For a more recent statement of this
argument
from an evolutionary geneticist, see Crow, 2002.
Steven-Pinker-The-Blank-Slate 1
Gould, 1998a, p.
265.
19. Levins & Lewontin, 1985, p. 165.
20. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. ix. {447}
21. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 76.
22. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 270.
23. Rose, 1997, pp. 7, 309.
24. Gould, 1992.
25. Hunt, 1999.
26. Quoted in J. Salamon, "A stark explanation for mankind from an unlikely rebel" (Review of the PBS series "Evolution"), New York Times, September 24,2001.
27. D. Wald, "Intelligent design meets congressional designers," Skeptic, 8, 2000, p. 13. Lyrics from "Bad Touch" by the Bloodhound Gang.
28. Quoted in D. Falk, "Design or chance? " Boston Globe Magazine, October 21,2001, pp. 14--23, quotation on p. 21.
29. National Center for Science Education, www. ncseweb. org/pressroom. asp? branch=statement. See also Berra, 1990; Kitcher, 1982; Miller, 1999; Pennock, 2000; Pennock, 2001.
30. Quoted in L. Arnhart, M. J. Behe, & W. A. Dembski, "Conservatives, Darwin, and design: An exchange," First Things, 107, November 2000, pp. 23-31.
31. Behe, 1996.
32. Behe, 1996; Crews, 2001; Dorit, 1997; Miller, 1999; Pennock, 2000; Pennock, 2001; Ruse, 1998.
33. R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997'.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 34. D. Berlinski, "The deniable Darwin," Commentary, June 1996. See R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997. The Pope's views on evolution are discussed in Chapter 11.
35. A 1991 essay, quoted in R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
36. Quoted in R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
37. R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
38. L. Kass, "The end of courtship," Public Interest, 126, Winter 1997.
39. A. Ferguson, "The end of nature and the next man" (Review of F. Fukuyama's The great disruption), Weekly Standard, June 28, 1999. 40. A. Ferguson, "How Steven Pinker's mind works" (Review of S. Pinker's How the mind works), Weekly Standard, January 12, 1998. 41. T. Wolfe, "Sorry, but your soul just died," Forbes ASAP, December 2, 1996; reprinted in slightly different form in Wolfe, 2000. Ellipses in original.
42. T. Wolfe, "Sorry, but your soul just died," Forbes ASAP, December 2,1996; reprinted in slightly different form in Wolfe, 2000.
43. C. Holden, "Darwin's brush with racism," Science, 292, 2001, p. 1295. Resolution HLS 01-2652, Regular Session, 2001, House Concurrent Resolution No. 74 by Representative Broome.
44. R. Wright, "The accidental creationist," New Yorker, December 13, 1999. Similarly, the creationist Discovery Institute used Lewontin's attacks on evolutionary psychology to help criticize the 2001 PBS television documentary series "Evolution," www. reviewevolution. com.
45. Rose, 1978.
46. T. Wolfe, "Sorry, but your soul just died," Forbes ASAP, December 2, 1996; reprinted in slightly different form in Wolfe, 2000.
47. Gould, 1976b.
48. A. Ferguson, "The end of nature and the next man" (Review of F. Fukuyama's The great disruption), Weekly Standard, 1999.
49. See Dennett, 1995, p. 263, for a similar report.
50. E. Smith, "Look who's stalking," New York, February 14,2000.
51. Alcock, 1998.
52. For example, the articles entitled "Eugenics revisited" (Horgan, 1993), "The new Social Darwinists" (Horgan, 1995), and "Is a new eugenics afoot? " (Allen, 2001).
53. New Republic, April 27,1998, p. 33.
54. New York Times, February 18, 2001, Week in Review, p. 3.
55. Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 49.
56. Chimps: Montagu, 1973b, p. 4. Heritability of IQ: Kamin, 1974; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 116. IQ as reification: Gould, 1981. Personality and social behavior: Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, chap. 9. Sex differences: Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 156. Pacific clans: Gould, 1998a, p. 262.
57. Daly, 1991.
58. Alcock, 2001.
59. Buss, 1995; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Daly & Wilson, 1999; Etcoff, 1999; Harris, 1998a; Hrdy, 1999; Ridley, 1993; Ridley, 1997; Symons, 1979; Wright, 1994.
