Its origin is uncertain: a By-
zantine writer ascribes its foundation and name to
Callias, an Athenian general (Jo.
zantine writer ascribes its foundation and name to
Callias, an Athenian general (Jo.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, 2, 33.
) A
monument was raised to this great orator within its
peribulus, and divine honours were paid to him by the
Calaureans. According to Strabo, the island of Calau-
rea was four stadia from the shore, and thirty in cir-
cuit. It is now called Poro, or "the ford," as the
narrow channel by which it is separated from the
mainland may, in calm weather, be passed on foot.
The temple of Neptune was situated at some dis-
tance from the sea, on one of the highest summits of
the island. Dodwell observes (Class. Tour, vol. 2,
p. 276), that not a single column of this celebrated
sanctuary is standing, nor is the smallest fragment to
be seen among the ruins.
Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor.
He hail received from Apollo the knowledge of future
events; and the Greeks, accordingly, on their de-
parture for the Trojan war, nominated him their high-
pnest and prophet. Among the interpretation of events
imputed to him, it is said he predicted that Troy could
not be taken without the aid of Achilles; and that,
having observed a serpent, during a solemn sacrifice,
glide from under an altar, ascend a tree, and devour
nrae young birds with their mother, and afterward be-
come itself changed into stone, he inferred that the
? lege of Troy would last ten years. He also foretold
that the Grecian fleet, which was at that same time
detained by contrary winds in the harbour of Aulis,
would not be able to sail until Agamemnon should
nave sacrificed his own daughter Iphigenia. Calchas
also advised Agamemnon, during the pestilence by
which Apollo desolated the Grecian camp, to restore
Lhryseis, as the only means of appeasing the god. He
was consulted, indeed, on every affair of importance,
and appears to have often determined, with Agamem-
non and Ulysses, the import of the oracles which he
rxpounded. His death is said to have happened as
follows After the taking of Troy, he accompanied
Ampbilochus, son of Amphiaraus, to Colophonin Ionia.
It had been predicted that he should not die until he
found a prophet more skilful than himself: this he ex-
perienced in the person of Mopus. He was unable
to tell how many figs were on the branches of a cer-
tain fig-tree; and when Mopus mentioned the exact
number, Calchas retired to the wood of Claros, sacred
to Apollo, where he expired of grief and mortification.
--Calchas had the patronymic of Thestorides. (Horn. ,
B. , 1, 63, dec. --Msch. , ^igam. --Eurip. , Iphig. --Pau-
8i. , 1, 43. )
CiLBDoxLt, a country in the north of Britain, now
'-ailed Scotland. The ancient Caledonia compre-
hended all those countries which lay to the north of
the Forth and Clyde. It was never completely sub-
ttoed by the Romans, though Agricola penetrated to
the. Tey, and Severus into the very heart of the coun-
try. The Caledonians are supposed to have derived
their name from the Celtic words Gael Dun, implying
"the Gael (Gauls) of the mountains," i. e. , "High-
landers. " These Gallic tribes were driven into Scot-
? ? land, from Britain, by the conquests of the Belgic or
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? CALIGULA.
CAL
prisoners, recalled the banished, and forbade all prose-
cutions for treason. He conferred on the magistrates
free and independent power. Although the will of
Tiberius had been declared, by the senate, to be null
and void, he fulfilled every article of it, with the ex-
ception only of that above mentioned. When he was
chosen consul, he took his uncle Claudius as his col-
league. Thus he distinguished the first eight months
of his reign by many actions dictated by the pro-
foundest hypocrisy, but which appeared magnanimous
and noble to the eyes of the world, when he fell, on a
sudden, dangerously ill, in consequence, as has been
imagined, of a love-potion given him by his mistress
Milonia Cesonia (whom he afterward married), with a
view to secure his unconstant affections. On recov-
ering from this malady, whether weary by this time of
the restraints of hypocrisy, or actually deranged in his
intellect by the inflammatory effects of the potion
which he had taken (Jar. , Hat. , 6, 614), the emperor
threw off all appearance of virtue and moderation, as
well as all prudential considerations, and acted on every
occasion with the mischievous violence of unbridled
passions and wanton power, sq that the tyranny of
Tiberius was forgotten in the enormities of Caligula.
