) Julius Caesar, however, not long before his
death, sent a numerous colony thither, by means of
which Corinth was once more raised from its state of
mic.
death, sent a numerous colony thither, by means of
which Corinth was once more raised from its state of
mic.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
-- Com-
pare Seylax, p. 40. --Plin. , 5, 27). Hierocles as-
signs Coraeesium to Pamphylia, and D'Anville's map
? ? agrees with this. Others, however, to Cilicia; and
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? C "K
V|>tieJ lo the harbour beneath the double summits.
(WordsKortk, I. c. ) Corfu forms at the present day
<<>ne of the Ionian islands, and is ira most important of
the number. It is 70 miles in length by 30 in breadth,
and contains a population of 30,000 souls. The olive
COR
arrives at greater perfection here than in any other part
of Greece; but the oil obtained from it is acrid. --Corfu
wao for a long time considered as the stronghold of It-
*lv against tho attacks of the Mussulmans. The fol-
owing is a sketch of the history of this island. Its
earlier periods are enveloped in the mist of uncertainty
and conjecture. A colony of Colchians is said to have
settled there about 1. 149 years before our era. It was
afterward governed by kings of whom little is known.
Homer has, indeed, immortalized the name of Alci-
noiis. But it is not easy to draw a map of the Ho-
meric Pbaeacia, which shall coincide in its details with
the localities of Corfu ; nor will the topographer find
it a simple task to discover the natural objects con-
nected in tho Odyssey with the city of the Phsacian
king. In process of time, Coreyra, enriched and ag-
grandized by its maritime superiority, became one of
the most powerful nations in Greece. (Thucyd. , 1, 1. )
The Corinthians, under Chersicrates, formed a settle-
ment here in 753 B. C. ,and 415 years afterward it was
captured by Agatbocles of Syracuse, who gave it to
his daughter Lanessa upon her marriage with Pyrrhus
of Epirus. It was occupied by the troops of the II-
lyrian queen Teuta, about fifty-eight years after its
seizure by Agathocles, but was soon after taken from
her by the Romans, under the consul Cn. Flavius;
and, although it had the privileges of a free city, it
remained under the Romans for many centuries. In
the time of Strabo it wss reduced to extreme misery,
owing to the vices of its administration and its want of
moderation in prosperity. Corfu has for several cen-
tnnes been celebrated for its powerful fortresses, to
which great additions were made by the French, and
tnbsequently by the English, in the hanJs of which
latter people it, together with the other Ionian islands,
at present remains. (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 1, p. 36,
K11)--H. An island in the Adriatic, on the coast of
Illyncum, termed Nigra (" Biack"), in Greek UiXaiva,
lo distinguish it from the more celebrated island of the
same name. It is now Curzola. Apollonius accounts
for the epithet just mentioned from the dark masses of
wood with which it was crowned. (Argon. , 4, 571. )
Scymnus attributes to this island the honour of hav-
ing received a colony from Cnidus in Asia Minor.
(Scymn. , v. 426. --Compare Scylax, p. 8. --Strabo,
315. )'
Cortidbi, a city of Hispania Bietica, on the riirht
bank of the river Banis. 'and about 1800 stadia from
the sea. The river being navigable to this quarter,
Corduba became, in consequence, a large and opulent
commercial place. It was the birthplace of both the
Senccas, and of the poet Lucan. and is now Cordova
(Strob. , 141. --Pirn. , 3, 3. --Wernsdorf, Poet. Lot.
Min. , vol. 5. pt. 3, p. 1366. )
Core I. (K6py, "the maiden"), an Attic name for
Proserpina. Some, not very correctly, derive the term
from Kf/pu, "to cut," &. C, and make it have reference
lo the " harvest. " (Jonrnal Royal Institution, No.
1, p. 59. )--II. A Corinthian female, said to have been
Ihe inventress of plaster-casts. (Athenag. , Leg pro
Christ. , 14, p. 59 -- SiUig, Vict. Art. , s. p. )
CoCTiNiosr, the capital of the Peligni, in Italy, about
? ? Arec miles from the Aternus. During the Social war
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? COMNTHI ISTHMUS.