60. Plominetal. , 2001.
PART III: HUMAN NATURE WITH A HUMAN FACE
1. Drake, 1970; Koestler, 1959. 2. Galileo, 1632/1967, pp. 58-59.
Chapter 8: The Fear of Inequality
1. From The Rambler, no. 60.
2. From the Analects.
3. Charlesworth, 1987; Lewontin, 1982; Miller, 2000b; Mousseau & Roff, 1987; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990. {448}
4. Tooby&Cosmides, 1990.
5. Lander etal. , 2001.
6. Bodmer & Cavalli-Sforza, 1970.
7. Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
8. Patai & Patai, 1989.
9. Sowell, 1994; Sowell, 1995a.
10. Patterson, 1995; Patterson, 2000.
11. Cappon, 1959, pp. 387-392.
12. Seventh Lincoln-Douglas debate, October 15,1858.
13. Mayr, 1963, p. 649.
For a more recent statement of this argument from an evolutionary geneticist, see Crow, 2002.
14. Chomsky, 1973, pp. 362-363. See also Segerstrale, 2000.
15. For further discussion, see Tribe, 1971.
16. Los Angeles Times poll, December 21, 2001.
17. Nozick, 1974.
18. Gould, 1981, pp. 24-25. For reviews, see Blinkhorn, 1982; Davis, 1983; Jensen, 1982; Rushton, 1996; Samelson, 1982.
19. Putnam, 1973, p. 142.
20. See the consensus statements by Neisser et al. , 1996; Snyderman & Rothman, 1988; and Gottfredson, 1997; and also Andreasen et al. , 1993; Caryl, 1994; Deary, 2000; Haier et al. , 1992; Reed & Jensen, 1992; Thompson et al. , 2001; Van Valen, 1974; Willerman et al. ,
? ? ? ? ? 1991.
21. Moore & Baldwin, 1903/1996; Rachels, 1990.
22. Rawls, 1976.
23. Hayek, 1960/1978.
24. Chirot, 1994; Courtois et al. , 1999; Glover, 1999.
25. Horowitz, 2001; Sowell, 1994; Sowell, 1996.
26. Lykkenetal. , 1992.
27. Interview in Boston Phoenix in the late 1970s, quotation reproduced from memory. Ironically, Wald's son Elijah became a radical science writer, like his father and his mother, the biologist Ruth Hubbard.
28. Degler, 1991; Kevles, 1985; Ridley, 2000.
29. Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Glover, 1999; Gould, 1981.
30. Richards, 1987, p. 533.
31. Glover, 1999; Murphy, 1999.
32. Proctor, 1999.
33. Laubichler, 1999.
34. For discussions of the Marxist genocides of the twentieth century and comparisons to the Nazi Holocaust, see Besancon, 1998; Bullock, 1991; Chandler, 1999; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Courtois et al. , 1999; Getty, 2000; Minogue, 1999; Shatz, 1999; Short, 1999.
35. For discussions of the intellectual roots of Marxism and comparisons with the intellectual roots of Nazism, see Berlin, 1996; Besancon, 1981; Besancon, 1998; Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Glover, 1999; Minogue, 1985; Minogue, 1999; Scott, 1998; Sowell, 1985. For discussions of the Marxist theory of human nature, see Archibald, 1989; Bauer, 1952; Plamenatz, 1963; Plamenatz, 1975; Singer, 1999; Stevenson & Haberman, 1998; Venable, 1945.
36. See, e. g. , Venable, 1945, p. 3.
37. Marx, 1847/1995, chap. 2.
38. Marx & Engels, 1846/1963, part I.
39. Marx, 1859/1979, preface.
40. Marx, 1845/1989; Marx & Engels, 1846/1963.
41. Marx, 1867/1993, vol. l,p. 10.
42. Marx & Engels, 1844/1988.
43. Glover, 1999, p. 254.
44. Minogue, 1999.
45. Glover, 1999, p. 275.
46. Glover, 1999, pp. 297-298.
47. Courtois et al. , 1999, p. 620.
48. See the references cited in notes 34 and 35.
49. Marx quotation from Stevenson & Haberman, 1998, p. 146; Hitler quotation from Glover, 1999, p. 315.
50. Besancon, 1998.
51. Watson, 1985.
52. Tajfel, 1981.
53. Originally in Red Flag (Beijing), June 1, 1958; quoted in Courtois et al. , 1999.
Chapter 9: The Fear of Imperfectibility
1. The Prelude, Book Sixth, "Cambridge and the Alps," I. Published 1799-1805.
2. Passmore, 1970, epigraph.
3. For example, the Seville Statement on Violence, 1990.
4. "Study says rape has its roots in evolution," Boston Herald, January 11,2000, p. 3. 5. Thornhill& Palmer, 2001.
