) for
a statuary in bronze.
a statuary in bronze.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
(See Sillig, Cal.
Art. s. 0. ; and Hertzberg, Coinment. ad loc. ) (P. S. ]
PYRES (Núpns), of Miletus, a writer of that
lascivious species of poetry denominated Tonic, and
in which Sotades of Maroneia, who lived after
Pyres, was principally conspicuous. As Sotades
lived in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Pyres
must have lived previous to B. c. 285. (Athen.
xiv. p. 620, c. ) Suidas (s. v. Ewrádns) erroneously
calls him Núppos.
(W. M. G. )
PYRGENSIS, M. POSTU'MIUS, one of the
farmers of the public taxes in the second Punic
PYLAS (núas), a son of Cteson, and king of war, was brought to trial in B. c. 212, for his pecu-
Megara, who, after having slain Bias, his own
lations and fraud ; and was condemned by the
father's brother, founded the town of Pylos in people, though not without great opposition, as he
Peloponnesus, and gave Megara to Pandion who was supported by the rest of the publicani and one
had married his daughter Pylia, and accordingly of the tribunes. Postumius weni into exile before
was his son-in-law. (Apollod. iii, 15. 95; Paus. bis condemnation. (Liv. xxv. 3, 4. )
i. 39. § 6, where he is called Pylos, and vi. 22. PY'RGION (flupylwr), wrote a work on the
$ 3, where he is called Pylon. ) (L. S. ]
laws and institutions of the Cretans, of which the
PYRAECHMES (Ilupaixurs), an ally of the third book is quoted by Athenaeus (iv. p. 143, e. ).
Trojans and commander of the Paeonians, was slain
PYRGOTELES (Tlupyotéins), one of the
by Patroclus. (Hom. Il. ii. 848, xvi. 287 ; Dict. most celebrated gem-engravers of ancient Greece,
Cret. iii. 4; comp. Paus. v. 4. & 2; Strab. viii. lived in the latter half of the fourth century B. C.
p. 357. )
[L S. ] The esteem in which he was held may be inferred
PYRAMUS. [THISBE. ]
from that edict of Alexander, which placed him on
PYRANDER (Túpavoos), wrote a work on
a level with Apelles and Lysippus, by naming him
the history of the Peloponnesus. (Plut. Parall. as the only artist who was permitted to engrave
Min. c. 37 ; Schol. ad Lycophr. 1439. )
seal-rings for the king. (Plin. H. N. vii. 37. s. 38,
PYREICUS, a Greek painter, who probably xxxvii. 1. s. 4. ) Unfortunately, however, beyond
lived about or soon after the time of Alexander the this one fact, every thing else respecting the artist is
Great, since Pliny mentions him immediately after involved in that obscurity, to which the neglect of
the great painters of that age, but as an artist of a ancient writers and the impudence of ancient as
totally different style. He devoted himself entirely well as modern forgers have conspired to doom one
to the production of small pictures of low and mean of the most interesting branches of Greek art.
subjects ; " tonstrinas sutrinasque pinxit et asellos et Several works are extant under the name of Pyr-
obsonia el similia,” says Pliny ; where we take the goteles, but of these the best known have been
first two words to mean, not that he decorated the demonstrated by Winckelmann to be forgeries,
walls of the barbers' and shoemakers' shops with and very few of the others have any pretensions to
his pictures, but that he made pictures of them. It authenticity. For the full discussion of the ge-
may also be taken for granted that these were nuineness or spuriousness of the several gems
treated in a quaint, or even a grotesque manner.
ascribed to Pyrgoteles, the reader is referred to
His paintings were a source of great delight (con- Winckelmann (Werke, rol. vi. pp. 107, &c. ), and
summatae voluplatis), and commanded higher prices Raoul-Rochette (Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 150–152,
than the greatest works of many painters. (Plin. 2d ed. ).
[P. S. ]
H. N. xxxv. 10. s. 37. )
PYRILAMPES (Ilupınáunns), a statuary of
The ancients gave a name to this kind of paint- Messene, of whom nothing more is known than
ing, respecting the true form of which there is a that he was the maker of the statnes of three
difference of opinion. Pliny says that Pyreicus Olympic victors, namely, Pyrilampes of Ephesus,
was called, on account of the subjects of his pictures, Xenon of Lepreon, and Asamon. (Paus. vi. 3. & 5.
