other works may be mentioned " The Spanish Gypsy," a drama, and the poems "Agatha," " The Legend of Jubal," and "Armgart. "]
Arion, whose melodic soul Taught the dithyramb to roll
Like forest fires, and sing Olympian suffering,
Had carried his diviner lore From Corinth to the sister shore
Where Greece could largelier be, Branching o'er Italy.
Then, weighted with his glorious name And bags of gold, aboard he came
'Mid harsh seafaring men To Corinth bound again.
The sailors eyed the bags and thought : "The gold is good, the man is naught—
And who shall track the wave That opens for his grave ? "
With brawny arms and cruel eyes They press around him where he lies
In sleep beside his lyre, Hearing the Muses quire.
He waked and saw this wolf-faced Death Breaking the dream that filled his breath
With the inspiration strong Of yet unchanted song.
" Take, take my gold and let me live ! " He prayed as kings do when they give
Their all with royal will, Holding born kingship stilL
ARION.
To rob the living they refuse,
One death or other he must choose,
Either the watery pall Or wounds and burial.
" My solemn robe then let me don, Give me high space to stand upon,
That dying I may pour A song unsung before. "
It pleased them well to grant this prayer, To hear for naught how it might fare
With men who paid their gold For what a poet sold.
In flowing stole, his eyes aglow
With inward fire, he neared the prow
And took his godlike stand, The cithara in hand.
The wolfish men all shrank aloof, And feared this singer might be proof
Against their murderous power, After his lyric hour.
But he, in liberty of song, Fearless of death or other wrong,
With full spondaic toll
Poured forth his mighty soul :
Poured forth the strain his dream had taught, A nome with lofty passion fraught
Such as makes battles won On fields of Marathon.
The last long vowels trembled then As awe within those wolfish men : They said, with mutual stare,
Some god was present there.
But lo ! Arion leaped on high, Ready, his descant done, to die ;
Cotasking, "Is it well? " Like a pierced eagle fell.
SAPPHO AND THE ^OLIAN STOCK. 129
SAPPHO AND THE . EOLIAN STOCK. By J. A. SYMONDS.
[John Addington Stmonds, English man of letters, was born October 5, 1840 ; graduated at Balliol College, Oxford. He wrote " Introduction to the Study of Dante" (1872) ; "Studies of the Greek Poets" (1873-1876) ; "The Renaissance in Italy " (six volumes, 1875-1886) ; " Shakespeare's Predecessors in the English Drama" (1884); "Life of Michelangelo" (1892); several vol umes of poetry ; translated Benvenuto Cellini's autobiography ; etc. He died April 18, 1893, at Rome. ]
Fob a certain space of time, the JSolians occupied the very foreground of Greek literature, and blazed out with a brilliance of lyrical splendor that has never been surpassed. There seems to have been something passionate and intense in their temper ament, which made the emotions of the Dorian and the Ionian feeble by comparison. Lesbos, the centre of . <Eolian culture, was the island of overmastering passions: the personality of the Greek race burned there with a fierce and steady flame of con centrated feeling. The energies which the Ionians divided between pleasure, politics, trade, legislation, science, and the arts, and which the Dorians turned to war and statecraft and social economy, were restrained by the ^Eolians within the sphere of individual emotions, ready to burst forth volcanically. Nowhere in any age of Greek history, or in any part of Hellas, did the love of physical beauty, the sensibility to radiant scenes of nature, the consuming fervor of personal feeling, assume such grand proportions and receive so illustrious an expression as they did in Lesbos.
At first this passion blossomed into the most exquisite lyrical poetry that the world has known: this was the flower time of the -<Eolians, their brief and brilliant spring. But the fruit it bore was bitter and rotten. Lesbos became a byword for cor ruption. The passions which for a moment had flamed into the gorgeousness of art, burning their envelope of words and images, remained a mere furnace of sensuality, from which no expression of the divine in human life could be expected. In this the Lesbian poets were not unlike the Provencal trouba dours, who made a literature of love, or the Venetian painters, who based their art upon the beauty of color, the voluptuous charms of the flesh. In each case the motive of enthusiastic
passion sufficed to produce a dazzling result. But as soon as VOL. m. — 9
130 SAPPHO AND THE iEOLIAN STOCK.
its freshness was exhausted there was nothing left for art to live on, and mere decadence to sensuality ensued.
Several circumstances contributed to aid the development of lyric poetry in Lesbos. The customs of the iEolians permitted more social and domestic freedom than was common in Greece. ^Eolian women were not confined to the harem like Ionians, or subjected to the rigorous discipline of the Spartans. While mixing freely with male society, they were highly educated, and accustomed to express their sentiments to an extent unknown elsewhere in history — until, indeed, the present time. The Lesbian ladies applied themselves successfully to literature. They formed clubs for the cultivation of poetry and music. They studied the arts of beauty, and sought to refine metrical forms and diction. Nor did they confine themselves to the scientific side of art. Unrestrained by public opinion, and pas sionate for the beautiful, they cultivated their senses and emo tions, and indulged their wildest passions.
All the luxuries and elegances of life which that climate and the rich valleys of Lesbos could afford were at their disposal: exquisite gardens, where the rose and hyacinth spread perfume ; river beds ablaze with the oleander and wild pomegranate; olive groves and fountains, where the cyclamen and violet flowered with feathery maidenhair; pine-tree-shadowed coves, where they might bathe in the calm of the tideless sea; fruits such as only the southern sun and sea wind can mature; marble cliffs, starred with jonquil and anemone in spring, aromatic with myrtle and lentisk and samphire and wild rosemary through all the months ; nightingales that sang in May; temples dim with dusky gold and bright with ivory ; statues and frescoes of heroic forms. In such scenes as these the Lesbian poets lived, and thought of love. When we read their poems, we seem to have the perfumes, colors, sounds, and lights of that luxurious land distilled in verse. Nor was a brief but biting winter wanting to give tone to their nerves, and, by contrast with the summer, to prevent the palling of so much luxury on sated senses. The voluptuousness of ^Eolian poetry is not like that of Persian or Arabian art. It is Greek in its self-restraint, proportion, tact. We find nothing burdensome in its sweetness. All is so rhythmically and sublimely ordered in the poems of Sappho that supreme art lends solemnity and grandeur to the expression of unmitigated passion.
The world has suffered no greater literary loss than the loss
Sappho
Photogravure from the painting by Alma Tadema
SAPPHO AND THE . EOLIAN STOCK. 131
of Sappho's poems. So perfect are the smallest fragments pre served in Bergk's "Collection" — the line, for example, which Ben Jonson fancifully translated, "the dear glad angel of the spring, the nightingale" — that we muse in a sad rapture of astonishment to think what the complete poems must have been. Among the ancients Sappho enjoyed a unique renown. She was called "The Poetess," as Homer was called "The Poet. " Aristotle quoted without question a judgment that placed her in the same rank as Homer and Archilochus. Plato in the "Phaedrus" mentioned her as the tenth muse. Solon, hearing one of her poems, prayed that he might not see death till he had learned it. Strabo speaks of her genius with religious awe. Longinus cites her love ode as a specimen of poetical sublimity. The epigrammatists call her Child of Aphrodite and Eros, nursling of the Graces and Persuasion, pride of Hellas, peer of Muses, companion of Apollo. Nowhere is a hint whispered that her poetry was aught but perfect. As far as we can judge, these praises were strictly just. Of all the poets of the world, of all the illustrious artists of all literatures, Sappho is the one whose every word has a peculiar and unmistakable perfume, a seal of absolute perfection and inimitable grace. In her art she was unerring. Even Archilochus seems commonplace when compared with her exquisite rarity of phrase.
About her life — her brother Charaxus, her daughter Cleis, her rejection of Alcaeus and her suit to Phaon, her love for Atthis and Anactoria, her leap from the Leucadian cliff — we know so very little, and that little is so confused with mythol ogy and turbid with the scandal of the comic poets, that it is not worth while to rake up once again the old materials for hypo thetical conclusions. There is enough of heart-devouring pas sion in Sappho's own verse without the legends of Phaon and the cliff of Leucas. The reality casts all fiction into the shade; for nowhere, except, perhaps, in some Persian or Provencal love songs, can be found more ardent expressions of overmas tering emotion. Whether addressing the maidens, whom even in Elysium, as Horace says, Sappho could not forget; or em bodying the profounder yearnings of an intense soul after beauty, which has never on earth existed, but which inflames the hearts of noblest poets, robbing their eyes of sleep and giving them the bitterness of tears to drink —these dazzling fragments,
Which still, like sparkles of Greek fire, Burn on through time and ne'er expire,
132 SAPPHO AND THE . EOLIAN STOCK.
are the ultimate and finished forms of passionate utterance, dia monds, topazes, and blazing rubies, in which the fire of the soul is crystalized forever.
