) They
the division into two books is an arrangement are described (Scut.
the division into two books is an arrangement are described (Scut.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
15.
) But as these artifices, in the applica-
the fact, that it is not existence which is communition of which he is said to have often shown real
cated, but only words, and that words are intelli- grandeur, earnestness, and elegance (woyalowpé-
gible only by their reference to corresponding per-elav kal oeuvotnta kad kalti oylar, Dionys. de
ceptions; but even then intelligible only approxi- | Admir. vi Demosth. 4), were made use of too pro-
matively, since no two persons ever perfectly fusely, and, for the purpose of giving undue pro-
agreed in their perceptions or sentimenis, nay, minence to poor thoughis, his orations did not
not even one and the same person agreed with excite the feelings of his hearers (Aristot Riet. iii.
himself at different times. (Comp. Foss, pp. 1073, 17; Longin. de Sublim. iii. 12 ; Hermog. de
-185. )
Ideis, i. 6, č. 9; Dionys. passim), and at all events
However little such a mode of arguing might could produce only a momentary impression. This
stand the test of a sound dialectical examination, was the case with his oration addressed to the
yet it could not but direct attention to the insuffi- assembled Greeks at Olympia, exhorting them to
ciency of the abstractions of the Eleatics, and call union against their common enemy (Aristol Rhet.
forth more careful investigations concerning the iii. 14; Philostr. p. 493), and with the funeral
nature and forms of our knowledge and cognition, oration which he wrote at Athens, though he pro-
and thus contribute towards the removal of the bably did not deliver it in public. (Philostr. p. 493;
later scepticism, the germs of which were contained and the fragment preserved by the Schol on Her-
in the views entertained by Gorgias himself. He mogenes, in Geel, p. 60, &c. , and Foss, p. 69, &c. )
himself seems soon to have renounced this sophis- Besides these and similar show-speeches of which
tical schematism, and to have turned his attention we know no more than the titles (Geel, p. 33;
entirely to rhetorical and practical pursuits. Plato Foss, p. 76, &c. ), Gorgias wrote loci communes pro-
at least notices only one of those argumentations, bably as rhetorical exercises, to show how subjects
and does not even speak of that one in the ani- might be looked at from opposite points of view.
mated description which he gives of the peculiari-(Cic. Brut. 12. ). The same work seems to be re-
ties of Gorgias in the dialogue bearing his name, ferred to under the title Onomasticon. (Pollux, ix. 1. )
but in the Euthydemus (p. 284, 86, &c. ). Isocrates | We have besides mention of a work on dissimilar
(Helen. Laudat. ), however, mentions the book and homogeneous words (Dionys. de Comp. Verb. p.
itself.
67, ed. Reiske), and another on rhetoric (Apollod.
Gorgias, as described by Plato, avoids general ap. Diog. Laërt. viii. 53, Cic. Brut. 12, Quintil.
definitions, even of virtue and morality, and con- iii. 1. $ 3; Suidas), unless one of the before-men-
fines himself to enumerating and characterising the tioned works is to be understood by this title.
particular modes in which they appear, according Respecting the genuineness of the two declama-
to the differences of age, sex, &c. , and that not tions which have come down to us under the name
without a due appreciation of real facts, as is clear of Gorgias, viz. the Apology of Palamedes, and the
from an expression of Aristotle, in which he recog. Encomium on Helena, which is maintained by
nises this merit. (Plat. Meno, p. 71, &c. ; comp. Reiske, Geel (p. 48, &c. ), and Schönborn (Dis-
Aristot. Polit. i. 9. $ 13. ) Gorgias further expressly sertut. de Authentia Declamationum, quae Gorgiae
declared, that he did not profess to impart virtue-- Leontini nomine extant, Breslau, 1826), and doubted
as Protagoras and other sophists did - but only the by Foss (p. 80, &c. ) and others, it is difficult to
power of speaking or eloquence (Plat. Meno, p. 95, give any decisive opinion, since the characteristic
Gorg. p. 452, Phileb. p. 58), and he preferred the peculiarities of the oratory of Gorgias, which appear
name of a rhetorician to that of a sophist (Plat. in these declamations, especially in the former,
Gorg. p. 520 a, 449, 452); but on the supposition might very well have been imitated by a skilful
that oratory comprehended and was the master of rhetorician of later times.
