No More Learning

is no remedy but force. That is not my opinion; for I think
there would be frightful bloodshed.
Things have gone
too far for cautery. Wyclif and his followers were put down by
the English kings; but they were only crushed, not extinguished.
However that may be, if you mean to try prisons, lashes,


## p. 5536 (#102) ###########################################

5536
ERASMUS
confiscations, stake, and scaffold, you need no help from me.
You yourself, I know, are for mild measures: but you have no
one about you who cares for anything but himself; and if divines.
only think of their authority, monks of their luxuries, princes of
their politics, and all take the bit between their teeth, what can
we expect? For myself, I should say, discover the roots of the
disease. Clean out those to begin with. Punish no one. Let
what has taken place be regarded as a chastisement sent by
Providence, and grant a universal amnesty. If God forgives so
many sins, God's vicar may forgive.
You ask me why I did not speak out at once. Because I
regarded Luther as a good man, raised up by Providence to cor-
rect the depravity of the age. — LETTER TO THE PRINCE OF CARPI,
1525.
You see how fiercely Luther strikes at me, moderate though
I was.
Ten editions of his reply have been published
already. The great men in the Church are afraid to touch him,
and you want poor me to do it again.
In France they
are at work with gibbet and dungeon. It won't answer.
Let Catholics meanwhile reform the abuses which have provoked
the revolt, and leave the rest to a general council. — LETTER TO
FABER, 1525(? ).
The rival parties drag at the two ends of a rope. When it
breaks, both will fall to the ground. - LETTER TO THE ARCHBISHOP
OF COLOGNE, 1528.
own.
The kings are fighting among themselves for objects of their
The monks, instead of looking for a reign of Christ, want
only to reign themselves. The theologians curse Luther.
Idiots that they are, they alienate with their foul speeches many
who would have returned to the Church. - LETTER TO THE BISHOP
OF AUGSBURG, 1528.
-
Now, partly from superstition, partly from avarice, the saying
of masses has become a trade like shoemaking or bricklaying. -
LETTER TO THE BISHOP OF HILDESHEIM, 1530.


## p. 5537 (#103) ###########################################

ERASMUS
5537
The problem is how to heal this fatal schism without rivers
of blood. LETTER TO MEXIA, 1530.
-
To kill one's fellow-creatures needs no great genius; but to
calm a tempest by prudence and judgment is a worthy achieve-
ment indeed. - LETTER TO THE BISHOP OF TRENT, 1530.
PASSAGES SHOWING VARIOUS MOODS, BUT GENERALLY HIS STRONG
TENDENCY TOWARD BROAD-CHURCHMANSHIP.
OTHERS may be martyrs if they like. I aspire to no such
honor.
We have not all strength for martyrdom, and I fear that if
trouble comes I shall act like Peter.
I have not condemned ceremonies. I have only insisted on a
proper use of them. Christ did the same; so why find fault with
me?
The Christian religion nowadays does not require
miracles, and there are none; but you know what lying stories
are set going by crafty knaves. - LETTER TO AN ENGLISH BISHOP,
1528.
PASSAGE SHOWING A PLAYFUL SKEPTICISM
(Referring to the tearing down of the Saints' images at Basle)
STRANGE that none of them worked a miracle to avenge their
dignity, when before they had worked so many at the slightest
invitation.
At Basle not a saint stirred a finger. - Let-
TER TO PIRKHEIMER, circa 1529.
PASSAGES REVEALING HIS FEELINGS TOWARD THE END OF LIFE
You talk of the great name which I shall leave behind me,
and which posterity is never to let die;
but I care noth-
ing for fame and nothing for posterity. I desire only to go home
and to find favor with Christ. - LETTER TO POPE PAUL III. IN
1535 (the year before Erasmus's death).
-
•
.
[For the full series of Erasmus's letters in the original, see various editions,
but especially that of LeClerc, Louvain, 1703-6. Those given above are
selected from the abridged translations given by Froude in his 'Life and
Letters of Erasmus,' London, 1894. See also the selections in Jortin and
Drummond. ]
X-347


## p. 5538 (#104) ###########################################

5538
ERCKMANN
ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
(1822-)
(1826-1890)
BY FRÉDÉRIC LOLIÉE
RCKMANN-CHATRIAN is the joint name of two French novelists:
Émile Erckmann, born at Pfalzburg in 1822, and Alexandre
Chatrian, born in 1826 at Soldatenthal in the Meurthe
department, died in 1890; whom constant collaboration, a completely
similar bent of mind, grasp of things, observation, and style of writ-
ing, did, so to speak, blend into one and the same literary man.
Their friendship and joint labor dated from their meeting in Alsace
in 1845. At an early date they acquired that unity of style and con-
ception which so long puz-
zled public opinion as to
the double origin of their
productions. Erckmann as
a rule resided at Pfalzburg;
as to Chatrian, he lived in
Paris. The descriptions of
the former were sketched
in the Vosges country;
those of the latter in the
Seine department. But
their conception was iden-
tical, the flight of their im-
CHATRIAN
agination similar; so that, being in close communion of ideas, the
style of the one became that of the other. From afar they com-
pleted each other. This perfectly simultaneous collaboration, of
which the De Goncourt brothers alone offer another instance, was
unprecedented in literary history.
Unnoticed and trying were the first attempts of our novelists.
The special charm of their descriptions of the homes of middle-class
people of the Rhine country was not at first appreciated as fully
as it deserved to be; being, as they were, regular masterpieces as
regards reality, feeling, and nicety of delineation. L'Illustre Docteur
Matheus (The Illustrious Doctor Matheus: 1859), whose exploits are
performed in the misty spheres of the supernatural, constituted the
first success of the novelists. The way now lay open before them.