6. Brownmiller & Merhof, 1992.
7. Gould, 1995, p. 433.
8. Well, almost. The cartoonist, Jim Johnson, told me that he may have slandered walruses: he subsequently learned that it is leopard seals that kill penguins for fun.
9. Williams, 1988.
10. Jones, 1999; Williams, 1988.
11. Williams, 1966, p. 255.
12. On the relevance of human nature to morality, see McGinn, 1997; Petrinovich, 1995; Rachels, 1990; Richards, 1987; Singer, 1981; Wilson, 1993.
13. Masters, 1989, p. 240.
14. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Daly & Wilson, 1999. {449}
15. Jones, 1997.
16. Daly & Wilson, 1999, pp. 58-66.
17. Science Friday, National Public Radio, May 7,1999.
18. Singer, 1981.
19. Maynard Smith & Szathmary, 1997; Wright, 2000.
20. De Waal, 1998; Fry, 2000.
21. Axelrod, 1984; Brown, 1991; Fry, 2000; Ridley, 1997; Wright, 2000.
? ? 22. Singer, 1981.
23. Skinner, 1948/1976; Skinner, 1971; Skinner, 1974.
24. Chomsky, 1973.
25. Berlin, 1996; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Glover, 1999; Minogue, 1985; Minogue, 1999; Scott, 1998.
26. Scott, 1998.
27. Quoted in Scott, 1998, pp. 114-115.
28. Perry, 1997.
29. Harris, 1998a.
30. From a dialogue with Betty Friedan in Saturday Review, June 14,1975, p. 18, quoted inSommers, 1994, p. 18.
31. Quoted by Elizabeth Powers, Commentary, January 1,1997.
32. From a talk at the Cornell University Institute on Women and Work, quoted by C. Young, "The mommy wars," Reason, July 2000. 33. Liza Mundy, "The New Critics," Lingua Franca, 3, September/October 1993, p. 27.
34. "From Carol Gilligan's chair," interview by Michael Norman, New York Times Magazine, November 7, 1997.
35. Letter by Bruce Bodner, New York Times Magazine, November 30,1997.
36.
19. Levins & Lewontin, 1985, p. 165.
20. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. ix. {447}
21. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 76.
22. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 270.
23. Rose, 1997, pp. 7, 309.
24. Gould, 1992.
25. Hunt, 1999.
26. Quoted in J. Salamon, "A stark explanation for mankind from an unlikely rebel" (Review of the PBS series "Evolution"), New York Times, September 24,2001.
27. D. Wald, "Intelligent design meets congressional designers," Skeptic, 8, 2000, p. 13. Lyrics from "Bad Touch" by the Bloodhound Gang.
28. Quoted in D. Falk, "Design or chance? " Boston Globe Magazine, October 21,2001, pp. 14--23, quotation on p. 21.
29. National Center for Science Education, www. ncseweb. org/pressroom. asp? branch=statement. See also Berra, 1990; Kitcher, 1982; Miller, 1999; Pennock, 2000; Pennock, 2001.
30. Quoted in L. Arnhart, M. J. Behe, & W. A. Dembski, "Conservatives, Darwin, and design: An exchange," First Things, 107, November 2000, pp. 23-31.
31. Behe, 1996.
32. Behe, 1996; Crews, 2001; Dorit, 1997; Miller, 1999; Pennock, 2000; Pennock, 2001; Ruse, 1998.
33. R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997'.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 34. D. Berlinski, "The deniable Darwin," Commentary, June 1996. See R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997. The Pope's views on evolution are discussed in Chapter 11.
35. A 1991 essay, quoted in R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
36. Quoted in R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
37. R. Bailey, "Origin of the specious," Reason, July 1997.
38. L. Kass, "The end of courtship," Public Interest, 126, Winter 1997.
39. A. Ferguson, "The end of nature and the next man" (Review of F. Fukuyama's The great disruption), Weekly Standard, June 28, 1999. 40. A. Ferguson, "How Steven Pinker's mind works" (Review of S. Pinker's How the mind works), Weekly Standard, January 12, 1998. 41. T. Wolfe, "Sorry, but your soul just died," Forbes ASAP, December 2, 1996; reprinted in slightly different form in Wolfe, 2000. Ellipses in original.
