It was
not, indeed, the largest, but certainly the most famous
and important city in its day of all those in the Delta
of EgypS.
not, indeed, the largest, but certainly the most famous
and important city in its day of all those in the Delta
of EgypS.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
diction, the variety and beauty
t( us images, and the tone of feeling which pervades
it, assigns its author a distinguished rank among the
later Roman poets. Rutilius had been compelled to
make a journey from Rome into Gaul, for the purpose
ef visiting his estates in the latter country, which had
been ravaged by the barbarians, and the Itinerary is
intended to express the route which he took along the
coast of the Mediterranean. Rutilius is supposed by
some to have been prefect at Rome when that city
was taken by Alaric, A. D. 410. He was not a Chris-
tian, as appears from several passages of his poem,
? Miougti the heavy complaints made by him against the
Jewish race ought not, as some editors have ima-
gined, to be extended to the Christians. Wo have re-
maining of this poem the first book, and sixty-eight
lines of the second; and perhaps the particle potiut,
in the first line of the first book, would indicate that
the commencement of this book was also lost. The
rcma'iia of the poetry of Rutilius are given by Bur-
manr, and Wernsdorff, in their respective editions of
the Poeta, Latini Minorcs. There are also separate
editions.
Rutoli, a people of Latium, along the coast bo-
le v the mouth of the Tiber. They were a small com-
munity, who, though perhaps originally distinct from
the Latins, became subsequently so much a part of
that nation that they do not require a separate notice.
? ? Their capital was Ardca, and Turnus was their prince,
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? SAB
SABI. f. .
Mxa'. trct in Pdganisme, vol. 3, p. 95, edit. De
Sacy. )
Sabbata or Sarbatha, a city of Arabia Felix, the
capital of the ChatramatitT. Most commentators on
the Periplus, in which mention is made of it, suppose
it to be the same with Schibam or Scebam, which Al-
Ednsi places in Hadramaut, at four stations, or a
hundred miles, from March. {Vincent's Periphu, p.
334. ) Mannert, however, declares forMarch (Geogr. ,
vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 83). The modern name Mareb will
? e a corruption from Mariaba, a name common to
many cities of Arabia. This place was the great de-
pdt for the incense-trade. (Vid. Saba. )
Sabelli. Vid. Sabini.
Sahina, Jolia, grand-niece of the Emperor Trajan,
and wife of Hadrian, to whom she became united
chiefly through the means of the Empress Plotina.
She lived unhappily with her husband, partly from her
own asperity of temper, and partly, perhaps, from the
gross vices of her consort. Hadrian's unkindness to
her is said to have been the cause of her death. (Vid.
Hadrianus. )
Sadist, a people of Italy, whose territory lay to the
northeast of Rome. The, Sabines appear to be gen-
erally considered as one of the most ancient indige-
nous tribes of Italy, and one of the few who preserved
their race pure and unmixed. (Strabo, 228. ) We
are not to expect, however, that fiction should have
been more sparing of its ornaments in setting forth
their origin, than in the case of other nations far less
interesting and less celebrated. Dionysius of Mallear-
nassus, among other traditions respecting the Sabines,
mentions one which supposes them to have been a col-
ony of the Lacedaemonians about the time of Lycurgus
(3, 49), an absurd fable which has been eagerly caught
up by the Latin poets and mvthologists. [Sit. llal,
IS, 645-- Ovid, Fast. , 1, 260. --Hygin. , ap. Serv. ad
JEn. , 8, 638. ) Their name, according to Cato, was
derived from the god Sabus, an aboriginal deity, sup-
posed to be the same as the god invoked by the Latins
in the erpression Medius Fidius. (Cramer's Anc.
Italy, vol. 1, p. 897. )--The Romans, observes Nic-
buhr, have no comrrton national name for the Sabines,
and the tribes which are supposed to have issued from
them: the latter, whether Marsians and Pelignians, or
Samnitcs and Lucanians, they term Sabellians. That
these tribes called themselves Savini or Sabini is
nearly certain, from the inscription on the Samnite de-
narius coined in the Social war; at least as to the
Samnitcs, whose name is in every form manifestly, and
in the Greek "ZawiTai directly, derived from Savini:
but the usage of a people whose writings have perish-
ed, like everything that is extinct in fact, has lost its
rights. I think myself at liberty to employ the term
Sabellians for the whole race; since the tribes which
were so named by the Romans are far more impor-
tant than the Sabines, and it would clearly have offend-
ed a Latin ear to have called the Samnites Sabines.
--When Rome crossed the frontiers of Latium, the
Sabellians were the most widely-extended and the
greatest people in Italy. The Etruscans had already
sunk, as they had seen the nations of earlier greatness
? ink, the Tyrrhenians, Umbrians, arid Ausonians. As
the Dorians were great in their colonies, the mother-
country remaining little; and as it lived in peace,
while the tribes it sent forth diffused themselves widely
by conquests and settlements, bo, according to Cato,
? ? was it with the old Sabine nation. Their original
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? SAC
SAO
hostile to tho state they had issued from: while Rome,
? ending out colonies of small numbers, was sure of
their fidelity; and by means of these, and by imparting
dependant civil rights, converted a far greater number
of subdued crie. mes into devoted subjects. (Niebuhr,
History of Rome, vol. 1, p. l\,_seqg. , Cambridge
translation. )--In fixing the limits of the Sabine terri-
tory, we must not attend so much to those remote
times when they reached nearly to the gates of Rome,
as to that period in which the boundaries of the d iffer-
ent people of Italy were marked out with greater clear-
ness and precision, namely, the reign of Augustus.