all our other powers and faculties. (Ib. p. 456, The works of Gorgias did not even contain the
454. ) The ancients themselves were uncertain elements of a scientitic theory of oratory, any more
whether they should call him an orator or a sophist. than his oral instructions; he confined himself to
(Cic. de Invent, i. 5 ; Lucian, Macrob. 23. ) teaching his pupils a variety of rhetorical artifices,
In his explanations of the phaenomena of nature, and made them learn by heart certain formulas re-
though without attaching any importance to phy. lative to them (Aristot. Elench. Soph. ii. 9), al-
sics, Gorgias seems to have followed in the foot- though there is no doubt that bis lectures here and
steps of Empedocles, whose disciple he is called, there contained remarks which were very much to
though in all probability not correctly. (Diog. the point. (Aristot. Rhet. iii. 18; comp. Cic. de
Laërt. viii. 58 ; Plat. Meno, p. 76, Gorg. p. 453 ; Orat. ii. 59. )
(A. Ch. B. )
comp. Dionys. de Isocrat. 1. )
GO'RGIÁS (Topgías), of Athens, a rhetorician
The eloquence of Gorgias, and probably that of of the time of Cicero. Young M. Cicero, when at
his Sicilian contemporary Tisias also, was chiefly Athens, received instructions from Gorgias in de-
calculated to tickle the car by antitheses, by com- clamation, but his father desired him to dismiss
binations of words of similar sound, by the sym- him. (Cic. ad Furn. xvi. 21. ) It appears from
## p. 285 (#301) ############################################
GORGION.
285
GORGO.
Plutarch (Cic. 2. 1) that Gorgias led a dissolute life, um, and these were surrendered by the brothers to
and also corrupted his pupils ; and this circum- the Lacedaemonian general. (Xen. Iell. iii, 1.
stance was probably the cause of Cicero's aversion DIORGO and GO'RGONES (ropya and róp-
[E. E. ]
to him. Gorgias was the author of several works,
viz. 1. Declamations, which are alluded to by yoves). Homer knows only one Gorgo, who, ac-
Seneca (Controv. i. 4). Some critics are of opinion cording to the Odyssey (xi. 633), was one of the
that the declamations which have come down to frightful phantoms in Hades: in the Iliad (v.
us under the name of Gorgias of Leontini, namely, 741, viii. 349, xi. 36; comp. Virg. Aen. vi. 289),
the 'Απολογία Παλαμήδους and 'Εγκώμιον Ελέ- the Aegis of Athens contains the head of Gorgo,
mns, are the productions of our rhetorician. 2. A the terror of her enemies. Euripides (lon, 989)
work on Athenian courtezans (Tlepl TW 'Adhunou still speaks of only one Gorgo, although Hesiod
'Etaipldwv, Athen. xiii. pp. 567, 583, 596); but (Theog. 278) had mentioned three Gorgones, the
it is not quite certain whether the author of this daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whence they are
work is the same as our rhetorician. 3. A rhe sometimes called Phorcydes or Phorcides. (Aeg
torical work, entitled Exñua Alavolas kal nézews, chyl. Prom. 793, 797 ; Pind. Pyth. xii. 24; Ov.
in four books. The original work is lost, but a Met. v. 230. ) The names of the three Gorgones
Latin abridgment by Rutilius Lupus is still ex- are Stheino (Stheno or Stenusa), Euryale, and
tant, under the title De Figuris Sententiarum et | Medusa (Hes. l. c. ; Apollod. ii. 4. & 2), and they
Elocutionis. This abridgment is divided into two are conceived by Hesiod to live in the Western
books, although Quintilian (ix. 2. $$ 102, 106) Ocean, in the neighbourhood of Night and the
states that Rutilius Lupus abridged the four books Hesperides. But later traditions place them in
of Gorgias into one ; whence we must infer that Libya. (Herod. ii. 91; Paus. ii. 21. & 6.
) They
the division into two books is an arrangement are described (Scut. Herc. 233) as girded with
made by one of the subsequent editors of the trea- serpents, raising their heads, vibrating their tongues,
tise. (Comp. Ruhnken, Praefat. ad Rutil. Lup. and gnashing their teeth; Aeschylus (Prom. 794.