{Sencc. , Consol. ad Helv. , 9, c. 779. ) The most ex-
quisite tortures served him for enjoyments. During
his meals he caused criminals, and even innocent per-
sons, to be stretched on the rack and beheaded: the
most respectable persons were daily executed. In the
madness of his arrogance he even considered himself
a god, and caused the honours to be paid to him which
were paid to Apollo, to Mars, and even to Jupiter.
He built a temple to his own divinity. At one time
he wished that the whole Roman people had but one
head, that he might be able to cut it off at a single
blow. He frequently repeated the words of an old
poet, Odcrint dum mctuant. One of his greatest
follies was the building of a bridge of vessels between
Baiffi and Puteoli, in imitation of that of Xerxes over
the Hellespont. He himself consecrated this grand
structure with great splendour; and, after he had
passed the night following in a revel with his friends,
in order to do something extraordinary before his de-
parture, he caused a crowd of persons, without dis-
tinction of age, rank, or character, to be seized, and
thrown into the sea. On his return he entered Rome
in triumph, because, as he said, he had conquered na-
ture herself. After this he made preparations for an
expedition against the Germans, passed with more than
200,000 men over the Rhine, but returned after he had
travelled a few miles, and that without having seen an
enemy. Such was his terror, that, when he came to the
river, and found the bridge obstructed by the crowd
upon it, he caused himself to be passed over the heads
of the soldiers. He then went to Gaul, which he plun-
dered with unexampled rapacity. Not content with the
considerable booty thus obtained, he sold all the prop-
erty of his sisters Agrippina and Livilla, whom he ban-
ished. He also sold the furniture of the old court, the
clothes of Augustus, Agrippina, &c. Before he left
Gaul he declared his intention of going to Britain.
He collected his army on the coast, embarked in a
magnificent galley, but returned when he had hardly
left the land, drew up his forces, ordered the signal
of battle to be sounded, and commanded the soldiers
to fill their helmets with shells, while he cried out,
"This booty, ravished from the sea, is fit for my pal-
? ? ace and the Capitol. " When he returned to Rome he
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? CAL
trotted with the care of the treasures of Susaby Alex-
ander. (Curt. , 5, 2. )--IH. An architect, who, in con-
junction with Ictinus, built the Parthenon at Athens,
and who undertook also to complete the lone walls
termed aKeXij. (Pint. , Vxt. Pcrtcl. , c. 13. ) He ap-
pears to have flourished about Olymp. 80 or 85. (Silltg,
OUt. Art. , *. v. )--IV. A sculptor, distinguished prin-
cipally by the minuteness of his performances. He is
mentioned as a Lacedemonian, and is associated with
Myrmecides by jEUan. (V*. H. , 1, 17. --Compare
Galen, Adhort. ad Art. , c. 9. ) In connexion with
this artist he is said to have made some chariots which
could be covered with the wings of a fly, and to have
inscribed on a grain of the plant scsamum some verses
of Homer. (Plm. , 7, 21. ) Galen, therefore, well ap-
plies to hini the epithet ftaratoTexvoc. Athenaeus,
nowevcr. relates that he engraved only large vases
(11, p. 782). The age in which he lived is uncertain.
iSuUig, Diet. Art. , s. v. )
CallicbatTdas, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysan-
der in the command of the fleet. He took Mcthym-
na. and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He
was defeated and killed near the Arginusro, in a naval
battle, B. C. 406. He was one of the last that pre-
served the true Spartan character, which had become
greatly altered for the worse during the Pcloponncsian
war. by the habit which the Lacedaemonians had con-
tracted of fighting; beyond the limits of their country.