We shall then find the Sabines separated from Latium
by the river Anio; from Etruria by the Tiber, begin-
ning from the point where it receives the former
stream, to within a short distance of Otricoii. The
Nar will form their boundary on the side of Umbria,
and the central ridge of the Apenninea will be their
limit on that of Picenum. To the south and southeast
it may be stated generally, that they bordered on the
. /Equi and Vestini. From the Tiber to the frontiers
of the latter people, the length of the Sabine country,
which was its greatest dimensions, might be estimated
at 1000 stadia, or 120 miles, its breadth being much
less considerable. (Strabo, 228. --Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 1, p. 300. )
Sabinus, Aulas, a Roman poet, the friend and con-
temporary of Ovid, and to whom the last six of the he-
roic epistles of that bard are generally ascribed by
commentators. These are, Paris to Helen, Helen to
Paris, Leander to Hero, Haro to Leander, Acontius' >
Cydippe, and Cydippe to Acontius. He was the au-
thor, also, of several answers to the epistles of Ovid, as
Ulysses to Penelope, . Eneas to Dido, cVc, and like-
wise of a work on Days, which his death prevented
him from completing. This last-mentioned produc-
tion is thought by some to have given Ovid the idea
? This Fasti. (Bahr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 291:)
Saris, I. a river of Gallia Belgica, rising in the ter-
ritory of the Ncrvii, and falling into the Mosa (Ufaese)
et Namurcum (ffamur), in the territory of the Aduat-
ici. It is now the Sambre. (Cars. , IS. G. , 2, 16, 18. )
--IF. A river of Carmania, between the southern prom-
ontory of Carmania and the river Andanis. Man-
neK is inclined to identify it with the Anamis. which
runs by tho city of Hormuza, and falls into the Persian
Gulf near the promontory of Armozum. (Mela, 3, 8.
--Plin. , 6, 23. ) It is also called the Saganus. --III.
A river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in Umbria, and fall-
ing into the Adriatic north of the Rubicon. It is now
the Savio. At its mouth lay the town of Savis, now
Torre del Savio.
Sabrata, a city of Africa, in the Rcgio Syrtica,
west of CEa and east of the Syrtis Minor. It formed,
together with CEa and Leptis Magna, what was called
Tripolis Africana. Justinian fortified it, and it is now
Sabart or Tripoli Vecchio. (Itin. Anton. --Solin. , c.
27. --Plin. , 5, 4--Proeop. , Mdif. , 6, 4. )
Sabrina, also called Sabriana, now the Severn in
England. (Plol. --Tac, Ann. , 12, 31. )
Sacje, a name given by the Persians to all the more
northern nations of Asia, but which, at a subsequent
period, designated a particular people, whose territory
was bounded on the west hy Sogdiana, north and east
by Scythis, and south by Bactriana and the chain of
Imaus. Their country, therefore, corresponds in some
degree ti- Little Bucharcy and the adjacent districts.
? ? The Sacss were a wild, uncivilized race, of nomadic
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? & Al
SAL
$aen>, we can have no difficulty in recognising that
river as the ancient Sagraa; more especially as its
aituation accords perfectly with the topography of Stra-
bo. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 408. )
Sjountom or Sasontus, a city of Hiapania Tar-
raconenais, north of Valentia, and some distance be-
low the mouth of the Iberus. It was situate on a
rising ground, about 1000 pacea from the shore; Po-
lybius (3, 17) says seven stadia, Pliny (3, 4) three
miles. This place wea said to have been founded by
a colony from Zacynthus ('/jukvvOuc, Ztiyovvrof, Sa-
guntus), intermingled with Kutuhans from Ardea.
(Lie. , 21, 7, 14. --Sif. Ital. , 1, 291, etc. ) It became
at an early period the ally of the Romans (Polyb. , 3,
30), and was besieged and taken by Hannibal previous
to his march upon Italy. The siege lasted eight
months, and, being an infraction of the treaty with the
Romans, led at once to the second Punic war. Han-
nibal's object was to prevent the Romans retaining so
important a place of arms, and bo powerful an ally in
a country from which he was about to depart. The
desperate valour of the citizens, who chose to perish
with all their effects rather than fall into the enemy's
hands, deprived the conqueror of a great part oP his
anticipated spoils ; the booty, however, which he saved
from this wreck, enabled him, by his liberalities, to
gain the affection of hia army, and to provide for the
execution of his design against Italy. (Liv. , 21, 8. --
Mela, 2, 6-- Diod. Sic, Eclog. , 25, 5. --Stl. Ital. , 13,
673. ) Eight years after it was restored by the Ro-
mans. (Lie, 24, 42. --Plin. , 3, 5. )--Saguntum was
famous for the cupa manufactured there. (Plin. , 35,
12. --Martial, 4, 46, &c. ) The modern Mureiedro
'a corruption of Muri vetcret) marks the ancient city.
(Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 1, p. 428. -- Vkert, Gcogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 415. )
Sais, a city of Egypt, situate in the Delta, between
he Scbennytic and Canopic arms of the Nile, and
nearly due west from the city of Sebennytus.
It was
not, indeed, the largest, but certainly the most famous
and important city in its day of all those in the Delta
of EgypS. This pre-eminence it owed, on the one
hand, to the yearly festival celebrated here in honour
of Neith, the Egyptian Minerva, to which a large con-
course of spectators was accustomed to flock (Herod. ,
2, 59); and, on the other, to the circumstance of its
being the native city, the capital, and the burying-placc
of the last dynasty of the Pharaohs. (Herod. , 2,169. )
For the purpose of embellishing it, King Amasis built
a splendid portico to the temple of Neith in this city,
far surpassing all others, according to Herodotus, in
circumference and elevation, as well as in the dimen-
sions and quality of the stones: he also adorned the
building with colossal statues, and the immense figures
of Androsphinz. Herodotus likewise informs us, that
a large block of stone, intended for a shrine, was
brought hither from Elephantis. Two thousand men
were employed three whole years in its transportation.
The exterior length of the stone was twenty-one cu-
bits, its breadth fourteen, and its height eight. The
inside was eighteen cubits and twonty-eight digits in
length, twelve cubits in breadth, and five in height.