V COR
I'lie art of perforating rocks was well understood and
dexterously practised both in Italy and Greece at a
very early period, and, therefore, no difficulty of this
kind could have occasioned the abandonment of so
useful a project, though Pausanias is of a different opin-
ion. It was afterward begun with the greatest energy,
and abandoned without any plausible motive, as no doubt
the quantity of rock or earth to be removed, and all
the associated impediments, must have been the sub-
ject of previous calculation. And if Demetrius was
really convinced that the level of the Corinthian Gulf
was higher than that of the Saronic, and that the ad-
jacent shore, with the neighbouring islands, would be
inundated by the union of the two seas, those who came
after him would not have persevered in so destructive
an undertaking. Sesostris, and afterward Darius,
wero in the same manner deterred from finishing a ca-
nal from the lied Sea to the Nile, by an apprehension
that Egypt would be inundated. (. Siml,. , 38. --Id. , 804. )
Dio Cassius tells nearly the same story about digging
the isthmus as that which is related to travellers at
this day. He says that blood issued from the ground;
that groans and lamentations were heard, and terrible ap-
paritions seen. In order to stimulate the perseverance
of the people, Nero took a spade and dug himself. (Dio
Cast. , 63, 16. --Compare Suet. , Vit. Ncr. , 19. -- Lu-
cian, de pcrfoss. Isthm. ) Lucian informs us, that Ne-
ro was said to have been deterred from proceeding, by
a representation made to him, similar to that which De-
metrius received respecting the unequal levels of the
two seas. He adds, however, a more probable reason ?
the troubles, namely, that were excited by Vindex in
S11, and which occasioned the emperor's hasty re-
turn from Greece t3 Italy. (Lucian, dc per/on. Itthm.
--Op. , cd. Bip. , vol. 9, p. 298. ) It is probable, as
far as the supernatural appearances went, that the
priests at Delphi had some influence in checking the
enterprise. " (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 2, p. 184. ) Trav-
ellers inform us, that some remains of the canal under-
taken by the Roman emperor are yet visible, reaching
from the sea, northeast of Lechseum, about half a mile
across the isthmus. It terminates on the southeast
sijc, whew solid rock occurs, which, as Dr. Clarke
thinks, must have opposed an insurmountable obsta-
cle. (Trail. , vol. 6, p. 562. ) Sir W. Gcll remarks, that
the vestiges of the canal may be traced from the port
or bay of Schcenus, along a natural hollow at the foot
of a line of fortifications. There are also several pits,
probably sunk to ascertain the nature of the soil, through
which the canal was to be earned. The ground, how-
ever, is so high, that tho undertaking would be attend-
ed with enormous expense. (Itin. of the Morta, p.
208. )--We hear also of various attempts made to raise
fortifications across the Isthmus for the Peloponnesus
when threatened with invasion. The first undertaking
was made before the battle of Salamis, when, as He-
rodotus relates, the Peloponnesian confederates, hav-
ing blocked up the Scironian way, collected together a
vast multitude, who worked night and day, without in-
termission, on the fortifications. Every kind of mate-
rial, such as stones, bricks, and timber, were employ-
ed, and the insterstices filled up with earth and sand.
'Hrodot. , 8, 73. ) Many years after, the Lacedemo-
nians and their allies endeavoured to fortify the isth-
mus from Cenchres to Lechxum against Epaminon-
das; but this measure was rendered fruitless by the
conduct and skill of that general, who forced a pas-
? ? sage across the Oneian Mountains. (Xen. , Hist. Gr.
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? CUKINTHUS.
UTOy pnisjed by that prince, who added Ambracia,
Anactonum, and Leucas to the maritime dependencies
of the Corinthians. (&r<jio,i. c. --Ariftot. , Poiit. , 5,
9. ) Cypselus was succeeded by bis son Penander.
Oa the d<<ath of this latter, after a reign of forty-four
Tews, according to Aristotle, his nephew Psammeti-
tnui came to the throne, but lived only three years. At
i. s decease Corinth regained its independence, when a
xoderate aristocracy was established, under which the
repubb; enjoyed a state of tranquillity and prosperity
jEequalled by any other city of Greece. We are told
by Thucydides, that the Corinthians were the first to
build war-galleys or triremes; and the earliest naval
engagement, according to the same historian, was
fought by their fleet and that of the Corcyreans, who
had been alienated from their mother-state by the
cruelty and impolicy of Periander. (Thucyd. ,1,13. --
Compare Herodot. , 3, 48. ) The arts of painting and
sculpture, more especially that of casting in bronze, at,
uined to the highest perfection at Corinth, and rendered
this city the ornament of Greece, until it was stripped
oy the rapacity of a Roman general. Such was the
beauty of its vases, that the tombs in which they had
been deposited were ransacked by the Roman colonists
whom Julius Cxsar had established there after the de-
struction of the city; these, being transported to Rome,
were purchased at enormous prices. {Strabo, 381. )
An interesting dissertation on these beautiful specimens
of art will be found in Dodwell's Tour (vol. 2, p. 196).
--When the Achasan confederacy, owing to the in-
fatuation of those who presided over its counsels, be-
came involved in a destructive war with the Romans,
Connlk was the last hold of their tottering republic;
and, had its citizens wisely submitted to the offers pro-
posed by the victorious Metellus, it might have been
preserved; but the deputation of that general having
ooen treated with scorn, and even insult, the city be?
came exposed to all the vengeance of the Romans.
