This final restoration of Peter is
immediately
raised to the patriarchate by his par.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
CnApheus.
(No.
17.
)
monks, and while at Rome united with his col-
12. Of ConstANTINOPLE. (No. 15. )
leagues in addressing to Fulgentius, and the other
13. DAMASCENUS. Among the works of Jo. | African bishops who were then in exile in Sardinia,
annes Damascenus [DAMASCENUS, Joannes] a work entitled De Incarnatione et Gratia Domin
(vol. i. p. 652, ed. Le Quien) are an Epistola al nostri Jesu Christi Liber. To this Fulgentius and his
Zachariam, and a short piece entitled Caput de companions replied in another treatise on the same
immaculuto Curpore, &c. The Epistola is cited by subject. The work of Peter, which is in Latin,
Michael Glycas at the end of the twelfth century, was published in the Monumenta SS. Patrum
in certain letters extant in MS. , as having been Orthodoxographa of Grynaeus, Basel, 1569, and
written by Joannes Damascenus ; and both pieces has been reprinted in various editions of the Bib-
were published under the name of that author by liotheca Patrum. It is in the ninth volume of the
Petrus Pantinus, 8vo. Antwerp, 160) ; and by Lyon edition, fol. a. D. 1677, and in the eleventh
Fronto Ducaeus, Paris, 1603 and 1619. These vol. of the edition of Galland, fol. Venice, 1776.
editors were supported by the authority of MSS. (Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 520, vol. i. p.
505 ;
in ascribing them to Joannes ; but internal evi-Ittigius, De Bibliothecis Patrum, pp. 21, 40, 436,
dence showed that such ascription was erroneous ; 503; Galland. Biblioth. Patrum. Proleg. ad roi.
and the authority of a more perfect MS. enabled xi. c. 4. )
Le Quien to restore them to their true author. 15. DIACONUS. In the Jus Graeco-Romanum
As published by him (ubi supra) they bear re- of Leunclavius, lib. vi. pp. 395--397, are given
spectively these titles, 1. Επιστολή του αγιωτάτου | Ερωτήματα άπερ έλυσεν ο τιμιώτατος χαρτοφύλαξ
Πέτρου του Μανσούρ προς Ζαχαρίας επίσκοπον | κύριος Πέτρος, και διάκονος της του Θεού μεγάλης
Aodpww, Epistola sanctissimi Petri Mansur ad ekranoias, év 7€ sx', Interrogationes quas sol.
Zachariam episcopum Doarorum. 2. Toù avtoù ke vil reverendissimus Chartularius, Dornir:us Petrus,
párasov tepi tou á xpártou owMatos Où metaraula. idemque Diaconus Majoris Ecclesiae (sc. of St. So-
youev, Ejusdem Caput de immaculato Corpore cujus phia at Constantinople) a. ml. 6600 = A. D. 1092.
participes sumus. It is by no means clear who this We learn from this title that the author lived
Peter was. His surname Mansur makes it pro- about the close of the eleventh century in the
bable that he was of the same family as Joannes reign of Alexius I. Comnenus, and that he held the
Damascenus, by whom that surname was borne. offices described, which is all that is known of him.
Le Quien thinks that the writer of the letter was There are, or were, extant in MS. in the King's
not Peter, metropolitan of Damascus, an intimate Library at Paris, Petrus Diaconus et Philosophus
frierd of Joannes Damascenus, who, for writing de Cyclo et Indictione, and Petri Diaconi et Philo
against the doctrines of the Mohammedans and sophi Tractatus de Sole, Luna, et Sideribus (Coud.
the Manichaeans (i. e. the Paulicians), had his cmxxix. No. 7. and mmmalxxxv. ), but whether this
## p. 224 (#240) ############################################
224
PETRUS.