Rhyparographos (the reading of all the MSS. ), in- 8. 12, 15. § 1, 16. § 4. 6. 5. )
(P. S. )
stead of which Salmasius proposed to read Rhopo-
PYRIPHLE'GETHON (Ilvp. pleyéowy), flam-
graphos, as better suited to the sense, and Welckering with fire, is the name of one of the rivers in
adopts the correction (ad Philostr. 396), while the lower world. (Hom. Od. x. 513; Strab. v.
Sillig and others are satisfied with the former read- p. 244. )
(L. S. ]
ing. The difference is hardly important enough to
PYROʻMACHUS, artists. This name has
be discussed here. (See Sillig, Cat. Artif. s. v. ;
been the occasion of much confusion, owing to its
Döderlein, Lat. Synon. vol. i. p. 38; and the occurring in four different forms, namely, Phyro-
Greek Lexicons, s. vv. )
machus, Phylomachus, Philomachus, and Pyro-
Propertius (iii. 9. 12. s. 7. 12, machus, and owing also to the fact that there were
Burmann) in which Burmann reads, on the autho- two artists, who bore one or other of these three
Pyreicus parva vindicat arte locum,
1. We have already noticed the Athenian
sculptor, who executed the bas-reliefs on the frieze
where the great majority of the MSS. have Par of the temple of Athena Polias, about OL 91, B. C.
Thasius, a reading which would easily be inserted 415, and the true form of whose name was Phy-
by a transcriber ignorant of the less known name romachus
. [PHSROMACH US. ] This artist is evi-
of Pyreicus. In connection with Pyreicus the dently the same whom Pliny mentions, in his list
phrase parva arte has a clear meaning; whereas it of statuaries, as the maker of a group representing
There is a line
rity of two MSS. ,-
names.
!
## p. 608 (#624) ############################################
608
PYROMACHUS.
PYRRHON.
n.
1
1
Alcibiades driving a four-horse chariot (Pyror example, that in the Florentine Gallery, No. 27.
machi quudriga regitur ab Alcibiade, Plin. H. N. (Müller, Arch d. Kunst, $$ 157", 394º. )
xxxiv. 8. s. 19. & 20: the reading of all the MSS. is The other of the two statues referred to is a
Pyromachi, a fact easily accounted for by a natural kneeling Priapus, described in an epigram of
confusion between this artist and the other Pyro Apollonidas of Smyrna, where the old reading
machus, who is mentioned twice in the same Duabuaxos is altered by Brunck to supóna xos.
section). Hence we see that this Phyromachus (No. 9, Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 134, Anth.
was an Athenian artist of the age immediately Planud. iv. 239, Jacobs, Append. Anth. Pal.
succeeding that of Pheiding, and that he was highly vol. ii. p. 698. ) Here again, R. Rochette (p. 388,
distinguished both as a sculptor in urble, and as attacks We ing and Brunck (ad loc.
) for
a statuary in bronze.
identifying the maker of this statue with the Phy-
2. Another artist, necessarily different from the romachus of Diodorus ; but he gives no reason for
former, is placed in Pliny's list, among the sta- his own identification of him with Phyromachus I.
tuaries who flourished in Ol. 121, B. c. 295. (Plin. lIis reason is probably the assumption that Anaxa-
II. V. xxxiv. 8. s. 19). A little further on ($ 24), goras, who is mentioned in the epigram as dedicating
Pliny mentions him as one of those statuaries who the statue, is the great philosopher ; which is allo-
represented the battles of Attalus and Eumenes gether uncertnin. On the other hand, the work
against the Gauls. Of these battles the most cele- itself, as described in the epigram, secms to belong
brated was that which obtained for Attalus I. the to a late period of the art. We think it doubtful,
title of king, about B. c. 241 (Polyb. xviii. 24 ; in this case, to which of the two artists the work
Liv. xxxiii. 21; Strab. xiii. p. 624 ; Clinton, should be referred.