Th's remarkable edifice was placed by the entrance of
'J&, lomple, it being found impossible, it would seem,
to drag it within, although Herodotus assigns a differ-
ent reason (2, 175). --When Egypt had fallen under
the Persian power, Memphis became the new capital,
? ? and Sa'is was neglected. It did not, however, fall as
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? SAL
BAI
present name is Colouti. which is that also of the prin-
cipal town. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 364,
teqq. )--III. A city in the island of Cyprus, situate
about the middle of the eastern side. It fas founded
by Teucer, son of Telamon, and called by him after
Salamis, his native place, from which he had been ban-
ished by his father. (Horal. , 1, 7, 21. ) This city
was the largest, strongest, and most important one in
the island. (Diod. Sic. , 14, 98. --Id, 16, 42. ) Its
harbour was secure, and protected against every wind,
and sufficiently large to contain an entire fleet. (Scy-
lr. i, p. 41. --Vied. , 20, 21. ) The monarchs of Sala-
mis exercised a leading influence in the affairs of the
island, and the conquest of this place involved the
fate of Cyprus at large. (Diod, I. c. -- Id. , 12, 3. )
Under the Roman dominion the entire eastern part of
the island was attached to the jurisdiction of Salamis.
The insurrection of the Jews in Trajan's reign brought
with it the ruin of a great portion of the city (Euseb. ,
Chron. , ann. 19, Traj. -- Oros. , 7, 12); it did not.
however, cause the entire downfall of Salamis, as it is
still mentioned after this period by Ptolemy and in the
Peutinger Table. In the reign of Constanline, how-
ever, an earthquake and inundation of the sea com-
pleted the downfall of the place, and a large portion of
the inhabitants were buried beneath its ruins. (Ce-
drenus. ad ann. 29, Constant. Mag. --Malala, Chron. ,
I. xii. , Sub. Constantio Chloro. ) Constantius restored
it, made it the capital of the whole island, and called
it, from his own name, Constantia. (Hicrocles, p.
706 ) A few remains of this city still exist. (Po-
eockc, 2, p. 313. --Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 6, pt. 1, p.
572, teqq)
Salapia, a city of Apulia, near the coast, above the
river Aufidius, and between that river and the Salapi-
La Palua. According to Strabo, it was the emporium
of Arpi: without such authority, however, we should
have fixed upon Sipontum as answering that purpose
better, from its greater proximity. (Strab. ,28'i ) This
town laid claim to a Grecian origin. The Rhodians,
who early distinguished themselves by a spirit of en-
terprise in navigation, asserted, that, among other dis-
tant colonies, they had founded, in conjunction with
some Coans, a city named Salpia, Oil the Daunian
coast. This account of Strabo's (654) farms con-
firmed by Vitruvius, who attributes the foundation
of this settlement to a Rhodian chief named Elpias
(1,4. --Compare Meurs. in Rhod. , 1, 18). It is prob-
able, however, that Salapia was at first dependant
upon the more powerful city of Arpi, and, liko that
city, it subsequently lost much of the peculiar charac-
ter which belonged to the Greek colonies from its in-
tercourse with the natives. We do not hear of Sala-
pia in Roman history till the second Punic war, when
it is represented as falling into the hands of the Car-
thaginians, after the battle of Cannae (Liv. , 24, 20);
but, not long after, it was delivered up to Marcellus
by the party which favoured the Roman interest, to-
gether with the garrison which Hannibal had placed
there. (Livy, 26, 28. ) The Carthaginian general
seems to have fek the loss of this town severely; and
it was probably the desire of revenge which prompted
him, after the death and defeat of Marcellus, to adopt
the stratagem of sending letters, sealed with that com-
mander's ring, to the magistrates of the town, in order
to obtain admission with his troops. The Salapitani,
however, being warned of his design, the attempt
? ? proved abortive. (La. , 27, 28. --App. , Han. , 51. )
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? SAL
SALLUSTIUS
? I tbe sacred shields called AicUm, B. C. 709. (fitf.
Anci'c. ) Tliey were twelve in number. Their chief
was called prttsul, who seems to have gone foremost
in the procession; their principal musician, vales; and
he who admitted new members, mapistcr. Their
number was afterward doubled by Tullus Hostilius,
after he had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in
consequence of a vow which he had made to Mars.
The Salii were all of patrician families, and the office
was very honourable. The lat of March was the day
in which the Salii observed their festival in honour of
Mars. They were generally dressed in a short scarlet
tunic, of which only the edges were seen; they wore
i large purple-coloured belt above the waist, which
was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their
heads round bonnets with two corners standing up,
in their right hand they carried a small rod, and in
their left a small buckler, one of the ancilia, or shields
of Mars. Lucan says that it hung from the neck. In
the observation of their solemnity, they first offered
sacrifices, and afterward went through the streets dan-
cing in measured motions, sometimes all together, or
at other times separately, while musical instruments
were playing before them. Hence their name of Salii,
from their moving along in solemn dance {Salii a soli-
endo). They placed their body in different attitudes,
and struck with their rods the shields which they held
in their hands. They also sung hymns in honour of
the gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Mi-
nerva, and they were accompanied in the chorus by a
certain number of virgins, habited like themselves, and
called Salia. We have in Varro a few fragments of
tbe Salian hymns, which, even in the time of that wri-
ter, were scarcely intelligible. Thus, for example,
"Divum exta cante, Divum Deo tupplice canlc,"
i. e , Deorum ezta can He, Dcorum Deo (Jano) svp-
flicilcr canite ; and also the following:
"omnia
dapatilia comissc jam cusioncs
duonus ceruses dims janusque renit,"
i. c , Omnia dapalia comedisse Jani Curioncs. Bo-
nus creator Dimus Janusque tout. --Their feasts and
entertainments were uncommonly sumptuous, whence
iapes saliares is proverbially applied to such repasts
as are most splendid and costly. (Liv. , 1, SO. --Var-
ro, L L. , 4, 15. --Chid, Fast. , 3, 387. )--II. A Ger-
man tribe of Frankish origin, whose original seat is
not clearly ascertained. Wiarda makes it between
the Siva Carbonaria (part of the forest of Ardennes)
and the River Ligens (Lys, in Brabant); Wersebe,
however, in the vicinity of the Sala or Saale. They
first made their, appearance on the Insula Batavorum,
where they were conquered by Julian; afterward in
the territory of the Chamavi, by the Mosa or Meuse.