PETRUS
Petrus Diaconna is the canonist is not clear. I No. 2. ), but it is likely that the Monophysitas
(Leunclav. Jrs Gr. Rom. I. c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. generally are meant) and excited much dissension
vol. xi. p. 334; Cave, list. Litt. ad ann. 1092, and tumult, among other causes of which was his
vol. ii. p. 161 ; Catalog. MSS. Biblioth. Reg. vol. ii. adding to the sacred hymn called the Trisagion,
pp. 182, 606, fol. Paris, 1740. )
the words “who wast crucified for us," which con-
16. Of Edessa. Peter, a Syrian by birth, and stituted one of the party tests of the Monophysites,
a presbyter of the church at Edessa, and an emi- and his anathematizing all those who refused to
nent preacher, wrote Tractatus variarum Cau- sanction the alteration, and charging Martyrius
sarum, treatises on various subjects, and composed himself with being a Nestorian. Martyrius, unable
Psalms in metre like those of Ephrem the Syrian. to stop the disorder by his own authority, went to
Trithemius ascribes to him Commentaru in Constantinople, where through the influence of the
Psalmos : and says that he wrote in Syriac. All patriarch Gennadius (GENNADICS, No. 1], he was
his works have perished. (Gennadius, De l'iris honourably treated by the emperor Leo I. , and re-
Illustr. c. 74 ; Trithem. De Scriptorit. Ecclas. turned to Antioch, trusting that the imperial favour
c. 107. )
would enable him to quell all disturbance. Disap-
17. Fullo, or sometimes retaining the Greek pointed in this hope by the obstinacy of his oppo
word GNAPHEUS or CNAPHEUS (Netpos ó rva- nents, and disgusted with his failure, he abdicated
peus or Kvapeús), the FULLER, patriarch of the patriarchate, which was immediately occupied
Antioch in the middle of the fifth century. He by Peter. Leo, however, was not to be thus
was a priest or monk of the neighbourhood of Con- braved ; and, at the instigation of Gennadius, he
stantinople: but whether he originally followed the immediately expelled the intruder, in whose place
business of a Fuller, before embracing a religious Julian was with general approval elected. Peter
life, or whether carried it on while a monk is was sentenced to banishment to the Oasis of l'pper
uncertain. A cacius of Constantinople (apud Li- Egypt, but he contrived to escape from exile, and
berat. Breviar. c. 18), states that he was hegu- returning to Constantinople, obtained refuge in the
menos, or abbot of a monastery at Constantinople ; monastery of the Acoemetae, where he remained
and that on account of his offences, or of accu- till the revolt of Basiliscus against Zeno, haring
sations against him, “crimina,” (their nature is bound himself by oath to abstain from exciting
not stated) he fled to Antioch. The Laudatio further troubles. His usurpation of the See of
S. Barnabae, c. iii. $ 32, of Alexander the Cyprian | Antioch may be placed in a. D. 469.
monk (apud Acta Sanctorum, Junii, vol. ii. p. When Basiliscus (A, D. 475) had expelled Zeno
417), and the Synodicon Vetus, first published by from Constantinople, it appears to have been his
Jo. Pappus, and reprinted in the Biblioth. Grarca, first policy to court the Monophysite party, whom
of Fabricius (vol. xii. p. 396) describe him as a Leo and Zeno had repressed ; and, at the persua-
monk of the monastery of the Acoemetae at Con- sion of Timotheus Aelurus, Monophysite patriarch
stantinople, who accompanied Zeno, son-in-law to of Alexandria, whom he had recalled from exile,
the emperor Leo I. , when sent to Antioch. On he issued an encyclical letter to the various pre-
the other hand, Theodorus Lector (H. E. i. 20), lates of the church, anathematizing the decrees of
whom Theophanes and Cedrenus follow, says he the Synod of Chalcedon. To this letter Peter,
was a presbyter of the Church of St. Bassa the gave his formal assent: and obtained a decree re-
Martyr at Chalcedon. Tillemont endeavours to storing him to the patriarchate of Antioch, to
arrange and harmonize these various statements as which city he was immediately sent. (A. D. 476. )
follows: that Peter was originally a monk in the The Monophysites regained their ascendancy. Ju-
monastery of the Acoemetae, which he places in the lian was expelled, and soon after died of grief :
neighbourhood of Constantinople, but on the Asiatic and Peter resuming the patriarchal authority, ex-
side of the Bosporus ; that having been expelled cited, by again restoring the clause “ who wast cru-
and obliged to flee on account both of immorality cified for us,” and by repeating his anathemas, fresh
and heresy, he resorted to Constantinople, where tumults, which led to plundering and murder. But
he led the life of a parasite and a gourmand, and the recovery of the imperial power by Zeno checked
gained an introduction to Zeno (Tillemont is thus i his career: a synod was assembled at Antioch
for supported by the monk Alexander); and that (A. D. 477), in which he was deposed, chiefly by
he was then, by Zeno's interest, made presbyter of the agency of one of his own partizans, John
the Church of St. Bassa. The third step in this Codonatus (Joannes, No. 10), whom he had ap-
arrangement is, however, by no means satisfactory. pointed bishop of Apameia. He was banished to
Almost all our authorities agree that he accom- Pityus, from whence he contrived to escape, or was
panied Zeno to Antioch ; and if, as is not im- allowed to go to Euchaïta in Pontus, where he found
probable, the charge or the consciousness of refuge in the church of St. Theodore. Tillemont
some offence rendered his absence from Con- | thinks he even returned to Antioch, but this is quite
stantinople convenient, if not necessary, Acacius unlikely. John Codonatus meanwhile succeeded
would not be far out in describing his journey as to the vacant patriarchate ; but he being deposed
a fight. Peter appears to have held the mono- after three months, Stephen, a supporter of the
physite doctrine, the controversy respecting which Council of Chalcedon, succeeded, and he dying soon
then agitated the whole Eastern Church : and on after, another Stephen was appointed in his room.
his arrival at Antioch, the patriarchate of which But the Monophysites of Antioch, though deprived
city was then held by Martyrius, a supporter of of their leader, were both active and powerful : they
the Council of Chalcedon, he determined on the accused the first (the Synodicon Vetus of Pappus says
audacious enterprise of occupying that high office. the second) of the two Stephens of Nestorianism,
Persuading Zeno to favour his attempt, he engaged and apparently succeeded in deposing him: for
on his side a number of those inclined to the Theophanes siys, that a council of the Eastern
Monophysite doctrine, (Theodorus Lector and bishops, asseinbled at Laodiceia by the emperor's
others call them Apollinarists (A POLLINARIS, command, * restored him ” (αποκατέστησεν) to
## p. 225 (#241) ############################################
PETRUS.