(Polyb. , 40, 4, 1. --Strabo, 381. ) L. Mummius, the
consul, appeared before its walls with a numerous army,
md, after defeating the Actueans in a general engage-
ment, entered the town, now left without defence, and
deserted by the greater part of the inhabitants. It was
then given up to plunder, and finally set on fire; the
walls also were razed to the ground, bo that scarcely
a vestige of this once great and noble city remained.
Polybius, who witnessed its destruction, affirmed, as
we are informed by Strabo (381), that he had seen the
finest paintings strewed on the ground, and the Roman
soldiers using them as boards for dice or draughts.
Pausanias reports (7, 10), that all the men were put to
the sword, the women and children sold, and the most
valuable statues and paintings removed to Rome.
{Vid. Mummius. ) Strabo observes (/. c), that the
finest works of art which adorned that capital in his
lime had come from Corinth. He likewise states, that
Corinth remained for many years deserted and in ru-
ins; as also does the poet Antipater of Sidon, who de-
scribes in verse the scene of desolation. (Anal. , vol.
J, p 20.
) Julius Caesar, however, not long before his
death, sent a numerous colony thither, by means of
which Corinth was once more raised from its state of
mic. {Strabo, 381. ) It was already a large and pop-
ulous city, and the capital of Achaia, when St. Paul
preached the gospel there for a year and six months.
(Acb, 18,11. ) It is also evident that, when visited by
Pacsanias, it was thickly adorned by public buildings,
ind enriched with numerous works of art (Pausan. , 2,
? ? >>: cai as late as the time of Hierocles, we rind it
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? COR
C OK
-asc of the Latins. After all other means of concilia-
tion hi>l uiled, a number of Roman females, headed
i'Y i In. mnchcr and the wife of Coriolanus, proceeded
to his tent, where the lofty remonstrances of his parent
were more powers'il than all the arms of Rome had
provet'. , and the son, after a brief struggle with his irri-
tated and vindictive feelings, yielded to her request,
exclaiming at the same time, "Oh mother, thou hast
saved Rome, but destroyed thy son! " The Volscian
farces wero then withdrawn, and Rome was thus saved,
By female influence alone, from certain capture. On
returning to the Volsci with his army, Coriolanus, ac-
cording to one account, was summoned to trial for his
conduct, and was slain in a tumult during the hearing
of the cause, a faction having been excited against him
by Tullius Aufidius, who was jealous of his renown.
{Dion. Hal. , Ant. Rom. , 8,59. ) According to another
statement, he lived to an advanced age anting the
Volscian people, often towards the close of his lite ex-
claiming, "How miserable is the state of an old man
in banishment! " (Plut. , in Vit. --Liv. , 2, 33, scqq. )
Niebuhr, who writes the name Cnatus Marcius, on
what he considers good authority, indulges in some
tcute speculations on the legend of Coriolanus. He
thinks that poetical invention has here most thoroughly
stifled the historical tradition. He regards the name
Coriolanus as of the same kind merely with such appel-
lations as Camerinus, Collalinus, Mugillanus, Vibula-
nus, &c, which, when taken from an independent town,
were assumed by its npot-cvoc, when from a dependant
one by its patronus. The capture of Corioli belongs
merely, in his opinion, to a heroic poem. As for Co-
riolanus himself, he thinks that he merely attended the
Volscian standard as leader of a band of Roman exiles.
He admits, however, that a recollection like the one
which remained of him could not rest on mere fable,
and that, in all probability, his generosity resigned the
opportunity afforded him of taking the city, when La-
tium was almost entirely subdued, and when Rome
was brought to a very low ebb by pestilence. (A*ic-
AiJir, Rom. Hist. , vol. 2, p. 234, seqq. , Cambr. transl. )
Corioli, an ancient city of the Volsci, between
Velitrae and Lanuvium, from the capture of which C.
