;
and was Insurance Commissioner of Massa-
chusetts.
and was Insurance Commissioner of Massa-
chusetts.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
S.
Treasury De-
partment; born in Newburyport, Mass. , in
1799; died at Saratoga, N. Y. , Aug. 24, 1870.
Hle published: Peter Schlemihl in America
(1848); ( The Modern Pilgrim' (1855); ( Marrying
Too Late) (1856); Future Life) (1858), re-
issued as “The Gates Wide Open' (1869).
Wood, John George. An English writer on
natural history ; born in London, 1827; died
at Coventry, March 4, 1889. He was a clergy-
man of the Church of England; edited The
Boy's Own Magazine, and Every Boy's Maga-
zine. He wrote the "Ilustrated Natural His-
tory) (new ed. 1865-66), with 1,500 original
illustrations;' Homes Without Hands (1864-65);
(A Popular Natural History) (1866); Natural
History of Man (2 vols. , 1868–70); “ Bible Ani-
mals) (1869); “The Modern Playmate (1870),
a book of games ; 'Man and Beasts, Here and
Hereafter) (1874); "Horse and Man' (1886); etc.
Wood, John Seymour. An American lawyer
and littérateur of New York city; born in
New York, 1853. He is editor of the Bachelor
of Arts, and has published: (Gramercy Park:
A Story of New York); (College Days: Yale
Yarns); (A Coign of Vantage); (A Daughter
of Venice); An Old Beau, and Other Stories. '
Wood, Mrs. Julia Amanda (Sargent). An
American writer of religious stories; born
in New Hampshire, 1826. She has written :
(Myrrha Lake); (Hubert's Wife); (Annette);
(Strayed from the Fold); (From Error to
Truth'; 'The Brown House at Duffield. ”
Wood, Mrs. Sarah Sayward (Barrell)
(Keating). An American writer of fiction ;
born in Maine, 1759; died in 1855. Her works
include: 'Duval); (Ferdinand and Almira; or,
The Influence of Virtue); (Tales of the Night);
and (The Illuminated Baron.
Woodberry, George Edward. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born at Bev-
erly, Mass. , May 12, 1855. He was professor of
English literature in Nebraska State Univer-
sity 1877-78 and 1880-82; in Columbia College,
1892. Besides numerous articles in magazines
and reviews, he has written a History of
Wood Engraving) (1883); "Life of Edgar Allan
Poe) (1885); and (The North Shore Watch,
and Other Poems) (1890). He has published
also an edition of Shelley (1894), and one of
Poe (1895), with E. C. Stedman. *
Woodrow, James. A distinguished Ameri-
can Presbyterian clergyman and educator; born
at Carlisle, England, May 30, 1828. He edited
the Southern Presbyterian Review, 1861-65,
and since 1865 has been editor of the Southern
Presbyterian. After filling several professor-
ships in various Southern colleges, he became
president of South Carolina College in 1891.
He has published many review articles, in-
cluding : (Geology and its Assailants) (1862);
(An Examination of Certain Recent Assaults
on Physical Science) (1873); (A Further Ex-
amination (1874); etc.
Woods, Mrs. Kate (Tannatt). An American
writer of juvenile tales; born in New York,
1838. Among her books are : (Six Little Reb-
els); (Out and About); (Dr. Dick); (The
Wooing of Grandmother Grey); (Grandfather
Grey); (Children's Stories ); (Toots and his
Friends); (The Duncans on Land and Sea.
Woods, Katharine Pearson. An American
writer of fiction; born in West Virginia, 1853.
Her published works include: “The Crowning
of Candace); (A Tale of King Messiah';
(From Dusk to Dawn); (A Web of Gold);
(Metzerott, Shoemaker: A Protest against So.
cial Injustice.
## p. 584 (#600) ############################################
584
WOODS - WORDSWORTH
Woods, Margaret L. A noted English novel-
ist ; born in London, 1859. She is daughter of
Dean Bradley oi Westminster, and wife of
President Woods of Trinity College, Oxford.
She has written : (A Village Tragedy) (1888);
(Esther Vanhomrigh' (1891); Vagabonds)
(1894); also (Lyrics and Ballads) (1888). *
Woodworth, Samuel. An American jour-
nalist and poet; born at Scituate, Mass. , Jan.
13, 1785; died in New York city, Dec. 9, 1842.
During the war of 1812-15 he edited, in New
York city, The War, a weekly journal, and
The Halcyon Luminary, a Swedenborgian
monthly. He was one of the founders of the
New York Mirror (1823-24); edited the Parthe-
non (1827); wrote a romantic history of the
war, called “The Champions of Freedom) (2
vols. , 1816), and several dramatic pieces. His
poetical works were published in 2 vols. in
1861. His famous poem is “The Old Oaken
Bucket.
Woolley, Mrs. Celia (Parker). An American
author and Unitarian minister at Geneva, Ill. ;
born in Ohio, 1848. She has written : (Roger
Hunt); A Girl Graduate); “Rachel Armstrong ;
or, Love and Theology.
Woolman, John. A Quaker preacher and
anti-slavery writer; born in Northampton, N. J. ,
August, 1720; died in York, England, Oct.
5, 1772. His writings contain the earliest pro-
test published in America against the slave
trade. His works include: "Some Considera-
tions on the Keeping of Negroes) (Philadel.
phia, 1753 and 1762); (Considerations on Pure
Wisdom, etc. (1708); (Considerations on the
True Harmony of Mankind, etc. (1770);
(Epistles to Quarterly Meetings of Friends,
etc. (1772). His Journal of Life and Travels)
was published in Philadelphia in 1775, and
edited by Whittier, 1871.
Woolner, Thomas. An English sculptor and
poet; born at Hadleigh, Dec. 17, 1825; died in
London, Oct. 7, 1892. He made busts of Car-
lyle and Tennyson, and a medallion portrait
of Tennyson, engraved for a frontispiece to the
Moxon edition of Tennyson. He was a Pre-
Raphaelite; and his popular poem “My Beauti-
ful Lady) (1863) first appeared in the Pre-
Raphaelite journal The Germ. His other
volumes are: Pygmalion (1881); Silenus'
(1884); and (Tiresias) (1886).
Woolsey, Sarah Chauncey. An American
author; born at Cleveland, O. , about 1845.
Under the pen-name (Susan Coolidge) she
is a popular writer, especially for children.
Some of her writings are : (The New Year's
Bargain) (1871); (What Katy Did) ( 1872);
(Verses) (1880); (A Guernsey Lily) (1881); (A
Little Country Girl (1885); and A Short His-
tory of the City of Philadelphia' (1887). She
edited : (The Diary and Letters of Mrs. De-
laney) (1878); and (The Diary and Letters of
Frances Burney, Madame D'Arblay. )
Woolsey, Theodore Dwight. An American
educator; born in New York city, Oct. 31, 1801;
died in New Haven, Conn. , July 1, 1889. He
edited the (Alcestis) of Euripides (1833); the
(Antigone) (1835), and the Electra' of Soph-
ocles (1837); the Prometheus) of Æschy-
lus (1837); and the (Gorgias) of Plato (1842).
He published his inaugural address, College
Education (1846); “Historical Discourse upon
Yale College) (1850); Introduction to the
Study of International Law) (1860); An Essay
on Divorce and Divorce Legislation) (1809);
a book of sermons, (The Religion of the Present
and the Future) (1871). He re-edited Prof.