Mannert seeks to identify them with tho Cherusci.
(. -1mm. Marcell. , 17, 8, seqq. --Zosim. , 3, 6. )
SaLLUstil's, Ckispus, a celebrated Latin historian,
born at Amiternum, in the territory of the Sabines, in
the year of Rome 668. He received his education in
the latter city, and in his early youth appears to have
been desirous to devote himself to literary pursuits.
But it was not easy for one residing in tbe capital to
escape the contagious desire of military or political
distinction. He obtained tho situation of quaestor,
which entitled him to a seat in the senate, at the age
of twenty-seven; end about six years afterward he
was elected tribune of the commons. While in this
? ? office he attached himself to the for'. snes of Caesar,
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? SAl-UiSTIUS.
SALLUSTIUS
ol Pi<< ma Latro, have been adopted by Le Clerc, pro-
fessor of Hebrew at Amsterdam, and by Professor
Meisner, of Pragne, in their respective accounts of the
life of Sallust. His character has received more jus-
tice from the prefatory memoir and notes of De Bros-
ses, his French translator, and from the researches of
Wioland in Germany. --From what is known of Fabi-
us Pictor and his immediate successors, it must be ap-
parent that the art of historic composition at Rome
was in the lowest stale, and'that Sallust had no model
to imitate among the writers of his own country. He
therefore naturally recurred to the productions of the
Greek historians. The native exuberance and loqua-
cious familiarity of Herodotus were not adapted to
his taste; and simplicity, such as that of Xenophon,
is, of all things, the most difficult to attain; he there-
fore chiefly emulated Thucydides, and attempted to
transplant into his own language the vigour and con-
ciseness of the Greek historian; but the strict imita-
tion with which he followed him has gone far to lessen
the erfetx Jt" his own original genius. --The first work
of Sallust was the Conspiracy of Catiline. There ex-
ists, however, some doubt as to the precise period of
its composition. The general opinion is, that it was
written immediately after the author went out of office
as tribune of the commons, that is, A. U. C. 703. And
the composition of tho Jvgvrthine War, as well as of
his general history, is fixed by Le Clerc between that
period and his appointment to the prsetorship of Nu-
midia. But others have supposed that they were all
written during the space which intervened between
his return from Numidia in 709, and his death, which
happened in 718, four years previous to the battle of
Actium. It is maintained by the supporters of this
last idea, that he was too much engaged in politi-
cal tumults previous to his administration of Nu-
pidia to have leisure for so important compositions;
that, in the introduction to Catiline's Conspiracy, he
talks of himself as withdrawn from public affairs,
and refutes accusations of his voluptuous life, which
were only applicable to this period; and that, while
"nstituting the comparison between Cesar and Cato,
tie speaks of the existence and competition of these
celebrated opponents as things that had, passed over.
--" Scd mca memoria, ingenti virtute, diversis mor-
ibus, fucre viri duo, Marcus Cato it Caius Cccsar. "
On this passage, too, Gibbon, in particular, argues,
that such a flatterer and party tool as Sallust would
not, during the life of Ca;sar, have put Cato so much
on a level with him in the comparison. De Brasses
argues with Le Clerc in thinking that the Conspiracy
of Catiline at least must have been written immediately
after 703; as ho would not, after his marriage with
Terontia, have commemorated the disgrace of her sis-
ter, who, it seems, was the vestal virgin whose in-
trigue with Catiline is recorded by Sallust. But,
whatever may be the case as to Catiline's Conspiracy,
it is quite clear that the Jugurthino War was written
subsequently to the author's residence in Numidia,
which evidently suggested to him this theme, and af-
forded him the means of collecting the information
necessary for completing his work. --The subjects
chosen by Sallust form two of the most important and
prominent topics in the history of Rome. The peri-
ods, indeed, which he describes were painful, but they
were interesting. Full of conspiracies, usurpations,
and civil wars, they chiefly exhibit the mutual rage
? ? and iniquity of imbittered factions, furious struggles
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? 3/. LLUSTIUS.
5ALLUSTIUS.
? I tfcoee . T-jrx'mub that Cato himself and other sen-
ators puMicly h'iled the consul as the father of his
country; and that a public thanksgiving to the gods
was decreed in his name, for having preserved the
city from conflagration, and the citizens from massa-
cre. This omission, which may have originated part-
ly in enmity, and partly in disgust at the ill-disguised
vanity of the consul, has in all timea been regarded as
the chief defect, and even stain, in the history of the
CatiMnarian Conspiracy. --Although not an eyewitness
of the war with Jugurtha, Sallust's situation as praetor
of Numidia, which suggested the composition, was fa-
vourable to the authority of the work, by affording op-
portunity of collecting materials, and procuring infor-
mation. He examined into the different accounts,
written as well as traditionary, concerning the history
of Africa, particularly the documents preserved in the
archives of King Hiempsal, which he caused to be
translated for his own use, and which proved peculiar-
ly serviceable in the detailed account which he has
given of the inhabitants of Africa. In this history he
has been accused of showing an undue partiality to-
wards the character of Marius; and of giving, for the
sake of his favourite leader, an unfair account of the
massacre at Vacca. But he appears to do even more
than ample justice to Metellus, since he represents the
war as almost finished by him previous to the arrival
of Marius, though it was, in fact, far from being con-
cluded. --Sallust evidently regarded a fine style as one
if the chief merits of an historical work. The style
? >n which he took so much pains was carefully formed
on that of Thucydides, whose manner of writing was,
in a great measure, original, and,' till the time of Sal-
ust, pecul'ir to himself. The Roman has wonderfully
succeeded in imitating the vigour and conciseness of
the Greek historian, and infusing into his composition
r omething of that dignified austerity which distinguishes
tbe work of his great model; but when we say that
Sallust has imitated the conciseness of Thucydides,
we mean the rapid and compressed manner in which
his narrative is conducted; in short, brevity of idea
rather than of language. For Thucydides, although
he brings forward only the principal idea, and discards
what is collateral, yet frequently employs long and in-
volved periods.