Marcius obtained the surname of Coriolanus, according
to tho common accouut. (Vid. , however, remarks at
the end of the article Coriolanus. ) We collect from
Livy that it was situated on the confines of the territory
of Ardea, Aricia, and Antium. (Liv. , 2, 33, and 3,
71. ) Dionysius speaks of Corioli as one of the most
considerable towns of the Volsci. (Ant. Rom. , 6, 92. )
Pliny (3, 5) enumerates Corioli among the towns of
Latium of which no vestiges remained. A hill, now
known by the name of Monte Giovc, is thought, with
some degree of probability, to represent the site of
Corioli. (Cramer't Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 84. )
Cornelia Lex, I. de Religions, enacted by L. Cor-
nelius Sylla, A. U. C. 677. It restored to the sacerdo-
tal college the privilege of choosing the priests, which,
by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of
the people. --II. Another, dc Municipiis, by the same;
that the free towns which had sided with Marius should
be deprived of their lands and the right of citizens;
the last of which Cicero says could not be done. (Pro
Dom. , 30. )--III. Another, de Magistratilnu, by the
same; which gave the privilege of bearing honours and
being promoted before the legal age, to those who had
followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and par-
? ? tisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were
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? OUR
COR
rub conduct 01" her sons in after life, she having been
accustomed to reproach them that she was still called
int mother-in-law of Scipio, not the mother of the
Gracchi. (Pita. , Vit. T. Gracch. ,c. 8. ) She bore the
untimely death of her eons with great magnanimity,
? nd a <<tatue was afterward erected in honour of her
by trie Roman people, bearing for an inscription the
words "Corndia, mother of the Gracchi. " (Plul. ,
Vit. C. Gracch. , c. 4. )
'Cornelius, a name indicating a member of the
Otns Cornelta. The greater part of the individuals
who bore it are better known by their surnames of
Cossus, Dolabella, Lenlulus, Scipio, Sylla, <Scc, which
see
Corkicdldm, a Sabine town, which gave ita name
to the Corniculani Colles. It ia one of those places
of which no trace is left, and is only interesting in the
history of Rome as being the most accredited birth-
place of Scrvius Tullms. (Lis. , 1, 39. --Dion. Hal. ,
3. bO. --Plin. , 3, 5. ) The Cwniculan hills are those of
Monticelli and Sane' Angela; and Corniculum itself
may have stood on the site of the latter village, if we
place Csnina at Monticelli. (Cramer's Ancient Italy,
vol. 1, p. 308. )
Cornificius, I. Quintus, a contemporary of Ci-
cero's, distinguished for talents and literary acquire-
ments, who attained to some of the highest offices
in the state. Catullus and Ovid both speak of his
poetic abilities, and he appears to have been the friend
of both. (CatuU. , 38. --Ovid, Trist. , 2, 436--Bur-
sukk, ad Or. , I. c. ) Cornificius distinguished himself
as Proprstor in the Illyrian war, and also as governor
of Syria, and afterward of Africa. In this latter prov-
ince he espoused the cause of the senate after Ca? sar's
death, and received and gave protection to those who
had been proscribed by the second triumvirate. He
lost his life, however, while contending in this quarter
against Sextius, who had been sent against him by
Octavius. (Appian, Bell. Civ. , 3, 85. ---Id. to. , 4,
36; 4, 53; 4, 56. --Compare the account given by
Eusebius, Chron. An. mdcccclxxvi. ) Some mod-
em scholars make this Cornificius to have been the
author of the Treatise to Herenniua, commonly as-
cribed to Cicero. ( Vid. Herennius. ) He is said also
to have been an enemy of Virgil's, but this suppo-
sition violates chronology, since the poet only became
eminent subsequent to the period when Cornificius died.
\Hcyne, ad Dunal. Vit. Virg. , () 67, p. clxxii. )--II.
Lucius, a partisan of Octavius, by whom he was ap-
oointed to accuse Brutus, before the public tribunal
at Rome, of the assassination of Ctesar. (Plut. , Vit.
BruL, c. 27. ) He afterward diatinguished himself,
as one of Oclavius's lieutenants, by a masterly retreat
in Sicily during the war with Sextus Pompeius.
(Appian, Bell. Civ. , 6, 111, seqo. )
Corniger. a surname of Bacchus.
Cor. nutds, I,. Anna-ns, a Greek philosopher, born
at Leptis in Africa, who lived and taught at Rome
during the reign of Nero. The appellation I,. Annaus
appears to indicate a client or frecdman of the Seneca
family. His tenets were those of the Stoic sect, and
his name was not without distinction in that school of
philosophy. He excelled in criticism and poetry; but
his pnncipal studies were of a philosophical character.
His merits as a teacher of the Stoic doctrine suffi-
ciently appears from his having been the preceptor of
that honest advocate for virtue, the satirist Pcrsius.
? ? Peraioi, dying before his master, left him his library,
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? COR
COR
Mty obtained at (Enuphytee. (Tkucyd. , 1, 113. ) The
Datlle of Coronea was gained by Agesila-is and the
Spartans against the Thebans and their allies in the
second year of the 96th Olympiad, 394 B. C. (Xen. ,
Hut. dr. , 4, 3, 8, seqq. --PLut. , Vit. Agent. , 17. )
This city was also twice taken by the Phocians under
Onomarchus, and afterward given up to the Thebans
by Philip of Macedon. (Demoslh. , it Pac. , p. 63. --
Philip. , 2, p. 69. ) The Coroneans, in the Macedonian
war, having adhered to the cause of Perses, suffered
seven ly from the resentment of the Romans. (Polyb. ,
27, 1, 8, and 5, 2. --L<<'t>. , 42, 44, and 67. -/(1. , 43,
Suppl. , 1, 2. ) The ruins of Coronea are observable
near the village of Korumis, on a remarkable insulated
hill, where there are "many marbles and inscriptions.