## p. 5539 (#105) ###########################################

ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
5539
Ringing successes made them soon forget their disappointing begin-
nings.
Erckmann and Chatrian, in twin, cultivated narrative poetry, the
rustic and sentimental novel, the picture of country life,—having for
preferred frame the quiet horizons which extend between the Rhine
and the Mosel,- dismal and fantastic fancies after the manner of
Hoffmann, the weird German dreamer; and lastly, the historical and
political novel. Chiefly under this last form, as applied to the revo-
lutionary epopee and to the wars of conquest of Napoleon I. , did
they make their names popular. Theirs was a personal and quite
new conception of those episodical novels, to which they gave the
title of "national," and which however caused them to be twitted
with anti-patriotism, for the reason that they represented war with
the pen of philosophers rather than with the pencil of poets, and
because they did not hesitate to show therein, with all the real
horror pertaining to the subject, how through the frenzy of battles
the fortune of a country runs out in blood, noise, and smoke.
The twin authors had given up, or at least put aside for a while,
their primitive manner. Getting tired of those quiet descriptions,
they felt driven to mix the simple legends of the Vosges country
and those of the Black Forest with more solid and broader ideas.
They now no longer limned the peaceful scenes of 'L'Ami Fritz'
(Friend Fritz), the vast beer-shops filled with the smoke of the long
china pipes, the fair housewives surrounded by their fair offspring,
the pensive maids of German lieder, or the country balls at which the
waltz carries away, on a rocking rhythm, the betrothed couples. To
their lovely and limited former pictures had now succeeded the
tumult of the camps and the horrors of battle-fields, hospital and
ambulance scenes, all the awful details which disclose the ambitious
egotism of leaders, the hesitation, the confusion, the half-pluck of
the soldiers, the smallness of great things. They had then marked
their twin object, quite democratic in its inspiration, which was to
set off the lustre of the campaigns fought under the Revolution for
the defense of national soil, and to sap the prestige of the Napo-
leonic idol, dimmed as it is in clouds of blood. The essential aim
they had in view was to point out to the young generations the
emptiness of military glory, and to prove to them that one is never
so happy as through peace, liberty, and toil.
In a
The public forthwith followed them in their evolution.
short time, Erckmann-Chatrian's works were eagerly read throughout
France; aided by the currents of anti-governmental opposition, they
soon acquired an immense popularity. Everybody was anxious to
read the pages of 'Madame Thérèse' and 'L'Histoire d'un Conscrit
de 1813' (The Story of a Conscript of 1813), where the conscript


## p. 5540 (#106) ###########################################

5540
ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
relates himself, with charming artlessness, the great military events
in which he had been an actor, albeit indifferent and devoid of
enthusiasm. Success unfortunately so increased their productiveness
as to completely exhaust the happy vein they had discovered. They
were constantly writing, without however varying their topic. It was
always the same variation performed by clever virtuosi on an Alsatian
political and social theme. The first works had been enthusiastically
welcomed, the following delighted the readers, but the last only met
with a lukewarm and indifferent reception from the public. When
'Waterloo' was published, people noticed that that book was inferior
to 'Le Conscrit. ' 'Le Blocus' (The Blockade) seemed still beneath
'Waterloo. ' 'L'Histoire d'un Homme du Peuple' (The Story of a
Man of the People) had more of the merits of the foregoing works;
as to 'L'Histoire d'un Paysan' (The Story of a Peasant), it was but
the last expression of a form which had come to be but a process of
writing. Literary critics ceased to notice the new productions of
Erckmann-Chatrian. True to say, each of these works represented an
idea. They at times breathed a powerful air of justice and liberty.
But the plot was monotonous; the various episodes were ill combined
and il arranged; the style had become heavy, and began to lack
the fine simplicity which constituted the very talent of Erckmann-
Chatrian in short, the cohesion that marked their former works no
longer existed in the latter; they were no longer books, but series of
fragments.
Possessed of rare perfection in their best passages, though not
throughout equally good, the productions of Erckmann-Chatrian are
like a poem in two canti. The military canto may grow obsolete; as to
the more personal canto, that of the Vosgian legends, of sweet land-
scapes and picturesque manners, it is better assured of life.
One may likewise detect in the twin authors' talent two very dis-
tinct manifestations: the purely romantic one, rather weak as a rule,
on account of the superabundance of the scenes and episodes which
constantly break up the main plot; and the descriptive one, simply
admirable. Their books, whose charm and merit chiefly consist in
the finish of details, might be likened to a gallery of genre pictures.
That is why anthologies-the aim of which is to pick only that
which is excellent in an author's productions - might easily be en-
riched with marvelous passages borrowed from the somewhat massive
work of Erckmann-Chatrian. To make choice collections from them,
one would have to search right and left in their poems, legends,
fantastic visions, great military scenes, and lovely pictures of rural
life. The most important share might be gathered from those
calm and comforting provincial scenes of which they were so faith-
fully fond. As an instance of their style, one might likewise include