The enervating climate of Ionia had also contributed
vtrv much towards producing this result. (Xen. ,
But Gr. , 1. 6, 1, seqq. --Diod. Sic. , 13, 76. --Id. lb. ,
13, 99. )
I ii ? ? ii. k. -mi s, according to Livy (36, 15), the high-
est summit of Mount CEta. It was occupied by Cato,
with a body of troops, in the battle fought at the pass
of Thermopylae, between the Romans, under Acilius
Glabrio, and the array of AntiochuB; and, owing to
this manoeuvre, the latter was entirely routed. (Com-
pare Pliny, H. N. , 4, 7. )
Cillimachcs, I. a native of Cyrene, descended
trom an illustrious family. He first gave instruction
uj grammar, or belles-lettres, at Alexandrea, and num-
bered among his auditors Apollinus Rhodius, Eratos-
thenes, and Aristophanes of Byzantium. Ptolemy
Philadeiphus subsequently placed him in the Muse-
um, and from this period he turned his principal at-
tention to poetic composition. He lived, loaded with
honours, at the court of this prince, where his abilities
vere greatly admired. The small number of pieces,
iiowever, that remain to us, out of eight hundred com-
posed by him. present him to us in the light of a cold
poet, wanting in energy and enthusiasm, and making
vain efforts to replace by erudition the genius which
aatnre had denied him. These productions compel us
to subscribe to Ovid's opinion in relation to him,
? ' Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet. " (Amor. , 1,
15. ) The principal works of Callimachus were as fol-
lows: I. Elegies. These were regarded as his princi-
pal title to renown. The Romans, especially in the Au-
justan age, held them in high estimation; they were im-
itated by Ovid and Propertius. Among the Elegies of
Callimachus two in particular were celebrated, one on
the tresses of Berenice, queen of Ptolemy III. , which
Catullus has either translated or imitated; and the
jther, entitled Cydippc, to which Ovid alludes (Rem.
Am. , 1. 380), and which he has imitated in his 20th He-
toid. We have only some fragments remaining of the
elegies. 2. Atrial. " Causes," i. e. , a poem, in four
? ? santos. on the origin or causes of various fables, cus-
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? CAL
CAL
? ions. The punishment to which she was liable was
to be cast down from a precipitous and rocky height,
but she was pardoned in consequence of the pecu-
liar circumstances of her case. A law, however, was
immediately passed, ordaining that the teachers of
gymnastic exercises should also appear naked at the
games. (Pansanias, 6, 6, 5. ) -- From an examina-
tion of authorities, it would appear that the story just
told relates rather to Berenice (QepeviKn), the sister
of Callipatira. (Consult Bayle, Diet. , s. v. Berenice,
and Siebelts, ad Pausan, I. c).
Calliphon, a painter, a native of Samos, who
decorated with pictures the temple of Diana at Ephe-
sus. The subjects of his pieces were taken from the
Iliad. (Pausan. , 5, 19. )
Callipolis, I. a city of Thrace, about five miles
from . lEgospotamos.
Its origin is uncertain: a By-
zantine writer ascribes its foundation and name to
Callias, an Athenian general (Jo. Cinnamus, 5, 3),
while another derives its appellation from the beauty
of the site. (Agathuu, 5, p. 155. ) It is certain that
we do not hear of Callipolis before the Macedonian
war, when I>>ivy mentions its having been taken by
Philip, the last king of that name (31, 16. --Com-
pare Plin. , 4,11. ) From the Itineraries wc learn, that
Callipolis was the point whence it was usual to cross
the Hellespont to Lampsacus or Abydos. The mod-
ern name is Gallipoli, and it is from this that tho
Chersonese now takes its name as a Turkish province.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 330. ) -- II. A town
of Sicily, north of Catana, now CaUipoli. --III. A city
of Calabria, on the Sinus Tarentinus, now CaUipoli.
According to Dionysius of Halicamassus (17, 4), it
owed its foundation to Leucippus, a Lacedemonian,
who erected a town here with the consent of the Ta-
rentines, who expected to be put in possession of it
shortly after; but in this hope they were deceived;
and on finding that the Spartan colony was already
strong enough to resist an attack, they suffered Leu-
cippus to prosecute his undertaking without molesta-
tion. (Dion. Hal. , Frag. , ed. Angela Maio, Medial. ,
1816. ) Mela styles it "urbs Graia Callipolis" (2,
4). The passage in which Pliny names this town is
corrupt. (Plin. , 3, 11. --Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol.
2, p. 317. )
Callirhoe, I. a daughter of the Scamander, who
married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and
Assaracus. (II. , 20, 231. ) -- II. A daughter of Ocea-
nus and Tethys, mother of Gcryon, Echidna, Cerbe-
rus, and other monsters, by Chrysaor. (Hcsiod, Thcog. ,
287, seqq. )
Calliste, an island of the . Egean Sea, called also
Thera. (Vid. Thera. )
Callisteia, Beauty's rewards; a festival at Les-
bos, during which all the women presented themselves
in the temple of Juno, and the prize was assigned to
the fairest. (Athcnaus, 13, p. 610, a. ) There was
also an institution of the same kind among the Par-
rhasians, made first by Cypselus, whose wife was
honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one
also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a
complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Miner-
va. (Athenaus, I. c. --Casaub. el Schweigh. , ad loc. )
Callisthenes, a native of Olynthus, the son of
Hero, Aristotle's sister. He was placed by the Sta-
girite about the person of Alexander, as a kind of in-
structer, or, rather, companion of his studies, and ac-
? ? companied the monarch into the East. He gave of-
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? CAL
fliepritate papers of the dictator. (Pint. , Vit. Ant. ,
115. }--II. Calpurnia Lex, passed A. U. C. 604, against
HtaUon,by which law the first qiueslio perpelua was
established. (Cic. in Vcrr. , 4, 25. )--III. Another,
ailed also Acilia, concerning bribery, A. U. C. 686.