Bt HENRY T. WHARTON.
Sappho, the one great woman poet of the world, who called herself Psappha in her own iEolic dialect, is said to have been at the zenith of her fame about the year 610 B. C. During her lifetime Jeremiah first began to prophesy (628 B. C. ), Daniel was carried away to Babylon (606 B. C. ), Nebuchadnezzar be sieged and captured Jerusalem (587 B. C. ), Solon was legislating at Athens, and Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king, is said to have been reigning over Rome. She lived before the birth of Gautama, the founder of Buddhism.
Two centuries have sufficed to obscure most of the events in the life of Shakspere; it can hardly be expected that the lapse of twenty-five centuries should have left many authentic records of the history of Sappho. Little even of that internal evidence upon which biography may rely can be gathered from her extant poems, in such fragmentary form have they come down to us. Save for the quotations of grammarians and lexicographers, no word of hers would have survived. Yet her writings seem to have been preserved intact till at least the third century of our era ; for Athenaeus, who wrote about that time, applies to himself the words of the Athenian comic poet Epicrates in his "Anti Lais" (about 360 B. C. ), saying that he, too,
Had learned by heart completely all the songs Breathing of love which sweetest Sappho sang.
Scaliger says, although there does not seem to exist any confirmatory evidence, that the works of Sappho and other lyric poets were burnt at Constantinople and at Rome in the year 1073, in the popedom of Gregory VII. Cardan says the burning took place under Gregory Nazianzen, about 380 a. d. And Petrus Alcydrius says that he heard when a boy that very many of the works of the Greek poets were burnt by order of the Byzantine emperors, and the poems of Gregory Nazianzen circulated in their stead. Bishop Blomfield thinks they must all have been destroyed at an early date, because neither Alcaeus nor Sappho was annotated by any of the later gram marians. " Few, indeed, but those roses," as the poet Meleager said, and the precious verses that the zeal of anti-paganism has spared to us.
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO. 133
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
(From the collection of Henry T. Wharton ; the prose translations by him. ) I.
Hymn to Aphrodite.
Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne [Poikildthron, sometimes printed PoikUdphron, various-minded], daughter of Zeus, weaver of wiles, I pray thee break not my spirit with anguish and distress, O Queen. But come hither, if ever before thou didst hear my voice afar and listen, and, leaving thy father's golden house, earnest with chariot yoked, and fair, fleet sparrows drew thee, flap ping fast their wings around the dark earth, from heaven through mid sky. Quickly arrived they; and thou, blessed one, smiling with immortal countenance, didst ask, What now is befallen me, and why now I call, and what I in my weak heart most desire to see ? " What beauty now wouldst thou draw to love thee ? Who wrongs thee, Sappho ? For even if she flies, she shall soon follow ; and if she rejects gifts, shall yet live; if she loves not, shall soon love, however loth. " Come, I pray thee, now too, and release me from cruel cares ; and all that my heart desires to accomplish, accom plish thou, and be thyself my ally.
(Translation of J. H. Merivale. )
Immortal Venus, throned above In radiant beauty, child of Jove, O skilled in every art of love
And artful snare ;
Dread power, to whom I bend the knee, Release my soul and set it free
From bonds of piercing agony
And gloomy care.
Yet come thyself, if e'er, benign,
Thy listening ears thou didst incline To my rude lay, the starry shine
Of Jove's court leaving.
In chariot yoked with coursers fair, Thine own immortal birds, that bear Thee swift to earth, the middle air
With bright wings cleaving.
Soon they were sped — and thou, most blest, In thine own smiles ambrosial dressed,
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
Didst ask what griefs my mind oppressed — What meant my song — —
What end my frenzied thoughts pursue For what loved youth I spread anew
My amorous nets — " Who, Sappho, who
Hath done thee wrong ?
What though he fly, he'll soon return ;
Still press thy gifts, though now he spurn ; Heed not his coldness — soon he'll burn,
E'en though thou chide. "
And saidst thou this, dread goddess ? Oh, Come then once more to ease my woe ; Grant all, and thy great self bestow,
My shield and guide !
(Translation of J. A. Symonds. )
Glittering-throned, undying Aphrodite, Wile-weaving daughter of high Zeus, I pray thee, Tame not my soul with heavy woe, dread mistress,
Nay, nor with anguish !
But hither come, if ever erst of old time
Thou didst incline, and listenedst to my crying, And from thy father's palace down descending,
Camest with golden
Chariot yoked : the fair swift-flying sparrows
Over dark earth with multitudinous fluttering, Pinion on pinion, thorough middle ether
Down from heaven hurried.
Quickly they came like light, and thou, blest lady, Smiling with clear undying eyes didst ask me What was the woe that troubled me, and wherefore
I had cried to thee :
What thing I longed for to appease my frantic
Soul ; and whom now must I persuade, thou askedst, Whom must entangle to thy love, and who now,
Sappho, hath wronged thee ?
Yea, for if now he shun, he soon shall chase thee ; Yea, if he take not gifts he soon shall give them ; Yea, if he love not, soon shall he begin to
Love thee, unwilling.
Come to me now too, and from tyrannous sorrow Free me, and all things that my soul desires to Have done, do for me, queen, and let thyself too
Be my great ally !
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO. 135
(Translation of Francis T. Palgrave. )
Golden-throned beyond the sky, Jove-born immortality :
Hear and heal a suppliant's pain ; Let not love be love in vain !
Come, as once to Love's imploring Accents of a maid's adoring, Wafted 'neath the golden dome, Bore thee from thy father's home;
When far off thy coming glowed, Whirling down th' ethereal road,
On thy dove-drawn progress glancing, 'Mid the light of wings advancing ;
And at once the radiant hue
Of immortal smiles I knew ; Heard the voice of reassurance Ask the tale of love's endurance :
Why such prayer ? And who for thee, Sappho, should be touched by me ; Passion-charmed in frenzy strong,
Who hath wrought my Sappho wrong ?
" Soon for flight pursuit wilt find Proffered gifts for gifts declined ; Soon, through long resistance earned, Love refused be love returned. "
To thy suppliant so returning, Consummate a maiden's yearning ; Love, from deep despair set free, Championing to Victory !
n.
To Anactoria.
That man seems to me peer of gods who sits in thy presence and hears close to him thy sweet speech and lovely laughter; that indeed makes my heart flutter in my bosom. For when I see thee but a little, I have no utterance left, my tongue is broken down, and straightway a subtle fire has run under my skin, with my eyes I have no sight, my ears ring, sweat pours down, and a trembling
I am paler than grass, and seem in my mad ness little better than one dead. But I must dare all, since one
seizes all my body ; so poor —
136
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
(Translation by W. E. Gladstone of Catullus' imitation. )
Him rival to the gods I place, Him loftier yet, if loftier be,
Who, Lesbia, sits before thy face,
Who listens and who looks on thee ;
Thee smiling soft. Yet this delight Doth all my sense consign to death ;
For when thou dawnest on my sight,
Ah, wretched ! flits my laboring breath.
My tongue is palsied. Subtly hid,
Fire creeps me through from limb to limb ;
My loud ears tingle all unbid ;
Twin clouds of night mine eyes bedim.
m.
The stars about the bright moon in their turn hide their bright faces when she at about her full lights up all earth with silver.
rv.
And round about the [breeze?
] murmurs cool through apple boughs, and slumber streams from quivering leaves.
v.
For they whom I benefit injure me most
VL
When anger spreads through the breast, guard thy tongue from barking idly.
(Translation of "Michael Field. ")
When through thy breast wild wrath doth spread And work thy inmost being harm,
Leave thou the fiery word unsaid, Guard thee, be calm.
VII.
Hadst thou felt desire for things good or noble, and had not thy tongue framed some evil speech, shame had not filled thine eyes, but thou hadst spoken honestly about it.
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
137
[Aristotle, in his " Rhetoric," says : " Base things dishonor those who do or write them," as Sappho showed when Alcaeus said: "Violet-weaving, pure, softly smiling Sappho, I would say some thing, but shame restrains me," and she answered him in the words of the present fragment.
Blass believes that these verses also are Sappho's, not Alcaeus'. Certainly they were quoted as Sappho's by Anna Comnena about 1110 a. d. , as well as by another writer whom Blass refers to. —
Whabton. ]
The Loves of Sappho and Alceus. (Anonymous translation in Edinburgh Review. )
Alcaeus — I fain would speak, I fain would tell, Sappho —But shame and fear my utterance quell.
If aught of good, if aught of fair,
Thy tongue were laboring to declare,
Nor shame should dash thy glance, nor fear Forbid thy suit to reach my ear.
VIII.
I do not think to touch the sky with my two arms.
rx.
And I flutter like a child after her mother.
x.
