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J.
? A. E. G. , see General Electric Company (Germany)
"After-work" programs, 285
Agricultural Marketing Act (United
States), 253
Agricultural Marketing Acts (Great Brit-
ain), 180
Agriculture, employer-employee rela-
tions, in Italy, 70
Aikawa, Y. , 108
Allgemeine Electrizitats Gesellschaft, see
General Electric Company (Germany) All-Japan Convention of Patriotic Trade
Unions, ii6n
Amaterasu-O-Mikami, worship of, 118 American Bankers Association, 208 American Plan, 196, 206, 282
American Telephone and Telegraph
Company, 284, 285, 303
Annunzio, Gabriele D', 75
Antitrust movement, 190
Apprenticeship training programs, 173,
269, 283, 299n, 300 f. , 318 Arbeitsausschuss der Gewerblichen Ar-
beitgeber und Arbeitnehmer Deutsch- lands, see Works Committee of In- dustrial Employers and Employees of Germany
Armament production, changing attitude toward, 255; factor in industrial leader- ship, 234
Army, in Fascist state, 79; in Japanese system, 114; in Nazi state, 47
Arnold, Thurman W. , 12, 225, 240 quoted, \^n, i^on, 242, 249n, 258^
Associated Chamber of Commerce of Ja- pan, 100
Association for Assisting the Throne (Ja- pan), 115
Association of German Iron and Steel Industrialists, 240
Autarkic, 2^n, 219 Avi Abkommen, 3471
Bakunin, Mikhail. 68
Balfour Committee, 11, 227
Ballinger, Willis A. , quoted, \j^n Banking, affiliation with industry, 91, 236 Banto, 96, 265
Baruch, Bernard M. , 309
Bausch and Lomb, 231
Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken,
Lord, 309
Bell Telephone Company, 231 Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 236 Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince
von, 21, 23, 24, 2571, 30, 31, 317 "Bloody Ludlow," 282
Blum, L^on, 139
Bonn, M. J. , quoted, 294
Bonnett, Clarence E. , gn Boudinet, George S. , quoted, 17371 Breda, 72
British Commonwealth Union, 159 British Empire Producers' Associations,
159
British Employers* Confederation, 172 Bryce, Joseph W. , 205, 281 f.
Bund der Industriellen, see Industrial
Alliance
Bureaucracy, development in big business
complexes, 229, 298-309
Bushido, 87, 96, 115, 118, 261
Business, big, changes underlying policy-
formulation, 227-39; domination of trade associations, 245; economic con- trol through trade associations, 13; effect of New Order on, 40; "harmony" in labor relations, 284-87; importance in economic structure, 208; influence in trade associations, 8; leadership, 262 ff. , 287; power enhanced under car- tels, 43; trend toward political control.
Business, organized, absorption into total- itarian system, 307; antiliberal trend, 273; alternatives of policy, 2; bureau-
INDEX
? 332
INDEX
Business (Continued)
cracy, 298; complexity, 302; content of new outlook, 314-20; control, evolution of, 5-7; economic policies, significance, 223-58; elite caste in, 267-72; "har- mony," theory of, 271-74, 286-93, 316, 317; historical literature, 7-15; labor relations, 279, 284-87, 317; pattern of expansion, 227-39; peak association pol- icies, 247-58, 279; policy formulation within cartels, 239-47; political policies, 1-17, 294-320; program for preserva- tion of control, 316-19; representation on government agencies, 306; respon- sibility for mass education, 270; self- protection, 252-56; "slant" of hierar- chical principle, 310-14; social policies, 259-93
in France, development under CGPF,
127-39; effect of Matignon Agreement on, 139-45; intensified trend to total- itarianism, 142-45; location of power, 145-49; period of freedom of associa- tion, 121-27; under German control, 148
in Germany, beginnings, 23-25; cen- tralization of power, 39-45; evolution, 29-36; groupings, 25-29; setup under war conditions, 50-54
in Great Britain, beginnings, 154-58; consolidation under FBI, 158-74; ex- tension into retail field, 187; relations with government, 174-87
in Italy, employers' association move- ment, 69-74; integration with cor- porate state, 74-82; Social Catholic program, 58-66
in Japan, business families, 89-97; con- trol networks, 97-104; development, 83-86; integration with political and military bureaucracy, 89; state con- trol, 104-19
in the United States, centralization of power, 208-16; coordination under NAM, 191; early manifestations, 189; hierarchical structure, 216-18; self- government policy, 218-20; spread of network, 198-208
Business, small, dependence on big busi- ness, 232; disappearance of, 4; exclusion from foreign trade, 237; in France, 123; in Germany, 49; in Japan, 97; protected by cartels, 43; by government, 315
Business control, evolution, 5-7
Business cycle, protection against, 255 Business families, 232; see also Zaibatsu Businessman, big, as leader, 287 Butsudo, 112
Capitalism, attitude toward state, 294; disappearance of term "capitalist," 264; German imperial, 23-29; in Japan, 84, 89; Nazi, 45-55
Capper-Volstead Act, 253
Carboloy Company, 231
Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 11
Carrel, Alexis, 268
Carta del Quarnaro, 76
Cartels, 10, 11; broadened conception of
term, 239; changes underlying policy- formulation, 239-47; control associa- tions for, 116; current trends, 246; in Germany, 10, 27, 41 f. ; in Great Britain, 175; in Japan, 99, no; in United States, i8n, 190, 242; trade associations ap- proaching status of, 211, 244
Catholic church, attitude of papacy, 2^n, 59, 63-66; position in Fascist state, 79 Catholic hierarchy, social program of, 58
Catholic Italian Confederation of Labor, 66, 68
Central Association of German Industri- alists, 29, 30-32
Central Bureau for Preparation of Trade Agreements (Germany), 31
Central China Development Company, 108
Central Committee of German Employers' Associations, 10, 28, 35
Central Committee of Trade Associations, 125
Central Federation of German Industri- alists, 30
Central Purchasing Corporation (Ger- many), 53
CGL, see General Confederation of Labor (Italy)
CGPF, see General Confederation of French Employers; General Confedera- tion of French Production
Chain business, 209
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 266 Chamber of Commerce and Industry of
Japan, 100
Chamber of Commerce of the United
States, 103, 195, 205, 208, 218; training programs, 300
? Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, 81 Chambers of commerce, 10; in Great Brit-
ain, 157, 170
Chambre Syndicate, see Federation of In-
dustrial Associations
Charter of Labor, 82
China, corporative life, 75n China Federal Reserve Bank, 108 Christian Guild, 61
CIL, see Catholic Italian Confederation of Labor
CIO, see Congress of Industrial Organ- izations
Circulating elite, 265
Citizens' forums, 290
Citizens' Industrial Association of Amer-
ica, 200
Clementel, fitienne, 121, 126, 147 Clerical Fascism, 317
Coal Control Association (Japan), 117 Coats, J. and P. , 175
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 77, 123 Collusion, 296
Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 214 Comit^ de Pr^voyance et d'Action Sociale,
see Committee of Foresight and Social
Action
Comit^ des Forges, see Iron Works Com-
mittee
Commercial and Industrial Alliance
(France), 125
Committee of Foresight and Social Action
(France), 141, 278
Committee of German Industry, 32 Committee of Inquiry (Germany), 11,
227
Committee on Industry and Trade (Great
Britain), 11
Company colleges, 301
Company unions, counterparts in other
countries, 68, 80, 172, 280; Rockefeller type, 282; supported by NAM, 196, 206, 214; weapon against popular organiza- tions, 317
Competition, protection against, 252 Confederation G^n^rale de la Production Fran^aise, see General Confederation of
French Production
Confederation Cenerale du Patronat
Fran^ais, see General Confederation of
French Employers
Confederation Cenerale du Travail, see
General Confederation of Labor (France)
333
Congress of Industrial Organizations (United States), 282, 317
Consumer goods, 51
Control, centralized, acceptance by indus-
try, 256
Convention of Commerce (Germany), 30 Cooperative societies, in Japan, 86, 88 Co-prosperity sphere, 83-1 ig, 219, 239n Corporate state, approximation of peak
association to, 247; French, evolution, 120-49; German, 44; Italian, character- istics, 74-82; development, 56-74; inte- gration of bureaucracies under, 78; expansion under government support, 295; Japanese, 83-89, 113
Cowdrick, E. S. , 283^
Council of American Industry, 206 Credit Lyonnais, i4on, 146, 147, 236 Currency manipulation, 106
Dai-Nippon Airways, 109
Democracy, as principle of economic con-
trol, 2
Democratic principle, 264 fF. ; attacked by
business theorists, 268
De Mun, Albert, Count, 6i, 317
Dennis, Lawrence, 265
Deutsches Institut fiir Technische Ar-
beitsschulung, see Dinta
De Wendel, see Wendel, de
Dinta, 283, 300, 301
Docker, F. Dudley, quoted, 158 Duchemin, Rene P. , i34n, 135, 139, 140,
147, 148; quoted, 127, 137, 138
Du Pin, La Tour, Count, 61, 317
Du Pont interests, 215, 231, 233, 236 Dye trust, see I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.