P. X, &c. )
(L. S. ] &c. , Choëph. 1059) adds that they had wings and
GOʻRGIAS (Copylas). 1. A physician at Rome, brazen claws, and enormous teeth. On the chest
a friend and contemporary of Galen in the second of Cypselus they were likewise represented with
century after Christ, to whom Galen dedicated his wings. (Paus. v. 18. § 1. ) Medusa, who alone
work De Causis Procatarcticis. (Galen, De Locis of her sisters was mortal, was, according to some
Affect. v. 8. vol. viii. p. 362; De Caus. Procat. legends, at first a beautiful maiden, but her hair
vol. vii. pp. 347, 352, ed. Chart. )
was changed into serpents by Athena, in conse-
2. A surgeon at Alexandria, mentioned in terms quence of her having become by Poseidon the mo
of praise by Celsus (De Med. vii. Praef. 14, pp. ther of Chrysaor and Pegasus, in one of Athena's
137, 152), who may be conjectured (from the names temples. (Hes. Theog. 287, &c. ; Apollod. ii. 4.
of his apparent contemporaries) to have lived in the $ 3; Ov. Met. iv. 792 ; comp. PERSBUS. ) Her
third century B. C.
(W. A. G. ) head was now of so fearful an appearance, that
GOʻRGIAS, a Lacedaemonian statuary, who every one who looked at it was changed into stone.
flourished in the 87th Olympiad, B. C. 432. (Plin. Hence the great difficulty which Perseus bad in
H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19; where, for Gorgias, Lacon, killing her; and Athena afterwards placed the
we should read Gorgias Lacon ; Sillig in Böttiger's head in the centre of her shield or breastplate.
Amalthea, vol. iii. p. 285. )
[P. S. ) There was a tradition at Athens that the head of
GOʻRGIDAS (ropiðas), a Theban, of the Medusa was buried under a mound in the Agora.
party of Epameinondas and Pelopidas. When the (Paus. ii. 21. § 6, v. 12. § 2. ) Athena gave to
first step bad been taken towards the recovery of Heracles a lock of Medusa (concealed in an urn),
the Cadmeia from the Spartan garrison in B. C. for it had a similar effect upon the beholder as the
379, and Archias and Leontiades were slain, Epa- | head itself. When Heracles went out against La-
meinondas and Gorgidas came forward and joined cedaemon he gave the lock of hair to Sterope, the
Pelopidas and his confederates, solemnly intro daughter of Cepheus, as a protection of the town
ducing them into the Theban assembly, and calling of Tegea, as the sight of it would put the enemy
on the people to fight for their country and their to flight. (Paus. viii. 47. § 4; Apollod. ii. 7. $ 3. )
gods. (Plut. Pelop. 12. ) In the next year, B, C. The mythus respecting the family of Phorcys,
378, Gorgidas and Pelopidas were Boeotarchs to- to which also the Graeae, Hesperides, Scylla, and
gether, and Plutarch ascribes to them the plan of other fabulous beings belonged, has been inter-
tampering with Sphodrias, the Spartan harmost, preted in various ways by the ancients themselves.
whom Cleombrotus had left at Thespiar, to induce Some believed that the Gorgones were formidable
him to invade Attica, and so to embroil the Athe-animals with long hair, whose aspect was so fright-
nians with Lacedaemon. (Plut. Pelop. )4, Ages. ful, that men were paralysed or killed by it, and
24 ; Xen. Hell. v. 4. SS 20, &c. ; comp. Diod. some of the soldiers of Marius were believed to
XV. 29. )
[E. E. ) have thus met with their death (Athen. v. 64). Pliny
GOʻRGION (ropylwv), was, according to Xe- (H. N. iv. 31) thought that they were a race of
nophon (Anab. vii. 8. Ø 8), the son of Hellas, and savage, swift, and hair-covered women ; and Dio-
Gongylus the Eretrian, who received a district in dorus (iii. 55) regards them as a race of women
Mvsia, as the price of his treachery to his country. inhabiting the western parts of Libya, who had
[GONGYLUS. ) The dates, however, would lead us been extirpated by Heracles in traversing Libya.
to suppose that he was a grandson rather than a These explanations may not suffice, and are cer-
son of this Gongylus. Of this district Gorgion and tainly not so ingenious as those of Hug, Hermann,
his brother Gongylus were lords in B. c. 399, when Creuzer, Böttiger, and others, but none of them
Thibron passed over into Asia to aid the Ionians has any strong degree of probability. (L S. )
against Tissaphernes. It contained the four towns GORGO (Topra), a lyric poetess, a contemporary
of Gambrium, Palaegambrium, Myrina, and Gryni- / and rival of Sappho, who often attacked her in her
;
a
## p. 286 (#302) ############################################
286
GORGUS.