(P. S. )
F. H. vol. iii. pp. 401, 402). The artist, there- PYRRHA. (DEUCALION. ]
fore, flourished at least as late as Ol. 135, B. C. PYRRHIAS (IIuppias), an Aetolian, who was
210. Perhaps Pliny has placed him a little too sent by his countrymen during the Social War
early, in order to include him in the epoch pre- (B. C. 218), to take the command in Elis. Here
ceding the decline of the art. The painter Mydon he took advantage of the absence of Philip, and
of Soli was his disciple, whence we may infer that the incapacity of Eperatus the Achaean praetor, to
Pyromachus was also a painter. [Mydon). make frequent incursions into the Achaean ter-
It is supposed by the best writers on ancient ritories, and having established a fortified post on
art that the celebrated statue of a dying combatant, Mount Panachaïcum, laid waste the whole country
popularly called the Dying Gladiator, is a copy as far as Rhium and Aegium. The next year
from one of the bronze statues in the works men- (B. C. 217) he concerted a plan with Lycurgus
tioned by Pliny. It is evidently the statue of a king of Sparta for the invasion of Messenia, but
Celt.
failed in the execution of his part of the scheme,
There are two other statues mentioned by being repulsed by the Cyparissians before he could
various writers, which must be referred to one or effect a junction with Lycurgus. He in con-
other of these two artists.
sequence returned to Elis, but the Eleans being
One of these was a very celebrated statue of dissatisfied with his conduct, he was shortly after
Asclepius, at Pergamus, whence it was carried off recalled by the Aetolians, and succeeded by Eu-
by Prusias ; as is related by Polybius (Excerpt. ripidas. (Polyb. v. 30, 91, 92, 94. ) At a later
Vales. xxxii. 25), and Diodorus (Frag. xxxi. 35 ; period he obtained the office of praetor, or chief
Eucerpt. de Virt. et Vit. p. 588, ed. Wess. ); of magistrate of the Aetolians, in the same year that
whom the former gives the artist's name as Ply the honorary title of that office was bestowed upon
lornachus, the latter as Phyromachus, while Suidas Attalus, king of Pergamus, B. C. 208. In the
converts it into Philomachus (s. v. Ilpovoias). For spring of that year he advanced with an army to
whatever reasou Raoul-Rochette has ascribed this Lamia to oppose the passage of Philip towards the
work to the elder Phyromachus, and on what Peloponnese, but though supported with an aux-
ground he asserts that its execution must be iliary force both by Attalus and the Roman praetor
placed between 01. 88 and 98 (Lettre à M. Schorn, Sulpicius, he was defeated by Philip in two suc-
p. 387, 2nd ed. ) we are at a loss to conjecture, cessive battles, and forced to retire within the
unless it be that he has not examined attentively walls of Lamia (Liv. xxvii. 30. ) It is not im-
enough all three of the passages of Pliny (comp: probable that Siryrrhicas, who appears in Liry
l. c. p. 388, n. 4). Wesseling already referred | (xxxi. 46) as chief of the Aetolian deputation,
the work to Phýromachus II. (ad Diod. I. c. , which met Attalus at Heracleia, is only a false
a note to which R. Rochette refers); and the reading for Pyrrhias. (Brandstäter, Gesch. des
statements of Pliny, instead of opposing this view, Aetolischen Bundes, p. 412. ) (E. H. B. ]
rather confirm it; for, as we have seen that his PYRRHON (Núpsww), a celebrated Greek phi-
Pyromachus, in one of the three passages, repre- losopher, a native of Elis. He was the son of
sents the Greek pupómaxos, there is nothing Pleistarchus (Diog. Laërt. ix. 61), or Pistocrates
strange in its representing the same form in the (Paus, vi. 24, $ 5), and is said to have been poor,
other two. We infer, therefore, that the true and to have followed, at first, the profession of a
name of this younger artist was Phyromachus, and painter. His contemporary and biographer, Anti-
that he flourished under Eumenes I. and Attalus gonus of Carystus (Aristocles, ap. Euseb. Praep.
I. , or Attalus I. and Eumenes II. , at Pergamus, | Ev. xiv. 18, p. 763), mentioned some torch-bearers,
where he made the statue of Aesculapius now tolerably well executed, painted by him in the
referred to, and (in conjunction with other artists) gymnasium of his native town (Diog. Laërt. ix.
the battle groups mentioned by Pliny.
62, comp. 61 ; Aristocl. hc. ; Lucian, bis Acus.
The statue of Asclepius appears to have been 25). He is then said to have been attracted to
one of the chief types of the god. The type is philosophy by the books of Democritus (Aristocl.
probably that which is seen on the coins of Per-i. c. ; comp. Diog. Laërt. ix. 69), to have attended
gamus, and in several existing statues, as for the lectures of Bryson, a disciple of Stilpon, to
.