## p. 5541 (#107) ###########################################

ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
5541
that charming Alsatian idyl, 'L'Ami Fritz,' in which seems to revive
the placid beauty of Hermann und Dorothea,' Goethe's immortal
masterpiece.
Frederic Police
THE DANCE IN THE VILLAGE INN
From Friend Fritz'
TH
HEY descended therefore into the hall. The stewards of the
dance, their straw hats streaming with ribbons, made the
round of the hall close to the railing, waving little flags to
keep back the crowd. Haan and Schoultz were still walking
about looking for partners; Joseph was standing before his desk
waiting; Bockel, his double-bass resting against his outstretched
leg, and Andrès, his violin under his arm, were stationed close
beside him, as they alone were to accompany the waltz.
Little Suzel, leaning on Fritz's arm, in the midst of the crowd
of spectators, cast stolen glances around, her heart beating fast
with agitation and inward delight. Every one admired her long
tresses of hair, which hung down behind to the very hem of her
little blue skirt with its velvet edging; her little round-toed shoes,
fastened with black-silk ribbons, which crossed over her snow-
white stockings; her rosy lips, her rounded chin, and her grace-
ful flexible neck.
More than one pretty girl scrutinized her with a searching
glance, trying to discover something to find fault with, while her
round white arm, bare to the elbow after the fashion of the coun-
try, rested on Fritz's with artless grace; but two or three old
women, peering at her with half-shut eyes, laughed amidst their
wrinkles, and said to each other quite loud, "He has chosen well! "
Kobus, hearing this, turned towards them with a smile of satis-
faction. He too would have liked to say something gallant to
Suzel, but he could think of nothing- he was too happy.
At last Haan selected from the third bench to the left a
woman about six feet high, with black hair, a hawk nose, and
piercing eyes, who rose from her seat like a shot and made her
way to the floor with a majestic air. He preferred this style
of woman; she was the daughter of the burgomaster. Haan


## p. 5542 (#108) ###########################################

5542
ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
seemed quite proud of his choice; he drew himself up and ar-
ranged the frill of his shirt, whilst the tall girl, who out-topped
him by half a head, looked as if she were taking charge of him.
At the same moment Schoultz led forward a little roundabout
woman, with the brightest red hair possible, but gay and smiling,
and clinging tight to his elbow as if to prevent him making his
escape.
They took their places, in order to make the circuit of the
hall, as is the usual custom. Scarcely had they completed the
first round when Joseph called out:-
"Kobus, are you ready? "
―――
As his only answer, Fritz seized Suzel by the waist with his
left arm, and holding her hand aloof with the other, after the
gallant manner of the eighteenth century, he whirled her away
like a feather. Joseph commenced his waltz with three strokes
of his bow. Every one understood at once that something strange
was to follow - a waltz of the spirits of the air, which they
dance on summer nights when nothing is to be seen but a streak
of reddish light in the distant horizon; when the leaves cease
their rustling, when the insects fold their wings to rest, and the
chorister of the night preludes his song with three notes,- the
first low and deep, the second tender, and the third so full of
life and passion that every noise is hushed to listen.
So commenced Joseph, having many a time in his wandering
life taken lessons from the songster of the night, his elbow rest-
ing on some mossy bank, his head supported on his hand, and
his eyes closed in a sort of dreamy ecstasy of delight. Then,
rising in animation, like the grand master of melody with his
quivering wings, who showers down every evening around the
nest where his well-beloved reposes, more floods of melody than
the dew showers pearly drops on the grass of the valley, the
waltz commenced,-rapid, sparkling, wild: the spirits of the air
soared aloft, drawing Fritz and Suzel, Haan and the burgo-
master's daughter, Schoultz and his partner, after them in endless
gyrations. Bockel threw in the distant murmur of the mountain
torrents, and the tall Andrès marked the time with rapid and
joyous touches, like the cries of the swallows cutting the air;-for
inspiration comes from heaven, and knows no law but its own
fantasy, while order and measure reign on this lower earth!
And now picture to yourself the amorous circles of the
waltz crossing and interlacing in never-ending succession, the


## p. 5543 (#109) ###########################################

ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
5543
flying feet, the floating robes, rounding and swelling in fan-
shaped curves; Fritz holding little Suzel in his arms, raising her
hand aloft gracefully, gazing at her with delight, whirling around
at times like the wind, and then slowly revolving in measured
cadence, smiling, dreaming, gazing at her again, and then dart-
ing off with renewed ardor; whilst she, with her waist undulat-
ing in graceful curves, her long tresses floating behind her like
wings, and her charming little head thrown backwards, gazed at
him in ecstasy, her little feet scarcely touching the ground as
she flew along.
Fat Haan, grappling his tall partner with uplifted arm, gal-
loped away without a moment's intermission, balancing and stamp-
ing with his heels to mark the time, and looking up at her from
time to time with an air of profound admiration; while she, with
her hooked nose, twirled about like a weathercock.
Schoultz, his back rounded in a semicircle and his long legs.
bent, held his red-haired partner under the arms, and kept turn-
ing, turning, turning, without a moment's cessation, and with the
most wonderful regularity, like a bobbin on its spindle, and keep-
ing time so exactly that the spectators were fairly enchanted.
But it was Fritz and the little Suzel that excited universal
admiration, from the grace of their movements and the happi-
ness which shone in their faces. They no longer belonged to
this lower earth,- they felt as if they were floating in a sort of
celestial atmosphere. This music, singing in joyous strains the
praises of happiness and love, seemed as if composed expressly
for them. The eyes of the whole hall were riveted upon them,
while they saw no one but each other. At times their youth and
good looks so excited the enthusiasm of the audience that it
seemed as if they were about to burst into a thunder of applause;
but their anxiety to hear the waltz kept them silent. It was only
when Haan, almost beside himself with delight in the contem-
plation of the tall burgomaster's daughter, raised himself on tip-
toe, and whirling her around him twice shouted in a stentorian
voice-"You! you! » subsiding the next moment into the regular
cadence of the dance, and when Schoultz at the same moment,
raising his right leg, passed it, without missing a bar of the tune,
over the head of his plump little partner, and in a hoarse voice,
and whirling round like one possessed, began to shout, "You!
you! you! you! you! you! " that the admiration of the spectators
found vent in clapping of hands and stamping of feet, and a
storm of hurrahs which shook the whole building.