On the summit or acropolis are remains of a very an-
cient polygonal wall, and also a Roman ruin of brick. "
(dell, Ilm. , p.
pare Seylax, p. 40. --Plin. , 5, 27). Hierocles as-
signs Coraeesium to Pamphylia, and D'Anville's map
? ? agrees with this. Others, however, to Cilicia; and
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? C "K
V|>tieJ lo the harbour beneath the double summits.
(WordsKortk, I. c. ) Corfu forms at the present day
<<>ne of the Ionian islands, and is ira most important of
the number. It is 70 miles in length by 30 in breadth,
and contains a population of 30,000 souls. The olive
COR
arrives at greater perfection here than in any other part
of Greece; but the oil obtained from it is acrid. --Corfu
wao for a long time considered as the stronghold of It-
*lv against tho attacks of the Mussulmans. The fol-
owing is a sketch of the history of this island. Its
earlier periods are enveloped in the mist of uncertainty
and conjecture. A colony of Colchians is said to have
settled there about 1. 149 years before our era. It was
afterward governed by kings of whom little is known.
Homer has, indeed, immortalized the name of Alci-
noiis. But it is not easy to draw a map of the Ho-
meric Pbaeacia, which shall coincide in its details with
the localities of Corfu ; nor will the topographer find
it a simple task to discover the natural objects con-
nected in tho Odyssey with the city of the Phsacian
king. In process of time, Coreyra, enriched and ag-
grandized by its maritime superiority, became one of
the most powerful nations in Greece. (Thucyd. , 1, 1. )
The Corinthians, under Chersicrates, formed a settle-
ment here in 753 B. C. ,and 415 years afterward it was
captured by Agatbocles of Syracuse, who gave it to
his daughter Lanessa upon her marriage with Pyrrhus
of Epirus. It was occupied by the troops of the II-
lyrian queen Teuta, about fifty-eight years after its
seizure by Agathocles, but was soon after taken from
her by the Romans, under the consul Cn. Flavius;
and, although it had the privileges of a free city, it
remained under the Romans for many centuries. In
the time of Strabo it wss reduced to extreme misery,
owing to the vices of its administration and its want of
moderation in prosperity. Corfu has for several cen-
tnnes been celebrated for its powerful fortresses, to
which great additions were made by the French, and
tnbsequently by the English, in the hanJs of which
latter people it, together with the other Ionian islands,
at present remains. (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 1, p. 36,
K11)--H. An island in the Adriatic, on the coast of
Illyncum, termed Nigra (" Biack"), in Greek UiXaiva,
lo distinguish it from the more celebrated island of the
same name. It is now Curzola. Apollonius accounts
for the epithet just mentioned from the dark masses of
wood with which it was crowned. (Argon. , 4, 571. )
Scymnus attributes to this island the honour of hav-
ing received a colony from Cnidus in Asia Minor.
(Scymn. , v. 426. --Compare Scylax, p. 8. --Strabo,
315. )'
Cortidbi, a city of Hispania Bietica, on the riirht
bank of the river Banis. 'and about 1800 stadia from
the sea. The river being navigable to this quarter,
Corduba became, in consequence, a large and opulent
commercial place. It was the birthplace of both the
Senccas, and of the poet Lucan. and is now Cordova
(Strob. , 141. --Pirn. , 3, 3. --Wernsdorf, Poet. Lot.
Min. , vol. 5. pt. 3, p. 1366. )
Core I. (K6py, "the maiden"), an Attic name for
Proserpina. Some, not very correctly, derive the term
from Kf/pu, "to cut," &. C, and make it have reference
lo the " harvest. " (Jonrnal Royal Institution, No.
1, p. 59. )--II. A Corinthian female, said to have been
Ihe inventress of plaster-casts. (Athenag. , Leg pro
Christ. , 14, p. 59 -- SiUig, Vict. Art. , s. p. )
CoCTiNiosr, the capital of the Peligni, in Italy, about
? ? Arec miles from the Aternus. During the Social war
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? COMNTHI ISTHMUS.
V COR
I'lie art of perforating rocks was well understood and
dexterously practised both in Italy and Greece at a
very early period, and, therefore, no difficulty of this
kind could have occasioned the abandonment of so
useful a project, though Pausanias is of a different opin-
ion. It was afterward begun with the greatest energy,
and abandoned without any plausible motive, as no doubt
the quantity of rock or earth to be removed, and all
the associated impediments, must have been the sub-
ject of previous calculation. And if Demetrius was
really convinced that the level of the Corinthian Gulf
was higher than that of the Saronic, and that the ad-
jacent shore, with the neighbouring islands, would be
inundated by the union of the two seas, those who came
after him would not have persevered in so destructive
an undertaking. Sesostris, and afterward Darius,
wero in the same manner deterred from finishing a ca-
nal from the lied Sea to the Nile, by an apprehension
that Egypt would be inundated. (. Siml,. , 38. --Id. , 804. )
Dio Cassius tells nearly the same story about digging
the isthmus as that which is related to travellers at
this day. He says that blood issued from the ground;
that groans and lamentations were heard, and terrible ap-
paritions seen. In order to stimulate the perseverance
of the people, Nero took a spade and dug himself. (Dio
Cast. , 63, 16. --Compare Suet. , Vit. Ncr. , 19. -- Lu-
cian, de pcrfoss. Isthm. ) Lucian informs us, that Ne-
ro was said to have been deterred from proceeding, by
a representation made to him, similar to that which De-
metrius received respecting the unequal levels of the
two seas. He adds, however, a more probable reason ?