225
PETRUS.
:
his episcopal throne. The second Stephen (Tille-1 Cyril, who held the patriarchate for seven years
mont and Valesius, Not. ad Evagr. H. E. iii. 16, say (A. D. 444-451). Peter was the ready participator
the first) was tumultuously murdered according to in the violences of Dioscorus, and eamestly embraced
Evagrius by the boys of Antioch, but according to his cause, when he was deposed by the Council of
Malelas by the Monophysite party among his own Chalcedon, withdrawing from the communion of the
clergy, who apparently restored, not Peter indecd, successor of Dioscorus, Proterius, who supported the
for he was too far removed, but the other Monophy- cause of the council, and uniting in the opposition
site, John Codonatus. However, Acacius, patriarch raised by Timothy Aclurus and others. (Liberat.
of Constantinople, bought him off with the arch- ibid. c. 15. ) He was consequently sentenced by
bishopric of Tyre, and placed Calandion at Antioch Protcrius, apparently to deposition and excommuni-
in bis room : but Calandion was soon banished, cation. (Liberat. ibid. ) Whether he was banished,
either on a charge of Nestorianism, or because he as well as Timothy Aelurus, is not clear, but he
was a partizan of Illus and Leontius [Illus); seems to have accompanied Timothy to Alexandria,
and the Monophysites, now again completely in and to have been his chief supporter when, after the
the ascendant, prevailed on Zeno to consent to the death of the emperor Marcian, he returned, and either
restoration of Peter, after the latter had signed the murdered Proterius or excited the tumults that led
emperor's “ Henoticon," or decree for the unity of to his death A. D. 457. Timothy Aelurus was
the Church.
This final restoration of Peter is immediately raised to the patriarchate by his par.
placed by Theophanes in A. M. 5978, Alex. era, = tizans, but was shortly after banished by the em-
A. D. 485 or 486. The Western Church, which all peror Leo I. , the Thracian, who had succeeded
along retained its allegiance to the Council of Chal- Marcian: Peter also was obliged to flee. Another
cedon, anathematized Peter in a council held at Timotby, surnamed Salofaciolus, a supporter of the
Rome (A. D. 485); but to no purpose. Protected Council of Chalcedon, was appointed to succeed
now by Zeno, and strong in the predominance of Proterius in the patriarcbate. When, in the fol-
his own party, he retained the patriarchate at least lowing reign of Zeno, or rather during the short
for three years, till his death, which is placed by usurpation of Basiliscus, Timotheus Aelurus was
Victor of Tunes in A. D. 488, by Theophanes in recalled from exile (A. D. 475), and was sent from
A. M. 5983, Alex. era, = A. D. 490 or 491. Theo- Constantinople to Alexandria to re-occupy that see,
phanes charges him with various offences against he was joined by Peter (Liberatus, ibid. c. 16),
ecclesiastical rule, and with many acts of oppression and his party, and with their support drove out
in this last period of his episcopacy : and the his competitor Salofaciolus, who took refuge in a
charge derives credit from the previous character monastery at Canopus. On the downfal of Basi-
and conduct of Peter and his party. One of the liscus and the restoration of Zeno, Timothy Aelurus
latest manifestations of bis ever-restless ambition was allowed, through the emperor's compassion for
was an attempt to add the island of Cyprus to his his great age, to retain his see ; but when on his
patriarchate. He was succeeded in the see of An- death (A. D. 477) the Monophysite bishops of Egypt,
tioch by Palladius, a presbyter of Seleuceia. The without waiting for the emperor's directions, elected
Concilia contain (vol. ir. col. 1098, &c. ed Labbe ; Peter (who had previously obtained the rank of
vol. ii. col. 817, 8:23, 835, &c. ed. Hardouin) a archdeacon) as his successor, the emperor's indig-
number of letters from various Eastern or Western nation was so far roused, that he determined to
prelates to Peter : but their genuineness is strongly put the new prelate to death. His anger, however,
disputed by Valesius (Observation. Ecclestiastic. ad somewhat abated, and Peter was allowed to live,
Eragrium, lib. i. ; De Petro Fullone et de Synodis but was deprived of the patriarchate, to which
adversus eum congregatis, c. 4), and other modern Timothy Salofaciolus was restored. On the death
critics. (Evagrius, H. E. ii. 5, 10, 16, 23, cum of Salofaciolus, which occurred soon after, John of
not. Valesii ; Theodor. Lector. H. E. i 20-22, Tabenna, surnamed Talaia or Talaida (JOANNES,
30, 31, ii. 2, cum not. Valesii ; Brericulus de No. 115), was appointed to succeed him ; but he
Historia Eutychianistarum s. Gesta de Nomine was very shortly deposed by order of Zeno, on
Acacii apud Concilia (vol. iv. col. 1079, ed. Labbe); some account not clearly ascertained, and Peter