## p. 5544 (#110) ###########################################

5544
ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
Never in their whole lives had they seen such dancing. The
enthusiasm lasted for more than five minutes, and when at last
it died away they heard with pleasure the waltz of the spirits of
the air again resume the ascendant, as the song of the nightin-
gale swells out in the night air after the summer storm has
passed.
At last Haan and Schoultz were fairly exhausted; the per-
spiration was pouring down their cheeks, and they were fain to
promenade their partners through the hall; although it seemed as
if Haan were being led about by his danseuse, while Schoultz, on
the other hand, looked as if he were carrying his fair one sus-
pended from his elbow.
Suzel and Fritz still kept whirling round. The shouts and
stamping of feet of the spectators did not seem to reach their
ears; and when Joseph, himself exhausted, drew the last long-
drawn sigh of love for his violin, they stopped exactly opposite
Father Christel and another old Anabaptist, who had just entered
the hall, and were gazing at them with surprise and admiration.
Hallo! So you are here too, Father Christel," exclaimed
Fritz, beaming with delight; "you see Suzel and I have been
dancing together. "
"It is a great honor for us, Mr. Kobus," replied the farmer,
smiling; "a great honor indeed. But does the little one under-
stand it? I fancied she had never danced a step in her life. "
"Why, Father Christel, Suzel is a butterfly, a perfect little
fairy; I believe she has wings! "
Suzel was leaning on his arm, her eyes cast down, and her
cheeks covered with blushes; and Father Christel, looking at her
with delight, asked: -
"But Suzel, who taught you to dance? I was quite surprised
to see you just now. "
"Mazel and I," replied the little one,
"used to take a turn or
two in the kitchen now and then to amuse ourselves. "
Then the people around, who had leaned forward to listen,
could not help laughing; and the other Anabaptist exclaimed:-
"What are you thinking of, Christel?
young girls require to be taught to waltz?
it comes to them by nature? Ha ha
ha! "
Do you imagine that
Don't you know that


## p. 5545 (#111) ###########################################

ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
5545
A BIVOUAC AT LIGNY
From Waterloo: A Sequel to the Conscript of 1813: copyright 1869, by
Charles Scribner & Co.
-
IT
T WAS dark already, and the dense masses of smoke made it
impossible to see fifty paces ahead. Everything was moving
toward the windmills; the clatter of the cavalry, the shouts,
the orders of the officers, and the file-firing in the distance, all
were confounded. Several of the squares were broken. From
time to time a flash would reveal a lancer bent to his horse's
neck, or a cuirassier, with his broad white back and his helmet
with its floating plume, shooting off like a bullet, two or three
foot soldiers running about in the midst of the fray,- all would
come and go like lightning. The trampled grain, the rain streak-
ing the heavens, the wounded under the feet of the horses, all
came out of the black night— through the storm which had just
broken out for a quarter of a second. Every flash of musket
or pistol showed us inexplicable things by thousands.
But every-
thing moved up the hill and away from Ligny; we were masters.
We had pierced the enemy's centre; the Prussians no longer
made any defense, except at the top of the hill near the mills
and in the direction of Sombref, at our right. St. Armand and
Ligny were both in our hands.
As for us,—a dozen or so of our company there alone among
the ruins of the cottages, with our cartridge boxes almost empty,
we did not know which way to turn. Zébédé, Lieutenant
Bretonville, and Captain Florentin had disappeared, and Sergeant
Rabot was in command. He was a little old fellow, thin and
deformed, but as tough as steel; he squinted, and seemed to
have had red hair when young. Now, as I speak of him, I
seem to hear him say quietly to us, "The battle is won! by file
right! forward, march! "
Several wanted to stop and make some soup, for we had
eaten nothing since noon, and began to be hungry. The ser-
geant marched down the lane with his musket on his shoulder,
laughing quietly, and saying in an ironical tone:-
"Oh! soup, soup! Wait a little; the commissary is coming! "
We followed him down the dark lane; about midway we saw
a cuirassier on horseback with his back toward us. He had a


## p. 5546 (#112) ###########################################

5546
ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
sabre-cut in the abdomen and had retired into this lane; the
horse leaned against the wall to prevent him from falling off.
As we filed past he called out, "Comrades! " But nobody even
turned his head.
Twenty paces farther on we found the ruins of a cottage,
completely riddled with balls: but half the thatched roof was still
there, and this was why Sergeant Rabot had selected it; and we
filed into it for shelter.
We could see no more than if we had been in an oven; the
sergeant exploded the priming of his musket, and we saw that it
was the kitchen, that the fireplace was at the right, and the
stairway on the left. Five or six Prussians and Frenchmen were
stretched on the floor, white as wax, and with their eyes wide
open.
"Here is the mess-room," said the sergeant: "let every one
make himself comfortable. Our bedfellows will not kick us.
"
As we saw plainly that there were to be no rations, each one
took off his knapsack and placed it by the wall on the floor for
a pillow. We could still hear the firing, but it was far in the
distance on the hill.
The rain fell in torrents. The sergeant shut the door, which
creaked on its hinges, and then quietly lighted his pipe. Some
of the men were already snoring when I looked up, and he was
standing at the little window, in which not a pane of glass
remained, smoking.
He was a firm, just man; he could read and write, had been
wounded and had his three chevrons, and ought to have been an
officer, only he was not well formed. He soon laid his head on
his knapsack, and shortly after all were asleep.
«<
It was long after this when I was suddenly awakened by
footsteps and fumbling about the house outside.
I raised up on
my elbow to listen, when somebody tried to open the door. I
could not help screaming out. 'What's the matter? " said the
sergeant. We could hear them running away, and Rabot turned
on his knapsack, saying, "Night-birds-rascals! clear out, or I'll
send a ball after you! He said no more, and I got up and
looked out of the window, and saw the wretches in the act of
robbing the dead and wounded. They were going softly from
one to another, while the rain was falling in torrents.
It was
something horrible.
I lay down again, and fell asleep, overcome by fatigue.