East Asia Shipping Company, 109 Economic policies of business organiza-
tions, 223-58
Economist, 153; excerpts, 182, 187 Edgerton, quoted, 192
Education, apprenticeship, 173, 269, 283,
300, 318; vocational, 270, 299-302 Educational program of business organ-
izations, 217, 318
Eight-hour day, 154-56
Emperor of Japan, position in state, 85,
87
Employers* Parliamentary Council (Great
Britain), 154
Enqueteausschuss, see Committee of In-
quiry
INDEX
? 334
"Equality of opportunity," 26571 Espionage, 277
Ethyl Corporation, 231, 232
Fair trade practice, 195, 253, 25471, 257 Fascist Confederation of Industrialists, 74,
308
Fascist Confederation of Industries, 56, 82
Fascist party in Japan, 115
Fascist system, antecedents, 58-74; com- Fujihara, Ginjiro, 115, 11871
parison with economic atmosphere of Japan, 84; with Russian revolution, 56- 58; controlling groups, 81; corporate
state, characteristics, 74-82;
develop-
ment in France, 121
"Fascist Totalitarianism," 40, 48 Federation of British Industries, 4, 5, 103,
252, 264, 317; activities, 160-62, 167; antecedents, 154-58; attitude toward organized labor, 171-74; control of operations, 162-64; delegation in Man- chukuo, 5, 32on; inception, 158-60; Industrial Arts Committee, 170; mem- bership, 28 m; negotiations with Reichsgruppe Industrie, ^n, 31971; or- ganization and procedure, 164-71; re- lations with government, in peace, 174-81; in war, 181-88; representation in government agencies, 306
Federation of French Manufacturers and Merchants, 125
Federation of German Employers' Asso- ciations, 35, 281
Federation of German Machine Building Associations, 33-35, 240
Federation of Industrial Associations (France), 125
Feudalism, carry-over, in France, 123; in Germany, 23; in Japan, 84, 86, 87
Fiat, 72
Filene, Edward, 262, 28271
Fiume programs, 76
Five Year Plan, 58
Flick, Friedrich, 309
Ford Motor Company, 285, 301, 317 Ford vocational schools, 284 Foremanship training, 283, 300 Forty-hour week, 139
Four Year plans (Germany), 46, 51-54 France, evolution of business organiza-
tion, 120-49; freedom of business asso- ciation in, 121-127; relations of organ- ized business with government, 136-
INDEX
39; small-scale business, 123; surrender of organized business, 3, 6
Vichy regime, cost of German occupa- tion, i49n; industrial reorganization, 252, 317; labor policy, 279; New Order in, 120, 149; seeks labor-employer co- operation, 275
General Confederation of Agriculture (Italy), 70, 72, 73
General Confederation of French Employ- ers, 120, 140, 244, 252, 308; attitude toward labor, 147; toward rapproche- ment with Germany, 148; position in economic control structure, 145-49; trend toward totalitarianism, 142-45
General Confederation of French Produc- tion, 121, 295, 308; activities, 135; effect of Matignon Agreement on, 139-45; object, 127; relations with government, 136-39; structure, 128-35
General Confederation of Italian Indus- try, 71-74, 308
General Confederation of Labor (France), 121, 126; growth, 139-42
General Confederation of Labor (Italy), 66, 68, 317
General Electric Company (Germany), 44, 148, 231
General Electric Company (United States), 231, 236
General Motors Corporation, 231, 285, 301
General Strike, British, 317
Gentlemen's agreements, 190
Germany, abolition of trade unions, 37,
54, 276; appropriation of business in conquered countries, 3; bureaucratic setup of state, 46; cartel laws, 240; con- trol of French industrial organization, 148; dictatorship based on economic controls, 1472; fusion of economic system with political, 295; genesis of imperial capitalism, 23-29; growth of trade com- binations, 10, 13, 25 ff. ; hierarchical pattern of economic control, 43; labor policy, 279; new order for industry, 21- 55; objectives of new order, 22; peak associations, 39; public relations propa- ganda, 288; relations of organized busi-
Franklin, Benjamin, 292 Frederick the Great, 261 French Revolution, 60
? ness with government, 45-55; social re- sponsibility of management, 263; voca- tional education, 283
Gignoux, C. J. , 142, 148/1, 263, 275, 319 Goh, Seinosuke, Baron, 103
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company,
285
Goring, Hermann, 50, 309
Government, policy as business coordina-
tor, 6; regulation of business, 304ff. , 315; relations with organized business, in France, 136-39; in Germany, 45-55; in Great Britain, 174-88, 306; in Italy, 78; in Japan, 104-19; in United States, 194, 219
Government support, attitude of peak as- sociations toward, 256
Grant, Madison, quoted, 266
Great Britain, evolution of business or-
ganization, 153-88; government rela- tions with FBI, in peace, 174-81; in war, 181-88; growth of trade associations, 11, 13; industrial reorganization plans, 179; labor policy, 280; organized business represented in government agencies, 295, 306; self-government in business, 163, 180, 182
Grossraumwirtschaft, 2471, 219, 238, 252,
319
Guild economy (Italy), see under Cor-
porate state
Guilds, in Fiume program, 76^; in France,
77, 120, 124; in Italy, 74-77; in Japan, 86, 98n; medieval, 257
Hamburg-Amerika line, 27
Handelstag, see Convention of Commerce Harmel works, 61, 285, 317
"Harmony," in collateral syndicates pro-
gram, 64; in labor relations, 274-87; in public relations, 287-93; program, 317; "social," 271-74, 286; through peak as- sociation control, 316
Hawthorne Experiments, 284 Hemisphere unity, 219
Hermann Goring Works, $n, 41, 49/1, 253 Hierarchical principle, and economic
control, 43, 216; in Fascist state, 80; in German status capitalism, 47; in Japanese industrial structure, 104, 113; in United States business organization, 216-18; "slant" of, 310-14
Hirao, Hachisaburo, 117
Holding company, 13, 93, 95, 209
Hoover, Herbert, 196 Hours of labor, 51, 154 Humes, Elizabeth, 227n Huxley, Aldous, 269
I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. , 26, 41, 44, 148, 231, 236, 285, 301
Imperial Chemicals, 175, 176, 232, 236, 285
Imperial preference, 252
Incentives, social, 284-86, 319
India, 75n
Industrial Alliance (Germany), 29, 31 Industrial complex, 248; expansive nature
of, 319
Industrial organization, see Business, or-
ganized
Industrial relations, interest of NAM in,
201, 213
Industrial Relations Counselors, 206, 214 Industries, heavy, centers of economic
leadership, 43, 234
Industry, in France, syndical organiza-
tion, 121 ff. ; in Germany, new order, 21-55; in Italy, late development, 57; in Japan, concentration of control, 89 ff. ; government encouragement, 104 ff. ; see also Business
Intelligence tests, 270
Interlocking directorates, 13, 190, 209, 231 International Chamber of Commerce, 102 International Electric Communication
Company (Japan), 108
International Labor Office, 125 f. , 131 ff. International trade, control by big busi-
ness, 237
Interstate Commerce Commission, 303 Iron and Steel Control Association
(Japan), 117
Iron Works Committee (France), 131-35,
146, 240
Isotta Fraschini, 72
Italian Syndicalist Association, 66, 68 Italy, analogy with Russia, 56-58; ante-
cedents of corporate state, 58-82; at- titude toward trade unions, 276, 279; employers' associations, 69-74; Fascist system of collateral syndicates, 56-82; fusion of economic system with polit- ical, 295; growth of industry, 72; pre- Fascist labor movement, 66-69; public relations propaganda in, 288; rap- prochement between Fascist state and papacy, 66; relations of organized busi-
INDEX
335
336
INDEX
Italy (Continued)
ness with government, 78; social re- sponsibility of management, 263
Jackson, Robert, 225, 227
Japan, agricultural debt, iiin; business
families, 89-104; co-prosperity sphere, 219; evolution of business organiza- tion, 83-119; growth of trade associa- tions, 11, 13; institutional framework, 83-89; labor policy, 279; peak associa- tions, 100; public relations propaganda, 288; relation of organized business with government, 104-19; single party, 118 f. ; structure of corporate state, 113; "thought control," 97, 286, 320
Japan Economic Federation, 102, 112 Japanese League of Economic Organiza-
tions, 103
Japan Iron and Steel Company, 99, 107 Jordan, Virgil, 264, 266
Jouhaux, 140
Junker class, 47
Junker schools, zG^n
Kameralism, 89
Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel, Baron von,
23n, 61
Keynes, J. M. , 180
Knudsen, William S. , 309
Kokka no tame, slogan for industry, 105 Kokutai, see Corporate state (Japan) Konoye, Fumimaro, Prince, 115, ii8n Krupp armament works, 41, 44, 148, 231,
232, 236, 238, 285
"Laboratory-baby" industries, 234, 250 f. Labor Front (Germany), 37, 205, 280, 284,
317
Labor movement, pre-Fascist, 66-69 Labor relations, attitude of peak associa-
tions, 279; "harmony" in, 284-87; mili-
tarization for control, 317
Labor training, 173, 269, 270, 283, 299-
302, 318
Labor unions, see Trade unions
La Follette Committee, ^n, 211, 277 Laissez faire, 15; in France, 123; in Ger-
many, 24
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 23
Lateran Accord of 1929, 59n, 64 Leadership, function of employer, 262 ff. Lehensraum, 24
Le Chapelier law, 121 ff.