Liberatus, Breviarium, c. 18; Theophanes, Chro- Mongus was unexpectedly recalled from Euchaïta
nog. pp. 104-116, ed. Paris, pp. 83–93, ed. in Pontus, whither he had been banished, and was
Venice, vol. i. pp. 187—209, ed. Bonn ; Malelas, (A. D. 482) restored to his sec. His restoration ap-
Chronog. lib. xv. vol. ii. pp. 88–91, ed. Hody, pears to have been part of the policy of Zeno, to
vol. ii. pp. 32, 33, ed. Venice, pp. 379—381, ed. unite if possible all parties, a policy which Peter,
Bonn ; Victor Tunnunensis, Chronicon, Alexander whose age and misfortunes appear to have abated
Monach. Cyprius, Laudatio S. Barnabae, c. 3, apud | the fierceness of his party spirit, was ready to
Acta Sanctorum, l. c. ; Synodicon Vetus apud Fa- adopt. He consequently subscribed the Henoticon
bricium, l. c. ; Vales. Observ. Eccles. ad Erugr. lib. of the emperor, and readmitted the Proterian party
i. ; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. xvi. , and Hist. des to communion on their doing the same. John of
Emp. vol. vi. ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. ii. Tabenna had mean while fled to Rome, where the
col. 724, &c. ; Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. xi. p. pope Simplicius, who, with the Western Church,
336. )
steadily supported the Council of Chalcedon, em-
18. GNAPHEUS. (No. 17. )
braced his cause, and wrote to the emperor in his
19. MAGISTER. (No. 25. )
behalf. Felix 11. or 111. , who succeeded Simpli-
20. MANSUR. (No. 13. )
cius (A. D. 483) was equally zealous on the same
21. MEDIOLANENSIS, of Milan. (No. 9. ) side. Peter had some difficulty in maintaining
22. Mongus or Moggi's (17étpos ó Morgds), his position. In order to recover the favour of his
Monophysite patriarch of Alexandria in the fifth Monophysite friends, whom his subservience to
century. Liberatus (Breriurium, c. 16) gives himn Zeno's policy had alienated, he anathematized the
also the surname of BLAESUS, the STAMMERER. Council of Chalcedon ; and then, to avert the dis-
He was ordained deacon by Dioscorus, successor of I pleasure of Acacius of Constantinople and of the
.
VOL. 1,
## p. 226 (#242) ############################################
226
PETRUS.
PETRUS.
1
Court, to whose temporizing course this decisive sequently despatched intelligence of these important
step was adverse, he denied that he had done so. events to the emperor, while he himself waited at
Evagrius (H. E. iii. 17) has preserved the letter Aulon for further instructions. Justinian, without
he wrote to Acacius on this occasion, which is the delay, undertook to vindicate the cause of the im-
only writing of Peter now extant. By this tergi- prisoned queen, and directed Peter to declare bis
versation he preserved his see, and was enabled to purpose openly to Theodatus. Peter immediately
brave the repeated anathemas of the Western Church. proceeded (A. D. 535), to Italy; but his arrival was
When, however, to recover the attachment of the speedily followed by the murder of Amalasuntha,
Monophysites, he again anathematized the Council an event extremely opportune for the ambitions
of Chalcedon ; and Euphemius, the newly elected views of Justinian, who, through Peter, immediately
patriarch of Constantinople, forsaking the policy of declared war against the Ostrogoths, on account of
his predecessors, took part with the Western Church the queen's death. Such is the account given in
against him, his difficulties became more serious. one place by Procopius (ibid. c. 4); but he else-
What result this combination against him might where (Hist. Arcan, c. 16) charges Peter with
have produced, cannot now be known; death reinstigating Theodatus to commit the murder, being
moved him from the scene of strife A. D. 490, secretly commissioned to do so by the jealousy of
shortly before the death of Zeno. He was suc- Theodora, Justinian's wife, who held out to him,
ceeded in the see of Alexandria by another Mono- as an inducement to comply with her desire, the
physite, Athanasius II. (Evagrius, H. E. iii. 11-23; hope of great advancement. The baseness of
Breviculus Historiae Eutychianistarum 8. Gesta de Theodatus was alarmed by the declaration of war,
Nomine Acacii, apud Concilia, vol. iv. col. 1079, ed. and by the successes of Belisarius, who rapidly
Labbe ; Liberatus, Breviarium, c. 15—18; Theo conquered Sicily; and he negotiated with Peter,
phanes, Chronographia, pp. 107–115, ed. Paris, who had not yet quitted Ravenna, a peace by
pp. 86–92, ed. Venice, vol. i. pp. 194--206, ed. which he ceded Sicily to Justinian, engaged to
Bonn ; Victor Tunnunensis, Chronicon ; Tillemont, pay a yearly tribute in money, and to furnish
Mémoires, vol. xvi. ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 477, him yearly with a body of Ostrogothic soldiers ;
vol. i. p. 455; Fabric.