Francis Lieber's (Civil Liberty and Self-Gov-
ernment) (1874), and his Manual of Political
Ethics) (1874). He also published a work on
Political Science) (1877), and one on Com-
munism and Socialism (1879).
Woolson, Mrs. Abba Louisa (Goold). An
American lecturer and author; born in Wind-
ham, Me. , April 30, 1838. She has given many
lectures on literary, social, historical, and dra-
matic subjects; and besides contributing to peri-
odicals has published: (Women in American
Society) (1873); Browsing among Books)
(1881); 'George Eliot and her lleroines) (1880);
and 'Dress as it Affects the Health of Women)
(1874), a series of lectures.
Woolson, Constance Fenimore. An Amer.
ican novelist and poet; born at Claremont,
N. H. , March 5, 1848; died at Venice, January
1894. Her principal books are: (Castle No-
where ) (1875); Rodman the Keeper) (1880);
(Anne) (1882); (For the Major) (1883); (East
Angels) (1886); Jupiter Lights) (1889); and
(Horace Chase) (1894). *
Worcester, Joseph Emerson. A famous
American lexicographer, author of Worces-
ter's Dictionary); born in Bedford, N. H. , Aug.
24, 1784 ; settled in Cambridge, Mass. , 1820.
and died there, Oct. 27, 1865. He graduated
at Yale in 1811, and very shortly began his life
work as a dictionary-maker. His first publi-
cation was: (A Geographical Dictionary, or
Universal Gazetteer) (1817, revised 1823); fol.
lowed by "Gazetteer of the United States) (1818);
( Elements of Geography) (1819); (Sketches of
the Earth and its Inhabitants) (1823); Elements
of History) (1826). In 1830 he published the
(Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory
English Dictionary) (enlarged editions appeared
1847-49-55). In 1860 he published the great
quarto, Dictionary of the English Language)
(Illustrated), a standard authority wherever the
English tongue is spoken. .
Wordsworth, William. The great English
poet; born at Cockermouth, Cumberland, April
7, 1770; died at Rydal Mount, April 23, 1850.
He was poet-laureate, 1843. A resident of
the lake district in Westmoreland and Cum-
berland, he was one of the celebrated Lake
School” or “Lake Poets, which included
also Coleridge and Southey. Among his best-
known works were : (An Evening Walk)
(1793); 'Lyrical Ballads' (1798); two volumes of
(Poems) (1807); (The Excursion) (1814); new
edition of "Poems) (1815); (The White Doe of
(
## p. 585 (#601) ############################################
WORK - WRIGHT
585
Rylstone) (1815); (Thanksgiving Ode) (1816);
(Peter Bell) and (The Waggoner) (1819);
(Yarrow Revisited, and Other Poems) (1835);
(Sonnets) (1838); ( The Prelude) (1850); etc. *
Work, Henry Clay. A leading American
song-writer; born in Middletown, Conn. , Oct.
1, 1832; died in Hartford, Conn. , June 8, 1884.
He was highly popular in three different classes
of songs : of the War, as (Kingdom Comin',
(Wake Nicodemus,' Babylon is Fallen,
(Marching Through Georgia'; of temperance,
as Father, Dear Father, Come Home with
Me Now); sentimental, as (My Grandfather's
Clock) and Lily Dale. )
Workman, Mrs. Fanny (Bullock ). An
American writer of travels; born in Massachu-
setts, 1859. She has written : (Algerian Memo-
ries); (A Bicycle Tour over the Atlas to the
Sahara); (Sketches Awheel in Modern Iberia.
Wormeley, Katharine Prescott. An Amer-
ican author, and prominent translator from the
French; born in Suffolk, England, July 14,
1832. She is most widely known as a trans-
lator of Honoré de Balzac's novels; and has
written : (The Other Side of War) (1881);
(Life of Balzac); (The U. S. Sanitary Com-
mission) (1863).
Wornum, Ralph Nicholson. An English
writer on the fine arts; born at Thornton,
Northumberland, Dec. 29, 1812; died at llamp-
stead, Sept. 15, 1877. He was keeper and sec-
retary of the National Gallery (1855). He
wrote: (Analysis of Ornament' (1856); (Sketch
of the History of Painting) (4th ed. 1861);
(Epochs of Painting) (1864); "Life of Hol-
bein) (1867).
Worsaae, Jens Jakob Asmussen (vor'sâ-e).
A Danish historian; born at Veile, Jutland,
March 14, 1821; died near Holbäk, Aug. 15,
1885. He was director of the Museum of
Northern Antiquities, Copenhagen, from 1866;
minister of public worship 1874-75. He wrote:
(Primeval Antiquities of Denmark) (1843);
(Account of the Danes in England, Scotland,
and Ireland' (1851); «The Danish Conquest of
England and Normandy) (1863); etc.
Wotton, Henry, Sir. An English diploma-
tist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born at
Boughton, Malherbe, Kent, March 30, 1568;
died at Eton, December 1639. After spending
twenty years almost continuously in the diplo-
matic service, he became provost of Eton in
1625. He wrote: Poems, which have been
many times reprinted, generally with those of
Raleigh ; (Reliquiæ Wottonianze) (Wotton's
Remains: 1651), his best-known work, edited
with a life by his friend Izaak Walton; Ele-
ments of Architecture); (State of Christen-
dom'; etc.
Wotton, William. An English clergyman and
scholar; born at Wrentham, Suffolk, Aug. 13,
1666; died at Buxted, Essex, Feb. 13, 1726. He
was prebendary of Salisbury 1705. He wrote
(Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learn-
ing) (3d ed. 1705), History of Rome) (1701),
etc. ; and edited the Laws of Howel the Good)
(1730), in Welsh and Latin, with glossary.
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel William. An Eng-
lish statesman and historian; born at Bristol,
April 8, 1751; died at Dover, Nov. 7, 1831.
Going to India in the service of the East India
Company in 1769, he remained there till 1772;
then spent several years traveling; was Mem-
ber of Parliament in 1780. He wrote: (Kings
of France of the House of Valois) (1777);
(History of France) (1795); (Memoirs of the
Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, and Vienna
(1799); Historical Memoirs of my Own Time)
(new ed. 5 vols. , 1884); ete.
Wright, Carroll Davidson. An American
statistician, lecturer, and writer on political econ-
omy; born in Dunbarton, N. H. , July 25, 1840.
After distinguished service in the Civil War,
he was a member of the Massachusetts Legis-
lature, 1871-72; afterwards chief of the State
Bureau of Statistics, lecturer at Harvard Uni-
versity, and United States Commissioner of
Labor from 1885. He is professor of political
science in the Catholic University at Washing-
ton, D. C. Besides numerous addresses, pam-
phlets, and articles in reviews, he has published :
Reports of Massachusetts Bureau of Labor)
(15 vols. , 1873-88); "Census of Massachusetts)
(1876–77); “The Factory System of the United
States) (1882); Reports of the U. S. Commis-
sioner of Labor, including 'Industrial Depres-
sions) (1886), "Convict Labor) (1886), (Strikes
and Lockouts) (1887), and Railroad Labor);
etc. He has written much on social economy,
and is authority on statistics.