t( us images, and the tone of feeling which pervades
it, assigns its author a distinguished rank among the
later Roman poets. Rutilius had been compelled to
make a journey from Rome into Gaul, for the purpose
ef visiting his estates in the latter country, which had
been ravaged by the barbarians, and the Itinerary is
intended to express the route which he took along the
coast of the Mediterranean. Rutilius is supposed by
some to have been prefect at Rome when that city
was taken by Alaric, A. D. 410. He was not a Chris-
tian, as appears from several passages of his poem,
? Miougti the heavy complaints made by him against the
Jewish race ought not, as some editors have ima-
gined, to be extended to the Christians. Wo have re-
maining of this poem the first book, and sixty-eight
lines of the second; and perhaps the particle potiut,
in the first line of the first book, would indicate that
the commencement of this book was also lost. The
rcma'iia of the poetry of Rutilius are given by Bur-
manr, and Wernsdorff, in their respective editions of
the Poeta, Latini Minorcs. There are also separate
editions.
Rutoli, a people of Latium, along the coast bo-
le v the mouth of the Tiber. They were a small com-
munity, who, though perhaps originally distinct from
the Latins, became subsequently so much a part of
that nation that they do not require a separate notice.
? ? Their capital was Ardca, and Turnus was their prince,
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? SAB
SABI. f. .
Mxa'. trct in Pdganisme, vol. 3, p. 95, edit. De
Sacy. )
Sabbata or Sarbatha, a city of Arabia Felix, the
capital of the ChatramatitT. Most commentators on
the Periplus, in which mention is made of it, suppose
it to be the same with Schibam or Scebam, which Al-
Ednsi places in Hadramaut, at four stations, or a
hundred miles, from March. {Vincent's Periphu, p.
334. ) Mannert, however, declares forMarch (Geogr. ,
vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 83). The modern name Mareb will
? e a corruption from Mariaba, a name common to
many cities of Arabia. This place was the great de-
pdt for the incense-trade. (Vid. Saba. )
Sabelli. Vid. Sabini.
Sahina, Jolia, grand-niece of the Emperor Trajan,
and wife of Hadrian, to whom she became united
chiefly through the means of the Empress Plotina.
She lived unhappily with her husband, partly from her
own asperity of temper, and partly, perhaps, from the
gross vices of her consort. Hadrian's unkindness to
her is said to have been the cause of her death. (Vid.
Hadrianus. )
Sadist, a people of Italy, whose territory lay to the
northeast of Rome. The, Sabines appear to be gen-
erally considered as one of the most ancient indige-
nous tribes of Italy, and one of the few who preserved
their race pure and unmixed. (Strabo, 228. ) We
are not to expect, however, that fiction should have
been more sparing of its ornaments in setting forth
their origin, than in the case of other nations far less
interesting and less celebrated. Dionysius of Mallear-
nassus, among other traditions respecting the Sabines,
mentions one which supposes them to have been a col-
ony of the Lacedaemonians about the time of Lycurgus
(3, 49), an absurd fable which has been eagerly caught
up by the Latin poets and mvthologists. [Sit. llal,
IS, 645-- Ovid, Fast. , 1, 260. --Hygin. , ap. Serv. ad
JEn. , 8, 638. ) Their name, according to Cato, was
derived from the god Sabus, an aboriginal deity, sup-
posed to be the same as the god invoked by the Latins
in the erpression Medius Fidius. (Cramer's Anc.
Italy, vol. 1, p. 897. )--The Romans, observes Nic-
buhr, have no comrrton national name for the Sabines,
and the tribes which are supposed to have issued from
them: the latter, whether Marsians and Pelignians, or
Samnitcs and Lucanians, they term Sabellians. That
these tribes called themselves Savini or Sabini is
nearly certain, from the inscription on the Samnite de-
narius coined in the Social war; at least as to the
Samnitcs, whose name is in every form manifestly, and
in the Greek "ZawiTai directly, derived from Savini:
but the usage of a people whose writings have perish-
ed, like everything that is extinct in fact, has lost its
rights. I think myself at liberty to employ the term
Sabellians for the whole race; since the tribes which
were so named by the Romans are far more impor-
tant than the Sabines, and it would clearly have offend-
ed a Latin ear to have called the Samnites Sabines.
--When Rome crossed the frontiers of Latium, the
Sabellians were the most widely-extended and the
greatest people in Italy. The Etruscans had already
sunk, as they had seen the nations of earlier greatness
? ink, the Tyrrhenians, Umbrians, arid Ausonians. As
the Dorians were great in their colonies, the mother-
country remaining little; and as it lived in peace,
while the tribes it sent forth diffused themselves widely
by conquests and settlements, bo, according to Cato,
? ? was it with the old Sabine nation. Their original
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? SAC
SAO
hostile to tho state they had issued from: while Rome,
? ending out colonies of small numbers, was sure of
their fidelity; and by means of these, and by imparting
dependant civil rights, converted a far greater number
of subdued crie. mes into devoted subjects. (Niebuhr,
History of Rome, vol. 1, p. l\,_seqg. , Cambridge
translation. )--In fixing the limits of the Sabine terri-
tory, we must not attend so much to those remote
times when they reached nearly to the gates of Rome,
as to that period in which the boundaries of the d iffer-
ent people of Italy were marked out with greater clear-
ness and precision, namely, the reign of Augustus.