Spring's messenger, the sweet-voiced nightingale.
XI.
Now Love masters my limbs and shakes me, — fatal creature, bitter-sweet.
XII.
Now Eros shakes my soul, — a wind on the mountain falling on the oaks.
XIII.
The moon has set, and the Pleiades ; it is midnight, the time is going by, and I sleep alone.
■
138 FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
Xrv.
Thus at times with tender feet the Cretan women dance in measure round the fair altar, trampling the fine, soft bloom of the grass.
IT.
And dark-eyed Sleep, child of Night
XVI.
Delicate Adonis is dying, Cytherea; what shall we do? Beat your breasts, maidens, and rend your hands.
xvir.
But thou shalt ever lie, dead, nor shall there be any remem brance of thee then or thereafter, for thou hast not of the roses of Pieria; but thou shalt wander obscure even in the house of Hades, flitting among the shadowy dead.
(Translation of William Cory. )
Woman dead, lie there. No record of thee
Shall there ever be,
Since thou dost not share Roses in Pieria grown.
In the deathful cave,
With the feeble troop
Of the folk that droop,
Lurk and flit and crave, Woman severed and far-flown.
(Paraphrase of A. C. Swinburne. )
Thee, too, the years shall cover : thou shalt be As the rose born of one same blood with thee, As a song sung, as a word said, and fall Flower-wise, and be not any more at all,
Nor any memory of thee anywhere ;
For never thou hast bound above thine hair The high Pierian flowers, whose graft outgrows All summer kinship of the mortal rose
And color of deciduous days, nor shed
Reflex and flush of heaven about thine head.
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO. 139
XVIII.
What country girl bewitches thy heart, who knows not how to draw her dress about her ankles?
XIX.
But if thou lovest us, choose another and a younger bedfellow ; for I will not brook to live with thee — old woman with young man.
xx.
Do thou, Dica, set garlands round thy lovely hair, twining shoots of dill together with soft bands; for those who have fair flowers may best stand first, even in the favor of goddesses, who turn their face away from those who lack garlands.
(Translation of C. D. Tonge. )
But place those garlands on thy lovely hair, Twining the tender sprouts of anise green With skillful hand ; for offerings and flowers Are pleasing to the gods, who hate all those Who come before them with uncrowned heads.
XXI.
I love delicacy, and for me Love has the sun's splendor and beauty.
XXII.
I have a fair daughter with a form like a golden flower, — Cleis, the beloved, above whom I [prize] nor all Lydia nor
lovely [Lesbos].
XXIII.
Sweet mother, I cannot weave my web, broken as I am by long ing for a boy, at soft Aphrodite's will.
(Paraphrase of Moore. )
As o'er her loom the Lesbian maid
In lovesick languor hung her head,
Unknowing where her fingers strayed, She weeping turned away and said :
140
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
" Oh, my sweet mother, 'tis in vain ; I cannot weave as once I wove, So wildered is my heart and brain
With thinking of that youth I love. "
XXIV.
As the sweet apple blushes on the end of the bough, the very end of the bough, which the gatherers overlooked — nay, overlooked not, but could not reach.
(Translation of Francis T. Palgrave. )
O fair — O sweet!
As the sweet apple blooms high on the bough,
High as the highest, forgot of the gatherers, So thou : —
Yet not so : nor forgot of the gatherers ; High o'er their reach in the golden air ;
O sweet — O fair!
xxv.
As on the hills the shepherds trample the hyacinth under foot, and the flower darkens on the ground.
(Translation of Sir Edwin Arnold. )
Pines she like to the hyacinth out on the path by the hilltop ; Shepherds tread it aside, and its purples lie lost on the herbage.
Beauty — a Combination from Sappho.
(Translation by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, of XXIV. and XXV. combined. ) I.
Like the sweet apple which reddens upon the topmost bough,
Atop on the topmost twig, — which the pluckers forgot somehow, — Forgot it not, nay, but got it not, for none could get it till now.
n.
Like the wild hyacinth flower which on the hills is found,
Which the passing feet of the shepherds forever tear and wound, Until the purple blossom is trodden into the ground.
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO. 141
XXVI.
Evening, thou that bringest all that bright morning scattered ; thou bringest the sheep, thou bringest the goat, thou bringest the child back to her mother.
(Byron's paraphrase in "Don Juan. ")
O Hesperus ! thou bringest all good things, Home to the weary, to the hungry cheer,
To the young bird the parent's brooding wings, The welcome stall to the o'er-labored steer ;
Whate'er of peace about our hearthstone clings, Whate'er our household gods protect of dear,
Are gathered round us by thy look of rest ;
Thou bring'st the child, too, to its mother's breast.
XXVII.
From an Epithalamium.
A. — Maidenhood, maidenhood, whither art thou gone away
from me?
B. — Never again will I
(Epitaph. ) This is the dust of Timas, whom Persephone's dark chamber received, dead before her wedding ; when she perished, all her fellows dressed with sharpened steel the lovely tresses of their heads.
XXIX. May the night be doubled for me.
XXX.
(Epitaph. ) Maidens, dumb as I am, I speak thus, if any ask, and set before your feet a tireless voice : To Leto's daughter ^Ethiopia was I dedicated by Aristo, daughter of Hermocleides son of Saon- aiades, thy servant, O queen of women : whom bless thou, and deign to glorify our house.
XXXI.
On a Priestess op Diana.
—
come to thee never again.
XXVIII.
I answer from the dead :
Does any ask ?
A voice that lives is graven o'er my head ;
To dark-eyed Dian, ere my days begun,
Aristo vowed me, wife of Saon's son :
Then hear thy priestess, hear, O Virgin Power, And thy best gifts on Saon's lineage shower.
142 SAPPHICS.
SAPPHICS.
By ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.
[Algernon Charles Swinburne : English poet ; born at London, April 5, 1837. His skill in the use of English rhythms and rhymes is unexcelled by any modern English poet. He also writes French and Qreek with remarkable suc cess. His first notable work was two plays, " The Queen Mother " and " Rosa mund," 1881. "Atalanta " in Calydon," considered the finest reproduction of the classical spirit, 1804 ; Cbastelard," 1866; "Bothwell," 1874, the longest drama in English, consisting of about fifteen thousand lines and a multitude of characters, are among his ablest productions. His "Poems and Ballads" of 1866 met with severe criticism, and were withdrawn from the market. He has published in all no less than twenty volumes. ]
All the night sleep came not upon my eyelids, Shed not dew, nor shook nor unclosed a feather, Yet with lips shut close and with eyes of iron
Stood and beheld me.
Then to me so lying awake a vision
Came without sleep over seas and touched me, Softly touched mine eyelids and lips ; and I too,
Full of the vision,
Saw the white implacable Aphrodite,
Saw the hair unbound and the feet unsandaled Shine as fire of sunset on western waters ;
Saw the reluctant
Feet, the straining plumes of the doves that drew her, Looking always, looking with necks reverted,
Back to Lesbos, back to the hills whereunder
Shone Mitylene ;
Heard the flying feet of the Loves behind her Make a sudden thunder upon the waters,
As the thunder flung from the strong unclosing
Wings of a great wind.
So the goddess fled from her place, with awful Sound of feet and thunder of wings around her ; While behind a clamor of singing women
Severed the twilight
Ah the singing, ah the delight, the passion !
All the Loves wept, listening ; sick with anguish, Stood the crowned nine Muses about Apollo ;
Fear was upon them,
SAPPHICS.
While the tenth sang wonderful things they knew not Ah the tenth, the Lesbian ! the nine were silent,
None endured the sound of her song for weeping ;
Laurel by laurel,
Faded all their crowns ; but about her forehead, Round her woven tresses and ashen temples White as dead snow, paler than grass in summer,
Ravaged with kisses,
Shone a light of fire as a crown forever.
Yea, almost the implacable Aphrodite
Paused, and almost wept; such a song was that song,
Yea, by her name too
Called her, saying, " Turn to me, O my Sappho ! " Yet she turned her face from the Love's, she saw not Tears for laughter darken immortal eyelids,
Heard not about her
Fearful fitful wings of the doves departing,
Saw not how the bosom of Aphrodite
Shook with weeping, saw not her shaken raiment,
Saw not her hands wrung ;
Saw the Lesbians kissing across their smitten
Lutes with lips more sweet than the sound of lute strings Mouth to mouth and hand upon hand her chosen,
Fairer than all men;
Only saw the beautiful lips and fingers, Full of songs and kisses and little whispers, Full of musio ; only beheld among them
Soar, as a bird soars
Newly fledged, her visible song, a marvel, Made of perfect sound and exceeding passion, Sweetly shapen, terrible, full of thunders,
Clothed with the wind's wings.