## p. 609 (#625) ############################################
PYRRHON.
609
PYRRHUS.
have attached himself closely to Anaxarchus, a tosthenes, comp. c. 64) and expressions (ib. 64),
disciple of the Democritean Metrodorus, and with but also by the way in which Timon expressed
him to have joined the expedition of Alexander himself with respect to the moral (Sext. Emp. aur.
the Great (Diog. Laërt. U. cc. ix. 63; Suid. s. v. Math. x. 1), and by the respect which the Pyr-
Aristocles describes Anaxarchus as his teacher, l. c. ), rhonians cherished for Socrates (ib. 2 ; comp. Cic.
and on the expedition to have become acquainted de Orat. iii. 17). The conjecture is not improbable
with the Magians and the Indian gymnosophists. that Pyrrhon regarded the great Athenians as his
That his sceptical theories originated in his inter- pattern. The statement that the Athenians con-
course with them was asserted by Ascanius of ferred upon Pyrrhon the rights of citizenship sounds
Abdera (a writer with whom we are otherwise un- suspicious on account of the reason which is ap-
acquainted), probably without any reason (Diog. pended, for according to the unanimous testimony
Laërt. ix. 61). It is more likely that he derived of the ancients, Python, the disciple of Plato, had
from them his endeavours after ini perturbable equa- slain the Thracian Cotus (Diog. Inërt. ix. 65, ib.
nimity, and entire independence of all external Menage) ; it probably rests upon some gloss.
circumstances, and the resistance of that mobility No books written by Pyrrhon are quoted (comp.
which is said to have been natural to him (ib. 62, Aristocl. 1. c. p. 763, c. ), except a poem addressed
63, comp. 66, 68 ; Timon, ibid. c. 65). It is mani- to Alexander, which was rewarded by the latter in
fest, however, that his biographer Antigonus had so royal a manner (Sext. Emp. adv. Math. i. 282 ;
already invented fables about him. (Diog. Laërt. Pluto de Alex. Fortuna, i. 10), that the statements
1. c. ; Aristocl. ap. Euseb. p.
Art. s. 0. ; and Hertzberg, Coinment. ad loc. ) (P. S. ]
PYRES (Núpns), of Miletus, a writer of that
lascivious species of poetry denominated Tonic, and
in which Sotades of Maroneia, who lived after
Pyres, was principally conspicuous. As Sotades
lived in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Pyres
must have lived previous to B. c. 285. (Athen.
xiv. p. 620, c. ) Suidas (s. v. Ewrádns) erroneously
calls him Núppos.
(W. M. G. )
PYRGENSIS, M. POSTU'MIUS, one of the
farmers of the public taxes in the second Punic
PYLAS (núas), a son of Cteson, and king of war, was brought to trial in B. c. 212, for his pecu-
Megara, who, after having slain Bias, his own
lations and fraud ; and was condemned by the
father's brother, founded the town of Pylos in people, though not without great opposition, as he
Peloponnesus, and gave Megara to Pandion who was supported by the rest of the publicani and one
had married his daughter Pylia, and accordingly of the tribunes. Postumius weni into exile before
was his son-in-law. (Apollod. iii, 15. 95; Paus. bis condemnation. (Liv. xxv. 3, 4. )
i. 39. § 6, where he is called Pylos, and vi. 22. PY'RGION (flupylwr), wrote a work on the
$ 3, where he is called Pylon. ) (L. S. ]
laws and institutions of the Cretans, of which the
PYRAECHMES (Ilupaixurs), an ally of the third book is quoted by Athenaeus (iv. p. 143, e. ).