Wright, Elizur. An American reformer, jour-
nalist, and author; born in South Canaan,
Conn. , Feb. 12, 1804 ; died in Medford, Mass. ,
Nov. 21, 1885. He graduated at Yale, 1826;
taught school, and was professor of mathe-
matics in Western Reserve College, 1829-33.
He was identified with the Anti-Slavery move-
ment in 1833; was editor of the newspapers
The Emancipator, and Human Rights, and
the quarterly Anti-Slavery Magazine. He pub-
lished several works on life insurance, “Savings
Banks Life Insurance) (1872), « The Politics
and Mysteries of Life Insurance) (1873), etc.
;
and was Insurance Commissioner of Massa-
chusetts. He wrote an introduction to Whit-
tier's poems (1844); and published a translation
in verse of (La Fontaine's Fables) (1859. )
Wright, Fanny. See D'Arusmont.
Wright, George Frederick. An American
geologist and author; born in Whitelaw, N. Y. ,
Jan. 22, 1838. He was a Congregational cler-
gyman (1862–72), and professor of Harmony
of Science and Revelation in Oberlin Col-
lege. Since 1884 he has been connected with
the U. S. Geological Survey. His works in-
clude : « The Logic of Christian Evidence(1880);
(Studies in Science and Religion (1882);( The
Relation of Death to Probation (1882); (The
Glacial Boundary in Ohio, Indiana, and Ken-
tucky) (1884); ( The Divine Authority of the
## p. 586 (#602) ############################################
586
WRIGHT - WYCLIF
(
)
Bible) (1884);( The Ice Age in North America);
Man and the Glacial Period. "
Wright, Henrietta Christian. An American
writer for the young.
Her works include the
"Golden Fairy Series) (5 vols. , 1883; published
also as (The Little Folk in Green,' illustrated,
1883);“Children's Stories of American Progress
(1886); “Children's Stories of the Great Scien-
tists) (1888).
Wright, Mrs. Julia (McNair). An Ameri-
can author and writer of temperance tales;
born in Oswego, N. Y. , May 1, 1840. Her
books are anti-Catholic in tone, and include:
Priest and Nun) (1869); "Jug-or-Not) (1870);
(Saints and Sinners) (1873); (The Early Church
in Britain' (1874); (Bricks from Babel (1876);
(The Complete Home) (1879); (A Wife Hard
Won (1882); and (A Million Too Much. '
Wright, Mrs. Mabel (Osgood). An Ameri-
can writer on nature ; born in New York, 1859.
She has written : (The Friendship of Nature,
a series of outdoor studies; Birdcraft,' a book
on New England birds; (Tommy-Anne: A
Natural History Story); and (Citizen Bird,
a book for beginners.
Wright, Thomas. An English antiquary
and historian; born near Ludlow, April 21,
1810; died in London, Dec. 23, 1877. He was
one of the founders of the British Archæological
Association, and directed the excavation of Uri-
conium. A prolific worker, he wrote : Queen
Elizabeth and her Times) (1838); Essays on
the Literature, Popular Superstitions, and His-
tory of England in the Middle Ages) (1846);
"Narrative of Sorcery and Magic) (1851);
(Wanderings of an Antiquary (1854); (Essays
on Archæological Subjects) (1861); (Manners
and Sentiments in England during the Middle
Ages) (1862); 'Caricature History of the
Georges) (new ed. 1808); (Womankind in West-
ern Europe) (1869); History of Caricature
and the Grotesque) (2d ed. 1875); (The Celt,
the Roman, and the Saxon (5th ed. 1890); etc.
He edited (Early English Poetry (1836); (Piers
Plowman) (1842); (The Chester Plays) (1843-
47); “The Canterbury Tales) (1847-51); ‘Works
of James Gillray) (1873); etc.
Wright, William Aldis. An English editor,
noted as a Shakespearean scholar; born about
1836. He was the principal contributor in Bib-
lical geography and biography to Dr. Smith's
(Dictionary of the Bible) (3 vols. , 1860–63),
and made an abridged edition. He edited
Bacon's essays (1862), and his (Advancement
of Learning) (1869); was co-editor with W.
Clark, of the (Cambridge Shakspeare) (9 vols. ,
1863–66), and the (Globe Shakspeare) (1 vol. ,
1864); and edited the Bible Word-Book) (1866),
Chaucer's (Clerk's Tale, the Metrical Chroni-
cle) of Robert of Gloucester, and other works.
Wright, William Burnet. An American
Congregational clergyman; born in Ohio, 1836.
Among his books are : (Ancient Cities from
the Dawn to the Daylight); ( The World to
Come); (Master and Men); (The Sermon on
the Mountain Practiced on the Plain.
Wulfila. See Ulfilas.
Wundt, Wilhelm Max (vönt). A distin-
guished German physiologist and philosopher ;
born at Neckarau, Baden, Aug. 16, 1832. He
has been professor of philosophy at Leipsic
since 1875. His works include : (Science of
Muscular Motion) (1858); (Manual of Human
Physiology) (4th ed. 1878); "Ethics) (2d ed.
1892); «The Human and the Animal Soul (2d
ed. 1892; in English, 1894); (Logic) (2d ed.
1892-95); Elements of Physiological Psychol-
ogy) (4th ed. 1893); (System of Philosophy)
(2d ed. 1897); Outline of Psychology) (2d ed.
1897; in English, 1894); etc. As a physiolo-
gist has advanced psychology by his work.
As a philosopher he has introduced the in-
ductive method into sciences previously purely
speculative (e. g. , logic and ethics), and sought
to advance psychology by exact measurements
(as of the time needed by a nerve stimulation
to reach consciousness and become a percept).
Wuttke, Emma (vöt'kė). A German novelist,
wife of Heinrich Wuttke; born at Breslau,
March 7, 1833. Her home is at Dresden. She
became known under her maiden name, E.
Biller, as a writer for the young. Since marry-
ing, she has written the successful historical
romances : Barbara Ittenhausen (6th ed. 1896);
Barbara of Brandenburg' (2d ed. 1896);
(Under the Governess's Sceptre) (1888); “Duty'
(1896); etc.
Wuttke, Heinrich. A German historian and
politician; born at Brieg, Silesia, Feb. 12, 1818;
died at Leipsic, June 14, 1876. He was pro-
fessor at Leipsic (1848), and member of the
national assembly; in the latter capacity he
was a founder and prominent representative
of the “Great German party. He wrote:
(King Frederick the Great (1842-43); (Poles
and Germans) (1847); The Battle of Leipsic)
(1863); (German Periodicals and the Forma-
tion of Public Opinion (3d ed. 1876); etc.
Wyatt, Sir Thomas. An English poet and
diplomatist ; born at Arlington Castle, Kent,
1503; died at Sherborne, Oct. II, 1542. He
wrote many poems, chiefly love sonnets, in the
Italian manner. These were published in 1557,
and have been often reprinted. The best
edition of his complete works is that by Rev.
George F. Nott, along with those of his friend,
the Earl of Surrey (2 vols. , 1815-16). *
Wycherley, William. An English dramatist;
born at Clive, about 1640; died in London,
Jan. I, 1715. Some of his plays were: (Love
in a Wood (1672); (The Gentleman Dancing.