(Cif. pro ifurvzn. , 23. )
CiUURxios, I. a writer of mimes, not to be con-
ImieA with the pastoral poet of the same name.
(fair, Gesch. Rom. L. U. , vol. 1, p. 118. ) --II. A
Chrifthn in the time of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius,
from whom we have fifty-one Declamations remaining.
(BoAr,ii>. ,p. 557. ) III. A Latin poet, a native of Sici-
ly, and contemporary of Ncmcsianus, lived during the
third century of our era. In the earliest editions of
his works, and in all hut one of the MSS. , eleven
eclogues pass under his name. Ugoletus, however, at
a later period, guided by this single MS. , undertook to
assign four of the eleven to Nemesianus. In this he
is wrong, for the tone and manner of these pieces show
plainly that they all came from one pen. Such was
the opinion of Ulitius (Praf. ad Nemcsian. , Eclog. ,
p. 459. --Id. ad Tfemesian. , Cyncg. , v. 1, p. 314),
with which Burmann agrees (Poet. Lai. Mm. , Praf. ,
p. *** 4), and which Wemsdorff at last has fully estab-
lished. (Poet. Lot. Min. , vol. 2, p. 15, tcaq. ) The
Eclogues of Calpumius are not without merit, though
greatly inferior in elegance and simplicity to Virgil's.
They are dedicated to Nemesianus, his protector and
patron, for he himself was very poor. In the time of
Charlemagne these pieces were placed in the hands of
young scholars. The best editions arc found in the
Potta Latmi Minorca of Burmann, Lugd. Bat. , 1731,
2voU. 4to, and of Wernsdorff, Altemb. , 1780-1799, 10
TOls. 8vo. (Bdhr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. ,vo\. l,p. 301. )
CALVES COBS. LICINIUS, a Roman, equally distin-
guished M an orator and a poet. In the former ca-
pacity he is mentioned with praise by Cicero (Brut. ,
81. -- Ef. ad Fan. , 7, 24, -- Ibid. , 15, 51). He was
also the friend of Catullus, and two odes of that au-
thor's are addressed to him, in which he is commemo-
rated as a most delightful companion, from whose so-
ciety he could scarcely refrain. The fragments of his
epigrams which remain do not enable us to judge for
ourselves of his poetical merits. He is classed by
Ovid among the licentious writers. (Horat. , Scrm. ,
I, 10, 19. --Ditnlop't Rom. Lit. , vol. l,p. 540. )
CiLYCADNUs, a large and rapid river of Cilicia Tra-
chea, which rises in the central chain of Taurus, and,
after receiving some minor tributary streams, falls into
the sea between the promontories of Zcphyrium and
Sarpedon. It is now the Gink-sou. . (Ptin. , 5, 27. --
? . ic. , 38,38. --Amm. Marcell. , 14, 25. )
CALYDSJ, I. small islands, placed by Strabo (603)
between Cape Lectum and Tenedos, but not to be
found in that direction. In Choiseul Gouffier's map
they are laid down between Tenedos and Sigteum. --
II. A group of islands, lying off the coast of Caria, to
the southeast of Leros. One of the number was call-
ed Calymna. (Ham. , H. , 2, 676. ) Herodotus informs
us (7, 99), that the Calydnians were subject to Arte-
misia, queen of Caria. Calymna, in modern charts, is
called Ctdimno, and the surrounding group Kapperi
and Carataghiar. (Cramer's Ana Minor, vol. 2, p.