Trojans and commander of the Paeonians, was slain
PYRGOTELES (Tlupyotéins), one of the
by Patroclus. (Hom. Il. ii. 848, xvi. 287 ; Dict. most celebrated gem-engravers of ancient Greece,
Cret. iii. 4; comp. Paus. v. 4. & 2; Strab. viii. lived in the latter half of the fourth century B. C.
p. 357. )
[L S. ] The esteem in which he was held may be inferred
PYRAMUS. [THISBE. ]
from that edict of Alexander, which placed him on
PYRANDER (Túpavoos), wrote a work on
a level with Apelles and Lysippus, by naming him
the history of the Peloponnesus. (Plut. Parall. as the only artist who was permitted to engrave
Min. c. 37 ; Schol. ad Lycophr. 1439. )
seal-rings for the king. (Plin. H. N. vii. 37. s. 38,
PYREICUS, a Greek painter, who probably xxxvii. 1. s. 4. ) Unfortunately, however, beyond
lived about or soon after the time of Alexander the this one fact, every thing else respecting the artist is
Great, since Pliny mentions him immediately after involved in that obscurity, to which the neglect of
the great painters of that age, but as an artist of a ancient writers and the impudence of ancient as
totally different style. He devoted himself entirely well as modern forgers have conspired to doom one
to the production of small pictures of low and mean of the most interesting branches of Greek art.
subjects ; " tonstrinas sutrinasque pinxit et asellos et Several works are extant under the name of Pyr-
obsonia el similia,” says Pliny ; where we take the goteles, but of these the best known have been
first two words to mean, not that he decorated the demonstrated by Winckelmann to be forgeries,
walls of the barbers' and shoemakers' shops with and very few of the others have any pretensions to
his pictures, but that he made pictures of them. It authenticity. For the full discussion of the ge-
may also be taken for granted that these were nuineness or spuriousness of the several gems
treated in a quaint, or even a grotesque manner.
ascribed to Pyrgoteles, the reader is referred to
His paintings were a source of great delight (con- Winckelmann (Werke, rol. vi. pp. 107, &c. ), and
summatae voluplatis), and commanded higher prices Raoul-Rochette (Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 150–152,
than the greatest works of many painters. (Plin. 2d ed. ).
[P. S. ]
H. N. xxxv. 10. s. 37. )
PYRILAMPES (Ilupınáunns), a statuary of
The ancients gave a name to this kind of paint- Messene, of whom nothing more is known than
ing, respecting the true form of which there is a that he was the maker of the statnes of three
difference of opinion. Pliny says that Pyreicus Olympic victors, namely, Pyrilampes of Ephesus,
was called, on account of the subjects of his pictures, Xenon of Lepreon, and Asamon. (Paus. vi. 3. & 5.
Rhyparographos (the reading of all the MSS. ), in- 8. 12, 15. § 1, 16. § 4. 6. 5. )
(P. S. )
stead of which Salmasius proposed to read Rhopo-
PYRIPHLE'GETHON (Ilvp. pleyéowy), flam-
graphos, as better suited to the sense, and Welckering with fire, is the name of one of the rivers in
adopts the correction (ad Philostr. 396), while the lower world. (Hom. Od. x. 513; Strab. v.
Sillig and others are satisfied with the former read- p. 244. )
(L. S. ]
ing. The difference is hardly important enough to
PYROʻMACHUS, artists. This name has
be discussed here. (See Sillig, Cat. Artif. s. v. ;
been the occasion of much confusion, owing to its
Döderlein, Lat. Synon. vol. i. p. 38; and the occurring in four different forms, namely, Phyro-
Greek Lexicons, s. vv. )
machus, Phylomachus, Philomachus, and Pyro-
Propertius (iii. 9. 12. s. 7. 12, machus, and owing also to the fact that there were
Burmann) in which Burmann reads, on the autho- two artists, who bore one or other of these three
Pyreicus parva vindicat arte locum,
1. We have already noticed the Athenian
sculptor, who executed the bas-reliefs on the frieze
where the great majority of the MSS. have Par of the temple of Athena Polias, about OL 91, B. C.
Thasius, a reading which would easily be inserted 415, and the true form of whose name was Phy-
by a transcriber ignorant of the less known name romachus
. [PHSROMACH US. ] This artist is evi-
of Pyreicus. In connection with Pyreicus the dently the same whom Pliny mentions, in his list
phrase parva arte has a clear meaning; whereas it of statuaries, as the maker of a group representing
There is a line
rity of two MSS. ,-
names.
!
## p. 608 (#624) ############################################
608
PYROMACHUS.
PYRRHON.
n.