Master) (1673); (The Country Wife' (1075);
and (The Plain-Dealer) (1677). A volume of
(Poems) was published in 1704. His comedies
were in prose, and very coarse. His Post-
humous Works) were published in 1728; and
his collected Plays) in 1712.
Wyclif, Wickliffe or Wiclif, John. Born
near Richmond, England, probably some years
## p. 587 (#603) ############################################
WYNNE --XENOPHON OF EPHESUS
587
before 1324; died Dec. 31, i 384. His great
work was the translation, with the help of his
pupils, of the entire Bible into English (1382).
Some of his writings, edited hy different hands,
have been issued from 1840 to 1880; as : "Last
Age of the Church); Apology for Lollard
Doctrines '; (Three Treatises (1) of the Church
and her members; (2) of the Apostacy of the
Church; (3) of Antichrist and his Maynee);
(English Tracts and Treatises,' with (Selections
and Translations from his Latin Works); (Se.
lect English Works, including many sermons
(3 vols. ); (English Works Hitherto Unpub.
lished, issued in 1880. Many of his Latin writ-
ings remain unpublished. *
Wynne, Mrs. Madelene (Yale). An Amer-
ican artist and story-writer, daughter of Mrs.
Catharine Brooks Yale; born in New York
State, 1847. She has written (The Little Room,
and Other Stories. '
Wyss, Johann Rudolf (vis). A Swiss author;
born at Berne, March 13, 1781; died there,
March 31, 1830. His writings are: Lectures
on the Supreme Good) (2 vols. , 1811); Idylls,
Folk-Songs, Legends, and Narratives from
Switzerland) (3 vols. , 1815–22); and (Travels
in the Bernese Alps) (1808). He edited a series
called (Alpenrose) (20 vols. , 1811-30). His
(Swiss Family Robinson has been translated
into many languages.
X
Xacca, Erasmus (Hä’kä). A Sicilian writer;
born about 1643; died about 1708. He was
doctor of theology, medicine, and laws, and
took orders, but devoted much time to litera-
ture. He left (An Exposition of the Psalms
of David, and an original poem, (A Brief
Narrative of the Eruption of Mt. Etna in the
Year 1669,' published 1671.
Xanthos (zän'thos). A Greek lyric poet,
who lived probably about 650 B. C. Nothing
of his poetry has been preserved, but he is
highly spoken of by other writers.
Xanthos of Lydia. A Greek historian; liv-
ing about the sixth century B. C. , contempo-
rary with Herodotus. He wrote a work called
(Lydiaca, being a history of Lydia from heroic
times down, and giving also a geographical
description of the country; only fragments of
it have been preserved.
Xariffa. See Mrs. Mary Ashley Townsend.
Xavier, Francisco (zav'ê-ėr). The Apostle
of the Indies; born at Xaviero, his mother's
castle in the Basque country, April 7 (? ), 1506;
died in the island of Sancian near China, Dec.
2 or 22, 1552. His works comprise : "Letters,
in five volumes, published at Paris in 1631 ; a
(Catechism'; and some short treatises. He
played a prominent part in the foundation of
the Jesuit order, and was canonized in 1622.
Xavier, Jerome (zav'7-ėr; Span. pron. , Hä-
vē-år'). A Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer;
born in Navarre; died in Goa, 16– He wrote
both in Latin and in Persian. Among his
chief works are: (A Treatise on the Mysteries
of Christianity) (1600); a Life of the Apostles);
a (History of Jesus Christ); and a Directory
of Kings for the Government of their Sub-
jects.
Xenarchus (ze-när'kus). An Athenian comic
poet of the Middle Comedy ; Aourished about
350 to 330 B. C. Fragments of his works are
extant.
Xenocles (zen'ö-klēz). A Greek tragic poet;
born at Athens, about the fourth century B. C. ,
in the time of Philip of Macedon. Little is
known of his life, but he obtained a prize for
four plays, '(Edipus, (Lycaon, the Bacchan-
tes,' and Athamas.
Xenocrates (zē-nok'rą-tēz). A Greek writer
and philosopher; born in Chalcedon, in 396
B. C. ; died 314 in Athens, where he had
removed in early youth, and where he joined
Plato. He was for some years scholarch, or
rector, of the Academy. His writings were
numerous, chiefly on metaphysics and ethics,
laying special stress upon the latter, and work-
ing on Platonic lines. He is said to have first
divided philosophy into physic, didactic, and
ethic.
Xenophanes (ze-nof'a-nēz). A Greek writer
and philosopher; born in Colophon about the
third or fourth decade of the sixth century
B. C. , and died at the age of 92, at Elea, in
Southern Italy, where, exiled from his Ionian
home, he had established himself. He is the
reputed founder of the Eleatic philosophy, and
his teachings found expression in both elegiac
and epic poems, the most important being (On
Nature) and (Satires. )
Xenophon (zen'o-fon). The famous author
of the Anabasis); born at Athens, about 430
B. C. ; died in Corinth, about 355 B. C. He is
the author of the Hellenics); Anabasis);
(Encomium of Agesilaus); Horsemanship';
(Hipparchicus); Cynegeticus); Lacedæmo-
nian Polity); (Cyropædeia'; Athenian Fi-
nance); Memorabilia of Socrates); (Sympo.
sium); ((Economicus); (Hieron); (Apology of
Socrates. (The Polity of Athens) is now re-
garded as an anonymous work incorporated
into the text of Xenophon, but probably not
his. *
Xenophon of Ephesus, called Xenophon
the Younger. A Greek writer, who lived in
the second century of the Christian era. Only
>
3
## p. 588 (#604) ############################################
588
XENOS – YALE
one work of his has been preserved, a story in
five books, called “Ephesiaca; or, The Loves of
Abrocomas and Anthia,' the style of which
is pure, elegant, and yet simple, and the action
rapid.
Xenos, Stefanos Theodoros (zen'os ). A
modern Greek historical writer. He resided
for many years in London. He wrote: (The
Devil in Turkey; or, Scenes in Constantinople)
(London, 1850); (The Heroine of the Greek
Revolution' (1861), republished in America as
"Andronike); “East and West) (1865).
Xeres, Francisco (Hār'ās). A Spanish his-
torian, who lived in the sixteenth century, ac-
companying Pizarro, as his secretary, to Peru,
about 1530. Of that expedition he wrote a
detailed history, entitled (A True Account of
the Conquest of Peru' (1549), still considered
of great value as a source of information.
Ximenes, August Louis (ze-ma-nes'). A
French poet of Spanish descent; born at Paris,
1726; died 1815. Among his writings are sev-
eral tragedies, notably one called (Don Car-
los); also a poem, Cæsar in the Senate,' and
critical essays of value.
Ximenes, Enrico Emilio (He-mā'nes).
An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Palermo,
May 14, 1857. He founded, in 1882, the daily
journals Vespers and Democracy at Palermo.
He has written (The Sicilian Vespers) (1882),
Ninna-Nanna' (1884), in verse; 'Critical Study
of Garibaldian Literature ) (1885); (Correspond-
ence of Giuseppe Garibaldi) (2 vols. , 1886);
"Syracuse in the Past and Present) (1887);
(Anna Bonanno, a historical romance; (Two
Years of History); etc.
Ximenes, Peter (shē-mā'nes). A Portuguese-
Dutch theologian; born at Middelburg, Hol-
land, 1514; died 1595. He wrote in Latin
Demonstration of the Catholic Truth,
Ximenes, Rodrigo.
partment; born in Newburyport, Mass. , in
1799; died at Saratoga, N. Y. , Aug. 24, 1870.