## p. 5547 (#113) ###########################################

ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
5547
At daybreak the sergeant was up and crying "En route! "
We left the cottage and went back through the lane. The
cuirassier was on the ground, but his horse still stood beside
him. The sergeant took him by the bridle and led him out into
the orchard, pulled the bits from his mouth, and said:-
-
"Go and eat; they will find you again by-and-by. "
And the poor beast walked quietly away. We hurried along
the path which runs by Ligny. The furrows stopped here, and
some plots of garden ground lay along by the road.
The ser-
geant looked about him as he went, and stooped down to dig up
some carrots and turnips which were left. I quickly followed his
example, while our comrades hastened on without looking round.
I saw that it was a good thing to know the fruits of the
earth. I found two beautiful turnips and some carrots, which
are very good raw, but I followed the example of the sergeant
and put them in my shako.
I ran on to overtake the squad, which was directing its steps
toward the fires at Sombref. As for the rest, I will not attempt
to describe to you the appearance of the plateau in the rear of
Ligny, where our cuirassiers and dragoons had slaughtered all
before them. The men and horses were lying in heaps; the
horses with their long necks stretched out on the ground, and the
dead and wounded lying under them.
Sometimes the wounded men would raise their hands to make
signs, when the horses would attempt to get up and fall back,
crushing them still more fearfully.
Blood! blood! everywhere. The directions of the balls and
shot were marked on the slope by the red lines, just as we see
in our country the lines in the sand formed by the water from
the melting snow. But will you believe it? These horrors
scarcely made any impression upon me. Before I went to Lützen
such a sight would have knocked me down. I should have
thought then: -"Do our masters look upon us as brutes? Will the
good God give us up to be eaten by wolves? Have we mothers
and sisters and friends, beings who are dear to us, and will they
not cry for vengeance? " I should have thought of a thousand
other things, but now I did not think at all. From having seen.
such a mass of slaughter and wrong every day and in every
fashion, I began to say to myself:-
"The strongest are always in the right. The Emperor is the
strongest, and he has called us, and we must come in spite of


## p. 5548 (#114) ###########################################

5548
ERCKMANN-CHATRIAN
everything, from Pfalzburg, from Saverne, or other cities, and
take our places in the ranks and march. One who showed the
least sign of resistance would be shot at once. The marshals,
the generals, the officers, down to the last man, follow their
instructions, they dare not make a move without orders; and
everybody obeys the army. It is the Emperor who wills, who
has the power and who does everything. And would not Joseph
Bertha be a fool to believe that the Emperor ever committed a
single fault in his life. ? Would it not be contrary to reason? "
That was what we all thought, and if the Emperor had re-
mained here, all France would have had the same opinion.
My only satisfaction was in thinking that I had some carrots
and turnips; for in passing in the rear of the pickets to find our
place in the battalion we learned that no rations had been dis-
tributed except brandy and cartridges.
The veterans were filling their kettles; but the conscripts, who
had not yet learned the art of living while on the campaign, and
who had unfortunately already eaten all their bread, as will hap-
pen when one is twenty years old and is on the march with a
good appetite,—they had not a spoonful of anything.
At last, about seven o'clock, we reached the camp. Zébédé
came to meet me, and was delighted to see me, and said:
"What
have you brought, Joseph? We have found a fat kid, and we
have some salt, but not a mouthful of bread. "
I showed him the rice which I had left, and my turnips and
carrots.
-
-
"That's good," said he; we shall have the best soup in the
battalion. "
I wanted Buche to eat with us too, and the six men belong-
ing to our mess, who had all escaped with only bruises and
scratches, consented. Padoue the drum - major said, laughing,
"Veterans are always veterans; they never come empty-handed. ”
We looked into the kettles of the five conscripts and winked;
for they had nothing but rice and water in them, while we had
a good rich soup, the odor of which filled the air around us.
At eight we took our breakfast with an appetite, as you can
imagine.
Not even on my wedding day did I eat a better meal, and it
is a pleasure even now to think of it. When we are old we are
not so enthusiastic about such things as when we are young, but
still we always recall them with satisfaction.


## p. 5549 (#115) ###########################################

5549
JOSÉ DE ESPRONCEDA
(1810-1842)
BY MARY J. SERRANO
N THE year 1810 all Spain was in arms, disputing Spanish soil
inch by inch with the soldiers of Napoleon, who, including
in his plan of universal conquest the crown of Spain, had
decoyed into France and then perfidiously imprisoned the Spanish
King Ferdinand, and placed his brother Joseph by force of arms
upon the vacant throne.
It was in the spring of this year that José de Espronceda was born
in the little town of Almendrajo, in the province of Estremadura, dur-
ing a halt of the cavalry regiment of which his father was colonel,
his mother having accompanied her husband in the marches of the
campaign.
Nursed amid the din of battle waged in defense of national rights,
drawing in with every breath the spirit of national liberty that filled
the air, and that continued to fill it during his childhood and youth,
as an aspiration towards national regeneration, it was not strange
that this spirit of liberty, converted by the workings of his poet's
imagination into a spirit of revolt against all restraint, should have
fermented in his blood and should remain a ruling influence in his
short and agitated existence.
Thus is that almost all Espronceda's poems, whatever their
subject, are an aspiration toward freedom, whether from the bonds
of spirit or of matter, or a passionate protest against the injustice
of man or of fate. But in Espronceda's cynicism, unlike that of
Byron, whom he so strongly resembled both in his genius and his
character,—of Heine, of Leopardi, or of Musset, there is nothing of
egotism or of affectation, defects from which his sincere and gener-
ous nature was altogether free; and while his expression of feeling is
intensely personal, as for instance in the cry of passionate regret for
lost illusions which he calls Canto to Teresa,' and which stands
as the second canto of 'El Diablo Mundo' (The World Spirit), the
feelings he expresses are the common feelings of humanity; as the
injustice against which he protests is the injustice suffered by his
fellow-men. Thus, in 'The Mendicant,' 'The Executioner,' and 'The
Condemned Criminal,' he arraigns human society for the inequalities