Then rejoiced she, laughing with love, and scattered Roses, awful roses of holy blossom ;
Then the Loves thronged sadly with hidden faces
Round Aphrodite,
Then the Muses, stricken at heart, were silent ;
Yea, the gods waxed pale ; such a song was that song. All reluctant, all with a fresh repulsion,
Fled from before her.
144
LYRICS OF ALC^US.
All withdrew long since, and the land was barren, Full of fruitless women and music only.
Now perchance, when winds are assuaged at sunset,
Lulled at the dewfall,
By the gray seaside, unassuaged, unheard of, Unbeloved, unseen in the ebb of twilight, Ghosts of outcast women return lamenting,
Purged not in Lethe,
Clothed about with flame and with tears, and singing Songs that move the heart of the shaken heaven, Songs that break the heart of the earth with pity,
Hearing, to hear them.
LYRICS OF ALCLEUS.
(About B. c. 600) (Translated by Sir William Jones. ) What constitutes a State?
What constitutes a state ?
Not high-raised battlement or labored mound,
Thick wall or moated gate ;
Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned ;
Not bays and broad-armed ports,
Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride,
Not starred and spangled courts,
Where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride.
No, — men, high-minded men,
With powers as far above dull brutes endued
In forest, brake, or den,
As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude —
Men who their duties know,
But know their rights, and, knowing, dare maintain,
Prevent the long-aimed blow,
And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain ;
These constitute a state ;
And sovereign law, that state's collected will,
O'er thrones and globes elate
Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill. Smit by her sacred frown,
LYRICS OF ALC. EUS.
The fiend, Dissension, like a vapor sinks ; And e'en the all-dazzling crown
Hides his faint rays, and at her bidding shrinks ; Such was this heaven-loved isle,
Than Lesbos fairer and the Cretan shore ! No more shall freedom smile ?
Shall Britons languish, and be men no more ? Since all must life resign,
Those sweet rewards which decorate the brave 'Tis folly to decline,
And steal inglorious to the silent grave.
Defying the Stobm.
(Translated by J. A. Symonds. )
The rain of Zeus descends, and from high heaven A storm is driven :
And on the running water brooks the cold Lays icy hold :
Then up ! beat down the winter ; make the fire Blaze high and higher;
Mix wine as sweet as honey of the bee Abundantly ;
Then drink with comfortable wool around Your temples bound.
We must not yield our hearts to woe, or wear With wasting care ;
For grief will profit us no whit, my friend, Nor nothing mend :
But this is our best medicine, with wine fraught To cast out thought
An Arsenal.
(Translated by "William Mure. )
From roof to roof the spacious palace halls Glitter with war's array ;
With burnished metal clad, the lofty walls Beam like the bright noouday.
There white-plumed helmets hang from many a Above, in threatening row ;
Steel-garnished tunics and broad coats of mail
Spread o'er the space below. vol. m. — 10
THE OLD AGE OF THE SENSUALIST.
Chalcidian blades enow, and belts are here, Greaves and emblazoned shields ;
Well-tried protectors from the hostile spear, On other battle-fields.
With these good helps our work of war's begun, With these our victory must be won.
A Stobm at Sea.
(Translated by Sir William Jones. )
Now here, now there, the wild waves sweep, Whilst we betwixt them o'er the deep,
In shattered tempest-beaten bark, With laboring ropes are onward driven,
The billows dashing o'er our dark Upheaved deck — in tatters riven
Our sails — whose yawning rents between The raging sea and sky are seen.
Loose from their hold our anchors burst, And then the third, the fatal wave,
Comes rolling onward like the first, And doubles all our toil to save.
THE OLD AGE OF THE SENSUALIST.
By MIMNERMUS.
[About 625 B. C. ] (Translated by J. A. Symonds. )
What's life or pleasure wanting Aphrodite ? When to the gold-haired goddess cold am I,
When love and love's soft gifts no more delight me, Nor stolen dalliance, then I fain would die !
Ah ! fair and lovely bloom the flowers of youth ; On men and maids they beautifully smile :
But soon comes doleful eld, who, void of ruth, Indifferently afflicts the fair and vile :
Then cares wear out the heart ; old eyes forlorn Scarce reck the very sunshine to behold ——
Unloved by youths, of every maid the scorn So hard a lot God lays upon the old.
SOLON.
SOLON. By PLPTARCH.
147
[Plutarch : A Greek writer of biographies and miscellaneous works ; born about a. d. 60. He came of a wealthy and distinguished family and received a careful philosophical training at Athens under the Peripatetic philosopher Ammonius. After this he made several journeys, and stayed a considerable time in Rome, where he enjoyed friendly intercourse with persons of distinction, and conducted the education of the future Emperor Hadrian. He died about a. d. 120 in his native town, in which he held the office of archon and priest of the Pythian Apollo. His fame as an author is founded upon the celebrated " Parallel Lives," consisting of the biographies of forty-six Greeks and Romans, divided into pairs. Each pair contains the life of a Greek and a Roman, and generally ends with a comparison of the two. Plutarch's other writings, more than sixty short treatises on a great variety of subjects, are grouped under the title of " Morals. "]
It is perfectly possible for a good man and a statesman, without being solicitous for superfluities, to show some concern for competent necessaries. In his time, as Hesiod says, — " Work was a shame to none," nor was distinction made with respect to trade, but merchandise was a noble calling, which brought home the good things which the barbarous nations enjoyed, was the occasion of friendship with their kings, and a great source of experience. Some merchants have built great cities, as Protis, the founder of Massilia, to whom the Gauls, near the Rhone, were much attached. Some report also, that Thales and Hippocrates the mathematician traded ; and that Plato defrayed the charges of his travels by selling oil in Egypt. Solon's softness and profuseness, his popular rather than philo sophical tone about pleasure in his poems, have been ascribed to his trading life ; for, having suffered a thousand dangers, it was natural they should be recompensed with some gratifica tions and enjoyments ; but that he accounted himself rather poor than rich is evident from the lines, —
Some wicked men are rich, some good are poor — We will not change our virtue for their store : Virtue's a thing that none can take away ;
But money changes owners all the day.
At first he used his poetry only in trifles, not for any serious purpose, but simply to pass away his idle hours ; but afterwards he introduced moral sentences and state matters, which he did,
148 SOLON.
not to record them merely as an historian, but to justify his own actions, and sometimes to correct, chastise, and stir up the Athenians to noble performances. Some report that he designed to put his laws into heroic verse, and that they began thus, —
We humbly beg a blessing on our laws
From mighty Jove, and honor, and applause.
In philosophy, as most of the wise men then, he chiefly es teemed the political part of morals ; in physics, he was very plain and antiquated, as appears by this, —
It is the clouds that make the snow and hail, And thunder comes from lightning without fail ; The sea is stormy when the winds have blown, But it deals fairly when 'tis left alone.
And, indeed, it is probable that at that time Thales alone had raised philosophy above mere practice into speculation ; and the rest of the wise men were so called from prudence in
. .
Periander was son of Cypselus, and tyrant of Corinth. In his time a very wonderful thing is said to have happened. The Corinthians and the Lesbians agree in their account of the matter. They relate that Arion of Methymna, who as a player on the harp was second to no man living at that time, and who was, so far as we know, the first to invent the dithyrambic measure, to give it its name, and to recite in it at Corinth, was carried to Taenarum on the back of a dolphin.
He had lived for many years at the court of Periander, when a longing came upon him to sail across to Italy and Sicily. Having made rich profits in those parts, he wanted to recross the seas to Corinth. He therefore hired a vessel, the crew of which were Corinthians, thinking that there was no people in whom he could more safely confide; and going on board, he set sail from Tarentum. The sailors, however, when they reached the open sea, formed a plot to throw him overboard and seize upon his riches. Discovering their design, he fell on his knees, beseeching them to spare his life, and making them welcome to his money. But they refused ; and required him either to kill himself outright, if he wished for a grave on the dry land, or without loss of time to leap overboard into the sea. In this strait Arion begged them, since such was their pleasure, to allow him to mount upon the quarter-deck, dressed in his full costume, and there to play and sing, promising that as soon as his song was ended, he would destroy himself.
126
THE LEGEND OF ARION.
Delighted at the prospect of hearing the very best harper in the world, they consented, and withdrew from the stern to the middle of the vessel; while Arion dressed himself in the full costume of his calling, took his harp, and standing on the quarter-deck, chanted the Orthian. His strain ended, he flung himself, fully attired as he was, headlong into the sea. The Corinthians then sailed on to Corinth. As for Arion, a dol phin, they say, took him upon his back and carried him to Taenarum, where he went ashore, and thence proceeded to Corinth in his musician's dress, and told all that had happened to him.