Hle published: Peter Schlemihl in America
(1848); ( The Modern Pilgrim' (1855); ( Marrying
Too Late) (1856); Future Life) (1858), re-
issued as “The Gates Wide Open' (1869).
Wood, John George. An English writer on
natural history ; born in London, 1827; died
at Coventry, March 4, 1889. He was a clergy-
man of the Church of England; edited The
Boy's Own Magazine, and Every Boy's Maga-
zine. He wrote the "Ilustrated Natural His-
tory) (new ed. 1865-66), with 1,500 original
illustrations;' Homes Without Hands (1864-65);
(A Popular Natural History) (1866); Natural
History of Man (2 vols. , 1868–70); “ Bible Ani-
mals) (1869); “The Modern Playmate (1870),
a book of games ; 'Man and Beasts, Here and
Hereafter) (1874); "Horse and Man' (1886); etc.
Wood, John Seymour. An American lawyer
and littérateur of New York city; born in
New York, 1853. He is editor of the Bachelor
of Arts, and has published: (Gramercy Park:
A Story of New York); (College Days: Yale
Yarns); (A Coign of Vantage); (A Daughter
of Venice); An Old Beau, and Other Stories. '
Wood, Mrs. Julia Amanda (Sargent). An
American writer of religious stories; born
in New Hampshire, 1826. She has written :
(Myrrha Lake); (Hubert's Wife); (Annette);
(Strayed from the Fold); (From Error to
Truth'; 'The Brown House at Duffield. ”
Wood, Mrs. Sarah Sayward (Barrell)
(Keating). An American writer of fiction ;
born in Maine, 1759; died in 1855. Her works
include: 'Duval); (Ferdinand and Almira; or,
The Influence of Virtue); (Tales of the Night);
and (The Illuminated Baron.
Woodberry, George Edward. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born at Bev-
erly, Mass. , May 12, 1855. He was professor of
English literature in Nebraska State Univer-
sity 1877-78 and 1880-82; in Columbia College,
1892. Besides numerous articles in magazines
and reviews, he has written a History of
Wood Engraving) (1883); "Life of Edgar Allan
Poe) (1885); and (The North Shore Watch,
and Other Poems) (1890). He has published
also an edition of Shelley (1894), and one of
Poe (1895), with E. C. Stedman. *
Woodrow, James. A distinguished Ameri-
can Presbyterian clergyman and educator; born
at Carlisle, England, May 30, 1828. He edited
the Southern Presbyterian Review, 1861-65,
and since 1865 has been editor of the Southern
Presbyterian. After filling several professor-
ships in various Southern colleges, he became
president of South Carolina College in 1891.
He has published many review articles, in-
cluding : (Geology and its Assailants) (1862);
(An Examination of Certain Recent Assaults
on Physical Science) (1873); (A Further Ex-
amination (1874); etc.
Woods, Mrs. Kate (Tannatt). An American
writer of juvenile tales; born in New York,
1838. Among her books are : (Six Little Reb-
els); (Out and About); (Dr. Dick); (The
Wooing of Grandmother Grey); (Grandfather
Grey); (Children's Stories ); (Toots and his
Friends); (The Duncans on Land and Sea.
Woods, Katharine Pearson. An American
writer of fiction; born in West Virginia, 1853.
Her published works include: “The Crowning
of Candace); (A Tale of King Messiah';
(From Dusk to Dawn); (A Web of Gold);
(Metzerott, Shoemaker: A Protest against So.
cial Injustice.
## p. 584 (#600) ############################################
584
WOODS - WORDSWORTH
Woods, Margaret L. A noted English novel-
ist ; born in London, 1859. She is daughter of
Dean Bradley oi Westminster, and wife of
President Woods of Trinity College, Oxford.
She has written : (A Village Tragedy) (1888);
(Esther Vanhomrigh' (1891); Vagabonds)
(1894); also (Lyrics and Ballads) (1888). *
Woodworth, Samuel. An American jour-
nalist and poet; born at Scituate, Mass. , Jan.
13, 1785; died in New York city, Dec. 9, 1842.
During the war of 1812-15 he edited, in New
York city, The War, a weekly journal, and
The Halcyon Luminary, a Swedenborgian
monthly. He was one of the founders of the
New York Mirror (1823-24); edited the Parthe-
non (1827); wrote a romantic history of the
war, called “The Champions of Freedom) (2
vols. , 1816), and several dramatic pieces. His
poetical works were published in 2 vols. in
1861. His famous poem is “The Old Oaken
Bucket.
Woolley, Mrs. Celia (Parker). An American
author and Unitarian minister at Geneva, Ill. ;
born in Ohio, 1848. She has written : (Roger
Hunt); A Girl Graduate); “Rachel Armstrong ;
or, Love and Theology.
Woolman, John. A Quaker preacher and
anti-slavery writer; born in Northampton, N. J. ,
August, 1720; died in York, England, Oct.
5, 1772. His writings contain the earliest pro-
test published in America against the slave
trade. His works include: "Some Considera-
tions on the Keeping of Negroes) (Philadel.
phia, 1753 and 1762); (Considerations on Pure
Wisdom, etc. (1708); (Considerations on the
True Harmony of Mankind, etc. (1770);
(Epistles to Quarterly Meetings of Friends,
etc. (1772). His Journal of Life and Travels)
was published in Philadelphia in 1775, and
edited by Whittier, 1871.
Woolner, Thomas. An English sculptor and
poet; born at Hadleigh, Dec. 17, 1825; died in
London, Oct. 7, 1892. He made busts of Car-
lyle and Tennyson, and a medallion portrait
of Tennyson, engraved for a frontispiece to the
Moxon edition of Tennyson. He was a Pre-
Raphaelite; and his popular poem “My Beauti-
ful Lady) (1863) first appeared in the Pre-
Raphaelite journal The Germ. His other
volumes are: Pygmalion (1881); Silenus'
(1884); and (Tiresias) (1886).
Woolsey, Sarah Chauncey. An American
author; born at Cleveland, O. , about 1845.
Under the pen-name (Susan Coolidge) she
is a popular writer, especially for children.
Some of her writings are : (The New Year's
Bargain) (1871); (What Katy Did) ( 1872);
(Verses) (1880); (A Guernsey Lily) (1881); (A
Little Country Girl (1885); and A Short His-
tory of the City of Philadelphia' (1887). She
edited : (The Diary and Letters of Mrs. De-
laney) (1878); and (The Diary and Letters of
Frances Burney, Madame D'Arblay. )
Woolsey, Theodore Dwight. An American
educator; born in New York city, Oct. 31, 1801;
died in New Haven, Conn. , July 1, 1889. He
edited the (Alcestis) of Euripides (1833); the
(Antigone) (1835), and the Electra' of Soph-
ocles (1837); the Prometheus) of Æschy-
lus (1837); and the (Gorgias) of Plato (1842).
He published his inaugural address, College
Education (1846); “Historical Discourse upon
Yale College) (1850); Introduction to the
Study of International Law) (1860); An Essay
on Divorce and Divorce Legislation) (1809);
a book of sermons, (The Religion of the Present
and the Future) (1871). He re-edited Prof.