## p. 5550 (#116) ###########################################

5550
JOSÉ DE ESPRONCEDA
of station and of fortune which array man against his fellow-man,
and for the indifference with which it regards the victim of its own
defective organization, while sanctioning, in decreeing his death, the
crime for which it condemns him to die.
The 'Song of the Cossack' and 'The Pirate' reflect vividly the free
life of nature, the freedom of the desert and of the sea- the dash
across the plain of the Cossack horseman, the wild sweep in which
the steed responds to the will of the rider as the hand responds to
the brain; the wide solitude of the boundless sea, the invigorating
saltness of the breeze murmuring through the sails, the shimmer
of the moon on the blue waters; and through and above all the
intoxicating sense of conscious power, of strength unconquered and
defiant.
Another note is struck in the poem 'To Jarifa in an Orgy. ' Here
the freedom aspired to is freedom from law, the unescapable law that
ordains that satiety shall inevitably attend upon excess. But when
the poet's soul, steeped in the dregs of pleasure, abandons itself un-
resistingly to its fate, a sudden touch of human sympathy, of pure
feeling, stirs it with regenerating power and so saves it from moral
death.
In The Student of Salamanca,' one of Espronceda's two long
poems, for of 'Pelayo,' an epic poem written in his boyhood, and a
remarkable production thus considered, only a few fragments remain,
-the prevailing note is one of defiance; defiance of all authority,
human or Divine. The poem is based on the legend of Don Juan
Tenorio; and in the character of the hero, Espronceda, like Byron in
Don Juan, is supposed to have depicted his own. Imaginative power
of the highest order, and an extraordinary skill in the employment of
the resources of poetic expression, characterize this work, in which
earth and heaven and hell, the natural and the supernatural, are
brought together on a single canvas without dissonance or dispropor-
tion of line or color. The solitary landscape bathed in the mellow
light of the moon; the branches of the trees outlined darkly against
the softly luminous midnight sky; the brook murmuring its plaintive
song; the touching figure of the gentle and unfortunate Elvira, whose
illusions have been scattered to the wind by the ruthless hand of her
faithless lover, like the petals which she pulls, in the abstraction of
her grief, from the flowers; the gambling-house, with its exhibition
of cynicism and depravity; the graves giving up their dead to cel-
ebrate ghastly festivities-all form a picture of surpassing power and
extraordinary artistic beauty.
-
'El Diablo Mundo,' Espronceda's most important composition,
recalls in its plan the legend of Faust. The hero, an old man who
becomes endowed with immortal youth, has scarcely put on his new


## p. 5551 (#117) ###########################################

JOSÉ DE ESPRONCEDA
5551
form when he is seized by the police as a fugitive from justice, and
cast into prison. Here he finds a companion in a hardened criminal
who indoctrinates him in his own cynical philosophy of life, for the
mind of the new Adam is the blank mind of a child. The daughter
of his mentor comes to visit her father in the prison, and Adam con-
ceives a violent passion for her, which she returns with equal vehe-
mence. In the prison Adam meets some thieves who induce him
to join in the midnight robbery of a beautiful and wealthy countess.
The alarm is given, but Adam makes his escape. He wanders
through the city streets, and at last enters a house where an orgy is
going on in one room, while in another the daughter of the house
lies dead. Touched by the mother's lamentations, Adam's heart is
filled with the desire to restore the dead girl to life. Here ends the
poem, which the author did not live to finish.
In Espronceda's poems the spirit of the man is reflected: a spirit
of fire, a flame lurid and obscured at times by smoke, but a flame
that always aspires. In his poems, too, is to be found the best his-
tory of his unsettled and adventurous life; of which the chief events
to be recorded are his journeyings, now voluntary, now as an exile,
to Lisbon, to Paris, to London, and back again to Madrid, and the
part he took in the political movements of which they were in gen-
eral the result.
An incident characteristic of the poet is related of his first visit
to Lisbon. When the vessel on which he was a passenger arrived in
port, the health officer, boarding her, proceeded to collect a small tax
which it was the custom to demand from the passengers. When
Espronceda's turn arrived, the poet took from his pocket a dollar, all
the money he possessed, and handed it to the officer, who returned
him the change. The poet tossed the coins lightly into the water,
in order, as he said, that he might not "enter so great a capital with
so small a sum of money. "
During his residence in London, Espronceda devoted himself with
ardor to the study of the English poets, more particularly of Byron,
whose influence is clearly traceable in his works. Here the passion-
ate lament entitled 'Elegy to Spain' was written. Here, too, the
unhappy passion which inspired the 'Canto to Teresa' reached the
fatal culmination which was to prove a source of unending remorse
to both the guilty lovers.
The accession to power in 1840 of the liberal party, whose prin-
ciples he advocated, seemed to promise Espronceda at last leisure to
take his just place in literature; a place, according to the judgment
of Valera, -a cautious critic,- beside Goethe, Byron, and Leopardi.
The promise, however, was never realized. His health had been
undermined by a life often of privation and always irregular; and