218)
CJU. VDON, a city of . ? tolia, below the river Eve-
nus, and between that stream and the sea. It was
famed in Grecian story on account of the boar-hunt
in its neighbourhood (vid. Meleager), the theme of
? ? poetry from Homer to Statius. We are told by my-
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? CAM
CAM
punished by the Romans for having admitted Cartha-
ginian troops within its walls.
monument was raised to this great orator within its
peribulus, and divine honours were paid to him by the
Calaureans. According to Strabo, the island of Calau-
rea was four stadia from the shore, and thirty in cir-
cuit. It is now called Poro, or "the ford," as the
narrow channel by which it is separated from the
mainland may, in calm weather, be passed on foot.
The temple of Neptune was situated at some dis-
tance from the sea, on one of the highest summits of
the island. Dodwell observes (Class. Tour, vol. 2,
p. 276), that not a single column of this celebrated
sanctuary is standing, nor is the smallest fragment to
be seen among the ruins.
Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor.
He hail received from Apollo the knowledge of future
events; and the Greeks, accordingly, on their de-
parture for the Trojan war, nominated him their high-
pnest and prophet. Among the interpretation of events
imputed to him, it is said he predicted that Troy could
not be taken without the aid of Achilles; and that,
having observed a serpent, during a solemn sacrifice,
glide from under an altar, ascend a tree, and devour
nrae young birds with their mother, and afterward be-
come itself changed into stone, he inferred that the
? lege of Troy would last ten years. He also foretold
that the Grecian fleet, which was at that same time
detained by contrary winds in the harbour of Aulis,
would not be able to sail until Agamemnon should
nave sacrificed his own daughter Iphigenia. Calchas
also advised Agamemnon, during the pestilence by
which Apollo desolated the Grecian camp, to restore
Lhryseis, as the only means of appeasing the god. He
was consulted, indeed, on every affair of importance,
and appears to have often determined, with Agamem-
non and Ulysses, the import of the oracles which he
rxpounded. His death is said to have happened as
follows After the taking of Troy, he accompanied
Ampbilochus, son of Amphiaraus, to Colophonin Ionia.
It had been predicted that he should not die until he
found a prophet more skilful than himself: this he ex-
perienced in the person of Mopus. He was unable
to tell how many figs were on the branches of a cer-
tain fig-tree; and when Mopus mentioned the exact
number, Calchas retired to the wood of Claros, sacred
to Apollo, where he expired of grief and mortification.
--Calchas had the patronymic of Thestorides. (Horn. ,
B. , 1, 63, dec. --Msch. , ^igam. --Eurip. , Iphig. --Pau-
8i. , 1, 43. )
CiLBDoxLt, a country in the north of Britain, now
'-ailed Scotland. The ancient Caledonia compre-
hended all those countries which lay to the north of
the Forth and Clyde. It was never completely sub-
ttoed by the Romans, though Agricola penetrated to
the. Tey, and Severus into the very heart of the coun-
try. The Caledonians are supposed to have derived
their name from the Celtic words Gael Dun, implying
"the Gael (Gauls) of the mountains," i. e. , "High-
landers. " These Gallic tribes were driven into Scot-
? ? land, from Britain, by the conquests of the Belgic or
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? CALIGULA.
CAL
prisoners, recalled the banished, and forbade all prose-
cutions for treason. He conferred on the magistrates
free and independent power. Although the will of
Tiberius had been declared, by the senate, to be null
and void, he fulfilled every article of it, with the ex-
ception only of that above mentioned. When he was
chosen consul, he took his uncle Claudius as his col-
league. Thus he distinguished the first eight months
of his reign by many actions dictated by the pro-
foundest hypocrisy, but which appeared magnanimous
and noble to the eyes of the world, when he fell, on a
sudden, dangerously ill, in consequence, as has been
imagined, of a love-potion given him by his mistress
Milonia Cesonia (whom he afterward married), with a
view to secure his unconstant affections. On recov-
ering from this malady, whether weary by this time of
the restraints of hypocrisy, or actually deranged in his
intellect by the inflammatory effects of the potion
which he had taken (Jar. , Hat. , 6, 614), the emperor
threw off all appearance of virtue and moderation, as
well as all prudential considerations, and acted on every
occasion with the mischievous violence of unbridled
passions and wanton power, sq that the tyranny of
Tiberius was forgotten in the enormities of Caligula.
{Sencc. , Consol. ad Helv. , 9, c. 779. ) The most ex-
quisite tortures served him for enjoyments. During
his meals he caused criminals, and even innocent per-
sons, to be stretched on the rack and beheaded: the
most respectable persons were daily executed. In the
madness of his arrogance he even considered himself
a god, and caused the honours to be paid to him which
were paid to Apollo, to Mars, and even to Jupiter.