Francis Lieber's (Civil Liberty and Self-Gov-
ernment) (1874), and his Manual of Political
Ethics) (1874). He also published a work on
Political Science) (1877), and one on Com-
munism and Socialism (1879).
Woolson, Mrs. Abba Louisa (Goold). An
American lecturer and author; born in Wind-
ham, Me. , April 30, 1838. She has given many
lectures on literary, social, historical, and dra-
matic subjects; and besides contributing to peri-
odicals has published: (Women in American
Society) (1873); Browsing among Books)
(1881); 'George Eliot and her lleroines) (1880);
and 'Dress as it Affects the Health of Women)
(1874), a series of lectures.
Woolson, Constance Fenimore. An Amer.
ican novelist and poet; born at Claremont,
N. H. , March 5, 1848; died at Venice, January
1894. Her principal books are: (Castle No-
where ) (1875); Rodman the Keeper) (1880);
(Anne) (1882); (For the Major) (1883); (East
Angels) (1886); Jupiter Lights) (1889); and
(Horace Chase) (1894). *
Worcester, Joseph Emerson. A famous
American lexicographer, author of Worces-
ter's Dictionary); born in Bedford, N. H. , Aug.
24, 1784 ; settled in Cambridge, Mass. , 1820.
and died there, Oct. 27, 1865. He graduated
at Yale in 1811, and very shortly began his life
work as a dictionary-maker. His first publi-
cation was: (A Geographical Dictionary, or
Universal Gazetteer) (1817, revised 1823); fol.
lowed by "Gazetteer of the United States) (1818);
( Elements of Geography) (1819); (Sketches of
the Earth and its Inhabitants) (1823); Elements
of History) (1826). In 1830 he published the
(Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory
English Dictionary) (enlarged editions appeared
1847-49-55). In 1860 he published the great
quarto, Dictionary of the English Language)
(Illustrated), a standard authority wherever the
English tongue is spoken. .
Wordsworth, William. The great English
poet; born at Cockermouth, Cumberland, April
7, 1770; died at Rydal Mount, April 23, 1850.
He was poet-laureate, 1843. A resident of
the lake district in Westmoreland and Cum-
berland, he was one of the celebrated Lake
School” or “Lake Poets, which included
also Coleridge and Southey. Among his best-
known works were : (An Evening Walk)
(1793); 'Lyrical Ballads' (1798); two volumes of
(Poems) (1807); (The Excursion) (1814); new
edition of "Poems) (1815); (The White Doe of
(
## p. 585 (#601) ############################################
WORK - WRIGHT
585
Rylstone) (1815); (Thanksgiving Ode) (1816);
(Peter Bell) and (The Waggoner) (1819);
(Yarrow Revisited, and Other Poems) (1835);
(Sonnets) (1838); ( The Prelude) (1850); etc. *
Work, Henry Clay. A leading American
song-writer; born in Middletown, Conn. , Oct.
1, 1832; died in Hartford, Conn. , June 8, 1884.
He was highly popular in three different classes
of songs : of the War, as (Kingdom Comin',
(Wake Nicodemus,' Babylon is Fallen,
(Marching Through Georgia'; of temperance,
as Father, Dear Father, Come Home with
Me Now); sentimental, as (My Grandfather's
Clock) and Lily Dale. )
Workman, Mrs. Fanny (Bullock ). An
American writer of travels; born in Massachu-
setts, 1859. She has written : (Algerian Memo-
ries); (A Bicycle Tour over the Atlas to the
Sahara); (Sketches Awheel in Modern Iberia.
Wormeley, Katharine Prescott. An Amer-
ican author, and prominent translator from the
French; born in Suffolk, England, July 14,
1832. She is most widely known as a trans-
lator of Honoré de Balzac's novels; and has
written : (The Other Side of War) (1881);
(Life of Balzac); (The U. S. Sanitary Com-
mission) (1863).
Wornum, Ralph Nicholson. An English
writer on the fine arts; born at Thornton,
Northumberland, Dec. 29, 1812; died at llamp-
stead, Sept. 15, 1877. He was keeper and sec-
retary of the National Gallery (1855). He
wrote: (Analysis of Ornament' (1856); (Sketch
of the History of Painting) (4th ed. 1861);
(Epochs of Painting) (1864); "Life of Hol-
bein) (1867).
Worsaae, Jens Jakob Asmussen (vor'sâ-e).
A Danish historian; born at Veile, Jutland,
March 14, 1821; died near Holbäk, Aug. 15,
1885. He was director of the Museum of
Northern Antiquities, Copenhagen, from 1866;
minister of public worship 1874-75. He wrote:
(Primeval Antiquities of Denmark) (1843);
(Account of the Danes in England, Scotland,
and Ireland' (1851); «The Danish Conquest of
England and Normandy) (1863); etc.
Wotton, Henry, Sir. An English diploma-
tist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born at
Boughton, Malherbe, Kent, March 30, 1568;
died at Eton, December 1639. After spending
twenty years almost continuously in the diplo-
matic service, he became provost of Eton in
1625. He wrote: Poems, which have been
many times reprinted, generally with those of
Raleigh ; (Reliquiæ Wottonianze) (Wotton's
Remains: 1651), his best-known work, edited
with a life by his friend Izaak Walton; Ele-
ments of Architecture); (State of Christen-
dom'; etc.
Wotton, William. An English clergyman and
scholar; born at Wrentham, Suffolk, Aug. 13,
1666; died at Buxted, Essex, Feb. 13, 1726. He
was prebendary of Salisbury 1705. He wrote
(Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learn-
ing) (3d ed. 1705), History of Rome) (1701),
etc. ; and edited the Laws of Howel the Good)
(1730), in Welsh and Latin, with glossary.
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel William. An Eng-
lish statesman and historian; born at Bristol,
April 8, 1751; died at Dover, Nov. 7, 1831.
Going to India in the service of the East India
Company in 1769, he remained there till 1772;
then spent several years traveling; was Mem-
ber of Parliament in 1780. He wrote: (Kings
of France of the House of Valois) (1777);
(History of France) (1795); (Memoirs of the
Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, and Vienna
(1799); Historical Memoirs of my Own Time)
(new ed. 5 vols. , 1884); ete.
Wright, Carroll Davidson. An American
statistician, lecturer, and writer on political econ-
omy; born in Dunbarton, N. H. , July 25, 1840.
After distinguished service in the Civil War,
he was a member of the Massachusetts Legis-
lature, 1871-72; afterwards chief of the State
Bureau of Statistics, lecturer at Harvard Uni-
versity, and United States Commissioner of
Labor from 1885. He is professor of political
science in the Catholic University at Washing-
ton, D. C. Besides numerous addresses, pam-
phlets, and articles in reviews, he has published :
Reports of Massachusetts Bureau of Labor)
(15 vols. , 1873-88); "Census of Massachusetts)
(1876–77); “The Factory System of the United
States) (1882); Reports of the U. S. Commis-
sioner of Labor, including 'Industrial Depres-
sions) (1886), "Convict Labor) (1886), (Strikes
and Lockouts) (1887), and Railroad Labor);
etc. He has written much on social economy,
and is authority on statistics.