1
1
Alcibiades driving a four-horse chariot (Pyror example, that in the Florentine Gallery, No. 27.
machi quudriga regitur ab Alcibiade, Plin. H. N. (Müller, Arch d. Kunst, $$ 157", 394º. )
xxxiv. 8. s. 19. & 20: the reading of all the MSS. is The other of the two statues referred to is a
Pyromachi, a fact easily accounted for by a natural kneeling Priapus, described in an epigram of
confusion between this artist and the other Pyro Apollonidas of Smyrna, where the old reading
machus, who is mentioned twice in the same Duabuaxos is altered by Brunck to supóna xos.
section). Hence we see that this Phyromachus (No. 9, Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 134, Anth.
was an Athenian artist of the age immediately Planud. iv. 239, Jacobs, Append. Anth. Pal.
succeeding that of Pheiding, and that he was highly vol. ii. p. 698. ) Here again, R. Rochette (p. 388,
distinguished both as a sculptor in urble, and as attacks We ing and Brunck (ad loc.
) for
a statuary in bronze.
identifying the maker of this statue with the Phy-
2. Another artist, necessarily different from the romachus of Diodorus ; but he gives no reason for
former, is placed in Pliny's list, among the sta- his own identification of him with Phyromachus I.
tuaries who flourished in Ol. 121, B. c. 295. (Plin. lIis reason is probably the assumption that Anaxa-
II. V. xxxiv. 8. s. 19). A little further on ($ 24), goras, who is mentioned in the epigram as dedicating
Pliny mentions him as one of those statuaries who the statue, is the great philosopher ; which is allo-
represented the battles of Attalus and Eumenes gether uncertnin. On the other hand, the work
against the Gauls. Of these battles the most cele- itself, as described in the epigram, secms to belong
brated was that which obtained for Attalus I. the to a late period of the art. We think it doubtful,
title of king, about B. c. 241 (Polyb. xviii. 24 ; in this case, to which of the two artists the work
Liv. xxxiii. 21; Strab. xiii. p. 624 ; Clinton, should be referred.
(P. S. )
F. H. vol. iii. pp. 401, 402). The artist, there- PYRRHA. (DEUCALION. ]
fore, flourished at least as late as Ol. 135, B. C. PYRRHIAS (IIuppias), an Aetolian, who was
210. Perhaps Pliny has placed him a little too sent by his countrymen during the Social War
early, in order to include him in the epoch pre- (B. C. 218), to take the command in Elis. Here
ceding the decline of the art. The painter Mydon he took advantage of the absence of Philip, and
of Soli was his disciple, whence we may infer that the incapacity of Eperatus the Achaean praetor, to
Pyromachus was also a painter. [Mydon). make frequent incursions into the Achaean ter-
It is supposed by the best writers on ancient ritories, and having established a fortified post on
art that the celebrated statue of a dying combatant, Mount Panachaïcum, laid waste the whole country
popularly called the Dying Gladiator, is a copy as far as Rhium and Aegium. The next year
from one of the bronze statues in the works men- (B. C. 217) he concerted a plan with Lycurgus
tioned by Pliny. It is evidently the statue of a king of Sparta for the invasion of Messenia, but
Celt.
failed in the execution of his part of the scheme,
There are two other statues mentioned by being repulsed by the Cyparissians before he could
various writers, which must be referred to one or effect a junction with Lycurgus. He in con-
other of these two artists.