Lederer, Emil, and Emy Lederer-Seidler, quoted, 106
Lee, Ivy, 2i5n, 261
Leo XIII, Pope, 63, 65
Le Play, Pierre, 59, 61
Lever Brothers, 175, 176 Liberal-capitalistic countries, complexity
of business bureaucracy, 302; relation of organized business to government, 306; see also Great Britain; United States
Liberal -capitalistic system, evolution of business organization within, 153-220; problems of business within, 2
Licensing agreements, 231 Link, Henry C, quoted, 262 Long, William Frew, 202, 206
McCrary, Alvin
MacDonald, James Ramsay, 173 McKesson-Robbins fiasco, 232 Management, attitude toward its respon-
sibilities, 262-74; centralized, for indus- trial complex, 248-52; extension into political field, 319; recruitment for, 264, 299, 302; role in industrial organ- ization, 40
Managerial control, through peak and trade associations, 311
Manchukuo, FBI delegation, 5, 320/1 Mannheim, Karl, 298
Manufacturers' Association of Great Brit-
ain, 156
Manufacturing, commanding position in
industry, 15
Marelli, Ercole, 72
Market, diamond pattern of, 291
Market control, 230, 236, 297
Marxists, 68
Matignon Agreement, 121, 133, 277, 308,
317; effect on organization of industry,
139-45
Matsumoto, Kenjiro, 117
Mazda, 231
Meiji Restoration, 84 f. , 105
Melchett, Lord, 164
Mercantilism, 106, 246
Metayage, 67, 70
Middle class, propaganda directed
toward, 289-93 Middle-class unions, 289 Militarism, in Japan, 85, 114 Miller, Oskar von, 249n Miller-Tydings Bill, 253
J,,
quoted, 189
n
? ? Mines Bill, 154-56
Mitsubishi, House of, 89-91
Mitsubishi Monthly Circular, 98; excerpt,
100
Mitsui, House of, 89-91, 93-95, 233, 285,
301
Mixed-control enterprises, 107 f. , 179 "Mohawk Valley Formula," 27771 Mond-Turner Conversations on Indus-
trial Relations, 173
Monopolies, natural, 248
Monopoly, development through indus-
trial combination, 227 ff. ; encourage- ment of, in Germany, 25-29; machinery of control, 223 ff. ; outgrowth of private ownership, 296; significance of trend toward, 223-58; step toward govern- mental regulation, 303; trend toward, in Great Britain, 174; in Italy, 73; in United States, 190
Montecatini, 72, 232, 236
Mooney, J. D. , 261
Mooney, J. D. , and A. C. Reiley, Onward
Industry! , 4S, 216 Mussolini, Benito, 64, 275
Narasaki, Toshio, quoted, 110
National Alliance of Employers and Em-
ployed (Great Britain), 172, 281 National Association for Economic Ex-
pansion (France), 130
National Association of Local Bankers
(Japan), 104
National Association of Manufacturers,
337
National Bureau of Economic Research, 264
National Confederation of Employers* Organizations (Great Britain), 172, 281 National Council of Confederations
(Italy), 252
National Council of Corporations (Italy),
80,81
National Economic Chamber (Germany),
37, 39, 42, 43, 47' 129
National Federation of German Indus-
try, 27, 29-36, 39, 241, 294, 308 National Federation of Industrialists
(Japan), 102, 103
National Harmonizing Movement (Ja-
pan), 97, 318
National Industrial Conference Board,
203-5
National Industrial Council, 199-203, 212 National Industry Group (Germany), 29,
36-39' 43' 252, 308
National Labor Front (Germany), 37, 205,
280, 284, 317
National Labor Relations Board, 317 National Recovery Administration, 12, 13,
49, 254; attitude toward state, 295; codes, 245; policy of self-government in business 218; relation to trade associa- tions, 10, 39, 144, 197, 244
National Socialist system, see Germany. National Union of Commerce and In-
dustry (France), 125
New Deal, 196, 318
New Economic Era, 196
New Economic Structure Law (Japan),
116
INDEX
16, 159, 264; activity in industrial rela-
tions, 201, 213, 274-79; in public rela-
tions, 197, 215; attitude toward dem- Nippon Keizai Dantai Renmei, see Jap- ocratic principles, 269; coverage, 207; anese League of Economic Organiza- current trend, 217-20; domination by tions
big-business membership, 211; "har- Nippon Keizei Renmeikwai, see Japan
mony" program, 274, 276-79, 289; ma- chinery of centralized control, 208-16; membership extended to cover associa- tions, 199-203; promotion of business organization, 200, 205; of company unions, 196, 214; propaganda, 193, 203, 217; purposes, 191-94; self-perpetuating direction, 212; spread of organizational network, 198-208; stimulus of World War I on, 194-96; support of open shop, 196, 206, 282; training programs, 300; "You and Industry" series, 48, 2i7n
National Board for Economy and Effi- ciency (Germany), 36
Economic Federation
Nippon Kogyo Club, 101
North China Development Company, 108 North German Lloyd, 27
NRA, see National Recovery Adminis-
tration
Nye Munitions Committee, 232
Obsolescence, 51
Ogura, Baron, 83, iion, 112, 309 Ohtani, Noboru, 117
Open shop, 194, 196, 206, 282
Orchard, John and Dorothy, quoted, 105 Oriental Economist, excerpt, 107
? 338
INDEX
Osram, 231, 232
Otsuka, I. , quoted, 98
Outsiders, elimination from cartels, 179,
244
Ownership, separation from control, 209-
28, 310, 314
Papacy, advocate of corporate organiza- tion of society, 63-66; attitude on social program, 2^n, 59; encyclicals, 23n, 59, 63, 64, 68, 75, 317; rapprochement with Fascist state, 66
Pareto, Vilfredo, 265
Parry, David M. , 194, 2i9n, 269; quoted,
276
Parryism, 194, 215, 276
Parties, political, in Japan, 116
Party, position in Fascist state, 79; in
Nazi state, 46
Patent pooling, 13, 53, 230 ff.