GRICCHAXUS.
poems. (Max. Tyr. Diss. xxiv. 9, vol. i. p. 478, ed. lcrod. v. 104 ; Clinton, F. II. sub annis 499,
Reiske. ) On the relations of Sappho to her female 498, vol. ii. App. 5. )
contemporaries, see, besides the dissertation just 3. A Messenian, son of Eucletus, was distin-
quoted, Müller, Hist. of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, guished for rank, wealth, and success in gymnastic
vol. i. p. 177.
[P. S. ) contests : moreover, unlike most athletes (savs Po-
GORGO. (CLEOMENES, p. 793, a. )
lybius), he proved himself wise and skilful as a
GORGON (rópywv), the author of an historical statesman. in B. c. 218 he was sent as ambassador
work Περί των εν Ρόδω θυσιών, and of Scholia on to Philip V. of Macedon, then besieging Palus, in
Pindar. (Athen. xv. p. 696–697; Hesych. 8. v. Cephallenia, to ask him to come to the aid of Mes-
'Επιπολιαίος, Καταρραπτίτης ; Schol. ad Pind. Oι. senia against Lycurgus, king of Lacedaemon. This
vii. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 65; Vossius, request was supported by the traitor Leontius for
de llist. Graec. p. 444, ed. Westermann. ) [P. S. ] bis own purposes ; but Philip preferred listening
GORGONIUS. [GARGONIUS. )
to the recommendation of the Acarnanians to in-
GORGOʻPAS (Topruras), a Spartan, acted as vade Aetolia, and ordered Eperatus, the Achaean
vice-admiral under Hierax and Antalcidas succes general, to carry assistance to the Messenians.
the fact, that it is not existence which is communition of which he is said to have often shown real
cated, but only words, and that words are intelli- grandeur, earnestness, and elegance (woyalowpé-
gible only by their reference to corresponding per-elav kal oeuvotnta kad kalti oylar, Dionys. de
ceptions; but even then intelligible only approxi- | Admir. vi Demosth. 4), were made use of too pro-
matively, since no two persons ever perfectly fusely, and, for the purpose of giving undue pro-
agreed in their perceptions or sentimenis, nay, minence to poor thoughis, his orations did not
not even one and the same person agreed with excite the feelings of his hearers (Aristot Riet. iii.
himself at different times. (Comp. Foss, pp. 1073, 17; Longin. de Sublim. iii. 12 ; Hermog. de
-185. )
Ideis, i. 6, č. 9; Dionys. passim), and at all events
However little such a mode of arguing might could produce only a momentary impression. This
stand the test of a sound dialectical examination, was the case with his oration addressed to the
yet it could not but direct attention to the insuffi- assembled Greeks at Olympia, exhorting them to
ciency of the abstractions of the Eleatics, and call union against their common enemy (Aristol Rhet.
forth more careful investigations concerning the iii. 14; Philostr. p. 493), and with the funeral
nature and forms of our knowledge and cognition, oration which he wrote at Athens, though he pro-
and thus contribute towards the removal of the bably did not deliver it in public. (Philostr. p. 493;
later scepticism, the germs of which were contained and the fragment preserved by the Schol on Her-
in the views entertained by Gorgias himself. He mogenes, in Geel, p. 60, &c. , and Foss, p. 69, &c. )
himself seems soon to have renounced this sophis- Besides these and similar show-speeches of which
tical schematism, and to have turned his attention we know no more than the titles (Geel, p. 33;
entirely to rhetorical and practical pursuits. Plato Foss, p. 76, &c. ), Gorgias wrote loci communes pro-
at least notices only one of those argumentations, bably as rhetorical exercises, to show how subjects
and does not even speak of that one in the ani- might be looked at from opposite points of view.
mated description which he gives of the peculiari-(Cic. Brut. 12. ). The same work seems to be re-
ties of Gorgias in the dialogue bearing his name, ferred to under the title Onomasticon. (Pollux, ix. 1. )
but in the Euthydemus (p. 284, 86, &c. ). Isocrates | We have besides mention of a work on dissimilar
(Helen. Laudat. ), however, mentions the book and homogeneous words (Dionys. de Comp. Verb. p.
itself.