sequence returned to Elis, but the Eleans being
One of these was a very celebrated statue of dissatisfied with his conduct, he was shortly after
Asclepius, at Pergamus, whence it was carried off recalled by the Aetolians, and succeeded by Eu-
by Prusias ; as is related by Polybius (Excerpt. ripidas. (Polyb. v. 30, 91, 92, 94. ) At a later
Vales. xxxii. 25), and Diodorus (Frag. xxxi. 35 ; period he obtained the office of praetor, or chief
Eucerpt. de Virt. et Vit. p. 588, ed. Wess. ); of magistrate of the Aetolians, in the same year that
whom the former gives the artist's name as Ply the honorary title of that office was bestowed upon
lornachus, the latter as Phyromachus, while Suidas Attalus, king of Pergamus, B. C. 208. In the
converts it into Philomachus (s. v. Ilpovoias). For spring of that year he advanced with an army to
whatever reasou Raoul-Rochette has ascribed this Lamia to oppose the passage of Philip towards the
work to the elder Phyromachus, and on what Peloponnese, but though supported with an aux-
ground he asserts that its execution must be iliary force both by Attalus and the Roman praetor
placed between 01. 88 and 98 (Lettre à M. Schorn, Sulpicius, he was defeated by Philip in two suc-
p. 387, 2nd ed. ) we are at a loss to conjecture, cessive battles, and forced to retire within the
unless it be that he has not examined attentively walls of Lamia (Liv. xxvii. 30. ) It is not im-
enough all three of the passages of Pliny (comp: probable that Siryrrhicas, who appears in Liry
l. c. p. 388, n. 4). Wesseling already referred | (xxxi. 46) as chief of the Aetolian deputation,
the work to Phýromachus II. (ad Diod. I. c. , which met Attalus at Heracleia, is only a false
a note to which R. Rochette refers); and the reading for Pyrrhias. (Brandstäter, Gesch. des
statements of Pliny, instead of opposing this view, Aetolischen Bundes, p. 412. ) (E. H. B. ]
rather confirm it; for, as we have seen that his PYRRHON (Núpsww), a celebrated Greek phi-
Pyromachus, in one of the three passages, repre- losopher, a native of Elis. He was the son of
sents the Greek pupómaxos, there is nothing Pleistarchus (Diog. Laërt. ix. 61), or Pistocrates
strange in its representing the same form in the (Paus, vi. 24, $ 5), and is said to have been poor,
other two. We infer, therefore, that the true and to have followed, at first, the profession of a
name of this younger artist was Phyromachus, and painter. His contemporary and biographer, Anti-
that he flourished under Eumenes I. and Attalus gonus of Carystus (Aristocles, ap. Euseb. Praep.
I. , or Attalus I. and Eumenes II. , at Pergamus, | Ev. xiv. 18, p. 763), mentioned some torch-bearers,
where he made the statue of Aesculapius now tolerably well executed, painted by him in the
referred to, and (in conjunction with other artists) gymnasium of his native town (Diog. Laërt. ix.
the battle groups mentioned by Pliny.
62, comp. 61 ; Aristocl. hc. ; Lucian, bis Acus.
The statue of Asclepius appears to have been 25). He is then said to have been attracted to
one of the chief types of the god. The type is philosophy by the books of Democritus (Aristocl.
probably that which is seen on the coins of Per-i. c. ; comp. Diog. Laërt. ix. 69), to have attended
gamus, and in several existing statues, as for the lectures of Bryson, a disciple of Stilpon, to
.
## p. 609 (#625) ############################################
PYRRHON.
609
PYRRHUS.
have attached himself closely to Anaxarchus, a tosthenes, comp. c. 64) and expressions (ib. 64),
disciple of the Democritean Metrodorus, and with but also by the way in which Timon expressed
him to have joined the expedition of Alexander himself with respect to the moral (Sext. Emp. aur.
the Great (Diog. Laërt. U. cc. ix. 63; Suid. s. v. Math. x. 1), and by the respect which the Pyr-
Aristocles describes Anaxarchus as his teacher, l. c. ), rhonians cherished for Socrates (ib. 2 ; comp. Cic.
and on the expedition to have become acquainted de Orat. iii. 17). The conjecture is not improbable
with the Magians and the Indian gymnosophists. that Pyrrhon regarded the great Athenians as his
That his sceptical theories originated in his inter- pattern. The statement that the Athenians con-
course with them was asserted by Ascanius of ferred upon Pyrrhon the rights of citizenship sounds
Abdera (a writer with whom we are otherwise un- suspicious on account of the reason which is ap-
acquainted), probably without any reason (Diog. pended, for according to the unanimous testimony
Laërt. ix. 61). It is more likely that he derived of the ancients, Python, the disciple of Plato, had
from them his endeavours after ini perturbable equa- slain the Thracian Cotus (Diog. Inërt. ix. 65, ib.
nimity, and entire independence of all external Menage) ; it probably rests upon some gloss.
circumstances, and the resistance of that mobility No books written by Pyrrhon are quoted (comp.
which is said to have been natural to him (ib. 62, Aristocl. 1. c. p. 763, c. ), except a poem addressed
63, comp. 66, 68 ; Timon, ibid. c. 65). It is mani- to Alexander, which was rewarded by the latter in
fest, however, that his biographer Antigonus had so royal a manner (Sext. Emp. adv. Math. i. 282 ;
already invented fables about him. (Diog. Laërt. Pluto de Alex. Fortuna, i. 10), that the statements
1. c. ; Aristocl. ap. Euseb. p.