Peak associations, 8, 12, 16; attitude
toward employer-labor relations, 279; attitude toward government support of economic system, 256; economic pol- icies, 247-58; in Germany, see Spitzen- verbdnde; in Great Britain, 176; in Japan, 100; instrument of political pressure, 312; machinery of control, 225 ff. ; opposition to trade unions, 276; position in interdependent industries, 252; program for preservation of con- trol, 316-19; public relations propa- ganda, 262, 290; reaction to govern- mental regulation, 305-9; recruitment for managerial forces, 302; support of "social harmony," 274; training for workers, 283, 299-301; trend of indus- try toward, 246; uniformity of policies in all countries, 320
P^tain regime, see under France Petiet, Baron, i34n, 14871 Physiocrats, 60
Pirelli, 72
Pius XI, 65
Plato, governmental system, 47, 264, 273 Pools, 191; see also Cartels
Popular Front (France), 139, 317
Po Valley, landowners' associations, 57n,
69
Power, relation to property economy, 296 Price control, in Germany, 42, 53; in
Japan, 110; through industrial com-
bination, 230, 235, 297 Procter and Gamble, 285
Production control, 230, 297 Propaganda, American contrasted with
foreign, 288, 292; for social policies, 262-93; in Japan, 115; in Germany, 45, 48; in training courses, 301; public rela- tions, 288-93
"Property atom," splitting of, 41, 209, 228 Public relations, for promotion of "har-
mony," 287-93, 318
Public relations counselors, 287, 290 Public utilities, 248-50
Public works, 256
Quadragesimo Anno, 2$n, 59, 64, 65n, 75' 275n, 317
Radio Corporation of America, 231 Railway unification, 303
Rathenau, Walther, 22, 147
Rationing of commodities, 112
RDI, see National Federation of German
Industry
Recruitment for managerial forces, 264,
299, 302
Rees, A. C, 206
Reichsgruppe Industrie, see National In-
dustry Group (Germany) Reichskuratorium fiir Wirtschaftlichkeit,
see National Board for Economy and
Efficiency
Reichsverband der deutschen Industrie,
see National Federation of German
Industry
Remington Rand, 277
Rentier class, 209, 228
Rerum Novarum, 2^n, 59, 63, Q^n, 68, 75,
275^. 317
Retail Distributors' Association (Great
Britain), 187
Revue des Deux Mondes, excerpt, 136 Robinson-Patman Act, 2iin, 253 Rockefeller, John D. , Jr. , 260, 263 Rockefeller interests, 233
Roman Empire, comparison with Nazi
objective, 22
Roosevelt, Franklin D. , 14, 196 Roth, Almon E. , 20771 Rothschild interests, 140, 147, 148 Roy, Marcel, quoted, 141 Royama, Masamachi, quoted, 111 Russia, analogy with Italy, 56-58
Saint-Chapelle Group, 125 Salt Union, 176
? Samurai spirit, 115
Scalar principle, 216, 271, 310-14 Schacht, Hjalmar, 49, 263 Schneider-Creusot, 148, 232, 236, 238 Self-government in business, aspects of,
16; disciplinary power, 315; implica- tions, 218, 256-58, 259; in Germany, 49, 54; in Great Britain, 163, 180, 182; in United States, 189-220; and governmen- tal regulation, 304 ff.
Shinto, 87, 115, 118
Shipping Control Association (Japan), 117 Showa Steel Company, 108
Sibley, quoted, i95n
Siemens and Halske, 26, 44, 231, 285, 301 Skoda works, 41, 148, 236
Smith, Adam, 226, 240, 271, 296
Snia Viscosa, 72
Social advancement, increasing difficulty
of, 272
Social Catholic program, 23n, 58-66, 280,
317
Social Democratic theory, 23/1
Social policies in organized business, 259-
93
Social question, impact on organized busi-
Syndicats, excerpts, 141 Synthetic industries, 51
Tariffs, in France, 137; in Germany, 30; in Japan, 106; in United States, 193 Temporary National Economic Commit-
tee, 11, 210, 211, 227, 232
Tennyson, Charles, 170
Thinking, unified, 204
"Thought control," in Japan, 97, 286, 320 Thyssen, Fritz, 4, 49
Thyssen interests, 41
TNEC, see Temporary National Eco-
nomic Committee
Totalitarianism, as business program,
314-20; development of business organ- ization within, 21-149; trend of eco- nomic policy toward, 2, 6; see also totalitarian countries by name
Trade associations, current trends, 246; domination by big business, 245; pat- terns of self-protection, 252-56; postwar expansion, 12; power enhanced by big- business membership, 210; recruitment for managerial forces, 302; similarity to cartels, 240, 244; status of small busi- nesses in, 98; tools of political pressure, 312; training programs, 301; trend toward political control, 8
in France, 121-29
in Germany, evolution, 10, 25-36;
operation, 36 flP. ; status under New
Order, 38
in Great Britain, growth, 11, 13, 157,
165; in retail field, 187; power, 175 in Italy, 69-74
in Japan, 11, 13, 100, 102-4
in United States, centralization of con-
trol 208-16; rise of, 9, 190-98
Trades and Workers Association (United
States), 205, 281
Trade unions, attitude of organized busi-
ness toward, 276; dependence on gov- ernment support, 310; in France, 121, 126, 139, 141, 147; in Germany, 37, 54, 276; in Great Britain, 171-74; in Italy, 58, 66-69, 78; in Japan, 86, 88, 116; in United States, 194
Trusteeship, conception for business, 259
Union of Industrial Societies of France, 130
Union of Metal and Mining Industries (France), 131
ness, 7
Sorelian syndicalism, 68
South Manchurian Railway, 108 Spanish Civil War, 66n, 68 Spitzenverbdnde, 8, 26-39,
263, 279
Standard Oil Company, 215, 231, 236, 285,
301
Stdndestaat, 45, 46, 284
State, attitude of peak associations
toward, 294 ff.
Status capitalism, 45-55, 119
Stettinius, Edward L. , 309
Stewardship, conception for business, 259 Stinnes, Hugo, 21, 147, 148
Stoddard, Lothrop, quoted, 115 "Strength through Joy" programs, 285 Strike-breaking, 277
Sumitomo, House of, 89-91
Supreme Cultural Council (Japan), 83,
97, 118
Supreme Economic Council (Japan), 83,
111, 118
Synchronization of industry, 8 Syndicalism, integral, 61, 75, 80, 280 Syndicates, collateral, system of, organiza-
tion, 63-75, 79; structure of system, 79- 82
246 If. ,
254,
INDEX
339
? 340
INDEX
Unions, middle-class, 289
United States, business self-regimentation,
189-220; company unions, 196, 205, 206, 214, 281; growth of trade associations, 9; hemisphere unity, 219; public rela- tions propaganda in, 287-93; relation of organized business to government, 194, 219; social responsibility of manage- ment, 263; trend of national defense program, 295
United States Department of Justice, Anti-Trust Division, 227, 243
United States Steel Corporation, 215 United Steel Works (Germany), 26
Van Cleave, quoted, 200
Verein der deutscher Maschinenbau
Anstalten (VDMA), see Federation of
German Machine Building Associations Vereinigung der deutschen Arbeitgeber- verbiinde, see Federation of German
Employers' Associations Veuillot, Louis, 6on
Vichy regime, see under France Vickers, 175, 232, 236, 238 Vocational training, 299-302
War Emergency and Reconstruction Con- ference, 195
War Industries Board, 218
War Labor Board, 204
Weber, Max, 261
Wendel, de, interests, i34n^ 140, 141, 147,
148, 233
Westinghouse Electric and Manufactur-
ing Company, 231 Whitely Councils, 171
Whitleyism, 281
Works Committee of Industrial Employ-
ers and Employees of Germany, 280 World War I, economic patterns similar to Four Year plans, 52; effect on de- velopment of syndicates, 126; influence
on organized business, 194
World War II, effect on business organ-
ization in France, 145; in Great Britain, 153; influence on monopolistic trend in Great Britain, 175; transition from peace to war economy, 309
Yasuda, House of, 89
Young, A. H. , 2i5n
Youth organizations Qapan), 116
Zaibatsu, integration with industrial or- ganizations, 97-104; with national ex- pansion, 104-19; position in Japanese industry, 89-97, i*3' 233, 236; relation to cartels, 99; to peak associations, 100; structure, 93; trustee attitude, 260
Zeiss, 231, 285
Zenkoku Sangyo Dantai Rengokai see
National Federation of Industrialists Zentralausschuss der Unternehmerver- bande, see Central Committee of Ger-
man Employers' Associations Zentraleinkaufsgesellschaft, see Central
Purchasing Corporation
Zentralstelle fiir Vorbereitung von Han-
delsvertragen, see Central Bureau for
Preparation of Trade Agreements Zentralverband der deutschen Industriel- ler, see Central Federation of German
Industrialists
? |- (iwUwv
^-^-^A 0^^l>>T^
? i^r (rit,^. tfwCdl ^A-W-, crw-< ^--
<x-CC t44A.