67, ed. Reiske), and another on rhetoric (Apollod.
Gorgias, as described by Plato, avoids general ap. Diog. Laërt. viii. 53, Cic. Brut. 12, Quintil.
definitions, even of virtue and morality, and con- iii. 1. $ 3; Suidas), unless one of the before-men-
fines himself to enumerating and characterising the tioned works is to be understood by this title.
particular modes in which they appear, according Respecting the genuineness of the two declama-
to the differences of age, sex, &c. , and that not tions which have come down to us under the name
without a due appreciation of real facts, as is clear of Gorgias, viz. the Apology of Palamedes, and the
from an expression of Aristotle, in which he recog. Encomium on Helena, which is maintained by
nises this merit. (Plat. Meno, p. 71, &c. ; comp. Reiske, Geel (p. 48, &c. ), and Schönborn (Dis-
Aristot. Polit. i. 9. $ 13. ) Gorgias further expressly sertut. de Authentia Declamationum, quae Gorgiae
declared, that he did not profess to impart virtue-- Leontini nomine extant, Breslau, 1826), and doubted
as Protagoras and other sophists did - but only the by Foss (p. 80, &c. ) and others, it is difficult to
power of speaking or eloquence (Plat. Meno, p. 95, give any decisive opinion, since the characteristic
Gorg. p. 452, Phileb. p. 58), and he preferred the peculiarities of the oratory of Gorgias, which appear
name of a rhetorician to that of a sophist (Plat. in these declamations, especially in the former,
Gorg. p. 520 a, 449, 452); but on the supposition might very well have been imitated by a skilful
that oratory comprehended and was the master of rhetorician of later times.
all our other powers and faculties. (Ib. p. 456, The works of Gorgias did not even contain the
454. ) The ancients themselves were uncertain elements of a scientitic theory of oratory, any more
whether they should call him an orator or a sophist. than his oral instructions; he confined himself to
(Cic. de Invent, i. 5 ; Lucian, Macrob. 23. ) teaching his pupils a variety of rhetorical artifices,
In his explanations of the phaenomena of nature, and made them learn by heart certain formulas re-
though without attaching any importance to phy. lative to them (Aristot. Elench. Soph. ii. 9), al-
sics, Gorgias seems to have followed in the foot- though there is no doubt that bis lectures here and
steps of Empedocles, whose disciple he is called, there contained remarks which were very much to
though in all probability not correctly. (Diog. the point. (Aristot. Rhet. iii. 18; comp. Cic. de
Laërt. viii. 58 ; Plat. Meno, p. 76, Gorg. p. 453 ; Orat. ii. 59. )
(A. Ch. B. )
comp. Dionys. de Isocrat. 1. )
GO'RGIÁS (Topgías), of Athens, a rhetorician
The eloquence of Gorgias, and probably that of of the time of Cicero. Young M. Cicero, when at
his Sicilian contemporary Tisias also, was chiefly Athens, received instructions from Gorgias in de-
calculated to tickle the car by antitheses, by com- clamation, but his father desired him to dismiss
binations of words of similar sound, by the sym- him. (Cic. ad Furn. xvi. 21. ) It appears from
## p. 285 (#301) ############################################
GORGION.
285
GORGO.