Periander, however, disbelieved the story, and put Arion in ward, to prevent his leaving Corinth, while he watched anxiously for the return of the mariners. On their arrival he summoned them before him, and asked them if they could give him any tidings of Arion. They returned for answer that he was alive and in good health in Italy, and that they had left him at Tarentum, where he was doing well. Thereupon Arion appeared before them, just as he was when he jumped from the vessel: the men, astonished and detected in falsehood, could no longer deny their guilt. Such is the account which the Corinthians and Lesbians gave; and there is to this day at Taenarum an offering of Arion's at the shrine, which is a small figure in bronze, representing a man seated upon a dolphin.
[The story was apparently invented from the statue, which was one of Apollo. There is extant a short hymn in which the writer thanks the dolphins for preserving him from death at sea : it is ascribed to Arion, and if his, as Mure thinks, the legend is only a legitimate decoration of the statements in the poem ; though these were doubt less meant figuratively, to express having been saved from ship wreck, —the dolphins, which sport around vessels at sea in calm weather, being considered as guardian sub-deities of seafarers, and " to be saved by the dolphins " being a current term for escaping from perils of the sea. The poem is generally thought apocryphal ; but after all, some one must have written and under this interpre tation as likely to have been Arion as another. The same may be said of the statue was doubtless personal offering in grati tude for having got safe to land, and why should not the poet have made the offering?
; it
it is
a
it,
ARION. 127
ARION.
By GEORGE ELIOT.
[George Eliot, pseudonym of Mrs. Marian Evans Cross : A famous English novelist ; born in Warwickshire, England, November 22, 1819. After the death of her father (1840) she settled in London, where she became assistant editor of the Westminster Review (1851). In 1864 she formed a union with George Henry Lewes, and after his death married, in 1880, John Walter Cross. " Scenes of Clerical Life" first established her reputation as a writer, and was followed by the novels "Adam Bede," "The Mill on the Floss," "Silas Marner," "Rom- ola," "Felix Holt," "Middlemarch," and "Daniel Deronda. " Among her other works may be mentioned " The Spanish Gypsy," a drama, and the poems "Agatha," " The Legend of Jubal," and "Armgart. "]
Arion, whose melodic soul Taught the dithyramb to roll
Like forest fires, and sing Olympian suffering,
Had carried his diviner lore From Corinth to the sister shore
Where Greece could largelier be, Branching o'er Italy.
Then, weighted with his glorious name And bags of gold, aboard he came
'Mid harsh seafaring men To Corinth bound again.
The sailors eyed the bags and thought : "The gold is good, the man is naught—
And who shall track the wave That opens for his grave ? "
With brawny arms and cruel eyes They press around him where he lies
In sleep beside his lyre, Hearing the Muses quire.
He waked and saw this wolf-faced Death Breaking the dream that filled his breath
With the inspiration strong Of yet unchanted song.
" Take, take my gold and let me live ! " He prayed as kings do when they give
Their all with royal will, Holding born kingship stilL
ARION.
To rob the living they refuse,
One death or other he must choose,
Either the watery pall Or wounds and burial.
" My solemn robe then let me don, Give me high space to stand upon,
That dying I may pour A song unsung before. "
It pleased them well to grant this prayer, To hear for naught how it might fare
With men who paid their gold For what a poet sold.
In flowing stole, his eyes aglow
With inward fire, he neared the prow
And took his godlike stand, The cithara in hand.
The wolfish men all shrank aloof, And feared this singer might be proof
Against their murderous power, After his lyric hour.
But he, in liberty of song, Fearless of death or other wrong,
With full spondaic toll
Poured forth his mighty soul :
Poured forth the strain his dream had taught, A nome with lofty passion fraught
Such as makes battles won On fields of Marathon.
The last long vowels trembled then As awe within those wolfish men : They said, with mutual stare,
Some god was present there.
But lo ! Arion leaped on high, Ready, his descant done, to die ;
Cotasking, "Is it well? " Like a pierced eagle fell.
SAPPHO AND THE ^OLIAN STOCK. 129
SAPPHO AND THE . EOLIAN STOCK. By J. A. SYMONDS.
[John Addington Stmonds, English man of letters, was born October 5, 1840 ; graduated at Balliol College, Oxford. He wrote " Introduction to the Study of Dante" (1872) ; "Studies of the Greek Poets" (1873-1876) ; "The Renaissance in Italy " (six volumes, 1875-1886) ; " Shakespeare's Predecessors in the English Drama" (1884); "Life of Michelangelo" (1892); several vol umes of poetry ; translated Benvenuto Cellini's autobiography ; etc. He died April 18, 1893, at Rome. ]
Fob a certain space of time, the JSolians occupied the very foreground of Greek literature, and blazed out with a brilliance of lyrical splendor that has never been surpassed. There seems to have been something passionate and intense in their temper ament, which made the emotions of the Dorian and the Ionian feeble by comparison. Lesbos, the centre of . <Eolian culture, was the island of overmastering passions: the personality of the Greek race burned there with a fierce and steady flame of con centrated feeling. The energies which the Ionians divided between pleasure, politics, trade, legislation, science, and the arts, and which the Dorians turned to war and statecraft and social economy, were restrained by the ^Eolians within the sphere of individual emotions, ready to burst forth volcanically. Nowhere in any age of Greek history, or in any part of Hellas, did the love of physical beauty, the sensibility to radiant scenes of nature, the consuming fervor of personal feeling, assume such grand proportions and receive so illustrious an expression as they did in Lesbos.
At first this passion blossomed into the most exquisite lyrical poetry that the world has known: this was the flower time of the -<Eolians, their brief and brilliant spring. But the fruit it bore was bitter and rotten. Lesbos became a byword for cor ruption. The passions which for a moment had flamed into the gorgeousness of art, burning their envelope of words and images, remained a mere furnace of sensuality, from which no expression of the divine in human life could be expected. In this the Lesbian poets were not unlike the Provencal trouba dours, who made a literature of love, or the Venetian painters, who based their art upon the beauty of color, the voluptuous charms of the flesh. In each case the motive of enthusiastic
passion sufficed to produce a dazzling result. But as soon as VOL. m. — 9
130 SAPPHO AND THE iEOLIAN STOCK.
its freshness was exhausted there was nothing left for art to live on, and mere decadence to sensuality ensued.
Several circumstances contributed to aid the development of lyric poetry in Lesbos. The customs of the iEolians permitted more social and domestic freedom than was common in Greece. ^Eolian women were not confined to the harem like Ionians, or subjected to the rigorous discipline of the Spartans. While mixing freely with male society, they were highly educated, and accustomed to express their sentiments to an extent unknown elsewhere in history — until, indeed, the present time. The Lesbian ladies applied themselves successfully to literature. They formed clubs for the cultivation of poetry and music. They studied the arts of beauty, and sought to refine metrical forms and diction. Nor did they confine themselves to the scientific side of art. Unrestrained by public opinion, and pas sionate for the beautiful, they cultivated their senses and emo tions, and indulged their wildest passions.
All the luxuries and elegances of life which that climate and the rich valleys of Lesbos could afford were at their disposal: exquisite gardens, where the rose and hyacinth spread perfume ; river beds ablaze with the oleander and wild pomegranate; olive groves and fountains, where the cyclamen and violet flowered with feathery maidenhair; pine-tree-shadowed coves, where they might bathe in the calm of the tideless sea; fruits such as only the southern sun and sea wind can mature; marble cliffs, starred with jonquil and anemone in spring, aromatic with myrtle and lentisk and samphire and wild rosemary through all the months ; nightingales that sang in May; temples dim with dusky gold and bright with ivory ; statues and frescoes of heroic forms. In such scenes as these the Lesbian poets lived, and thought of love. When we read their poems, we seem to have the perfumes, colors, sounds, and lights of that luxurious land distilled in verse. Nor was a brief but biting winter wanting to give tone to their nerves, and, by contrast with the summer, to prevent the palling of so much luxury on sated senses. The voluptuousness of ^Eolian poetry is not like that of Persian or Arabian art. It is Greek in its self-restraint, proportion, tact. We find nothing burdensome in its sweetness. All is so rhythmically and sublimely ordered in the poems of Sappho that supreme art lends solemnity and grandeur to the expression of unmitigated passion.