Wright, Elizur. An American reformer, jour-
nalist, and author; born in South Canaan,
Conn. , Feb. 12, 1804 ; died in Medford, Mass. ,
Nov. 21, 1885. He graduated at Yale, 1826;
taught school, and was professor of mathe-
matics in Western Reserve College, 1829-33.
He was identified with the Anti-Slavery move-
ment in 1833; was editor of the newspapers
The Emancipator, and Human Rights, and
the quarterly Anti-Slavery Magazine. He pub-
lished several works on life insurance, “Savings
Banks Life Insurance) (1872), « The Politics
and Mysteries of Life Insurance) (1873), etc.
;
and was Insurance Commissioner of Massa-
chusetts. He wrote an introduction to Whit-
tier's poems (1844); and published a translation
in verse of (La Fontaine's Fables) (1859. )
Wright, Fanny. See D'Arusmont.
Wright, George Frederick. An American
geologist and author; born in Whitelaw, N. Y. ,
Jan. 22, 1838. He was a Congregational cler-
gyman (1862–72), and professor of Harmony
of Science and Revelation in Oberlin Col-
lege. Since 1884 he has been connected with
the U. S. Geological Survey. His works in-
clude : « The Logic of Christian Evidence(1880);
(Studies in Science and Religion (1882);( The
Relation of Death to Probation (1882); (The
Glacial Boundary in Ohio, Indiana, and Ken-
tucky) (1884); ( The Divine Authority of the
## p. 586 (#602) ############################################
586
WRIGHT - WYCLIF
(
)
Bible) (1884);( The Ice Age in North America);
Man and the Glacial Period. "
Wright, Henrietta Christian. An American
writer for the young.
Her works include the
"Golden Fairy Series) (5 vols. , 1883; published
also as (The Little Folk in Green,' illustrated,
1883);“Children's Stories of American Progress
(1886); “Children's Stories of the Great Scien-
tists) (1888).
Wright, Mrs. Julia (McNair). An Ameri-
can author and writer of temperance tales;
born in Oswego, N. Y. , May 1, 1840. Her
books are anti-Catholic in tone, and include:
Priest and Nun) (1869); "Jug-or-Not) (1870);
(Saints and Sinners) (1873); (The Early Church
in Britain' (1874); (Bricks from Babel (1876);
(The Complete Home) (1879); (A Wife Hard
Won (1882); and (A Million Too Much. '
Wright, Mrs. Mabel (Osgood). An Ameri-
can writer on nature ; born in New York, 1859.
She has written : (The Friendship of Nature,
a series of outdoor studies; Birdcraft,' a book
on New England birds; (Tommy-Anne: A
Natural History Story); and (Citizen Bird,
a book for beginners.
Wright, Thomas. An English antiquary
and historian; born near Ludlow, April 21,
1810; died in London, Dec. 23, 1877. He was
one of the founders of the British Archæological
Association, and directed the excavation of Uri-
conium. A prolific worker, he wrote : Queen
Elizabeth and her Times) (1838); Essays on
the Literature, Popular Superstitions, and His-
tory of England in the Middle Ages) (1846);
"Narrative of Sorcery and Magic) (1851);
(Wanderings of an Antiquary (1854); (Essays
on Archæological Subjects) (1861); (Manners
and Sentiments in England during the Middle
Ages) (1862); 'Caricature History of the
Georges) (new ed. 1808); (Womankind in West-
ern Europe) (1869); History of Caricature
and the Grotesque) (2d ed. 1875); (The Celt,
the Roman, and the Saxon (5th ed. 1890); etc.
He edited (Early English Poetry (1836); (Piers
Plowman) (1842); (The Chester Plays) (1843-
47); “The Canterbury Tales) (1847-51); ‘Works
of James Gillray) (1873); etc.
Wright, William Aldis. An English editor,
noted as a Shakespearean scholar; born about
1836. He was the principal contributor in Bib-
lical geography and biography to Dr. Smith's
(Dictionary of the Bible) (3 vols. , 1860–63),
and made an abridged edition. He edited
Bacon's essays (1862), and his (Advancement
of Learning) (1869); was co-editor with W.
Clark, of the (Cambridge Shakspeare) (9 vols. ,
1863–66), and the (Globe Shakspeare) (1 vol. ,
1864); and edited the Bible Word-Book) (1866),
Chaucer's (Clerk's Tale, the Metrical Chroni-
cle) of Robert of Gloucester, and other works.
Wright, William Burnet. An American
Congregational clergyman; born in Ohio, 1836.
Among his books are : (Ancient Cities from
the Dawn to the Daylight); ( The World to
Come); (Master and Men); (The Sermon on
the Mountain Practiced on the Plain.
Wulfila. See Ulfilas.
Wundt, Wilhelm Max (vönt). A distin-
guished German physiologist and philosopher ;
born at Neckarau, Baden, Aug. 16, 1832. He
has been professor of philosophy at Leipsic
since 1875. His works include : (Science of
Muscular Motion) (1858); (Manual of Human
Physiology) (4th ed. 1878); "Ethics) (2d ed.
1892); «The Human and the Animal Soul (2d
ed. 1892; in English, 1894); (Logic) (2d ed.
1892-95); Elements of Physiological Psychol-
ogy) (4th ed. 1893); (System of Philosophy)
(2d ed. 1897); Outline of Psychology) (2d ed.
1897; in English, 1894); etc. As a physiolo-
gist has advanced psychology by his work.
As a philosopher he has introduced the in-
ductive method into sciences previously purely
speculative (e. g. , logic and ethics), and sought
to advance psychology by exact measurements
(as of the time needed by a nerve stimulation
to reach consciousness and become a percept).
Wuttke, Emma (vöt'kė). A German novelist,
wife of Heinrich Wuttke; born at Breslau,
March 7, 1833. Her home is at Dresden. She
became known under her maiden name, E.
Biller, as a writer for the young. Since marry-
ing, she has written the successful historical
romances : Barbara Ittenhausen (6th ed. 1896);
Barbara of Brandenburg' (2d ed. 1896);
(Under the Governess's Sceptre) (1888); “Duty'
(1896); etc.
Wuttke, Heinrich. A German historian and
politician; born at Brieg, Silesia, Feb. 12, 1818;
died at Leipsic, June 14, 1876. He was pro-
fessor at Leipsic (1848), and member of the
national assembly; in the latter capacity he
was a founder and prominent representative
of the “Great German party. He wrote:
(King Frederick the Great (1842-43); (Poles
and Germans) (1847); The Battle of Leipsic)
(1863); (German Periodicals and the Forma-
tion of Public Opinion (3d ed. 1876); etc.
Wyatt, Sir Thomas. An English poet and
diplomatist ; born at Arlington Castle, Kent,
1503; died at Sherborne, Oct. II, 1542. He
wrote many poems, chiefly love sonnets, in the
Italian manner. These were published in 1557,
and have been often reprinted. The best
edition of his complete works is that by Rev.
George F. Nott, along with those of his friend,
the Earl of Surrey (2 vols. , 1815-16). *
Wycherley, William. An English dramatist;
born at Clive, about 1640; died in London,
Jan. I, 1715. Some of his plays were: (Love
in a Wood (1672); (The Gentleman Dancing.
Master) (1673); (The Country Wife' (1075);
and (The Plain-Dealer) (1677). A volume of
(Poems) was published in 1704. His comedies
were in prose, and very coarse. His Post-
humous Works) were published in 1728; and
his collected Plays) in 1712.