Plutarch (Cic. 2. 1) that Gorgias led a dissolute life, um, and these were surrendered by the brothers to
and also corrupted his pupils ; and this circum- the Lacedaemonian general. (Xen. Iell. iii, 1.
stance was probably the cause of Cicero's aversion DIORGO and GO'RGONES (ropya and róp-
[E. E. ]
to him. Gorgias was the author of several works,
viz. 1. Declamations, which are alluded to by yoves). Homer knows only one Gorgo, who, ac-
Seneca (Controv. i. 4). Some critics are of opinion cording to the Odyssey (xi. 633), was one of the
that the declamations which have come down to frightful phantoms in Hades: in the Iliad (v.
us under the name of Gorgias of Leontini, namely, 741, viii. 349, xi. 36; comp. Virg. Aen. vi. 289),
the 'Απολογία Παλαμήδους and 'Εγκώμιον Ελέ- the Aegis of Athens contains the head of Gorgo,
mns, are the productions of our rhetorician. 2. A the terror of her enemies. Euripides (lon, 989)
work on Athenian courtezans (Tlepl TW 'Adhunou still speaks of only one Gorgo, although Hesiod
'Etaipldwv, Athen. xiii. pp. 567, 583, 596); but (Theog. 278) had mentioned three Gorgones, the
it is not quite certain whether the author of this daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whence they are
work is the same as our rhetorician. 3. A rhe sometimes called Phorcydes or Phorcides. (Aeg
torical work, entitled Exñua Alavolas kal nézews, chyl. Prom. 793, 797 ; Pind. Pyth. xii. 24; Ov.
in four books. The original work is lost, but a Met. v. 230. ) The names of the three Gorgones
Latin abridgment by Rutilius Lupus is still ex- are Stheino (Stheno or Stenusa), Euryale, and
tant, under the title De Figuris Sententiarum et | Medusa (Hes. l. c. ; Apollod. ii. 4. & 2), and they
Elocutionis. This abridgment is divided into two are conceived by Hesiod to live in the Western
books, although Quintilian (ix. 2. $$ 102, 106) Ocean, in the neighbourhood of Night and the
states that Rutilius Lupus abridged the four books Hesperides. But later traditions place them in
of Gorgias into one ; whence we must infer that Libya. (Herod. ii. 91; Paus. ii. 21. & 6.
) They
the division into two books is an arrangement are described (Scut. Herc. 233) as girded with
made by one of the subsequent editors of the trea- serpents, raising their heads, vibrating their tongues,
tise. (Comp. Ruhnken, Praefat. ad Rutil. Lup. and gnashing their teeth; Aeschylus (Prom. 794.
P. X, &c. )
(L. S. ] &c. , Choëph. 1059) adds that they had wings and
GOʻRGIAS (Copylas). 1. A physician at Rome, brazen claws, and enormous teeth. On the chest
a friend and contemporary of Galen in the second of Cypselus they were likewise represented with
century after Christ, to whom Galen dedicated his wings. (Paus. v. 18. § 1. ) Medusa, who alone
work De Causis Procatarcticis. (Galen, De Locis of her sisters was mortal, was, according to some
Affect. v. 8. vol. viii. p. 362; De Caus. Procat. legends, at first a beautiful maiden, but her hair
vol. vii. pp. 347, 352, ed. Chart. )
was changed into serpents by Athena, in conse-
2. A surgeon at Alexandria, mentioned in terms quence of her having become by Poseidon the mo
of praise by Celsus (De Med. vii. Praef. 14, pp. ther of Chrysaor and Pegasus, in one of Athena's
137, 152), who may be conjectured (from the names temples. (Hes. Theog. 287, &c. ; Apollod. ii. 4.
of his apparent contemporaries) to have lived in the $ 3; Ov. Met. iv. 792 ; comp. PERSBUS. ) Her
third century B. C.
(W. A. G. ) head was now of so fearful an appearance, that
GOʻRGIAS, a Lacedaemonian statuary, who every one who looked at it was changed into stone.
flourished in the 87th Olympiad, B. C. 432. (Plin. Hence the great difficulty which Perseus bad in
H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19; where, for Gorgias, Lacon, killing her; and Athena afterwards placed the
we should read Gorgias Lacon ; Sillig in Böttiger's head in the centre of her shield or breastplate.