monks, and while at Rome united with his col-
12. Of ConstANTINOPLE. (No. 15. )
leagues in addressing to Fulgentius, and the other
13. DAMASCENUS. Among the works of Jo. | African bishops who were then in exile in Sardinia,
annes Damascenus [DAMASCENUS, Joannes] a work entitled De Incarnatione et Gratia Domin
(vol. i. p. 652, ed. Le Quien) are an Epistola al nostri Jesu Christi Liber. To this Fulgentius and his
Zachariam, and a short piece entitled Caput de companions replied in another treatise on the same
immaculuto Curpore, &c. The Epistola is cited by subject. The work of Peter, which is in Latin,
Michael Glycas at the end of the twelfth century, was published in the Monumenta SS. Patrum
in certain letters extant in MS. , as having been Orthodoxographa of Grynaeus, Basel, 1569, and
written by Joannes Damascenus ; and both pieces has been reprinted in various editions of the Bib-
were published under the name of that author by liotheca Patrum. It is in the ninth volume of the
Petrus Pantinus, 8vo. Antwerp, 160) ; and by Lyon edition, fol. a. D. 1677, and in the eleventh
Fronto Ducaeus, Paris, 1603 and 1619. These vol. of the edition of Galland, fol. Venice, 1776.
editors were supported by the authority of MSS. (Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 520, vol. i. p.
505 ;
in ascribing them to Joannes ; but internal evi-Ittigius, De Bibliothecis Patrum, pp. 21, 40, 436,
dence showed that such ascription was erroneous ; 503; Galland. Biblioth. Patrum. Proleg. ad roi.
and the authority of a more perfect MS. enabled xi. c. 4. )
Le Quien to restore them to their true author. 15. DIACONUS. In the Jus Graeco-Romanum
As published by him (ubi supra) they bear re- of Leunclavius, lib. vi. pp. 395--397, are given
spectively these titles, 1. Επιστολή του αγιωτάτου | Ερωτήματα άπερ έλυσεν ο τιμιώτατος χαρτοφύλαξ
Πέτρου του Μανσούρ προς Ζαχαρίας επίσκοπον | κύριος Πέτρος, και διάκονος της του Θεού μεγάλης
Aodpww, Epistola sanctissimi Petri Mansur ad ekranoias, év 7€ sx', Interrogationes quas sol.
Zachariam episcopum Doarorum. 2. Toù avtoù ke vil reverendissimus Chartularius, Dornir:us Petrus,
párasov tepi tou á xpártou owMatos Où metaraula. idemque Diaconus Majoris Ecclesiae (sc. of St. So-
youev, Ejusdem Caput de immaculato Corpore cujus phia at Constantinople) a. ml. 6600 = A. D. 1092.
participes sumus. It is by no means clear who this We learn from this title that the author lived
Peter was. His surname Mansur makes it pro- about the close of the eleventh century in the
bable that he was of the same family as Joannes reign of Alexius I. Comnenus, and that he held the
Damascenus, by whom that surname was borne. offices described, which is all that is known of him.
Le Quien thinks that the writer of the letter was There are, or were, extant in MS. in the King's
not Peter, metropolitan of Damascus, an intimate Library at Paris, Petrus Diaconus et Philosophus
frierd of Joannes Damascenus, who, for writing de Cyclo et Indictione, and Petri Diaconi et Philo
against the doctrines of the Mohammedans and sophi Tractatus de Sole, Luna, et Sideribus (Coud.
the Manichaeans (i. e. the Paulicians), had his cmxxix. No. 7. and mmmalxxxv. ), but whether this
## p. 224 (#240) ############################################
224
PETRUS.