The world has suffered no greater literary loss than the loss
Sappho
Photogravure from the painting by Alma Tadema
SAPPHO AND THE . EOLIAN STOCK. 131
of Sappho's poems. So perfect are the smallest fragments pre served in Bergk's "Collection" — the line, for example, which Ben Jonson fancifully translated, "the dear glad angel of the spring, the nightingale" — that we muse in a sad rapture of astonishment to think what the complete poems must have been. Among the ancients Sappho enjoyed a unique renown. She was called "The Poetess," as Homer was called "The Poet. " Aristotle quoted without question a judgment that placed her in the same rank as Homer and Archilochus. Plato in the "Phaedrus" mentioned her as the tenth muse. Solon, hearing one of her poems, prayed that he might not see death till he had learned it. Strabo speaks of her genius with religious awe. Longinus cites her love ode as a specimen of poetical sublimity. The epigrammatists call her Child of Aphrodite and Eros, nursling of the Graces and Persuasion, pride of Hellas, peer of Muses, companion of Apollo. Nowhere is a hint whispered that her poetry was aught but perfect. As far as we can judge, these praises were strictly just. Of all the poets of the world, of all the illustrious artists of all literatures, Sappho is the one whose every word has a peculiar and unmistakable perfume, a seal of absolute perfection and inimitable grace. In her art she was unerring. Even Archilochus seems commonplace when compared with her exquisite rarity of phrase.
About her life — her brother Charaxus, her daughter Cleis, her rejection of Alcaeus and her suit to Phaon, her love for Atthis and Anactoria, her leap from the Leucadian cliff — we know so very little, and that little is so confused with mythol ogy and turbid with the scandal of the comic poets, that it is not worth while to rake up once again the old materials for hypo thetical conclusions. There is enough of heart-devouring pas sion in Sappho's own verse without the legends of Phaon and the cliff of Leucas. The reality casts all fiction into the shade; for nowhere, except, perhaps, in some Persian or Provencal love songs, can be found more ardent expressions of overmas tering emotion. Whether addressing the maidens, whom even in Elysium, as Horace says, Sappho could not forget; or em bodying the profounder yearnings of an intense soul after beauty, which has never on earth existed, but which inflames the hearts of noblest poets, robbing their eyes of sleep and giving them the bitterness of tears to drink —these dazzling fragments,
Which still, like sparkles of Greek fire, Burn on through time and ne'er expire,
132 SAPPHO AND THE . EOLIAN STOCK.
are the ultimate and finished forms of passionate utterance, dia monds, topazes, and blazing rubies, in which the fire of the soul is crystalized forever.
Bt HENRY T. WHARTON.
Sappho, the one great woman poet of the world, who called herself Psappha in her own iEolic dialect, is said to have been at the zenith of her fame about the year 610 B. C. During her lifetime Jeremiah first began to prophesy (628 B. C. ), Daniel was carried away to Babylon (606 B. C. ), Nebuchadnezzar be sieged and captured Jerusalem (587 B. C. ), Solon was legislating at Athens, and Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king, is said to have been reigning over Rome. She lived before the birth of Gautama, the founder of Buddhism.
Two centuries have sufficed to obscure most of the events in the life of Shakspere; it can hardly be expected that the lapse of twenty-five centuries should have left many authentic records of the history of Sappho. Little even of that internal evidence upon which biography may rely can be gathered from her extant poems, in such fragmentary form have they come down to us. Save for the quotations of grammarians and lexicographers, no word of hers would have survived. Yet her writings seem to have been preserved intact till at least the third century of our era ; for Athenaeus, who wrote about that time, applies to himself the words of the Athenian comic poet Epicrates in his "Anti Lais" (about 360 B. C. ), saying that he, too,
Had learned by heart completely all the songs Breathing of love which sweetest Sappho sang.
Scaliger says, although there does not seem to exist any confirmatory evidence, that the works of Sappho and other lyric poets were burnt at Constantinople and at Rome in the year 1073, in the popedom of Gregory VII. Cardan says the burning took place under Gregory Nazianzen, about 380 a. d. And Petrus Alcydrius says that he heard when a boy that very many of the works of the Greek poets were burnt by order of the Byzantine emperors, and the poems of Gregory Nazianzen circulated in their stead. Bishop Blomfield thinks they must all have been destroyed at an early date, because neither Alcaeus nor Sappho was annotated by any of the later gram marians. " Few, indeed, but those roses," as the poet Meleager said, and the precious verses that the zeal of anti-paganism has spared to us.
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO. 133
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
(From the collection of Henry T. Wharton ; the prose translations by him. ) I.
Hymn to Aphrodite.
Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne [Poikildthron, sometimes printed PoikUdphron, various-minded], daughter of Zeus, weaver of wiles, I pray thee break not my spirit with anguish and distress, O Queen. But come hither, if ever before thou didst hear my voice afar and listen, and, leaving thy father's golden house, earnest with chariot yoked, and fair, fleet sparrows drew thee, flap ping fast their wings around the dark earth, from heaven through mid sky. Quickly arrived they; and thou, blessed one, smiling with immortal countenance, didst ask, What now is befallen me, and why now I call, and what I in my weak heart most desire to see ? " What beauty now wouldst thou draw to love thee ? Who wrongs thee, Sappho ? For even if she flies, she shall soon follow ; and if she rejects gifts, shall yet live; if she loves not, shall soon love, however loth. " Come, I pray thee, now too, and release me from cruel cares ; and all that my heart desires to accomplish, accom plish thou, and be thyself my ally.
(Translation of J. H. Merivale. )
Immortal Venus, throned above In radiant beauty, child of Jove, O skilled in every art of love
And artful snare ;
Dread power, to whom I bend the knee, Release my soul and set it free
From bonds of piercing agony
And gloomy care.
Yet come thyself, if e'er, benign,
Thy listening ears thou didst incline To my rude lay, the starry shine
Of Jove's court leaving.
In chariot yoked with coursers fair, Thine own immortal birds, that bear Thee swift to earth, the middle air
With bright wings cleaving.
Soon they were sped — and thou, most blest, In thine own smiles ambrosial dressed,
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
Didst ask what griefs my mind oppressed — What meant my song — —
What end my frenzied thoughts pursue For what loved youth I spread anew
My amorous nets — " Who, Sappho, who
Hath done thee wrong ?
What though he fly, he'll soon return ;
Still press thy gifts, though now he spurn ; Heed not his coldness — soon he'll burn,
E'en though thou chide. "
And saidst thou this, dread goddess ? Oh, Come then once more to ease my woe ; Grant all, and thy great self bestow,
My shield and guide !
(Translation of J. A. Symonds. )
Glittering-throned, undying Aphrodite, Wile-weaving daughter of high Zeus, I pray thee, Tame not my soul with heavy woe, dread mistress,
Nay, nor with anguish !
But hither come, if ever erst of old time
Thou didst incline, and listenedst to my crying, And from thy father's palace down descending,
Camest with golden
Chariot yoked : the fair swift-flying sparrows
Over dark earth with multitudinous fluttering, Pinion on pinion, thorough middle ether
Down from heaven hurried.
Quickly they came like light, and thou, blest lady, Smiling with clear undying eyes didst ask me What was the woe that troubled me, and wherefore
I had cried to thee :
What thing I longed for to appease my frantic
Soul ; and whom now must I persuade, thou askedst, Whom must entangle to thy love, and who now,
Sappho, hath wronged thee ?
Yea, for if now he shun, he soon shall chase thee ; Yea, if he take not gifts he soon shall give them ; Yea, if he love not, soon shall he begin to
Love thee, unwilling.
Come to me now too, and from tyrannous sorrow Free me, and all things that my soul desires to Have done, do for me, queen, and let thyself too
Be my great ally !
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO. 135
(Translation of Francis T. Palgrave. )
Golden-throned beyond the sky, Jove-born immortality :
Hear and heal a suppliant's pain ; Let not love be love in vain !
Come, as once to Love's imploring Accents of a maid's adoring, Wafted 'neath the golden dome, Bore thee from thy father's home;
When far off thy coming glowed, Whirling down th' ethereal road,
On thy dove-drawn progress glancing, 'Mid the light of wings advancing ;
And at once the radiant hue
Of immortal smiles I knew ; Heard the voice of reassurance Ask the tale of love's endurance :
Why such prayer ? And who for thee, Sappho, should be touched by me ; Passion-charmed in frenzy strong,
Who hath wrought my Sappho wrong ?
" Soon for flight pursuit wilt find Proffered gifts for gifts declined ; Soon, through long resistance earned, Love refused be love returned. "
To thy suppliant so returning, Consummate a maiden's yearning ; Love, from deep despair set free, Championing to Victory !
n.
To Anactoria.
That man seems to me peer of gods who sits in thy presence and hears close to him thy sweet speech and lovely laughter; that indeed makes my heart flutter in my bosom. For when I see thee but a little, I have no utterance left, my tongue is broken down, and straightway a subtle fire has run under my skin, with my eyes I have no sight, my ears ring, sweat pours down, and a trembling
I am paler than grass, and seem in my mad ness little better than one dead. But I must dare all, since one
seizes all my body ; so poor —
136
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
(Translation by W. E. Gladstone of Catullus' imitation. )
Him rival to the gods I place, Him loftier yet, if loftier be,
Who, Lesbia, sits before thy face,
Who listens and who looks on thee ;
Thee smiling soft. Yet this delight Doth all my sense consign to death ;
For when thou dawnest on my sight,
Ah, wretched ! flits my laboring breath.