Wyclif, Wickliffe or Wiclif, John. Born
near Richmond, England, probably some years
## p. 587 (#603) ############################################
WYNNE --XENOPHON OF EPHESUS
587
before 1324; died Dec. 31, i 384. His great
work was the translation, with the help of his
pupils, of the entire Bible into English (1382).
Some of his writings, edited hy different hands,
have been issued from 1840 to 1880; as : "Last
Age of the Church); Apology for Lollard
Doctrines '; (Three Treatises (1) of the Church
and her members; (2) of the Apostacy of the
Church; (3) of Antichrist and his Maynee);
(English Tracts and Treatises,' with (Selections
and Translations from his Latin Works); (Se.
lect English Works, including many sermons
(3 vols. ); (English Works Hitherto Unpub.
lished, issued in 1880. Many of his Latin writ-
ings remain unpublished. *
Wynne, Mrs. Madelene (Yale). An Amer-
ican artist and story-writer, daughter of Mrs.
Catharine Brooks Yale; born in New York
State, 1847. She has written (The Little Room,
and Other Stories. '
Wyss, Johann Rudolf (vis). A Swiss author;
born at Berne, March 13, 1781; died there,
March 31, 1830. His writings are: Lectures
on the Supreme Good) (2 vols. , 1811); Idylls,
Folk-Songs, Legends, and Narratives from
Switzerland) (3 vols. , 1815–22); and (Travels
in the Bernese Alps) (1808). He edited a series
called (Alpenrose) (20 vols. , 1811-30). His
(Swiss Family Robinson has been translated
into many languages.
X
Xacca, Erasmus (Hä’kä). A Sicilian writer;
born about 1643; died about 1708. He was
doctor of theology, medicine, and laws, and
took orders, but devoted much time to litera-
ture. He left (An Exposition of the Psalms
of David, and an original poem, (A Brief
Narrative of the Eruption of Mt. Etna in the
Year 1669,' published 1671.
Xanthos (zän'thos). A Greek lyric poet,
who lived probably about 650 B. C. Nothing
of his poetry has been preserved, but he is
highly spoken of by other writers.
Xanthos of Lydia. A Greek historian; liv-
ing about the sixth century B. C. , contempo-
rary with Herodotus. He wrote a work called
(Lydiaca, being a history of Lydia from heroic
times down, and giving also a geographical
description of the country; only fragments of
it have been preserved.
Xariffa. See Mrs. Mary Ashley Townsend.
Xavier, Francisco (zav'ê-ėr). The Apostle
of the Indies; born at Xaviero, his mother's
castle in the Basque country, April 7 (? ), 1506;
died in the island of Sancian near China, Dec.
2 or 22, 1552. His works comprise : "Letters,
in five volumes, published at Paris in 1631 ; a
(Catechism'; and some short treatises. He
played a prominent part in the foundation of
the Jesuit order, and was canonized in 1622.
Xavier, Jerome (zav'7-ėr; Span. pron. , Hä-
vē-år'). A Spanish Jesuit missionary and writer;
born in Navarre; died in Goa, 16– He wrote
both in Latin and in Persian. Among his
chief works are: (A Treatise on the Mysteries
of Christianity) (1600); a Life of the Apostles);
a (History of Jesus Christ); and a Directory
of Kings for the Government of their Sub-
jects.
Xenarchus (ze-när'kus). An Athenian comic
poet of the Middle Comedy ; Aourished about
350 to 330 B. C. Fragments of his works are
extant.
Xenocles (zen'ö-klēz). A Greek tragic poet;
born at Athens, about the fourth century B. C. ,
in the time of Philip of Macedon. Little is
known of his life, but he obtained a prize for
four plays, '(Edipus, (Lycaon, the Bacchan-
tes,' and Athamas.
Xenocrates (zē-nok'rą-tēz). A Greek writer
and philosopher; born in Chalcedon, in 396
B. C. ; died 314 in Athens, where he had
removed in early youth, and where he joined
Plato. He was for some years scholarch, or
rector, of the Academy. His writings were
numerous, chiefly on metaphysics and ethics,
laying special stress upon the latter, and work-
ing on Platonic lines. He is said to have first
divided philosophy into physic, didactic, and
ethic.
Xenophanes (ze-nof'a-nēz). A Greek writer
and philosopher; born in Colophon about the
third or fourth decade of the sixth century
B. C. , and died at the age of 92, at Elea, in
Southern Italy, where, exiled from his Ionian
home, he had established himself. He is the
reputed founder of the Eleatic philosophy, and
his teachings found expression in both elegiac
and epic poems, the most important being (On
Nature) and (Satires. )
Xenophon (zen'o-fon). The famous author
of the Anabasis); born at Athens, about 430
B. C. ; died in Corinth, about 355 B. C. He is
the author of the Hellenics); Anabasis);
(Encomium of Agesilaus); Horsemanship';
(Hipparchicus); Cynegeticus); Lacedæmo-
nian Polity); (Cyropædeia'; Athenian Fi-
nance); Memorabilia of Socrates); (Sympo.
sium); ((Economicus); (Hieron); (Apology of
Socrates. (The Polity of Athens) is now re-
garded as an anonymous work incorporated
into the text of Xenophon, but probably not
his. *
Xenophon of Ephesus, called Xenophon
the Younger. A Greek writer, who lived in
the second century of the Christian era. Only
>
3
## p. 588 (#604) ############################################
588
XENOS – YALE
one work of his has been preserved, a story in
five books, called “Ephesiaca; or, The Loves of
Abrocomas and Anthia,' the style of which
is pure, elegant, and yet simple, and the action
rapid.
Xenos, Stefanos Theodoros (zen'os ). A
modern Greek historical writer. He resided
for many years in London. He wrote: (The
Devil in Turkey; or, Scenes in Constantinople)
(London, 1850); (The Heroine of the Greek
Revolution' (1861), republished in America as
"Andronike); “East and West) (1865).
Xeres, Francisco (Hār'ās). A Spanish his-
torian, who lived in the sixteenth century, ac-
companying Pizarro, as his secretary, to Peru,
about 1530. Of that expedition he wrote a
detailed history, entitled (A True Account of
the Conquest of Peru' (1549), still considered
of great value as a source of information.
Ximenes, August Louis (ze-ma-nes'). A
French poet of Spanish descent; born at Paris,
1726; died 1815. Among his writings are sev-
eral tragedies, notably one called (Don Car-
los); also a poem, Cæsar in the Senate,' and
critical essays of value.
Ximenes, Enrico Emilio (He-mā'nes).
An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Palermo,
May 14, 1857. He founded, in 1882, the daily
journals Vespers and Democracy at Palermo.
He has written (The Sicilian Vespers) (1882),
Ninna-Nanna' (1884), in verse; 'Critical Study
of Garibaldian Literature ) (1885); (Correspond-
ence of Giuseppe Garibaldi) (2 vols. , 1886);
"Syracuse in the Past and Present) (1887);
(Anna Bonanno, a historical romance; (Two
Years of History); etc.
Ximenes, Peter (shē-mā'nes). A Portuguese-
Dutch theologian; born at Middelburg, Hol-
land, 1514; died 1595. He wrote in Latin
Demonstration of the Catholic Truth,
Ximenes, Rodrigo.