PETRUS
Petrus Diaconna is the canonist is not clear. I No. 2. ), but it is likely that the Monophysitas
(Leunclav. Jrs Gr. Rom. I. c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. generally are meant) and excited much dissension
vol. xi. p. 334; Cave, list. Litt. ad ann. 1092, and tumult, among other causes of which was his
vol. ii. p. 161 ; Catalog. MSS. Biblioth. Reg. vol. ii. adding to the sacred hymn called the Trisagion,
pp. 182, 606, fol. Paris, 1740. )
the words “who wast crucified for us," which con-
16. Of Edessa. Peter, a Syrian by birth, and stituted one of the party tests of the Monophysites,
a presbyter of the church at Edessa, and an emi- and his anathematizing all those who refused to
nent preacher, wrote Tractatus variarum Cau- sanction the alteration, and charging Martyrius
sarum, treatises on various subjects, and composed himself with being a Nestorian. Martyrius, unable
Psalms in metre like those of Ephrem the Syrian. to stop the disorder by his own authority, went to
Trithemius ascribes to him Commentaru in Constantinople, where through the influence of the
Psalmos : and says that he wrote in Syriac. All patriarch Gennadius (GENNADICS, No. 1], he was
his works have perished. (Gennadius, De l'iris honourably treated by the emperor Leo I. , and re-
Illustr. c. 74 ; Trithem. De Scriptorit. Ecclas. turned to Antioch, trusting that the imperial favour
c. 107. )
would enable him to quell all disturbance. Disap-
17. Fullo, or sometimes retaining the Greek pointed in this hope by the obstinacy of his oppo
word GNAPHEUS or CNAPHEUS (Netpos ó rva- nents, and disgusted with his failure, he abdicated
peus or Kvapeús), the FULLER, patriarch of the patriarchate, which was immediately occupied
Antioch in the middle of the fifth century. He by Peter. Leo, however, was not to be thus
was a priest or monk of the neighbourhood of Con- braved ; and, at the instigation of Gennadius, he
stantinople: but whether he originally followed the immediately expelled the intruder, in whose place
business of a Fuller, before embracing a religious Julian was with general approval elected. Peter
life, or whether carried it on while a monk is was sentenced to banishment to the Oasis of l'pper
uncertain. A cacius of Constantinople (apud Li- Egypt, but he contrived to escape from exile, and
berat. Breviar. c. 18), states that he was hegu- returning to Constantinople, obtained refuge in the
menos, or abbot of a monastery at Constantinople ; monastery of the Acoemetae, where he remained
and that on account of his offences, or of accu- till the revolt of Basiliscus against Zeno, haring
sations against him, “crimina,” (their nature is bound himself by oath to abstain from exciting
not stated) he fled to Antioch. The Laudatio further troubles. His usurpation of the See of
S. Barnabae, c. iii. $ 32, of Alexander the Cyprian | Antioch may be placed in a. D. 469.
monk (apud Acta Sanctorum, Junii, vol. ii. p. When Basiliscus (A, D. 475) had expelled Zeno
417), and the Synodicon Vetus, first published by from Constantinople, it appears to have been his
Jo. Pappus, and reprinted in the Biblioth. Grarca, first policy to court the Monophysite party, whom
of Fabricius (vol. xii. p. 396) describe him as a Leo and Zeno had repressed ; and, at the persua-
monk of the monastery of the Acoemetae at Con- sion of Timotheus Aelurus, Monophysite patriarch
stantinople, who accompanied Zeno, son-in-law to of Alexandria, whom he had recalled from exile,
the emperor Leo I. , when sent to Antioch. On he issued an encyclical letter to the various pre-
the other hand, Theodorus Lector (H. E. i. 20), lates of the church, anathematizing the decrees of
whom Theophanes and Cedrenus follow, says he the Synod of Chalcedon. To this letter Peter,
was a presbyter of the Church of St. Bassa the gave his formal assent: and obtained a decree re-
Martyr at Chalcedon. Tillemont endeavours to storing him to the patriarchate of Antioch, to
arrange and harmonize these various statements as which city he was immediately sent. (A. D. 476. )
follows: that Peter was originally a monk in the The Monophysites regained their ascendancy. Ju-
monastery of the Acoemetae, which he places in the lian was expelled, and soon after died of grief :
neighbourhood of Constantinople, but on the Asiatic and Peter resuming the patriarchal authority, ex-
side of the Bosporus ; that having been expelled cited, by again restoring the clause “ who wast cru-
and obliged to flee on account both of immorality cified for us,” and by repeating his anathemas, fresh
and heresy, he resorted to Constantinople, where tumults, which led to plundering and murder. But
he led the life of a parasite and a gourmand, and the recovery of the imperial power by Zeno checked
gained an introduction to Zeno (Tillemont is thus i his career: a synod was assembled at Antioch
for supported by the monk Alexander); and that (A. D. 477), in which he was deposed, chiefly by
he was then, by Zeno's interest, made presbyter of the agency of one of his own partizans, John
the Church of St. Bassa. The third step in this Codonatus (Joannes, No. 10), whom he had ap-
arrangement is, however, by no means satisfactory. pointed bishop of Apameia. He was banished to
Almost all our authorities agree that he accom- Pityus, from whence he contrived to escape, or was
panied Zeno to Antioch ; and if, as is not im- allowed to go to Euchaïta in Pontus, where he found
probable, the charge or the consciousness of refuge in the church of St. Theodore. Tillemont
some offence rendered his absence from Con- | thinks he even returned to Antioch, but this is quite
stantinople convenient, if not necessary, Acacius unlikely. John Codonatus meanwhile succeeded
would not be far out in describing his journey as to the vacant patriarchate ; but he being deposed
a fight. Peter appears to have held the mono- after three months, Stephen, a supporter of the
physite doctrine, the controversy respecting which Council of Chalcedon, succeeded, and he dying soon
then agitated the whole Eastern Church : and on after, another Stephen was appointed in his room.
his arrival at Antioch, the patriarchate of which But the Monophysites of Antioch, though deprived
city was then held by Martyrius, a supporter of of their leader, were both active and powerful : they
the Council of Chalcedon, he determined on the accused the first (the Synodicon Vetus of Pappus says
audacious enterprise of occupying that high office. the second) of the two Stephens of Nestorianism,
Persuading Zeno to favour his attempt, he engaged and apparently succeeded in deposing him: for
on his side a number of those inclined to the Theophanes siys, that a council of the Eastern
Monophysite doctrine, (Theodorus Lector and bishops, asseinbled at Laodiceia by the emperor's
others call them Apollinarists (A POLLINARIS, command, * restored him ” (αποκατέστησεν) to
## p. 225 (#241) ############################################
PETRUS.