My tongue is palsied. Subtly hid,
Fire creeps me through from limb to limb ;
My loud ears tingle all unbid ;
Twin clouds of night mine eyes bedim.
m.
The stars about the bright moon in their turn hide their bright faces when she at about her full lights up all earth with silver.
rv.
And round about the [breeze?
] murmurs cool through apple boughs, and slumber streams from quivering leaves.
v.
For they whom I benefit injure me most
VL
When anger spreads through the breast, guard thy tongue from barking idly.
(Translation of "Michael Field. ")
When through thy breast wild wrath doth spread And work thy inmost being harm,
Leave thou the fiery word unsaid, Guard thee, be calm.
VII.
Hadst thou felt desire for things good or noble, and had not thy tongue framed some evil speech, shame had not filled thine eyes, but thou hadst spoken honestly about it.
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
137
[Aristotle, in his " Rhetoric," says : " Base things dishonor those who do or write them," as Sappho showed when Alcaeus said: "Violet-weaving, pure, softly smiling Sappho, I would say some thing, but shame restrains me," and she answered him in the words of the present fragment.
Blass believes that these verses also are Sappho's, not Alcaeus'. Certainly they were quoted as Sappho's by Anna Comnena about 1110 a. d. , as well as by another writer whom Blass refers to. —
Whabton. ]
The Loves of Sappho and Alceus. (Anonymous translation in Edinburgh Review. )
Alcaeus — I fain would speak, I fain would tell, Sappho —But shame and fear my utterance quell.
If aught of good, if aught of fair,
Thy tongue were laboring to declare,
Nor shame should dash thy glance, nor fear Forbid thy suit to reach my ear.
VIII.
I do not think to touch the sky with my two arms.
rx.
And I flutter like a child after her mother.
x.
Spring's messenger, the sweet-voiced nightingale.
XI.
Now Love masters my limbs and shakes me, — fatal creature, bitter-sweet.
XII.
Now Eros shakes my soul, — a wind on the mountain falling on the oaks.
XIII.
The moon has set, and the Pleiades ; it is midnight, the time is going by, and I sleep alone.
■
138 FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
Xrv.
Thus at times with tender feet the Cretan women dance in measure round the fair altar, trampling the fine, soft bloom of the grass.
IT.
And dark-eyed Sleep, child of Night
XVI.
Delicate Adonis is dying, Cytherea; what shall we do? Beat your breasts, maidens, and rend your hands.
xvir.
But thou shalt ever lie, dead, nor shall there be any remem brance of thee then or thereafter, for thou hast not of the roses of Pieria; but thou shalt wander obscure even in the house of Hades, flitting among the shadowy dead.
(Translation of William Cory. )
Woman dead, lie there. No record of thee
Shall there ever be,
Since thou dost not share Roses in Pieria grown.
In the deathful cave,
With the feeble troop
Of the folk that droop,
Lurk and flit and crave, Woman severed and far-flown.
(Paraphrase of A. C. Swinburne. )
Thee, too, the years shall cover : thou shalt be As the rose born of one same blood with thee, As a song sung, as a word said, and fall Flower-wise, and be not any more at all,
Nor any memory of thee anywhere ;
For never thou hast bound above thine hair The high Pierian flowers, whose graft outgrows All summer kinship of the mortal rose
And color of deciduous days, nor shed
Reflex and flush of heaven about thine head.
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO. 139
XVIII.
What country girl bewitches thy heart, who knows not how to draw her dress about her ankles?
XIX.
But if thou lovest us, choose another and a younger bedfellow ; for I will not brook to live with thee — old woman with young man.
xx.
Do thou, Dica, set garlands round thy lovely hair, twining shoots of dill together with soft bands; for those who have fair flowers may best stand first, even in the favor of goddesses, who turn their face away from those who lack garlands.
(Translation of C. D. Tonge. )
But place those garlands on thy lovely hair, Twining the tender sprouts of anise green With skillful hand ; for offerings and flowers Are pleasing to the gods, who hate all those Who come before them with uncrowned heads.
XXI.
I love delicacy, and for me Love has the sun's splendor and beauty.
XXII.
I have a fair daughter with a form like a golden flower, — Cleis, the beloved, above whom I [prize] nor all Lydia nor
lovely [Lesbos].
XXIII.
Sweet mother, I cannot weave my web, broken as I am by long ing for a boy, at soft Aphrodite's will.
(Paraphrase of Moore. )
As o'er her loom the Lesbian maid
In lovesick languor hung her head,
Unknowing where her fingers strayed, She weeping turned away and said :
140
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO.
" Oh, my sweet mother, 'tis in vain ; I cannot weave as once I wove, So wildered is my heart and brain
With thinking of that youth I love. "
XXIV.
As the sweet apple blushes on the end of the bough, the very end of the bough, which the gatherers overlooked — nay, overlooked not, but could not reach.
(Translation of Francis T. Palgrave. )
O fair — O sweet!
As the sweet apple blooms high on the bough,
High as the highest, forgot of the gatherers, So thou : —
Yet not so : nor forgot of the gatherers ; High o'er their reach in the golden air ;
O sweet — O fair!
xxv.
As on the hills the shepherds trample the hyacinth under foot, and the flower darkens on the ground.
(Translation of Sir Edwin Arnold. )
Pines she like to the hyacinth out on the path by the hilltop ; Shepherds tread it aside, and its purples lie lost on the herbage.
Beauty — a Combination from Sappho.
(Translation by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, of XXIV. and XXV. combined. ) I.
Like the sweet apple which reddens upon the topmost bough,
Atop on the topmost twig, — which the pluckers forgot somehow, — Forgot it not, nay, but got it not, for none could get it till now.
n.
Like the wild hyacinth flower which on the hills is found,
Which the passing feet of the shepherds forever tear and wound, Until the purple blossom is trodden into the ground.
FRAGMENTS OF SAPPHO. 141
XXVI.
Evening, thou that bringest all that bright morning scattered ; thou bringest the sheep, thou bringest the goat, thou bringest the child back to her mother.
(Byron's paraphrase in "Don Juan. ")
O Hesperus ! thou bringest all good things, Home to the weary, to the hungry cheer,
To the young bird the parent's brooding wings, The welcome stall to the o'er-labored steer ;
Whate'er of peace about our hearthstone clings, Whate'er our household gods protect of dear,
Are gathered round us by thy look of rest ;
Thou bring'st the child, too, to its mother's breast.
XXVII.
From an Epithalamium.
A. — Maidenhood, maidenhood, whither art thou gone away
from me?
B. — Never again will I
(Epitaph. ) This is the dust of Timas, whom Persephone's dark chamber received, dead before her wedding ; when she perished, all her fellows dressed with sharpened steel the lovely tresses of their heads.
XXIX. May the night be doubled for me.
XXX.
(Epitaph. ) Maidens, dumb as I am, I speak thus, if any ask, and set before your feet a tireless voice : To Leto's daughter ^Ethiopia was I dedicated by Aristo, daughter of Hermocleides son of Saon- aiades, thy servant, O queen of women : whom bless thou, and deign to glorify our house.
XXXI.
On a Priestess op Diana.
—
come to thee never again.
XXVIII.
I answer from the dead :
Does any ask ?
A voice that lives is graven o'er my head ;
To dark-eyed Dian, ere my days begun,
Aristo vowed me, wife of Saon's son :
Then hear thy priestess, hear, O Virgin Power, And thy best gifts on Saon's lineage shower.
142 SAPPHICS.
SAPPHICS.
By ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.
[Algernon Charles Swinburne : English poet ; born at London, April 5, 1837. His skill in the use of English rhythms and rhymes is unexcelled by any modern English poet. He also writes French and Qreek with remarkable suc cess. His first notable work was two plays, " The Queen Mother " and " Rosa mund," 1881. "Atalanta " in Calydon," considered the finest reproduction of the classical spirit, 1804 ; Cbastelard," 1866; "Bothwell," 1874, the longest drama in English, consisting of about fifteen thousand lines and a multitude of characters, are among his ablest productions. His "Poems and Ballads" of 1866 met with severe criticism, and were withdrawn from the market. He has published in all no less than twenty volumes. ]
All the night sleep came not upon my eyelids, Shed not dew, nor shook nor unclosed a feather, Yet with lips shut close and with eyes of iron
Stood and beheld me.
Then to me so lying awake a vision
Came without sleep over seas and touched me, Softly touched mine eyelids and lips ; and I too,
Full of the vision,
Saw the white implacable Aphrodite,
Saw the hair unbound and the feet unsandaled Shine as fire of sunset on western waters ;
Saw the reluctant
Feet, the straining plumes of the doves that drew her, Looking always, looking with necks reverted,
Back to Lesbos, back to the hills whereunder
Shone Mitylene ;
Heard the flying feet of the Loves behind her Make a sudden thunder upon the waters,
As the thunder flung from the strong unclosing
Wings of a great wind.