Amalthea, vol. iii. p. 285. )
[P. S. ) There was a tradition at Athens that the head of
GOʻRGIDAS (ropiðas), a Theban, of the Medusa was buried under a mound in the Agora.
party of Epameinondas and Pelopidas. When the (Paus. ii. 21. § 6, v. 12. § 2. ) Athena gave to
first step bad been taken towards the recovery of Heracles a lock of Medusa (concealed in an urn),
the Cadmeia from the Spartan garrison in B. C. for it had a similar effect upon the beholder as the
379, and Archias and Leontiades were slain, Epa- | head itself. When Heracles went out against La-
meinondas and Gorgidas came forward and joined cedaemon he gave the lock of hair to Sterope, the
Pelopidas and his confederates, solemnly intro daughter of Cepheus, as a protection of the town
ducing them into the Theban assembly, and calling of Tegea, as the sight of it would put the enemy
on the people to fight for their country and their to flight. (Paus. viii. 47. § 4; Apollod. ii. 7. $ 3. )
gods. (Plut. Pelop. 12. ) In the next year, B, C. The mythus respecting the family of Phorcys,
378, Gorgidas and Pelopidas were Boeotarchs to- to which also the Graeae, Hesperides, Scylla, and
gether, and Plutarch ascribes to them the plan of other fabulous beings belonged, has been inter-
tampering with Sphodrias, the Spartan harmost, preted in various ways by the ancients themselves.
whom Cleombrotus had left at Thespiar, to induce Some believed that the Gorgones were formidable
him to invade Attica, and so to embroil the Athe-animals with long hair, whose aspect was so fright-
nians with Lacedaemon. (Plut. Pelop. )4, Ages. ful, that men were paralysed or killed by it, and
24 ; Xen. Hell. v. 4. SS 20, &c. ; comp. Diod. some of the soldiers of Marius were believed to
XV. 29. )
[E. E. ) have thus met with their death (Athen. v. 64). Pliny
GOʻRGION (ropylwv), was, according to Xe- (H. N. iv. 31) thought that they were a race of
nophon (Anab. vii. 8. Ø 8), the son of Hellas, and savage, swift, and hair-covered women ; and Dio-
Gongylus the Eretrian, who received a district in dorus (iii. 55) regards them as a race of women
Mvsia, as the price of his treachery to his country. inhabiting the western parts of Libya, who had
[GONGYLUS. ) The dates, however, would lead us been extirpated by Heracles in traversing Libya.
to suppose that he was a grandson rather than a These explanations may not suffice, and are cer-
son of this Gongylus. Of this district Gorgion and tainly not so ingenious as those of Hug, Hermann,
his brother Gongylus were lords in B. c. 399, when Creuzer, Böttiger, and others, but none of them
Thibron passed over into Asia to aid the Ionians has any strong degree of probability. (L S. )
against Tissaphernes. It contained the four towns GORGO (Topra), a lyric poetess, a contemporary
of Gambrium, Palaegambrium, Myrina, and Gryni- / and rival of Sappho, who often attacked her in her
;
a
## p. 286 (#302) ############################################
286
GORGUS.
GRICCHAXUS.
poems. (Max. Tyr. Diss. xxiv. 9, vol. i. p. 478, ed. lcrod. v. 104 ; Clinton, F. II. sub annis 499,
Reiske. ) On the relations of Sappho to her female 498, vol. ii. App. 5. )
contemporaries, see, besides the dissertation just 3. A Messenian, son of Eucletus, was distin-
quoted, Müller, Hist. of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, guished for rank, wealth, and success in gymnastic
vol. i. p. 177.
[P. S. ) contests : moreover, unlike most athletes (savs Po-
GORGO. (CLEOMENES, p. 793, a. )
lybius), he proved himself wise and skilful as a
GORGON (rópywv), the author of an historical statesman. in B. c. 218 he was sent as ambassador
work Περί των εν Ρόδω θυσιών, and of Scholia on to Philip V. of Macedon, then besieging Palus, in
Pindar. (Athen. xv. p. 696–697; Hesych. 8. v. Cephallenia, to ask him to come to the aid of Mes-
'Επιπολιαίος, Καταρραπτίτης ; Schol. ad Pind. Oι. senia against Lycurgus, king of Lacedaemon. This
vii. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. ii. p. 65; Vossius, request was supported by the traitor Leontius for
de llist. Graec. p. 444, ed. Westermann. ) [P. S. ] bis own purposes ; but Philip preferred listening
GORGONIUS. [GARGONIUS. )
to the recommendation of the Acarnanians to in-
GORGOʻPAS (Topruras), a Spartan, acted as vade Aetolia, and ordered Eperatus, the Achaean
vice-admiral under Hierax and Antalcidas succes general, to carry assistance to the Messenians.