## p. 5552 (#118) ###########################################

5552
JOSÉ DE ESPRONCEDA
before he could take his seat he was attacked by an inflammation of
the larynx, and died after four days' illness, on the 23d of May,
1842, at the age of thirty-two years.
Mary J. Serraus
TO SPAIN: AN ELEGY
ow solitary is the nation now
How
Η That peopled countries vast a former day!
That, all beneath her sovereignty to bow,
From East to West extended once her sway!
Tears now profuse to shed, unhappy one,
Queen of the world! 'tis thine; and from thy face,
Enchanting yet in sorrow, there is none
Its overwhelming traces to erase.
How fatally o'er thee has death poured forth
Darkness and mourning, horrible and great!
And the stern despot in his maddened wrath
Exulted wildly o'er thy low estate.
Nothing or great or beautiful he spared,
My country! - the young warrior by him fell,
The veteran fell, and vile his war-axe glared,
Pleased all its fury o'er thee to impel.
Even the pure maiden fell beneath the rage
Of the unpitying despot, as the rose,
Condemned the summer's burning sun to engage,
Her bloom and beauty withering, soon must close.
Come, O ye inhabiters of all the earth,
And contemplate my misery! can there,-
Tell me! -be any found of mortal birth
Bearing the sorrows I am doomed to bear?
―――
I, wretched, banished from my native land,
Behold, far from the country I adore,
Her former glories lost and high command,
And only left her sufferings to deplore.
Her children have been fatally betrayed
By treacherous brethren, and a tyrant's power;


## p. 5553 (#119) ###########################################

JOSÉ DE ESPRONCEDA
5553
And these her lovely fertile plains have made
Fields o'er which only lamentations lower.
Her arms extended wide, unhappy Spain!
Her sons imploring in her deep distress:
Her sons they were, but her command was vain,
Unheard the traitor-madness to repress.
Whate'er could then avail thee, tower or wall,
My country! still amid thy woes adored?
Where were the heroes that could once appall
The fiercest foe? where thy unconquered sword?
Alas! now on thy children's humbled brow
Deeply is shame engraved, and on their eyes,
Cast down and sorrowfully throbbing now,
The tears alone of grief and mourning rise.
Once was a time for Spain, when she possessed
A hundred heroes in her hour of pride;
And trembling nations saw her manifest
Her power and beauty, dazzling, by their side.
As lofty shows itself in Lebanon
The cedar, so her brow she raised on high;
And fell her voice the nations round upon,
As terrify a girl the thunders nigh.
But as a stone now in the desert's wild
Thou liest abandoned, and an unknown way
Through strangers' lands, uncertain where, exiled,
The patriot's doomed unfortunate to stray.
Her ancient pomp and power are covered o'er
With sand and weeds contemptuous; and the foe,
That trembled at her puissance before,
Now mocks exulting and enjoys her woe.
Maidens! your flowing locks disheveled tear,
To give them to the wandering winds; and bring
Your harps in mournful company to share
With me the sorrowful laments I sing.
Thus banished from our homes afar away
Still let us weep our miseries. O Spain,
Who shall have power thy torments to allay?
Who shall have power to dry thy tears again?
X-348


## p. 5554 (#120) ###########################################

5554
JOSÉ DE ESPRONCEDA
THE SONG OF THE PIRATE
THE
HE breeze fair aft, all sails on high,
Ten guns on each side mounted seen,
She does not cut the sea, but fly,
A swiftly sailing brigantine;
A pirate bark, the Dreaded' named,
For her surpassing boldness famed,
On every sea well known and shore,
From side to side their boundaries o'er.
The moon in streaks the waves illumes;
Hoarse groans the wind the rigging through;
In gentle motion raised, assumes
The sea a silvery shade with blue;
While singing gaily on the poop,
The pirate captain, in a group,
Sees Europe here, there Asia lies,
And Stamboul in the front arise.
Sail on, my swift one! nothing fear;
Nor calm, nor storm, nor foeman's force
Shall make thee yield in thy career,
Or turn thee from thy course.
Despite the English cruisers fleet,
We have full twenty prizes made;
And see, their flags beneath my feet
A hundred nations laid.
My treasure is my gallant bark,
My only God is liberty;
My law is might, the wind my mark,
My country is the sea.
There blindly kings fierce wars maintain
For palms of land, when here I hold
As mine, whose power no laws restrain,
Whate'er the seas infold.
Nor is there shore around whate'er,
Or banner proud, but of my might
Is taught the valorous proofs to bear,
And made to feel my right.
My treasure is my gallant bark,
My only God is liberty;
My law is might, the wind my mark,
My country is the sea.


## p. 5555 (#121) ###########################################

JOSÉ DE ESPRONCEDA
5555
Look, when a ship our signals ring
Full sail to fly, how quick she's veer'd!
For of the sea I am the king,
My fury's to be feared;
But equally with all I share
Whate'er the wealth we take supplies;
I only seek the matchless fair,
My portion of the prize.
My treasure is my gallant bark,
My only God is liberty:
My law is might, the wind my mark,
My country is the sea.
I am condemned to die! I laugh;
For if my fates are kindly sped,
My doomer from his own ship's staff
Perhaps I'll hang instead.
And if I fall, why what is life?
For lost I gave it then as due,
When from slavery's yoke in strife
A rover I withdrew.
My treasure is my gallant bark,
My only God is liberty;
My law is might, the wind my mark,
My country is the sea.
My music is the north wind's roar,
The noise when round the cable runs,
The bellowings of the Black Sea's shore,
And rolling of my guns.
And as the thunders loudly sound,
And furious as the tempest rave,
I calmly rest in sleep profound,
So rocked upon the wave.
My treasure is my gallant bark,
My only God is liberty;
My law is might, the wind my mark,
My country is the sea.