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J.
? A. E. G. , see General Electric Company (Germany)
"After-work" programs, 285
Agricultural Marketing Act (United
States), 253
Agricultural Marketing Acts (Great Brit-
ain), 180
Agriculture, employer-employee rela-
tions, in Italy, 70
Aikawa, Y. , 108
Allgemeine Electrizitats Gesellschaft, see
General Electric Company (Germany) All-Japan Convention of Patriotic Trade
Unions, ii6n
Amaterasu-O-Mikami, worship of, 118 American Bankers Association, 208 American Plan, 196, 206, 282
American Telephone and Telegraph
Company, 284, 285, 303
Annunzio, Gabriele D', 75
Antitrust movement, 190
Apprenticeship training programs, 173,
269, 283, 299n, 300 f. , 318 Arbeitsausschuss der Gewerblichen Ar-
beitgeber und Arbeitnehmer Deutsch- lands, see Works Committee of In- dustrial Employers and Employees of Germany
Armament production, changing attitude toward, 255; factor in industrial leader- ship, 234
Army, in Fascist state, 79; in Japanese system, 114; in Nazi state, 47
Arnold, Thurman W. , 12, 225, 240 quoted, \^n, i^on, 242, 249n, 258^
Associated Chamber of Commerce of Ja- pan, 100
Association for Assisting the Throne (Ja- pan), 115
Association of German Iron and Steel Industrialists, 240
Autarkic, 2^n, 219 Avi Abkommen, 3471
Bakunin, Mikhail. 68
Balfour Committee, 11, 227
Ballinger, Willis A. , quoted, \j^n Banking, affiliation with industry, 91, 236 Banto, 96, 265
Baruch, Bernard M. , 309
Bausch and Lomb, 231
Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken,
Lord, 309
Bell Telephone Company, 231 Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 236 Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince
von, 21, 23, 24, 2571, 30, 31, 317 "Bloody Ludlow," 282
Blum, L^on, 139
Bonn, M. J. , quoted, 294
Bonnett, Clarence E. , gn Boudinet, George S. , quoted, 17371 Breda, 72
British Commonwealth Union, 159 British Empire Producers' Associations,
159
British Employers* Confederation, 172 Bryce, Joseph W. , 205, 281 f.
Bund der Industriellen, see Industrial
Alliance
Bureaucracy, development in big business
complexes, 229, 298-309
Bushido, 87, 96, 115, 118, 261
Business, big, changes underlying policy-
formulation, 227-39; domination of trade associations, 245; economic con- trol through trade associations, 13; effect of New Order on, 40; "harmony" in labor relations, 284-87; importance in economic structure, 208; influence in trade associations, 8; leadership, 262 ff. , 287; power enhanced under car- tels, 43; trend toward political control.
Business, organized, absorption into total- itarian system, 307; antiliberal trend, 273; alternatives of policy, 2; bureau-
INDEX
? 332
INDEX
Business (Continued)
cracy, 298; complexity, 302; content of new outlook, 314-20; control, evolution of, 5-7; economic policies, significance, 223-58; elite caste in, 267-72; "har- mony," theory of, 271-74, 286-93, 316, 317; historical literature, 7-15; labor relations, 279, 284-87, 317; pattern of expansion, 227-39; peak association pol- icies, 247-58, 279; policy formulation within cartels, 239-47; political policies, 1-17, 294-320; program for preserva- tion of control, 316-19; representation on government agencies, 306; respon- sibility for mass education, 270; self- protection, 252-56; "slant" of hierar- chical principle, 310-14; social policies, 259-93
in France, development under CGPF,
127-39; effect of Matignon Agreement on, 139-45; intensified trend to total- itarianism, 142-45; location of power, 145-49; period of freedom of associa- tion, 121-27; under German control, 148
in Germany, beginnings, 23-25; cen- tralization of power, 39-45; evolution, 29-36; groupings, 25-29; setup under war conditions, 50-54
in Great Britain, beginnings, 154-58; consolidation under FBI, 158-74; ex- tension into retail field, 187; relations with government, 174-87
in Italy, employers' association move- ment, 69-74; integration with cor- porate state, 74-82; Social Catholic program, 58-66
in Japan, business families, 89-97; con- trol networks, 97-104; development, 83-86; integration with political and military bureaucracy, 89; state con- trol, 104-19
in the United States, centralization of power, 208-16; coordination under NAM, 191; early manifestations, 189; hierarchical structure, 216-18; self- government policy, 218-20; spread of network, 198-208
Business, small, dependence on big busi- ness, 232; disappearance of, 4; exclusion from foreign trade, 237; in France, 123; in Germany, 49; in Japan, 97; protected by cartels, 43; by government, 315
Business control, evolution, 5-7
Business cycle, protection against, 255 Business families, 232; see also Zaibatsu Businessman, big, as leader, 287 Butsudo, 112
Capitalism, attitude toward state, 294; disappearance of term "capitalist," 264; German imperial, 23-29; in Japan, 84, 89; Nazi, 45-55
Capper-Volstead Act, 253
Carboloy Company, 231
Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, 11
Carrel, Alexis, 268
Carta del Quarnaro, 76
Cartels, 10, 11; broadened conception of
term, 239; changes underlying policy- formulation, 239-47; control associa- tions for, 116; current trends, 246; in Germany, 10, 27, 41 f. ; in Great Britain, 175; in Japan, 99, no; in United States, i8n, 190, 242; trade associations ap- proaching status of, 211, 244
Catholic church, attitude of papacy, 2^n, 59, 63-66; position in Fascist state, 79 Catholic hierarchy, social program of, 58
Catholic Italian Confederation of Labor, 66, 68
Central Association of German Industri- alists, 29, 30-32
Central Bureau for Preparation of Trade Agreements (Germany), 31
Central China Development Company, 108
Central Committee of German Employers' Associations, 10, 28, 35
Central Committee of Trade Associations, 125
Central Federation of German Industri- alists, 30
Central Purchasing Corporation (Ger- many), 53
CGL, see General Confederation of Labor (Italy)
CGPF, see General Confederation of French Employers; General Confedera- tion of French Production
Chain business, 209
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 266 Chamber of Commerce and Industry of
Japan, 100
Chamber of Commerce of the United
States, 103, 195, 205, 208, 218; training programs, 300
? Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, 81 Chambers of commerce, 10; in Great Brit-
ain, 157, 170
Chambre Syndicate, see Federation of In-
dustrial Associations
Charter of Labor, 82
China, corporative life, 75n China Federal Reserve Bank, 108 Christian Guild, 61
CIL, see Catholic Italian Confederation of Labor
CIO, see Congress of Industrial Organ- izations
Circulating elite, 265
Citizens' forums, 290
Citizens' Industrial Association of Amer-
ica, 200
Clementel, fitienne, 121, 126, 147 Clerical Fascism, 317
Coal Control Association (Japan), 117 Coats, J. and P. , 175
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 77, 123 Collusion, 296
Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 214 Comit^ de Pr^voyance et d'Action Sociale,
see Committee of Foresight and Social
Action
Comit^ des Forges, see Iron Works Com-
mittee
Commercial and Industrial Alliance
(France), 125
Committee of Foresight and Social Action
(France), 141, 278
Committee of German Industry, 32 Committee of Inquiry (Germany), 11,
227
Committee on Industry and Trade (Great
Britain), 11
Company colleges, 301
Company unions, counterparts in other
countries, 68, 80, 172, 280; Rockefeller type, 282; supported by NAM, 196, 206, 214; weapon against popular organiza- tions, 317
Competition, protection against, 252 Confederation G^n^rale de la Production Fran^aise, see General Confederation of
French Production
Confederation Cenerale du Patronat
Fran^ais, see General Confederation of
French Employers
Confederation Cenerale du Travail, see
General Confederation of Labor (France)
333
Congress of Industrial Organizations (United States), 282, 317
Consumer goods, 51
Control, centralized, acceptance by indus-
try, 256
Convention of Commerce (Germany), 30 Cooperative societies, in Japan, 86, 88 Co-prosperity sphere, 83-1 ig, 219, 239n Corporate state, approximation of peak
association to, 247; French, evolution, 120-49; German, 44; Italian, character- istics, 74-82; development, 56-74; inte- gration of bureaucracies under, 78; expansion under government support, 295; Japanese, 83-89, 113
Cowdrick, E. S. , 283^
Council of American Industry, 206 Credit Lyonnais, i4on, 146, 147, 236 Currency manipulation, 106
Dai-Nippon Airways, 109
Democracy, as principle of economic con-
trol, 2
Democratic principle, 264 fF. ; attacked by
business theorists, 268
De Mun, Albert, Count, 6i, 317
Dennis, Lawrence, 265
Deutsches Institut fiir Technische Ar-
beitsschulung, see Dinta
De Wendel, see Wendel, de
Dinta, 283, 300, 301
Docker, F. Dudley, quoted, 158 Duchemin, Rene P. , i34n, 135, 139, 140,
147, 148; quoted, 127, 137, 138
Du Pin, La Tour, Count, 61, 317
Du Pont interests, 215, 231, 233, 236 Dye trust, see I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.