the troubles, namely, that were excited by Vindex in
S11, and which occasioned the emperor's hasty re-
turn from Greece t3 Italy. (Lucian, dc per/on. Itthm.
--Op. , cd. Bip. , vol. 9, p. 298. ) It is probable, as
far as the supernatural appearances went, that the
priests at Delphi had some influence in checking the
enterprise. " (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 2, p. 184. ) Trav-
ellers inform us, that some remains of the canal under-
taken by the Roman emperor are yet visible, reaching
from the sea, northeast of Lechseum, about half a mile
across the isthmus. It terminates on the southeast
sijc, whew solid rock occurs, which, as Dr. Clarke
thinks, must have opposed an insurmountable obsta-
cle. (Trail. , vol. 6, p. 562. ) Sir W. Gcll remarks, that
the vestiges of the canal may be traced from the port
or bay of Schcenus, along a natural hollow at the foot
of a line of fortifications. There are also several pits,
probably sunk to ascertain the nature of the soil, through
which the canal was to be earned. The ground, how-
ever, is so high, that tho undertaking would be attend-
ed with enormous expense. (Itin. of the Morta, p.
208. )--We hear also of various attempts made to raise
fortifications across the Isthmus for the Peloponnesus
when threatened with invasion. The first undertaking
was made before the battle of Salamis, when, as He-
rodotus relates, the Peloponnesian confederates, hav-
ing blocked up the Scironian way, collected together a
vast multitude, who worked night and day, without in-
termission, on the fortifications. Every kind of mate-
rial, such as stones, bricks, and timber, were employ-
ed, and the insterstices filled up with earth and sand.
'Hrodot. , 8, 73. ) Many years after, the Lacedemo-
nians and their allies endeavoured to fortify the isth-
mus from Cenchres to Lechxum against Epaminon-
das; but this measure was rendered fruitless by the
conduct and skill of that general, who forced a pas-
? ? sage across the Oneian Mountains. (Xen. , Hist. Gr.
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? CUKINTHUS.
UTOy pnisjed by that prince, who added Ambracia,
Anactonum, and Leucas to the maritime dependencies
of the Corinthians. (&r<jio,i. c. --Ariftot. , Poiit. , 5,
9. ) Cypselus was succeeded by bis son Penander.
Oa the d<<ath of this latter, after a reign of forty-four
Tews, according to Aristotle, his nephew Psammeti-
tnui came to the throne, but lived only three years. At
i. s decease Corinth regained its independence, when a
xoderate aristocracy was established, under which the
repubb; enjoyed a state of tranquillity and prosperity
jEequalled by any other city of Greece. We are told
by Thucydides, that the Corinthians were the first to
build war-galleys or triremes; and the earliest naval
engagement, according to the same historian, was
fought by their fleet and that of the Corcyreans, who
had been alienated from their mother-state by the
cruelty and impolicy of Periander. (Thucyd. ,1,13. --
Compare Herodot. , 3, 48. ) The arts of painting and
sculpture, more especially that of casting in bronze, at,
uined to the highest perfection at Corinth, and rendered
this city the ornament of Greece, until it was stripped
oy the rapacity of a Roman general. Such was the
beauty of its vases, that the tombs in which they had
been deposited were ransacked by the Roman colonists
whom Julius Cxsar had established there after the de-
struction of the city; these, being transported to Rome,
were purchased at enormous prices. {Strabo, 381. )
An interesting dissertation on these beautiful specimens
of art will be found in Dodwell's Tour (vol. 2, p. 196).
--When the Achasan confederacy, owing to the in-
fatuation of those who presided over its counsels, be-
came involved in a destructive war with the Romans,
Connlk was the last hold of their tottering republic;
and, had its citizens wisely submitted to the offers pro-
posed by the victorious Metellus, it might have been
preserved; but the deputation of that general having
ooen treated with scorn, and even insult, the city be?
came exposed to all the vengeance of the Romans.
(Polyb. , 40, 4, 1. --Strabo, 381. ) L. Mummius, the
consul, appeared before its walls with a numerous army,
md, after defeating the Actueans in a general engage-
ment, entered the town, now left without defence, and
deserted by the greater part of the inhabitants. It was
then given up to plunder, and finally set on fire; the
walls also were razed to the ground, bo that scarcely
a vestige of this once great and noble city remained.