So the goddess fled from her place, with awful Sound of feet and thunder of wings around her ; While behind a clamor of singing women
Severed the twilight
Ah the singing, ah the delight, the passion !
All the Loves wept, listening ; sick with anguish, Stood the crowned nine Muses about Apollo ;
Fear was upon them,
SAPPHICS.
While the tenth sang wonderful things they knew not Ah the tenth, the Lesbian ! the nine were silent,
None endured the sound of her song for weeping ;
Laurel by laurel,
Faded all their crowns ; but about her forehead, Round her woven tresses and ashen temples White as dead snow, paler than grass in summer,
Ravaged with kisses,
Shone a light of fire as a crown forever.
Yea, almost the implacable Aphrodite
Paused, and almost wept; such a song was that song,
Yea, by her name too
Called her, saying, " Turn to me, O my Sappho ! " Yet she turned her face from the Love's, she saw not Tears for laughter darken immortal eyelids,
Heard not about her
Fearful fitful wings of the doves departing,
Saw not how the bosom of Aphrodite
Shook with weeping, saw not her shaken raiment,
Saw not her hands wrung ;
Saw the Lesbians kissing across their smitten
Lutes with lips more sweet than the sound of lute strings Mouth to mouth and hand upon hand her chosen,
Fairer than all men;
Only saw the beautiful lips and fingers, Full of songs and kisses and little whispers, Full of musio ; only beheld among them
Soar, as a bird soars
Newly fledged, her visible song, a marvel, Made of perfect sound and exceeding passion, Sweetly shapen, terrible, full of thunders,
Clothed with the wind's wings.
Then rejoiced she, laughing with love, and scattered Roses, awful roses of holy blossom ;
Then the Loves thronged sadly with hidden faces
Round Aphrodite,
Then the Muses, stricken at heart, were silent ;
Yea, the gods waxed pale ; such a song was that song. All reluctant, all with a fresh repulsion,
Fled from before her.
144
LYRICS OF ALC^US.
All withdrew long since, and the land was barren, Full of fruitless women and music only.
Now perchance, when winds are assuaged at sunset,
Lulled at the dewfall,
By the gray seaside, unassuaged, unheard of, Unbeloved, unseen in the ebb of twilight, Ghosts of outcast women return lamenting,
Purged not in Lethe,
Clothed about with flame and with tears, and singing Songs that move the heart of the shaken heaven, Songs that break the heart of the earth with pity,
Hearing, to hear them.
LYRICS OF ALCLEUS.
(About B. c. 600) (Translated by Sir William Jones. ) What constitutes a State?
What constitutes a state ?
Not high-raised battlement or labored mound,
Thick wall or moated gate ;
Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned ;
Not bays and broad-armed ports,
Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride,
Not starred and spangled courts,
Where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride.
No, — men, high-minded men,
With powers as far above dull brutes endued
In forest, brake, or den,
As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude —
Men who their duties know,
But know their rights, and, knowing, dare maintain,
Prevent the long-aimed blow,
And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain ;
These constitute a state ;
And sovereign law, that state's collected will,
O'er thrones and globes elate
Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill. Smit by her sacred frown,
LYRICS OF ALC. EUS.
The fiend, Dissension, like a vapor sinks ; And e'en the all-dazzling crown
Hides his faint rays, and at her bidding shrinks ; Such was this heaven-loved isle,
Than Lesbos fairer and the Cretan shore ! No more shall freedom smile ?
Shall Britons languish, and be men no more ? Since all must life resign,
Those sweet rewards which decorate the brave 'Tis folly to decline,
And steal inglorious to the silent grave.
Defying the Stobm.
(Translated by J. A. Symonds. )
The rain of Zeus descends, and from high heaven A storm is driven :
And on the running water brooks the cold Lays icy hold :
Then up ! beat down the winter ; make the fire Blaze high and higher;
Mix wine as sweet as honey of the bee Abundantly ;
Then drink with comfortable wool around Your temples bound.
We must not yield our hearts to woe, or wear With wasting care ;
For grief will profit us no whit, my friend, Nor nothing mend :
But this is our best medicine, with wine fraught To cast out thought
An Arsenal.
(Translated by "William Mure. )
From roof to roof the spacious palace halls Glitter with war's array ;
With burnished metal clad, the lofty walls Beam like the bright noouday.
There white-plumed helmets hang from many a Above, in threatening row ;
Steel-garnished tunics and broad coats of mail
Spread o'er the space below. vol. m. — 10
THE OLD AGE OF THE SENSUALIST.
Chalcidian blades enow, and belts are here, Greaves and emblazoned shields ;
Well-tried protectors from the hostile spear, On other battle-fields.
With these good helps our work of war's begun, With these our victory must be won.
A Stobm at Sea.
(Translated by Sir William Jones. )
Now here, now there, the wild waves sweep, Whilst we betwixt them o'er the deep,
In shattered tempest-beaten bark, With laboring ropes are onward driven,
The billows dashing o'er our dark Upheaved deck — in tatters riven
Our sails — whose yawning rents between The raging sea and sky are seen.
Loose from their hold our anchors burst, And then the third, the fatal wave,
Comes rolling onward like the first, And doubles all our toil to save.
THE OLD AGE OF THE SENSUALIST.
By MIMNERMUS.
[About 625 B. C. ] (Translated by J. A. Symonds. )
What's life or pleasure wanting Aphrodite ? When to the gold-haired goddess cold am I,
When love and love's soft gifts no more delight me, Nor stolen dalliance, then I fain would die !
Ah ! fair and lovely bloom the flowers of youth ; On men and maids they beautifully smile :
But soon comes doleful eld, who, void of ruth, Indifferently afflicts the fair and vile :
Then cares wear out the heart ; old eyes forlorn Scarce reck the very sunshine to behold ——
Unloved by youths, of every maid the scorn So hard a lot God lays upon the old.
SOLON.
SOLON. By PLPTARCH.
147
[Plutarch : A Greek writer of biographies and miscellaneous works ; born about a. d. 60. He came of a wealthy and distinguished family and received a careful philosophical training at Athens under the Peripatetic philosopher Ammonius. After this he made several journeys, and stayed a considerable time in Rome, where he enjoyed friendly intercourse with persons of distinction, and conducted the education of the future Emperor Hadrian. He died about a. d. 120 in his native town, in which he held the office of archon and priest of the Pythian Apollo. His fame as an author is founded upon the celebrated " Parallel Lives," consisting of the biographies of forty-six Greeks and Romans, divided into pairs. Each pair contains the life of a Greek and a Roman, and generally ends with a comparison of the two. Plutarch's other writings, more than sixty short treatises on a great variety of subjects, are grouped under the title of " Morals. "]
It is perfectly possible for a good man and a statesman, without being solicitous for superfluities, to show some concern for competent necessaries. In his time, as Hesiod says, — " Work was a shame to none," nor was distinction made with respect to trade, but merchandise was a noble calling, which brought home the good things which the barbarous nations enjoyed, was the occasion of friendship with their kings, and a great source of experience. Some merchants have built great cities, as Protis, the founder of Massilia, to whom the Gauls, near the Rhone, were much attached. Some report also, that Thales and Hippocrates the mathematician traded ; and that Plato defrayed the charges of his travels by selling oil in Egypt. Solon's softness and profuseness, his popular rather than philo sophical tone about pleasure in his poems, have been ascribed to his trading life ; for, having suffered a thousand dangers, it was natural they should be recompensed with some gratifica tions and enjoyments ; but that he accounted himself rather poor than rich is evident from the lines, —
Some wicked men are rich, some good are poor — We will not change our virtue for their store : Virtue's a thing that none can take away ;
But money changes owners all the day.
At first he used his poetry only in trifles, not for any serious purpose, but simply to pass away his idle hours ; but afterwards he introduced moral sentences and state matters, which he did,
148 SOLON.
not to record them merely as an historian, but to justify his own actions, and sometimes to correct, chastise, and stir up the Athenians to noble performances. Some report that he designed to put his laws into heroic verse, and that they began thus, —
We humbly beg a blessing on our laws
From mighty Jove, and honor, and applause.
In philosophy, as most of the wise men then, he chiefly es teemed the political part of morals ; in physics, he was very plain and antiquated, as appears by this, —
It is the clouds that make the snow and hail, And thunder comes from lightning without fail ; The sea is stormy when the winds have blown, But it deals fairly when 'tis left alone.
And, indeed, it is probable that at that time Thales alone had raised philosophy above mere practice into speculation ; and the rest of the wise men were so called from prudence in
. .