We shall then find the Sabines separated from Latium
by the river Anio; from Etruria by the Tiber, begin-
ning from the point where it receives the former
stream, to within a short distance of Otricoii. The
Nar will form their boundary on the side of Umbria,
and the central ridge of the Apenninea will be their
limit on that of Picenum. To the south and southeast
it may be stated generally, that they bordered on the
. /Equi and Vestini. From the Tiber to the frontiers
of the latter people, the length of the Sabine country,
which was its greatest dimensions, might be estimated
at 1000 stadia, or 120 miles, its breadth being much
less considerable. (Strabo, 228. --Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 1, p. 300. )
Sabinus, Aulas, a Roman poet, the friend and con-
temporary of Ovid, and to whom the last six of the he-
roic epistles of that bard are generally ascribed by
commentators. These are, Paris to Helen, Helen to
Paris, Leander to Hero, Haro to Leander, Acontius' >
Cydippe, and Cydippe to Acontius. He was the au-
thor, also, of several answers to the epistles of Ovid, as
Ulysses to Penelope, . Eneas to Dido, cVc, and like-
wise of a work on Days, which his death prevented
him from completing. This last-mentioned produc-
tion is thought by some to have given Ovid the idea
? This Fasti. (Bahr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 291:)
Saris, I. a river of Gallia Belgica, rising in the ter-
ritory of the Ncrvii, and falling into the Mosa (Ufaese)
et Namurcum (ffamur), in the territory of the Aduat-
ici. It is now the Sambre. (Cars. , IS. G. , 2, 16, 18. )
--IF. A river of Carmania, between the southern prom-
ontory of Carmania and the river Andanis. Man-
neK is inclined to identify it with the Anamis. which
runs by tho city of Hormuza, and falls into the Persian
Gulf near the promontory of Armozum. (Mela, 3, 8.
--Plin. , 6, 23. ) It is also called the Saganus. --III.
A river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in Umbria, and fall-
ing into the Adriatic north of the Rubicon. It is now
the Savio. At its mouth lay the town of Savis, now
Torre del Savio.
Sabrata, a city of Africa, in the Rcgio Syrtica,
west of CEa and east of the Syrtis Minor. It formed,
together with CEa and Leptis Magna, what was called
Tripolis Africana. Justinian fortified it, and it is now
Sabart or Tripoli Vecchio. (Itin. Anton. --Solin. , c.
27. --Plin. , 5, 4--Proeop. , Mdif. , 6, 4. )
Sabrina, also called Sabriana, now the Severn in
England. (Plol. --Tac, Ann. , 12, 31. )
Sacje, a name given by the Persians to all the more
northern nations of Asia, but which, at a subsequent
period, designated a particular people, whose territory
was bounded on the west hy Sogdiana, north and east
by Scythis, and south by Bactriana and the chain of
Imaus. Their country, therefore, corresponds in some
degree ti- Little Bucharcy and the adjacent districts.
? ? The Sacss were a wild, uncivilized race, of nomadic
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? & Al
SAL
$aen>, we can have no difficulty in recognising that
river as the ancient Sagraa; more especially as its
aituation accords perfectly with the topography of Stra-
bo. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 408. )
Sjountom or Sasontus, a city of Hiapania Tar-
raconenais, north of Valentia, and some distance be-
low the mouth of the Iberus. It was situate on a
rising ground, about 1000 pacea from the shore; Po-
lybius (3, 17) says seven stadia, Pliny (3, 4) three
miles. This place wea said to have been founded by
a colony from Zacynthus ('/jukvvOuc, Ztiyovvrof, Sa-
guntus), intermingled with Kutuhans from Ardea.
(Lie. , 21, 7, 14. --Sif. Ital. , 1, 291, etc. ) It became
at an early period the ally of the Romans (Polyb. , 3,
30), and was besieged and taken by Hannibal previous
to his march upon Italy. The siege lasted eight
months, and, being an infraction of the treaty with the
Romans, led at once to the second Punic war. Han-
nibal's object was to prevent the Romans retaining so
important a place of arms, and bo powerful an ally in
a country from which he was about to depart. The
desperate valour of the citizens, who chose to perish
with all their effects rather than fall into the enemy's
hands, deprived the conqueror of a great part oP his
anticipated spoils ; the booty, however, which he saved
from this wreck, enabled him, by his liberalities, to
gain the affection of hia army, and to provide for the
execution of his design against Italy. (Liv. , 21, 8. --
Mela, 2, 6-- Diod. Sic, Eclog. , 25, 5. --Stl. Ital. , 13,
673. ) Eight years after it was restored by the Ro-
mans. (Lie, 24, 42. --Plin. , 3, 5. )--Saguntum was
famous for the cupa manufactured there. (Plin. , 35,
12. --Martial, 4, 46, &c. ) The modern Mureiedro
'a corruption of Muri vetcret) marks the ancient city.
(Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 1, p. 428. -- Vkert, Gcogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 415. )
Sais, a city of Egypt, situate in the Delta, between
he Scbennytic and Canopic arms of the Nile, and
nearly due west from the city of Sebennytus.
It was
not, indeed, the largest, but certainly the most famous
and important city in its day of all those in the Delta
of EgypS. This pre-eminence it owed, on the one
hand, to the yearly festival celebrated here in honour
of Neith, the Egyptian Minerva, to which a large con-
course of spectators was accustomed to flock (Herod. ,
2, 59); and, on the other, to the circumstance of its
being the native city, the capital, and the burying-placc
of the last dynasty of the Pharaohs. (Herod. , 2,169. )
For the purpose of embellishing it, King Amasis built
a splendid portico to the temple of Neith in this city,
far surpassing all others, according to Herodotus, in
circumference and elevation, as well as in the dimen-
sions and quality of the stones: he also adorned the
building with colossal statues, and the immense figures
of Androsphinz. Herodotus likewise informs us, that
a large block of stone, intended for a shrine, was
brought hither from Elephantis. Two thousand men
were employed three whole years in its transportation.
The exterior length of the stone was twenty-one cu-
bits, its breadth fourteen, and its height eight. The
inside was eighteen cubits and twonty-eight digits in
length, twelve cubits in breadth, and five in height.