Polybius, who witnessed its destruction, affirmed, as
we are informed by Strabo (381), that he had seen the
finest paintings strewed on the ground, and the Roman
soldiers using them as boards for dice or draughts.
Pausanias reports (7, 10), that all the men were put to
the sword, the women and children sold, and the most
valuable statues and paintings removed to Rome.
{Vid. Mummius. ) Strabo observes (/. c), that the
finest works of art which adorned that capital in his
lime had come from Corinth. He likewise states, that
Corinth remained for many years deserted and in ru-
ins; as also does the poet Antipater of Sidon, who de-
scribes in verse the scene of desolation. (Anal. , vol.
J, p 20.
) Julius Caesar, however, not long before his
death, sent a numerous colony thither, by means of
which Corinth was once more raised from its state of
mic. {Strabo, 381. ) It was already a large and pop-
ulous city, and the capital of Achaia, when St. Paul
preached the gospel there for a year and six months.
(Acb, 18,11. ) It is also evident that, when visited by
Pacsanias, it was thickly adorned by public buildings,
ind enriched with numerous works of art (Pausan. , 2,
? ? >>: cai as late as the time of Hierocles, we rind it
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? COR
C OK
-asc of the Latins. After all other means of concilia-
tion hi>l uiled, a number of Roman females, headed
i'Y i In. mnchcr and the wife of Coriolanus, proceeded
to his tent, where the lofty remonstrances of his parent
were more powers'il than all the arms of Rome had
provet'. , and the son, after a brief struggle with his irri-
tated and vindictive feelings, yielded to her request,
exclaiming at the same time, "Oh mother, thou hast
saved Rome, but destroyed thy son! " The Volscian
farces wero then withdrawn, and Rome was thus saved,
By female influence alone, from certain capture. On
returning to the Volsci with his army, Coriolanus, ac-
cording to one account, was summoned to trial for his
conduct, and was slain in a tumult during the hearing
of the cause, a faction having been excited against him
by Tullius Aufidius, who was jealous of his renown.
{Dion. Hal. , Ant. Rom. , 8,59. ) According to another
statement, he lived to an advanced age anting the
Volscian people, often towards the close of his lite ex-
claiming, "How miserable is the state of an old man
in banishment! " (Plut. , in Vit. --Liv. , 2, 33, scqq. )
Niebuhr, who writes the name Cnatus Marcius, on
what he considers good authority, indulges in some
tcute speculations on the legend of Coriolanus. He
thinks that poetical invention has here most thoroughly
stifled the historical tradition. He regards the name
Coriolanus as of the same kind merely with such appel-
lations as Camerinus, Collalinus, Mugillanus, Vibula-
nus, &c, which, when taken from an independent town,
were assumed by its npot-cvoc, when from a dependant
one by its patronus. The capture of Corioli belongs
merely, in his opinion, to a heroic poem. As for Co-
riolanus himself, he thinks that he merely attended the
Volscian standard as leader of a band of Roman exiles.
He admits, however, that a recollection like the one
which remained of him could not rest on mere fable,
and that, in all probability, his generosity resigned the
opportunity afforded him of taking the city, when La-
tium was almost entirely subdued, and when Rome
was brought to a very low ebb by pestilence. (A*ic-
AiJir, Rom. Hist. , vol. 2, p. 234, seqq. , Cambr. transl. )
Corioli, an ancient city of the Volsci, between
Velitrae and Lanuvium, from the capture of which C.