He built a temple to his own divinity. At one time
he wished that the whole Roman people had but one
head, that he might be able to cut it off at a single
blow. He frequently repeated the words of an old
poet, Odcrint dum mctuant. One of his greatest
follies was the building of a bridge of vessels between
Baiffi and Puteoli, in imitation of that of Xerxes over
the Hellespont. He himself consecrated this grand
structure with great splendour; and, after he had
passed the night following in a revel with his friends,
in order to do something extraordinary before his de-
parture, he caused a crowd of persons, without dis-
tinction of age, rank, or character, to be seized, and
thrown into the sea. On his return he entered Rome
in triumph, because, as he said, he had conquered na-
ture herself. After this he made preparations for an
expedition against the Germans, passed with more than
200,000 men over the Rhine, but returned after he had
travelled a few miles, and that without having seen an
enemy. Such was his terror, that, when he came to the
river, and found the bridge obstructed by the crowd
upon it, he caused himself to be passed over the heads
of the soldiers. He then went to Gaul, which he plun-
dered with unexampled rapacity. Not content with the
considerable booty thus obtained, he sold all the prop-
erty of his sisters Agrippina and Livilla, whom he ban-
ished. He also sold the furniture of the old court, the
clothes of Augustus, Agrippina, &c. Before he left
Gaul he declared his intention of going to Britain.
He collected his army on the coast, embarked in a
magnificent galley, but returned when he had hardly
left the land, drew up his forces, ordered the signal
of battle to be sounded, and commanded the soldiers
to fill their helmets with shells, while he cried out,
"This booty, ravished from the sea, is fit for my pal-
? ? ace and the Capitol. " When he returned to Rome he
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? CAL
trotted with the care of the treasures of Susaby Alex-
ander. (Curt. , 5, 2. )--IH. An architect, who, in con-
junction with Ictinus, built the Parthenon at Athens,
and who undertook also to complete the lone walls
termed aKeXij. (Pint. , Vxt. Pcrtcl. , c. 13. ) He ap-
pears to have flourished about Olymp. 80 or 85. (Silltg,
OUt. Art. , *. v. )--IV. A sculptor, distinguished prin-
cipally by the minuteness of his performances. He is
mentioned as a Lacedemonian, and is associated with
Myrmecides by jEUan. (V*. H. , 1, 17. --Compare
Galen, Adhort. ad Art. , c. 9. ) In connexion with
this artist he is said to have made some chariots which
could be covered with the wings of a fly, and to have
inscribed on a grain of the plant scsamum some verses
of Homer. (Plm. , 7, 21. ) Galen, therefore, well ap-
plies to hini the epithet ftaratoTexvoc. Athenaeus,
nowevcr. relates that he engraved only large vases
(11, p. 782). The age in which he lived is uncertain.
iSuUig, Diet. Art. , s. v. )
CallicbatTdas, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysan-
der in the command of the fleet. He took Mcthym-
na. and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He
was defeated and killed near the Arginusro, in a naval
battle, B. C. 406. He was one of the last that pre-
served the true Spartan character, which had become
greatly altered for the worse during the Pcloponncsian
war. by the habit which the Lacedaemonians had con-
tracted of fighting; beyond the limits of their country.
The enervating climate of Ionia had also contributed
vtrv much towards producing this result. (Xen. ,
But Gr. , 1. 6, 1, seqq. --Diod. Sic. , 13, 76. --Id. lb. ,
13, 99. )
I ii ? ? ii. k. -mi s, according to Livy (36, 15), the high-
est summit of Mount CEta. It was occupied by Cato,
with a body of troops, in the battle fought at the pass
of Thermopylae, between the Romans, under Acilius
Glabrio, and the array of AntiochuB; and, owing to
this manoeuvre, the latter was entirely routed. (Com-
pare Pliny, H. N. , 4, 7. )
Cillimachcs, I. a native of Cyrene, descended
trom an illustrious family. He first gave instruction
uj grammar, or belles-lettres, at Alexandrea, and num-
bered among his auditors Apollinus Rhodius, Eratos-
thenes, and Aristophanes of Byzantium. Ptolemy
Philadeiphus subsequently placed him in the Muse-
um, and from this period he turned his principal at-
tention to poetic composition. He lived, loaded with
honours, at the court of this prince, where his abilities
vere greatly admired. The small number of pieces,
iiowever, that remain to us, out of eight hundred com-
posed by him. present him to us in the light of a cold
poet, wanting in energy and enthusiasm, and making
vain efforts to replace by erudition the genius which
aatnre had denied him. These productions compel us
to subscribe to Ovid's opinion in relation to him,
? ' Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet. " (Amor. , 1,
15. ) The principal works of Callimachus were as fol-
lows: I. Elegies. These were regarded as his princi-
pal title to renown. The Romans, especially in the Au-
justan age, held them in high estimation; they were im-
itated by Ovid and Propertius. Among the Elegies of
Callimachus two in particular were celebrated, one on
the tresses of Berenice, queen of Ptolemy III. , which
Catullus has either translated or imitated; and the
jther, entitled Cydippc, to which Ovid alludes (Rem.