225
PETRUS.
:
his episcopal throne. The second Stephen (Tille-1 Cyril, who held the patriarchate for seven years
mont and Valesius, Not. ad Evagr. H. E. iii. 16, say (A. D. 444-451). Peter was the ready participator
the first) was tumultuously murdered according to in the violences of Dioscorus, and eamestly embraced
Evagrius by the boys of Antioch, but according to his cause, when he was deposed by the Council of
Malelas by the Monophysite party among his own Chalcedon, withdrawing from the communion of the
clergy, who apparently restored, not Peter indecd, successor of Dioscorus, Proterius, who supported the
for he was too far removed, but the other Monophy- cause of the council, and uniting in the opposition
site, John Codonatus. However, Acacius, patriarch raised by Timothy Aclurus and others. (Liberat.
of Constantinople, bought him off with the arch- ibid. c. 15. ) He was consequently sentenced by
bishopric of Tyre, and placed Calandion at Antioch Protcrius, apparently to deposition and excommuni-
in bis room : but Calandion was soon banished, cation. (Liberat. ibid. ) Whether he was banished,
either on a charge of Nestorianism, or because he as well as Timothy Aelurus, is not clear, but he
was a partizan of Illus and Leontius [Illus); seems to have accompanied Timothy to Alexandria,
and the Monophysites, now again completely in and to have been his chief supporter when, after the
the ascendant, prevailed on Zeno to consent to the death of the emperor Marcian, he returned, and either
restoration of Peter, after the latter had signed the murdered Proterius or excited the tumults that led
emperor's “ Henoticon," or decree for the unity of to his death A. D. 457. Timothy Aelurus was
the Church.
This final restoration of Peter is immediately raised to the patriarchate by his par.
placed by Theophanes in A. M. 5978, Alex. era, = tizans, but was shortly after banished by the em-
A. D. 485 or 486. The Western Church, which all peror Leo I. , the Thracian, who had succeeded
along retained its allegiance to the Council of Chal- Marcian: Peter also was obliged to flee. Another
cedon, anathematized Peter in a council held at Timotby, surnamed Salofaciolus, a supporter of the
Rome (A. D. 485); but to no purpose. Protected Council of Chalcedon, was appointed to succeed
now by Zeno, and strong in the predominance of Proterius in the patriarcbate. When, in the fol-
his own party, he retained the patriarchate at least lowing reign of Zeno, or rather during the short
for three years, till his death, which is placed by usurpation of Basiliscus, Timotheus Aelurus was
Victor of Tunes in A. D. 488, by Theophanes in recalled from exile (A. D. 475), and was sent from
A. M. 5983, Alex. era, = A. D. 490 or 491. Theo- Constantinople to Alexandria to re-occupy that see,
phanes charges him with various offences against he was joined by Peter (Liberatus, ibid. c. 16),
ecclesiastical rule, and with many acts of oppression and his party, and with their support drove out
in this last period of his episcopacy : and the his competitor Salofaciolus, who took refuge in a
charge derives credit from the previous character monastery at Canopus. On the downfal of Basi-
and conduct of Peter and his party. One of the liscus and the restoration of Zeno, Timothy Aelurus
latest manifestations of bis ever-restless ambition was allowed, through the emperor's compassion for
was an attempt to add the island of Cyprus to his his great age, to retain his see ; but when on his
patriarchate. He was succeeded in the see of An- death (A. D. 477) the Monophysite bishops of Egypt,
tioch by Palladius, a presbyter of Seleuceia. The without waiting for the emperor's directions, elected
Concilia contain (vol. ir. col. 1098, &c. ed Labbe ; Peter (who had previously obtained the rank of
vol. ii. col. 817, 8:23, 835, &c. ed. Hardouin) a archdeacon) as his successor, the emperor's indig-
number of letters from various Eastern or Western nation was so far roused, that he determined to
prelates to Peter : but their genuineness is strongly put the new prelate to death. His anger, however,
disputed by Valesius (Observation. Ecclestiastic. ad somewhat abated, and Peter was allowed to live,
Eragrium, lib. i. ; De Petro Fullone et de Synodis but was deprived of the patriarchate, to which
adversus eum congregatis, c. 4), and other modern Timothy Salofaciolus was restored. On the death
critics. (Evagrius, H. E. ii. 5, 10, 16, 23, cum of Salofaciolus, which occurred soon after, John of
not. Valesii ; Theodor. Lector. H. E. i 20-22, Tabenna, surnamed Talaia or Talaida (JOANNES,
30, 31, ii. 2, cum not. Valesii ; Brericulus de No. 115), was appointed to succeed him ; but he
Historia Eutychianistarum s. Gesta de Nomine was very shortly deposed by order of Zeno, on
Acacii apud Concilia (vol. iv. col. 1079, ed. Labbe); some account not clearly ascertained, and Peter