East Asia Shipping Company, 109 Economic policies of business organiza-
tions, 223-58
Economist, 153; excerpts, 182, 187 Edgerton, quoted, 192
Education, apprenticeship, 173, 269, 283,
300, 318; vocational, 270, 299-302 Educational program of business organ-
izations, 217, 318
Eight-hour day, 154-56
Emperor of Japan, position in state, 85,
87
Employers* Parliamentary Council (Great
Britain), 154
Enqueteausschuss, see Committee of In-
quiry
INDEX
? 334
"Equality of opportunity," 26571 Espionage, 277
Ethyl Corporation, 231, 232
Fair trade practice, 195, 253, 25471, 257 Fascist Confederation of Industrialists, 74,
308
Fascist Confederation of Industries, 56, 82
Fascist party in Japan, 115
Fascist system, antecedents, 58-74; com- Fujihara, Ginjiro, 115, 11871
parison with economic atmosphere of Japan, 84; with Russian revolution, 56- 58; controlling groups, 81; corporate
state, characteristics, 74-82;
develop-
ment in France, 121
"Fascist Totalitarianism," 40, 48 Federation of British Industries, 4, 5, 103,
252, 264, 317; activities, 160-62, 167; antecedents, 154-58; attitude toward organized labor, 171-74; control of operations, 162-64; delegation in Man- chukuo, 5, 32on; inception, 158-60; Industrial Arts Committee, 170; mem- bership, 28 m; negotiations with Reichsgruppe Industrie, ^n, 31971; or- ganization and procedure, 164-71; re- lations with government, in peace, 174-81; in war, 181-88; representation in government agencies, 306
Federation of French Manufacturers and Merchants, 125
Federation of German Employers' Asso- ciations, 35, 281
Federation of German Machine Building Associations, 33-35, 240
Federation of Industrial Associations (France), 125
Feudalism, carry-over, in France, 123; in Germany, 23; in Japan, 84, 86, 87
Fiat, 72
Filene, Edward, 262, 28271
Fiume programs, 76
Five Year Plan, 58
Flick, Friedrich, 309
Ford Motor Company, 285, 301, 317 Ford vocational schools, 284 Foremanship training, 283, 300 Forty-hour week, 139
Four Year plans (Germany), 46, 51-54 France, evolution of business organiza-
tion, 120-49; freedom of business asso- ciation in, 121-127; relations of organ- ized business with government, 136-
INDEX
39; small-scale business, 123; surrender of organized business, 3, 6
Vichy regime, cost of German occupa- tion, i49n; industrial reorganization, 252, 317; labor policy, 279; New Order in, 120, 149; seeks labor-employer co- operation, 275
General Confederation of Agriculture (Italy), 70, 72, 73
General Confederation of French Employ- ers, 120, 140, 244, 252, 308; attitude toward labor, 147; toward rapproche- ment with Germany, 148; position in economic control structure, 145-49; trend toward totalitarianism, 142-45
General Confederation of French Produc- tion, 121, 295, 308; activities, 135; effect of Matignon Agreement on, 139-45; object, 127; relations with government, 136-39; structure, 128-35
General Confederation of Italian Indus- try, 71-74, 308
General Confederation of Labor (France), 121, 126; growth, 139-42
General Confederation of Labor (Italy), 66, 68, 317
General Electric Company (Germany), 44, 148, 231
General Electric Company (United States), 231, 236
General Motors Corporation, 231, 285, 301
General Strike, British, 317
Gentlemen's agreements, 190
Germany, abolition of trade unions, 37,
54, 276; appropriation of business in conquered countries, 3; bureaucratic setup of state, 46; cartel laws, 240; con- trol of French industrial organization, 148; dictatorship based on economic controls, 1472; fusion of economic system with political, 295; genesis of imperial capitalism, 23-29; growth of trade com- binations, 10, 13, 25 ff. ; hierarchical pattern of economic control, 43; labor policy, 279; new order for industry, 21- 55; objectives of new order, 22; peak associations, 39; public relations propa- ganda, 288; relations of organized busi-
Franklin, Benjamin, 292 Frederick the Great, 261 French Revolution, 60
? ness with government, 45-55; social re- sponsibility of management, 263; voca- tional education, 283
Gignoux, C. J. , 142, 148/1, 263, 275, 319 Goh, Seinosuke, Baron, 103
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company,
285
Goring, Hermann, 50, 309
Government, policy as business coordina-
tor, 6; regulation of business, 304ff. , 315; relations with organized business, in France, 136-39; in Germany, 45-55; in Great Britain, 174-88, 306; in Italy, 78; in Japan, 104-19; in United States, 194, 219
Government support, attitude of peak as- sociations toward, 256
Grant, Madison, quoted, 266
Great Britain, evolution of business or-
ganization, 153-88; government rela- tions with FBI, in peace, 174-81; in war, 181-88; growth of trade associations, 11, 13; industrial reorganization plans, 179; labor policy, 280; organized business represented in government agencies, 295, 306; self-government in business, 163, 180, 182
Grossraumwirtschaft, 2471, 219, 238, 252,
319
Guild economy (Italy), see under Cor-
porate state
Guilds, in Fiume program, 76^; in France,
77, 120, 124; in Italy, 74-77; in Japan, 86, 98n; medieval, 257
Hamburg-Amerika line, 27
Handelstag, see Convention of Commerce Harmel works, 61, 285, 317
"Harmony," in collateral syndicates pro-
gram, 64; in labor relations, 274-87; in public relations, 287-93; program, 317; "social," 271-74, 286; through peak as- sociation control, 316
Hawthorne Experiments, 284 Hemisphere unity, 219
Hermann Goring Works, $n, 41, 49/1, 253 Hierarchical principle, and economic
control, 43, 216; in Fascist state, 80; in German status capitalism, 47; in Japanese industrial structure, 104, 113; in United States business organization, 216-18; "slant" of, 310-14
Hirao, Hachisaburo, 117
Holding company, 13, 93, 95, 209
Hoover, Herbert, 196 Hours of labor, 51, 154 Humes, Elizabeth, 227n Huxley, Aldous, 269
I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. , 26, 41, 44, 148, 231, 236, 285, 301
Imperial Chemicals, 175, 176, 232, 236, 285
Imperial preference, 252
Incentives, social, 284-86, 319
India, 75n
Industrial Alliance (Germany), 29, 31 Industrial complex, 248; expansive nature
of, 319
Industrial organization, see Business, or-
ganized
Industrial relations, interest of NAM in,
201, 213
Industrial Relations Counselors, 206, 214 Industries, heavy, centers of economic
leadership, 43, 234
Industry, in France, syndical organiza-
tion, 121 ff. ; in Germany, new order, 21-55; in Italy, late development, 57; in Japan, concentration of control, 89 ff. ; government encouragement, 104 ff. ; see also Business
Intelligence tests, 270
Interlocking directorates, 13, 190, 209, 231 International Chamber of Commerce, 102 International Electric Communication
Company (Japan), 108
International Labor Office, 125 f. , 131 ff. International trade, control by big busi-
ness, 237
Interstate Commerce Commission, 303 Iron and Steel Control Association
(Japan), 117
Iron Works Committee (France), 131-35,
146, 240
Isotta Fraschini, 72
Italian Syndicalist Association, 66, 68 Italy, analogy with Russia, 56-58; ante-
cedents of corporate state, 58-82; at- titude toward trade unions, 276, 279; employers' associations, 69-74; Fascist system of collateral syndicates, 56-82; fusion of economic system with polit- ical, 295; growth of industry, 72; pre- Fascist labor movement, 66-69; public relations propaganda in, 288; rap- prochement between Fascist state and papacy, 66; relations of organized busi-
INDEX
335
336
INDEX
Italy (Continued)
ness with government, 78; social re- sponsibility of management, 263
Jackson, Robert, 225, 227
Japan, agricultural debt, iiin; business
families, 89-104; co-prosperity sphere, 219; evolution of business organiza- tion, 83-119; growth of trade associa- tions, 11, 13; institutional framework, 83-89; labor policy, 279; peak associa- tions, 100; public relations propaganda, 288; relation of organized business with government, 104-19; single party, 118 f. ; structure of corporate state, 113; "thought control," 97, 286, 320
Japan Economic Federation, 102, 112 Japanese League of Economic Organiza-
tions, 103
Japan Iron and Steel Company, 99, 107 Jordan, Virgil, 264, 266
Jouhaux, 140
Junker class, 47
Junker schools, zG^n
Kameralism, 89
Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel, Baron von,
23n, 61
Keynes, J. M. , 180
Knudsen, William S. , 309
Kokka no tame, slogan for industry, 105 Kokutai, see Corporate state (Japan) Konoye, Fumimaro, Prince, 115, ii8n Krupp armament works, 41, 44, 148, 231,
232, 236, 238, 285
"Laboratory-baby" industries, 234, 250 f. Labor Front (Germany), 37, 205, 280, 284,
317
Labor movement, pre-Fascist, 66-69 Labor relations, attitude of peak associa-
tions, 279; "harmony" in, 284-87; mili-
tarization for control, 317
Labor training, 173, 269, 270, 283, 299-
302, 318
Labor unions, see Trade unions
La Follette Committee, ^n, 211, 277 Laissez faire, 15; in France, 123; in Ger-
many, 24
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 23
Lateran Accord of 1929, 59n, 64 Leadership, function of employer, 262 ff. Lehensraum, 24
Le Chapelier law, 121 ff.