Marcius obtained the surname of Coriolanus, according
to tho common accouut. (Vid. , however, remarks at
the end of the article Coriolanus. ) We collect from
Livy that it was situated on the confines of the territory
of Ardea, Aricia, and Antium. (Liv. , 2, 33, and 3,
71. ) Dionysius speaks of Corioli as one of the most
considerable towns of the Volsci. (Ant. Rom. , 6, 92. )
Pliny (3, 5) enumerates Corioli among the towns of
Latium of which no vestiges remained. A hill, now
known by the name of Monte Giovc, is thought, with
some degree of probability, to represent the site of
Corioli. (Cramer't Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 84. )
Cornelia Lex, I. de Religions, enacted by L. Cor-
nelius Sylla, A. U. C. 677. It restored to the sacerdo-
tal college the privilege of choosing the priests, which,
by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of
the people. --II. Another, dc Municipiis, by the same;
that the free towns which had sided with Marius should
be deprived of their lands and the right of citizens;
the last of which Cicero says could not be done. (Pro
Dom. , 30. )--III. Another, de Magistratilnu, by the
same; which gave the privilege of bearing honours and
being promoted before the legal age, to those who had
followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and par-
? ? tisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were
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? OUR
COR
rub conduct 01" her sons in after life, she having been
accustomed to reproach them that she was still called
int mother-in-law of Scipio, not the mother of the
Gracchi. (Pita. , Vit. T. Gracch. ,c. 8. ) She bore the
untimely death of her eons with great magnanimity,
? nd a <<tatue was afterward erected in honour of her
by trie Roman people, bearing for an inscription the
words "Corndia, mother of the Gracchi. " (Plul. ,
Vit. C. Gracch. , c. 4. )
'Cornelius, a name indicating a member of the
Otns Cornelta. The greater part of the individuals
who bore it are better known by their surnames of
Cossus, Dolabella, Lenlulus, Scipio, Sylla, <Scc, which
see
Corkicdldm, a Sabine town, which gave ita name
to the Corniculani Colles. It ia one of those places
of which no trace is left, and is only interesting in the
history of Rome as being the most accredited birth-
place of Scrvius Tullms. (Lis. , 1, 39. --Dion. Hal. ,
3. bO. --Plin. , 3, 5. ) The Cwniculan hills are those of
Monticelli and Sane' Angela; and Corniculum itself
may have stood on the site of the latter village, if we
place Csnina at Monticelli. (Cramer's Ancient Italy,
vol. 1, p. 308. )
Cornificius, I. Quintus, a contemporary of Ci-
cero's, distinguished for talents and literary acquire-
ments, who attained to some of the highest offices
in the state. Catullus and Ovid both speak of his
poetic abilities, and he appears to have been the friend
of both. (CatuU. , 38. --Ovid, Trist. , 2, 436--Bur-
sukk, ad Or. , I. c. ) Cornificius distinguished himself
as Proprstor in the Illyrian war, and also as governor
of Syria, and afterward of Africa. In this latter prov-
ince he espoused the cause of the senate after Ca? sar's
death, and received and gave protection to those who
had been proscribed by the second triumvirate. He
lost his life, however, while contending in this quarter
against Sextius, who had been sent against him by
Octavius. (Appian, Bell. Civ. , 3, 85. ---Id. to. , 4,
36; 4, 53; 4, 56. --Compare the account given by
Eusebius, Chron. An. mdcccclxxvi. ) Some mod-
em scholars make this Cornificius to have been the
author of the Treatise to Herenniua, commonly as-
cribed to Cicero. ( Vid. Herennius. ) He is said also
to have been an enemy of Virgil's, but this suppo-
sition violates chronology, since the poet only became
eminent subsequent to the period when Cornificius died.
\Hcyne, ad Dunal. Vit. Virg. , () 67, p. clxxii. )--II.
Lucius, a partisan of Octavius, by whom he was ap-
oointed to accuse Brutus, before the public tribunal
at Rome, of the assassination of Ctesar. (Plut. , Vit.
BruL, c. 27. ) He afterward diatinguished himself,
as one of Oclavius's lieutenants, by a masterly retreat
in Sicily during the war with Sextus Pompeius.
(Appian, Bell. Civ. , 6, 111, seqo. )
Corniger. a surname of Bacchus.
Cor. nutds, I,. Anna-ns, a Greek philosopher, born
at Leptis in Africa, who lived and taught at Rome
during the reign of Nero. The appellation I,. Annaus
appears to indicate a client or frecdman of the Seneca
family. His tenets were those of the Stoic sect, and
his name was not without distinction in that school of
philosophy. He excelled in criticism and poetry; but
his pnncipal studies were of a philosophical character.
His merits as a teacher of the Stoic doctrine suffi-
ciently appears from his having been the preceptor of
that honest advocate for virtue, the satirist Pcrsius.
? ? Peraioi, dying before his master, left him his library,
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? COR
COR
Mty obtained at (Enuphytee. (Tkucyd. , 1, 113. ) The
Datlle of Coronea was gained by Agesila-is and the
Spartans against the Thebans and their allies in the
second year of the 96th Olympiad, 394 B. C. (Xen. ,
Hut. dr. , 4, 3, 8, seqq. --PLut. , Vit. Agent. , 17. )
This city was also twice taken by the Phocians under
Onomarchus, and afterward given up to the Thebans
by Philip of Macedon. (Demoslh. , it Pac. , p. 63. --
Philip. , 2, p. 69. ) The Coroneans, in the Macedonian
war, having adhered to the cause of Perses, suffered
seven ly from the resentment of the Romans. (Polyb. ,
27, 1, 8, and 5, 2. --L<<'t>. , 42, 44, and 67. -/(1. , 43,
Suppl. , 1, 2. ) The ruins of Coronea are observable
near the village of Korumis, on a remarkable insulated
hill, where there are "many marbles and inscriptions.
On the summit or acropolis are remains of a very an-
cient polygonal wall, and also a Roman ruin of brick. "
(dell, Ilm. , p.