Liberatus, Breviarium, c. 18; Theophanes, Chro- Mongus was unexpectedly recalled from Euchaïta
nog. pp. 104-116, ed. Paris, pp. 83–93, ed. in Pontus, whither he had been banished, and was
Venice, vol. i. pp. 187—209, ed. Bonn ; Malelas, (A. D. 482) restored to his sec. His restoration ap-
Chronog. lib. xv. vol. ii. pp. 88–91, ed. Hody, pears to have been part of the policy of Zeno, to
vol. ii. pp. 32, 33, ed. Venice, pp. 379—381, ed. unite if possible all parties, a policy which Peter,
Bonn ; Victor Tunnunensis, Chronicon, Alexander whose age and misfortunes appear to have abated
Monach. Cyprius, Laudatio S. Barnabae, c. 3, apud | the fierceness of his party spirit, was ready to
Acta Sanctorum, l. c. ; Synodicon Vetus apud Fa- adopt. He consequently subscribed the Henoticon
bricium, l. c. ; Vales. Observ. Eccles. ad Erugr. lib. of the emperor, and readmitted the Proterian party
i. ; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol. xvi. , and Hist. des to communion on their doing the same. John of
Emp. vol. vi. ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. ii. Tabenna had mean while fled to Rome, where the
col. 724, &c. ; Fabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. xi. p. pope Simplicius, who, with the Western Church,
336. )
steadily supported the Council of Chalcedon, em-
18. GNAPHEUS. (No. 17. )
braced his cause, and wrote to the emperor in his
19. MAGISTER. (No. 25. )
behalf. Felix 11. or 111. , who succeeded Simpli-
20. MANSUR. (No. 13. )
cius (A. D. 483) was equally zealous on the same
21. MEDIOLANENSIS, of Milan. (No. 9. ) side. Peter had some difficulty in maintaining
22. Mongus or Moggi's (17étpos ó Morgds), his position. In order to recover the favour of his
Monophysite patriarch of Alexandria in the fifth Monophysite friends, whom his subservience to
century. Liberatus (Breriurium, c. 16) gives himn Zeno's policy had alienated, he anathematized the
also the surname of BLAESUS, the STAMMERER. Council of Chalcedon ; and then, to avert the dis-
He was ordained deacon by Dioscorus, successor of I pleasure of Acacius of Constantinople and of the
.
VOL. 1,
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226
PETRUS.
PETRUS.
1
Court, to whose temporizing course this decisive sequently despatched intelligence of these important
step was adverse, he denied that he had done so. events to the emperor, while he himself waited at
Evagrius (H. E. iii. 17) has preserved the letter Aulon for further instructions. Justinian, without
he wrote to Acacius on this occasion, which is the delay, undertook to vindicate the cause of the im-
only writing of Peter now extant. By this tergi- prisoned queen, and directed Peter to declare bis
versation he preserved his see, and was enabled to purpose openly to Theodatus. Peter immediately
brave the repeated anathemas of the Western Church. proceeded (A. D. 535), to Italy; but his arrival was
When, however, to recover the attachment of the speedily followed by the murder of Amalasuntha,
Monophysites, he again anathematized the Council an event extremely opportune for the ambitions
of Chalcedon ; and Euphemius, the newly elected views of Justinian, who, through Peter, immediately
patriarch of Constantinople, forsaking the policy of declared war against the Ostrogoths, on account of
his predecessors, took part with the Western Church the queen's death. Such is the account given in
against him, his difficulties became more serious. one place by Procopius (ibid. c. 4); but he else-
What result this combination against him might where (Hist. Arcan, c. 16) charges Peter with
have produced, cannot now be known; death reinstigating Theodatus to commit the murder, being
moved him from the scene of strife A. D. 490, secretly commissioned to do so by the jealousy of
shortly before the death of Zeno. He was suc- Theodora, Justinian's wife, who held out to him,
ceeded in the see of Alexandria by another Mono- as an inducement to comply with her desire, the
physite, Athanasius II. (Evagrius, H. E. iii. 11-23; hope of great advancement. The baseness of
Breviculus Historiae Eutychianistarum 8. Gesta de Theodatus was alarmed by the declaration of war,
Nomine Acacii, apud Concilia, vol. iv. col. 1079, ed. and by the successes of Belisarius, who rapidly
Labbe ; Liberatus, Breviarium, c. 15—18; Theo conquered Sicily; and he negotiated with Peter,
phanes, Chronographia, pp. 107–115, ed. Paris, who had not yet quitted Ravenna, a peace by
pp. 86–92, ed. Venice, vol. i. pp. 194--206, ed. which he ceded Sicily to Justinian, engaged to
Bonn ; Victor Tunnunensis, Chronicon ; Tillemont, pay a yearly tribute in money, and to furnish
Mémoires, vol. xvi. ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 477, him yearly with a body of Ostrogothic soldiers ;
vol. i. p. 455; Fabric.