Th's remarkable edifice was placed by the entrance of
'J&, lomple, it being found impossible, it would seem,
to drag it within, although Herodotus assigns a differ-
ent reason (2, 175). --When Egypt had fallen under
the Persian power, Memphis became the new capital,
? ? and Sa'is was neglected. It did not, however, fall as
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? SAL
BAI
present name is Colouti. which is that also of the prin-
cipal town. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 364,
teqq. )--III. A city in the island of Cyprus, situate
about the middle of the eastern side. It fas founded
by Teucer, son of Telamon, and called by him after
Salamis, his native place, from which he had been ban-
ished by his father. (Horal. , 1, 7, 21. ) This city
was the largest, strongest, and most important one in
the island. (Diod. Sic. , 14, 98. --Id, 16, 42. ) Its
harbour was secure, and protected against every wind,
and sufficiently large to contain an entire fleet. (Scy-
lr. i, p. 41. --Vied. , 20, 21. ) The monarchs of Sala-
mis exercised a leading influence in the affairs of the
island, and the conquest of this place involved the
fate of Cyprus at large. (Diod, I. c. -- Id. , 12, 3. )
Under the Roman dominion the entire eastern part of
the island was attached to the jurisdiction of Salamis.
The insurrection of the Jews in Trajan's reign brought
with it the ruin of a great portion of the city (Euseb. ,
Chron. , ann. 19, Traj. -- Oros. , 7, 12); it did not.
however, cause the entire downfall of Salamis, as it is
still mentioned after this period by Ptolemy and in the
Peutinger Table. In the reign of Constanline, how-
ever, an earthquake and inundation of the sea com-
pleted the downfall of the place, and a large portion of
the inhabitants were buried beneath its ruins. (Ce-
drenus. ad ann. 29, Constant. Mag. --Malala, Chron. ,
I. xii. , Sub. Constantio Chloro. ) Constantius restored
it, made it the capital of the whole island, and called
it, from his own name, Constantia. (Hicrocles, p.
706 ) A few remains of this city still exist. (Po-
eockc, 2, p. 313. --Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 6, pt. 1, p.
572, teqq)
Salapia, a city of Apulia, near the coast, above the
river Aufidius, and between that river and the Salapi-
La Palua. According to Strabo, it was the emporium
of Arpi: without such authority, however, we should
have fixed upon Sipontum as answering that purpose
better, from its greater proximity. (Strab. ,28'i ) This
town laid claim to a Grecian origin. The Rhodians,
who early distinguished themselves by a spirit of en-
terprise in navigation, asserted, that, among other dis-
tant colonies, they had founded, in conjunction with
some Coans, a city named Salpia, Oil the Daunian
coast. This account of Strabo's (654) farms con-
firmed by Vitruvius, who attributes the foundation
of this settlement to a Rhodian chief named Elpias
(1,4. --Compare Meurs. in Rhod. , 1, 18). It is prob-
able, however, that Salapia was at first dependant
upon the more powerful city of Arpi, and, liko that
city, it subsequently lost much of the peculiar charac-
ter which belonged to the Greek colonies from its in-
tercourse with the natives. We do not hear of Sala-
pia in Roman history till the second Punic war, when
it is represented as falling into the hands of the Car-
thaginians, after the battle of Cannae (Liv. , 24, 20);
but, not long after, it was delivered up to Marcellus
by the party which favoured the Roman interest, to-
gether with the garrison which Hannibal had placed
there. (Livy, 26, 28. ) The Carthaginian general
seems to have fek the loss of this town severely; and
it was probably the desire of revenge which prompted
him, after the death and defeat of Marcellus, to adopt
the stratagem of sending letters, sealed with that com-
mander's ring, to the magistrates of the town, in order
to obtain admission with his troops. The Salapitani,
however, being warned of his design, the attempt
? ? proved abortive. (La. , 27, 28. --App. , Han. , 51. )
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? SAL
SALLUSTIUS
? I tbe sacred shields called AicUm, B. C. 709. (fitf.
Anci'c. ) Tliey were twelve in number. Their chief
was called prttsul, who seems to have gone foremost
in the procession; their principal musician, vales; and
he who admitted new members, mapistcr. Their
number was afterward doubled by Tullus Hostilius,
after he had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in
consequence of a vow which he had made to Mars.
The Salii were all of patrician families, and the office
was very honourable. The lat of March was the day
in which the Salii observed their festival in honour of
Mars. They were generally dressed in a short scarlet
tunic, of which only the edges were seen; they wore
i large purple-coloured belt above the waist, which
was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their
heads round bonnets with two corners standing up,
in their right hand they carried a small rod, and in
their left a small buckler, one of the ancilia, or shields
of Mars. Lucan says that it hung from the neck. In
the observation of their solemnity, they first offered
sacrifices, and afterward went through the streets dan-
cing in measured motions, sometimes all together, or
at other times separately, while musical instruments
were playing before them. Hence their name of Salii,
from their moving along in solemn dance {Salii a soli-
endo). They placed their body in different attitudes,
and struck with their rods the shields which they held
in their hands. They also sung hymns in honour of
the gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Mi-
nerva, and they were accompanied in the chorus by a
certain number of virgins, habited like themselves, and
called Salia. We have in Varro a few fragments of
tbe Salian hymns, which, even in the time of that wri-
ter, were scarcely intelligible. Thus, for example,
"Divum exta cante, Divum Deo tupplice canlc,"
i. e , Deorum ezta can He, Dcorum Deo (Jano) svp-
flicilcr canite ; and also the following:
"omnia
dapatilia comissc jam cusioncs
duonus ceruses dims janusque renit,"
i. c , Omnia dapalia comedisse Jani Curioncs. Bo-
nus creator Dimus Janusque tout. --Their feasts and
entertainments were uncommonly sumptuous, whence
iapes saliares is proverbially applied to such repasts
as are most splendid and costly. (Liv. , 1, SO. --Var-
ro, L L. , 4, 15. --Chid, Fast. , 3, 387. )--II. A Ger-
man tribe of Frankish origin, whose original seat is
not clearly ascertained. Wiarda makes it between
the Siva Carbonaria (part of the forest of Ardennes)
and the River Ligens (Lys, in Brabant); Wersebe,
however, in the vicinity of the Sala or Saale. They
first made their, appearance on the Insula Batavorum,
where they were conquered by Julian; afterward in
the territory of the Chamavi, by the Mosa or Meuse.