Lederer, Emil, and Emy Lederer-Seidler, quoted, 106
Lee, Ivy, 2i5n, 261
Leo XIII, Pope, 63, 65
Le Play, Pierre, 59, 61
Lever Brothers, 175, 176 Liberal-capitalistic countries, complexity
of business bureaucracy, 302; relation of organized business to government, 306; see also Great Britain; United States
Liberal -capitalistic system, evolution of business organization within, 153-220; problems of business within, 2
Licensing agreements, 231 Link, Henry C, quoted, 262 Long, William Frew, 202, 206
McCrary, Alvin
MacDonald, James Ramsay, 173 McKesson-Robbins fiasco, 232 Management, attitude toward its respon-
sibilities, 262-74; centralized, for indus- trial complex, 248-52; extension into political field, 319; recruitment for, 264, 299, 302; role in industrial organ- ization, 40
Managerial control, through peak and trade associations, 311
Manchukuo, FBI delegation, 5, 320/1 Mannheim, Karl, 298
Manufacturers' Association of Great Brit-
ain, 156
Manufacturing, commanding position in
industry, 15
Marelli, Ercole, 72
Market, diamond pattern of, 291
Market control, 230, 236, 297
Marxists, 68
Matignon Agreement, 121, 133, 277, 308,
317; effect on organization of industry,
139-45
Matsumoto, Kenjiro, 117
Mazda, 231
Meiji Restoration, 84 f. , 105
Melchett, Lord, 164
Mercantilism, 106, 246
Metayage, 67, 70
Middle class, propaganda directed
toward, 289-93 Middle-class unions, 289 Militarism, in Japan, 85, 114 Miller, Oskar von, 249n Miller-Tydings Bill, 253
J,,
quoted, 189
n
? ? Mines Bill, 154-56
Mitsubishi, House of, 89-91
Mitsubishi Monthly Circular, 98; excerpt,
100
Mitsui, House of, 89-91, 93-95, 233, 285,
301
Mixed-control enterprises, 107 f. , 179 "Mohawk Valley Formula," 27771 Mond-Turner Conversations on Indus-
trial Relations, 173
Monopolies, natural, 248
Monopoly, development through indus-
trial combination, 227 ff. ; encourage- ment of, in Germany, 25-29; machinery of control, 223 ff. ; outgrowth of private ownership, 296; significance of trend toward, 223-58; step toward govern- mental regulation, 303; trend toward, in Great Britain, 174; in Italy, 73; in United States, 190
Montecatini, 72, 232, 236
Mooney, J. D. , 261
Mooney, J. D. , and A. C. Reiley, Onward
Industry! , 4S, 216 Mussolini, Benito, 64, 275
Narasaki, Toshio, quoted, 110
National Alliance of Employers and Em-
ployed (Great Britain), 172, 281 National Association for Economic Ex-
pansion (France), 130
National Association of Local Bankers
(Japan), 104
National Association of Manufacturers,
337
National Bureau of Economic Research, 264
National Confederation of Employers* Organizations (Great Britain), 172, 281 National Council of Confederations
(Italy), 252
National Council of Corporations (Italy),
80,81
National Economic Chamber (Germany),
37, 39, 42, 43, 47' 129
National Federation of German Indus-
try, 27, 29-36, 39, 241, 294, 308 National Federation of Industrialists
(Japan), 102, 103
National Harmonizing Movement (Ja-
pan), 97, 318
National Industrial Conference Board,
203-5
National Industrial Council, 199-203, 212 National Industry Group (Germany), 29,
36-39' 43' 252, 308
National Labor Front (Germany), 37, 205,
280, 284, 317
National Labor Relations Board, 317 National Recovery Administration, 12, 13,
49, 254; attitude toward state, 295; codes, 245; policy of self-government in business 218; relation to trade associa- tions, 10, 39, 144, 197, 244
National Socialist system, see Germany. National Union of Commerce and In-
dustry (France), 125
New Deal, 196, 318
New Economic Era, 196
New Economic Structure Law (Japan),
116
INDEX
16, 159, 264; activity in industrial rela-
tions, 201, 213, 274-79; in public rela-
tions, 197, 215; attitude toward dem- Nippon Keizai Dantai Renmei, see Jap- ocratic principles, 269; coverage, 207; anese League of Economic Organiza- current trend, 217-20; domination by tions
big-business membership, 211; "har- Nippon Keizei Renmeikwai, see Japan
mony" program, 274, 276-79, 289; ma- chinery of centralized control, 208-16; membership extended to cover associa- tions, 199-203; promotion of business organization, 200, 205; of company unions, 196, 214; propaganda, 193, 203, 217; purposes, 191-94; self-perpetuating direction, 212; spread of organizational network, 198-208; stimulus of World War I on, 194-96; support of open shop, 196, 206, 282; training programs, 300; "You and Industry" series, 48, 2i7n
National Board for Economy and Effi- ciency (Germany), 36
Economic Federation
Nippon Kogyo Club, 101
North China Development Company, 108 North German Lloyd, 27
NRA, see National Recovery Adminis-
tration
Nye Munitions Committee, 232
Obsolescence, 51
Ogura, Baron, 83, iion, 112, 309 Ohtani, Noboru, 117
Open shop, 194, 196, 206, 282
Orchard, John and Dorothy, quoted, 105 Oriental Economist, excerpt, 107
? 338
INDEX
Osram, 231, 232
Otsuka, I. , quoted, 98
Outsiders, elimination from cartels, 179,
244
Ownership, separation from control, 209-
28, 310, 314
Papacy, advocate of corporate organiza- tion of society, 63-66; attitude on social program, 2^n, 59; encyclicals, 23n, 59, 63, 64, 68, 75, 317; rapprochement with Fascist state, 66
Pareto, Vilfredo, 265
Parry, David M. , 194, 2i9n, 269; quoted,
276
Parryism, 194, 215, 276
Parties, political, in Japan, 116
Party, position in Fascist state, 79; in
Nazi state, 46
Patent pooling, 13, 53, 230 ff.