## p. 5556 (#122) ###########################################

5556
HENRI ALPHONSE ESQUIROS
(1812-1876)
F MY hair must turn gray, a thousandfold sooner let it be
with the dust of highways than that of musty tomes," said
Alphonse Esquiros; and the words show an energy which
always longed to accomplish something of practical utility, and which
expended itself in too many directions to be adequately successful in
any one.
For his contribution to literature is too meritorious not to
win appreciation, yet so scanty that we wonder why he did not leave
us more.
Esquiros first made himself known as a poet. He was very young
only twenty- when his little volume of odes and sonnets, 'Les
Hirondelles,' attracted Victor Hugo's admiration and friendship. “A
true poet's book," Hugo called it; "the fair beginning of a young
man; a swarm of charming verses on radiant wing. "
Then Esquiros engaged in journalism, and at the same time pre-
pared a historical novel, Charlotte Corday,' founded on the tragic
life of the Revolutionary heroine. This true story, strengthened by
an imagination which presented both Charlotte and her victim Marat
sympathetically, was very popular. Esquiros invested both murderous
figures with a fine ideality which made them seem victims rather
than sinners; and he made them symbolic too,-their final meeting
the inevitable clash between the Gironde and the Mountain. In the
simple, direct style there is no falsetto; and yet, as has been pointed
out, Esquiros here deserts the crisp French romanticism for a touch
of the sentiment we associate with our English Laurence Sterne.
With his skill in story-telling and his poetic quality, his feeling
for delicate emotion and grace of form, Esquiros combined much of
the reformer's spirit; and that brought him into trouble.
The same
year that Charlotte Corday' appeared (1840), he published too
'L'Évangile du Peuple,' a religious and political work, in which Jesus
is portrayed as a socialistic reformer in harmony with revolutionary
spirits. Naturally. this revival of revolutionary thinking was disap-
proved by the government, and its author was severely punished. He
was sentenced to the payment of a fine of 500 francs and to an
imprisonment of eight months. While confined in Sainte-Pélagie he
diverted himself with poetic composition, and wrote 'Les Chants du
Prisonnier,' pretty reminiscences of his early life. He wrote, too,
several semi-socialistic works, - 'Les Vierges Martyres' (The Virgin
I


## p. 5557 (#123) ###########################################

HENRI ALPHONSE ESQUIROS
5557
Martyrs), 'Les Vierges Folles' (The Foolish Virgins), and 'Les Vierges
Sages' (The Wise Virgins).
Esquiros was a Parisian, and much of his life was spent in the
centre of the political storms of his country. He was ardently patri-
otic, and his mind was always strongly diverted from literature to
politics, in which he stoutly advocated radical and socialistic reform.
Soon after his release he became a democratic member in the Legis-
lative Assembly, where he continued until, upon the overthrow of
the government, he found himself exiled.
His series of historical and political works,—'L'Histoire des Monta-
gnards' (History of the Montagnards: 1847), 'L'Histoire des Martyrs
de la Liberté' (History of the Martyrs of Liberty: 1851), and 'La Vie
Future au Point de Vue Socialiste (The Future Life from the Social-
ist's Standpoint: 1857),- although often eloquent and always earnest,
are considered superficial in thought. He was a man of feeling and
imagination rather than of analysis and synthesis, and philosophy
was not his true vocation. One quality in which he excelled found
exercise now that he was sent away from France: he had the fac-
ulty, not usual with Frenchmen, of understanding a foreign point of
view, of studying other lands and peoples with intuitive sympathy.
For years he lived in England, where he made many friends and was
for some time professor of French literature at Woolwich. He thor-
oughly investigated the different interests and industries of the coun-
try, the various forms of religion, the departments of government,
the army and navy; and obtained a just and comprehensive knowl-
edge of English life, which he embodied in serious and interesting.
studies which ran through a long series in the Revue des Deux
Mondes. They were translated into English, and in book form,
'L'Angleterre et la Vie Anglaise (England and English Life), and
'Les Moralistes Anglaises' (The English Moralists), were greatly
enjoyed on both sides of the Channel.
He spent some time in Holland too, and of this one result was a
delightful volume, 'La Néerlande et la Vie Hollandaise' (The Nether-
lands and Dutch Life: 1861), in which he gathered together a great
deal of information about that interesting little land and gave it
graphic presentation. This too was translated into English, and 'The
Dutch at Home' is still a popular book.
In 1869 Esquiros returned to France, and was soon after elected
democratic deputy from Bouches-du-Rhône. The next year came the
downfall of the Empire, after which he was appointed Administrateur
Supérieur from the same department. Something about Esquiros is
suggestive of Malesherbes; and in this position he showed similar
integrity and fearless energy, until like Malesherbes his virtues
proved his own undoing, and he was driven to resign.


## p. 5558 (#124) ###########################################

5558
HENRI ALPHONSE ESQUIROS
The narrative talent which makes his works on foreign lands such
pleasant reading, and his two novels Charlotte Corday' and 'Le
Magicien always interesting, is especially striking in his one little.
volume of short stories. 'Le Château Enchanté' (The Enchanted
Castle), 'Le Mariage Fatal (The Fatal Marriage), and the others,
are romantic tales, told with a convincing simplicity and earnest
realization of the pathos of human life.