Am. , 1. 380), and which he has imitated in his 20th He-
toid. We have only some fragments remaining of the
elegies. 2. Atrial. " Causes," i. e. , a poem, in four
? ? santos. on the origin or causes of various fables, cus-
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? ions. The punishment to which she was liable was
to be cast down from a precipitous and rocky height,
but she was pardoned in consequence of the pecu-
liar circumstances of her case. A law, however, was
immediately passed, ordaining that the teachers of
gymnastic exercises should also appear naked at the
games. (Pansanias, 6, 6, 5. ) -- From an examina-
tion of authorities, it would appear that the story just
told relates rather to Berenice (QepeviKn), the sister
of Callipatira. (Consult Bayle, Diet. , s. v. Berenice,
and Siebelts, ad Pausan, I. c).
Calliphon, a painter, a native of Samos, who
decorated with pictures the temple of Diana at Ephe-
sus. The subjects of his pieces were taken from the
Iliad. (Pausan. , 5, 19. )
Callipolis, I. a city of Thrace, about five miles
from . lEgospotamos.
Its origin is uncertain: a By-
zantine writer ascribes its foundation and name to
Callias, an Athenian general (Jo. Cinnamus, 5, 3),
while another derives its appellation from the beauty
of the site. (Agathuu, 5, p. 155. ) It is certain that
we do not hear of Callipolis before the Macedonian
war, when I>>ivy mentions its having been taken by
Philip, the last king of that name (31, 16. --Com-
pare Plin. , 4,11. ) From the Itineraries wc learn, that
Callipolis was the point whence it was usual to cross
the Hellespont to Lampsacus or Abydos. The mod-
ern name is Gallipoli, and it is from this that tho
Chersonese now takes its name as a Turkish province.
(Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 330. ) -- II. A town
of Sicily, north of Catana, now CaUipoli. --III. A city
of Calabria, on the Sinus Tarentinus, now CaUipoli.
According to Dionysius of Halicamassus (17, 4), it
owed its foundation to Leucippus, a Lacedemonian,
who erected a town here with the consent of the Ta-
rentines, who expected to be put in possession of it
shortly after; but in this hope they were deceived;
and on finding that the Spartan colony was already
strong enough to resist an attack, they suffered Leu-
cippus to prosecute his undertaking without molesta-
tion. (Dion. Hal. , Frag. , ed. Angela Maio, Medial. ,
1816. ) Mela styles it "urbs Graia Callipolis" (2,
4). The passage in which Pliny names this town is
corrupt. (Plin. , 3, 11. --Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol.
2, p. 317. )
Callirhoe, I. a daughter of the Scamander, who
married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and
Assaracus. (II. , 20, 231. ) -- II. A daughter of Ocea-
nus and Tethys, mother of Gcryon, Echidna, Cerbe-
rus, and other monsters, by Chrysaor. (Hcsiod, Thcog. ,
287, seqq. )
Calliste, an island of the . Egean Sea, called also
Thera. (Vid. Thera. )
Callisteia, Beauty's rewards; a festival at Les-
bos, during which all the women presented themselves
in the temple of Juno, and the prize was assigned to
the fairest. (Athcnaus, 13, p. 610, a. ) There was
also an institution of the same kind among the Par-
rhasians, made first by Cypselus, whose wife was
honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one
also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a
complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Miner-
va. (Athenaus, I. c. --Casaub. el Schweigh. , ad loc. )
Callisthenes, a native of Olynthus, the son of
Hero, Aristotle's sister. He was placed by the Sta-
girite about the person of Alexander, as a kind of in-
structer, or, rather, companion of his studies, and ac-
? ? companied the monarch into the East. He gave of-
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fliepritate papers of the dictator. (Pint. , Vit. Ant. ,
115. }--II. Calpurnia Lex, passed A. U. C. 604, against
HtaUon,by which law the first qiueslio perpelua was
established. (Cic. in Vcrr. , 4, 25. )--III. Another,
ailed also Acilia, concerning bribery, A. U. C. 686.