42. T. Wolfe, "Sorry, but your soul just died," Forbes ASAP, December 2,1996; reprinted in slightly different form in Wolfe, 2000.
43. C. Holden, "Darwin's brush with racism," Science, 292, 2001, p. 1295. Resolution HLS 01-2652, Regular Session, 2001, House Concurrent Resolution No. 74 by Representative Broome.
44. R. Wright, "The accidental creationist," New Yorker, December 13, 1999. Similarly, the creationist Discovery Institute used Lewontin's attacks on evolutionary psychology to help criticize the 2001 PBS television documentary series "Evolution," www. reviewevolution. com.
45. Rose, 1978.
46. T. Wolfe, "Sorry, but your soul just died," Forbes ASAP, December 2, 1996; reprinted in slightly different form in Wolfe, 2000.
47. Gould, 1976b.
48. A. Ferguson, "The end of nature and the next man" (Review of F. Fukuyama's The great disruption), Weekly Standard, 1999.
49. See Dennett, 1995, p. 263, for a similar report.
50. E. Smith, "Look who's stalking," New York, February 14,2000.
51. Alcock, 1998.
52. For example, the articles entitled "Eugenics revisited" (Horgan, 1993), "The new Social Darwinists" (Horgan, 1995), and "Is a new eugenics afoot? " (Allen, 2001).
53. New Republic, April 27,1998, p. 33.
54. New York Times, February 18, 2001, Week in Review, p. 3.
55. Tooby & Cosmides, 1992, p. 49.
56. Chimps: Montagu, 1973b, p. 4. Heritability of IQ: Kamin, 1974; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 116. IQ as reification: Gould, 1981. Personality and social behavior: Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, chap. 9. Sex differences: Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 156. Pacific clans: Gould, 1998a, p. 262.
57. Daly, 1991.
58. Alcock, 2001.
59. Buss, 1995; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Daly & Wilson, 1999; Etcoff, 1999; Harris, 1998a; Hrdy, 1999; Ridley, 1993; Ridley, 1997; Symons, 1979; Wright, 1994.
60. Plominetal. , 2001.
PART III: HUMAN NATURE WITH A HUMAN FACE
1. Drake, 1970; Koestler, 1959. 2. Galileo, 1632/1967, pp. 58-59.
Chapter 8: The Fear of Inequality
1. From The Rambler, no. 60.
2. From the Analects.
3. Charlesworth, 1987; Lewontin, 1982; Miller, 2000b; Mousseau & Roff, 1987; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990. {448}
4. Tooby&Cosmides, 1990.
5. Lander etal. , 2001.
6. Bodmer & Cavalli-Sforza, 1970.
7. Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
8. Patai & Patai, 1989.
9. Sowell, 1994; Sowell, 1995a.
10. Patterson, 1995; Patterson, 2000.
11. Cappon, 1959, pp. 387-392.
12. Seventh Lincoln-Douglas debate, October 15,1858.
13. Mayr, 1963, p. 649.
For a more recent statement of this argument from an evolutionary geneticist, see Crow, 2002.
14. Chomsky, 1973, pp. 362-363. See also Segerstrale, 2000.
15. For further discussion, see Tribe, 1971.
16. Los Angeles Times poll, December 21, 2001.
17. Nozick, 1974.
18. Gould, 1981, pp. 24-25. For reviews, see Blinkhorn, 1982; Davis, 1983; Jensen, 1982; Rushton, 1996; Samelson, 1982.
19. Putnam, 1973, p. 142.
20. See the consensus statements by Neisser et al. , 1996; Snyderman & Rothman, 1988; and Gottfredson, 1997; and also Andreasen et al. , 1993; Caryl, 1994; Deary, 2000; Haier et al. , 1992; Reed & Jensen, 1992; Thompson et al. , 2001; Van Valen, 1974; Willerman et al. ,
? ? ? ? ? 1991.
21. Moore & Baldwin, 1903/1996; Rachels, 1990.
22. Rawls, 1976.
23. Hayek, 1960/1978.
24. Chirot, 1994; Courtois et al. , 1999; Glover, 1999.
25. Horowitz, 2001; Sowell, 1994; Sowell, 1996.
26. Lykkenetal. , 1992.
27. Interview in Boston Phoenix in the late 1970s, quotation reproduced from memory. Ironically, Wald's son Elijah became a radical science writer, like his father and his mother, the biologist Ruth Hubbard.
28. Degler, 1991; Kevles, 1985; Ridley, 2000.
29. Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Glover, 1999; Gould, 1981.