Mannert seeks to identify them with tho Cherusci.
(. -1mm. Marcell. , 17, 8, seqq. --Zosim. , 3, 6. )
SaLLUstil's, Ckispus, a celebrated Latin historian,
born at Amiternum, in the territory of the Sabines, in
the year of Rome 668. He received his education in
the latter city, and in his early youth appears to have
been desirous to devote himself to literary pursuits.
But it was not easy for one residing in tbe capital to
escape the contagious desire of military or political
distinction. He obtained tho situation of quaestor,
which entitled him to a seat in the senate, at the age
of twenty-seven; end about six years afterward he
was elected tribune of the commons. While in this
? ? office he attached himself to the for'. snes of Caesar,
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? SAl-UiSTIUS.
SALLUSTIUS
ol Pi<< ma Latro, have been adopted by Le Clerc, pro-
fessor of Hebrew at Amsterdam, and by Professor
Meisner, of Pragne, in their respective accounts of the
life of Sallust. His character has received more jus-
tice from the prefatory memoir and notes of De Bros-
ses, his French translator, and from the researches of
Wioland in Germany. --From what is known of Fabi-
us Pictor and his immediate successors, it must be ap-
parent that the art of historic composition at Rome
was in the lowest stale, and'that Sallust had no model
to imitate among the writers of his own country. He
therefore naturally recurred to the productions of the
Greek historians. The native exuberance and loqua-
cious familiarity of Herodotus were not adapted to
his taste; and simplicity, such as that of Xenophon,
is, of all things, the most difficult to attain; he there-
fore chiefly emulated Thucydides, and attempted to
transplant into his own language the vigour and con-
ciseness of the Greek historian; but the strict imita-
tion with which he followed him has gone far to lessen
the erfetx Jt" his own original genius. --The first work
of Sallust was the Conspiracy of Catiline. There ex-
ists, however, some doubt as to the precise period of
its composition. The general opinion is, that it was
written immediately after the author went out of office
as tribune of the commons, that is, A. U. C. 703. And
the composition of tho Jvgvrthine War, as well as of
his general history, is fixed by Le Clerc between that
period and his appointment to the prsetorship of Nu-
midia. But others have supposed that they were all
written during the space which intervened between
his return from Numidia in 709, and his death, which
happened in 718, four years previous to the battle of
Actium. It is maintained by the supporters of this
last idea, that he was too much engaged in politi-
cal tumults previous to his administration of Nu-
pidia to have leisure for so important compositions;
that, in the introduction to Catiline's Conspiracy, he
talks of himself as withdrawn from public affairs,
and refutes accusations of his voluptuous life, which
were only applicable to this period; and that, while
"nstituting the comparison between Cesar and Cato,
tie speaks of the existence and competition of these
celebrated opponents as things that had, passed over.
--" Scd mca memoria, ingenti virtute, diversis mor-
ibus, fucre viri duo, Marcus Cato it Caius Cccsar. "
On this passage, too, Gibbon, in particular, argues,
that such a flatterer and party tool as Sallust would
not, during the life of Ca;sar, have put Cato so much
on a level with him in the comparison. De Brasses
argues with Le Clerc in thinking that the Conspiracy
of Catiline at least must have been written immediately
after 703; as ho would not, after his marriage with
Terontia, have commemorated the disgrace of her sis-
ter, who, it seems, was the vestal virgin whose in-
trigue with Catiline is recorded by Sallust. But,
whatever may be the case as to Catiline's Conspiracy,
it is quite clear that the Jugurthino War was written
subsequently to the author's residence in Numidia,
which evidently suggested to him this theme, and af-
forded him the means of collecting the information
necessary for completing his work. --The subjects
chosen by Sallust form two of the most important and
prominent topics in the history of Rome. The peri-
ods, indeed, which he describes were painful, but they
were interesting. Full of conspiracies, usurpations,
and civil wars, they chiefly exhibit the mutual rage
? ? and iniquity of imbittered factions, furious struggles
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? 3/. LLUSTIUS.
5ALLUSTIUS.
? I tfcoee . T-jrx'mub that Cato himself and other sen-
ators puMicly h'iled the consul as the father of his
country; and that a public thanksgiving to the gods
was decreed in his name, for having preserved the
city from conflagration, and the citizens from massa-
cre. This omission, which may have originated part-
ly in enmity, and partly in disgust at the ill-disguised
vanity of the consul, has in all timea been regarded as
the chief defect, and even stain, in the history of the
CatiMnarian Conspiracy. --Although not an eyewitness
of the war with Jugurtha, Sallust's situation as praetor
of Numidia, which suggested the composition, was fa-
vourable to the authority of the work, by affording op-
portunity of collecting materials, and procuring infor-
mation. He examined into the different accounts,
written as well as traditionary, concerning the history
of Africa, particularly the documents preserved in the
archives of King Hiempsal, which he caused to be
translated for his own use, and which proved peculiar-
ly serviceable in the detailed account which he has
given of the inhabitants of Africa. In this history he
has been accused of showing an undue partiality to-
wards the character of Marius; and of giving, for the
sake of his favourite leader, an unfair account of the
massacre at Vacca. But he appears to do even more
than ample justice to Metellus, since he represents the
war as almost finished by him previous to the arrival
of Marius, though it was, in fact, far from being con-
cluded. --Sallust evidently regarded a fine style as one
if the chief merits of an historical work. The style
? >n which he took so much pains was carefully formed
on that of Thucydides, whose manner of writing was,
in a great measure, original, and,' till the time of Sal-
ust, pecul'ir to himself. The Roman has wonderfully
succeeded in imitating the vigour and conciseness of
the Greek historian, and infusing into his composition
r omething of that dignified austerity which distinguishes
tbe work of his great model; but when we say that
Sallust has imitated the conciseness of Thucydides,
we mean the rapid and compressed manner in which
his narrative is conducted; in short, brevity of idea
rather than of language. For Thucydides, although
he brings forward only the principal idea, and discards
what is collateral, yet frequently employs long and in-
volved periods.