(Cif. pro ifurvzn. , 23. )
CiUURxios, I. a writer of mimes, not to be con-
ImieA with the pastoral poet of the same name.
(fair, Gesch. Rom. L. U. , vol. 1, p. 118. ) --II. A
Chrifthn in the time of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius,
from whom we have fifty-one Declamations remaining.
(BoAr,ii>. ,p. 557. ) III. A Latin poet, a native of Sici-
ly, and contemporary of Ncmcsianus, lived during the
third century of our era. In the earliest editions of
his works, and in all hut one of the MSS. , eleven
eclogues pass under his name. Ugoletus, however, at
a later period, guided by this single MS. , undertook to
assign four of the eleven to Nemesianus. In this he
is wrong, for the tone and manner of these pieces show
plainly that they all came from one pen. Such was
the opinion of Ulitius (Praf. ad Nemcsian. , Eclog. ,
p. 459. --Id. ad Tfemesian. , Cyncg. , v. 1, p. 314),
with which Burmann agrees (Poet. Lai. Mm. , Praf. ,
p. *** 4), and which Wemsdorff at last has fully estab-
lished. (Poet. Lot. Min. , vol. 2, p. 15, tcaq. ) The
Eclogues of Calpumius are not without merit, though
greatly inferior in elegance and simplicity to Virgil's.
They are dedicated to Nemesianus, his protector and
patron, for he himself was very poor. In the time of
Charlemagne these pieces were placed in the hands of
young scholars. The best editions arc found in the
Potta Latmi Minorca of Burmann, Lugd. Bat. , 1731,
2voU. 4to, and of Wernsdorff, Altemb. , 1780-1799, 10
TOls. 8vo. (Bdhr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. ,vo\. l,p. 301. )
CALVES COBS. LICINIUS, a Roman, equally distin-
guished M an orator and a poet. In the former ca-
pacity he is mentioned with praise by Cicero (Brut. ,
81. -- Ef. ad Fan. , 7, 24, -- Ibid. , 15, 51). He was
also the friend of Catullus, and two odes of that au-
thor's are addressed to him, in which he is commemo-
rated as a most delightful companion, from whose so-
ciety he could scarcely refrain. The fragments of his
epigrams which remain do not enable us to judge for
ourselves of his poetical merits. He is classed by
Ovid among the licentious writers. (Horat. , Scrm. ,
I, 10, 19. --Ditnlop't Rom. Lit. , vol. l,p. 540. )
CiLYCADNUs, a large and rapid river of Cilicia Tra-
chea, which rises in the central chain of Taurus, and,
after receiving some minor tributary streams, falls into
the sea between the promontories of Zcphyrium and
Sarpedon. It is now the Gink-sou. . (Ptin. , 5, 27. --
? . ic. , 38,38. --Amm. Marcell. , 14, 25. )
CALYDSJ, I. small islands, placed by Strabo (603)
between Cape Lectum and Tenedos, but not to be
found in that direction. In Choiseul Gouffier's map
they are laid down between Tenedos and Sigteum. --
II. A group of islands, lying off the coast of Caria, to
the southeast of Leros. One of the number was call-
ed Calymna. (Ham. , H. , 2, 676. ) Herodotus informs
us (7, 99), that the Calydnians were subject to Arte-
misia, queen of Caria. Calymna, in modern charts, is
called Ctdimno, and the surrounding group Kapperi
and Carataghiar. (Cramer's Ana Minor, vol. 2, p.
218)
CJU. VDON, a city of . ? tolia, below the river Eve-
nus, and between that stream and the sea. It was
famed in Grecian story on account of the boar-hunt
in its neighbourhood (vid. Meleager), the theme of
? ? poetry from Homer to Statius. We are told by my-
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punished by the Romans for having admitted Cartha-
ginian troops within its walls.