30. Richards, 1987, p. 533.
31. Glover, 1999; Murphy, 1999.
32. Proctor, 1999.
33. Laubichler, 1999.
34. For discussions of the Marxist genocides of the twentieth century and comparisons to the Nazi Holocaust, see Besancon, 1998; Bullock, 1991; Chandler, 1999; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Courtois et al. , 1999; Getty, 2000; Minogue, 1999; Shatz, 1999; Short, 1999.
35. For discussions of the intellectual roots of Marxism and comparisons with the intellectual roots of Nazism, see Berlin, 1996; Besancon, 1981; Besancon, 1998; Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Glover, 1999; Minogue, 1985; Minogue, 1999; Scott, 1998; Sowell, 1985. For discussions of the Marxist theory of human nature, see Archibald, 1989; Bauer, 1952; Plamenatz, 1963; Plamenatz, 1975; Singer, 1999; Stevenson & Haberman, 1998; Venable, 1945.
36. See, e. g. , Venable, 1945, p. 3.
37. Marx, 1847/1995, chap. 2.
38. Marx & Engels, 1846/1963, part I.
39. Marx, 1859/1979, preface.
40. Marx, 1845/1989; Marx & Engels, 1846/1963.
41. Marx, 1867/1993, vol. l,p. 10.
42. Marx & Engels, 1844/1988.
43. Glover, 1999, p. 254.
44. Minogue, 1999.
45. Glover, 1999, p. 275.
46. Glover, 1999, pp. 297-298.
47. Courtois et al. , 1999, p. 620.
48. See the references cited in notes 34 and 35.
49. Marx quotation from Stevenson & Haberman, 1998, p. 146; Hitler quotation from Glover, 1999, p. 315.
50. Besancon, 1998.
51. Watson, 1985.
52. Tajfel, 1981.
53. Originally in Red Flag (Beijing), June 1, 1958; quoted in Courtois et al. , 1999.
Chapter 9: The Fear of Imperfectibility
1. The Prelude, Book Sixth, "Cambridge and the Alps," I. Published 1799-1805.
2. Passmore, 1970, epigraph.
3. For example, the Seville Statement on Violence, 1990.
4. "Study says rape has its roots in evolution," Boston Herald, January 11,2000, p. 3. 5. Thornhill& Palmer, 2001.
6. Brownmiller & Merhof, 1992.
7. Gould, 1995, p. 433.
8. Well, almost. The cartoonist, Jim Johnson, told me that he may have slandered walruses: he subsequently learned that it is leopard seals that kill penguins for fun.
9. Williams, 1988.
10. Jones, 1999; Williams, 1988.
11. Williams, 1966, p. 255.
12. On the relevance of human nature to morality, see McGinn, 1997; Petrinovich, 1995; Rachels, 1990; Richards, 1987; Singer, 1981; Wilson, 1993.
13. Masters, 1989, p. 240.
14. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Daly & Wilson, 1999. {449}
15. Jones, 1997.
16. Daly & Wilson, 1999, pp. 58-66.
17. Science Friday, National Public Radio, May 7,1999.
18. Singer, 1981.
19. Maynard Smith & Szathmary, 1997; Wright, 2000.
20. De Waal, 1998; Fry, 2000.
21. Axelrod, 1984; Brown, 1991; Fry, 2000; Ridley, 1997; Wright, 2000.
? ? 22. Singer, 1981.
23. Skinner, 1948/1976; Skinner, 1971; Skinner, 1974.
24. Chomsky, 1973.
25. Berlin, 1996; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Glover, 1999; Minogue, 1985; Minogue, 1999; Scott, 1998.
26. Scott, 1998.
27. Quoted in Scott, 1998, pp. 114-115.
28. Perry, 1997.
29. Harris, 1998a.
30. From a dialogue with Betty Friedan in Saturday Review, June 14,1975, p. 18, quoted inSommers, 1994, p. 18.
31. Quoted by Elizabeth Powers, Commentary, January 1,1997.
32. From a talk at the Cornell University Institute on Women and Work, quoted by C. Young, "The mommy wars," Reason, July 2000. 33. Liza Mundy, "The New Critics," Lingua Franca, 3, September/October 1993, p. 27.
34. "From Carol Gilligan's chair," interview by Michael Norman, New York Times Magazine, November 7, 1997.
35. Letter by Bruce Bodner, New York Times Magazine, November 30,1997.
36.