Peak associations, 8, 12, 16; attitude
toward employer-labor relations, 279; attitude toward government support of economic system, 256; economic pol- icies, 247-58; in Germany, see Spitzen- verbdnde; in Great Britain, 176; in Japan, 100; instrument of political pressure, 312; machinery of control, 225 ff. ; opposition to trade unions, 276; position in interdependent industries, 252; program for preservation of con- trol, 316-19; public relations propa- ganda, 262, 290; reaction to govern- mental regulation, 305-9; recruitment for managerial forces, 302; support of "social harmony," 274; training for workers, 283, 299-301; trend of indus- try toward, 246; uniformity of policies in all countries, 320
P^tain regime, see under France Petiet, Baron, i34n, 14871 Physiocrats, 60
Pirelli, 72
Pius XI, 65
Plato, governmental system, 47, 264, 273 Pools, 191; see also Cartels
Popular Front (France), 139, 317
Po Valley, landowners' associations, 57n,
69
Power, relation to property economy, 296 Price control, in Germany, 42, 53; in
Japan, 110; through industrial com-
bination, 230, 235, 297 Procter and Gamble, 285
Production control, 230, 297 Propaganda, American contrasted with
foreign, 288, 292; for social policies, 262-93; in Japan, 115; in Germany, 45, 48; in training courses, 301; public rela- tions, 288-93
"Property atom," splitting of, 41, 209, 228 Public relations, for promotion of "har-
mony," 287-93, 318
Public relations counselors, 287, 290 Public utilities, 248-50
Public works, 256
Quadragesimo Anno, 2$n, 59, 64, 65n, 75' 275n, 317
Radio Corporation of America, 231 Railway unification, 303
Rathenau, Walther, 22, 147
Rationing of commodities, 112
RDI, see National Federation of German
Industry
Recruitment for managerial forces, 264,
299, 302
Rees, A. C, 206
Reichsgruppe Industrie, see National In-
dustry Group (Germany) Reichskuratorium fiir Wirtschaftlichkeit,
see National Board for Economy and
Efficiency
Reichsverband der deutschen Industrie,
see National Federation of German
Industry
Remington Rand, 277
Rentier class, 209, 228
Rerum Novarum, 2^n, 59, 63, Q^n, 68, 75,
275^. 317
Retail Distributors' Association (Great
Britain), 187
Revue des Deux Mondes, excerpt, 136 Robinson-Patman Act, 2iin, 253 Rockefeller, John D. , Jr. , 260, 263 Rockefeller interests, 233
Roman Empire, comparison with Nazi
objective, 22
Roosevelt, Franklin D. , 14, 196 Roth, Almon E. , 20771 Rothschild interests, 140, 147, 148 Roy, Marcel, quoted, 141 Royama, Masamachi, quoted, 111 Russia, analogy with Italy, 56-58
Saint-Chapelle Group, 125 Salt Union, 176
? Samurai spirit, 115
Scalar principle, 216, 271, 310-14 Schacht, Hjalmar, 49, 263 Schneider-Creusot, 148, 232, 236, 238 Self-government in business, aspects of,
16; disciplinary power, 315; implica- tions, 218, 256-58, 259; in Germany, 49, 54; in Great Britain, 163, 180, 182; in United States, 189-220; and governmen- tal regulation, 304 ff.
Shinto, 87, 115, 118
Shipping Control Association (Japan), 117 Showa Steel Company, 108
Sibley, quoted, i95n
Siemens and Halske, 26, 44, 231, 285, 301 Skoda works, 41, 148, 236
Smith, Adam, 226, 240, 271, 296
Snia Viscosa, 72
Social advancement, increasing difficulty
of, 272
Social Catholic program, 23n, 58-66, 280,
317
Social Democratic theory, 23/1
Social policies in organized business, 259-
93
Social question, impact on organized busi-
Syndicats, excerpts, 141 Synthetic industries, 51
Tariffs, in France, 137; in Germany, 30; in Japan, 106; in United States, 193 Temporary National Economic Commit-
tee, 11, 210, 211, 227, 232
Tennyson, Charles, 170
Thinking, unified, 204
"Thought control," in Japan, 97, 286, 320 Thyssen, Fritz, 4, 49
Thyssen interests, 41
TNEC, see Temporary National Eco-
nomic Committee
Totalitarianism, as business program,
314-20; development of business organ- ization within, 21-149; trend of eco- nomic policy toward, 2, 6; see also totalitarian countries by name
Trade associations, current trends, 246; domination by big business, 245; pat- terns of self-protection, 252-56; postwar expansion, 12; power enhanced by big- business membership, 210; recruitment for managerial forces, 302; similarity to cartels, 240, 244; status of small busi- nesses in, 98; tools of political pressure, 312; training programs, 301; trend toward political control, 8
in France, 121-29
in Germany, evolution, 10, 25-36;
operation, 36 flP. ; status under New
Order, 38
in Great Britain, growth, 11, 13, 157,
165; in retail field, 187; power, 175 in Italy, 69-74
in Japan, 11, 13, 100, 102-4
in United States, centralization of con-
trol 208-16; rise of, 9, 190-98
Trades and Workers Association (United
States), 205, 281
Trade unions, attitude of organized busi-
ness toward, 276; dependence on gov- ernment support, 310; in France, 121, 126, 139, 141, 147; in Germany, 37, 54, 276; in Great Britain, 171-74; in Italy, 58, 66-69, 78; in Japan, 86, 88, 116; in United States, 194
Trusteeship, conception for business, 259
Union of Industrial Societies of France, 130
Union of Metal and Mining Industries (France), 131
ness, 7
Sorelian syndicalism, 68
South Manchurian Railway, 108 Spanish Civil War, 66n, 68 Spitzenverbdnde, 8, 26-39,
263, 279
Standard Oil Company, 215, 231, 236, 285,
301
Stdndestaat, 45, 46, 284
State, attitude of peak associations
toward, 294 ff.
Status capitalism, 45-55, 119
Stettinius, Edward L. , 309
Stewardship, conception for business, 259 Stinnes, Hugo, 21, 147, 148
Stoddard, Lothrop, quoted, 115 "Strength through Joy" programs, 285 Strike-breaking, 277
Sumitomo, House of, 89-91
Supreme Cultural Council (Japan), 83,
97, 118
Supreme Economic Council (Japan), 83,
111, 118
Synchronization of industry, 8 Syndicalism, integral, 61, 75, 80, 280 Syndicates, collateral, system of, organiza-
tion, 63-75, 79; structure of system, 79- 82
246 If. ,
254,
INDEX
339
? 340
INDEX
Unions, middle-class, 289
United States, business self-regimentation,
189-220; company unions, 196, 205, 206, 214, 281; growth of trade associations, 9; hemisphere unity, 219; public rela- tions propaganda in, 287-93; relation of organized business to government, 194, 219; social responsibility of manage- ment, 263; trend of national defense program, 295
United States Department of Justice, Anti-Trust Division, 227, 243
United States Steel Corporation, 215 United Steel Works (Germany), 26
Van Cleave, quoted, 200
Verein der deutscher Maschinenbau
Anstalten (VDMA), see Federation of
German Machine Building Associations Vereinigung der deutschen Arbeitgeber- verbiinde, see Federation of German
Employers' Associations Veuillot, Louis, 6on
Vichy regime, see under France Vickers, 175, 232, 236, 238 Vocational training, 299-302
War Emergency and Reconstruction Con- ference, 195
War Industries Board, 218
War Labor Board, 204
Weber, Max, 261
Wendel, de, interests, i34n^ 140, 141, 147,
148, 233
Westinghouse Electric and Manufactur-
ing Company, 231 Whitely Councils, 171
Whitleyism, 281
Works Committee of Industrial Employ-
ers and Employees of Germany, 280 World War I, economic patterns similar to Four Year plans, 52; effect on de- velopment of syndicates, 126; influence
on organized business, 194
World War II, effect on business organ-
ization in France, 145; in Great Britain, 153; influence on monopolistic trend in Great Britain, 175; transition from peace to war economy, 309
Yasuda, House of, 89
Young, A. H. , 2i5n
Youth organizations Qapan), 116
Zaibatsu, integration with industrial or- ganizations, 97-104; with national ex- pansion, 104-19; position in Japanese industry, 89-97, i*3' 233, 236; relation to cartels, 99; to peak associations, 100; structure, 93; trustee attitude, 260
Zeiss, 231, 285
Zenkoku Sangyo Dantai Rengokai see
National Federation of Industrialists Zentralausschuss der Unternehmerver- bande, see Central Committee of Ger-
man Employers' Associations Zentraleinkaufsgesellschaft, see Central
Purchasing Corporation
Zentralstelle fiir Vorbereitung von Han-
delsvertragen, see Central Bureau for
Preparation of Trade Agreements Zentralverband der deutschen Industriel- ler, see Central Federation of German
Industrialists
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