,
_Constructive
Rural Sociology_, p.
Applied Eugenics by Roswell H. Johnson and Paul Popenoe
F.
, "Fewer Births and Deaths: What Do They Mean?
"
_Journal of Heredity_, VII, pp. 119-128, March, 1916.
[126] The data are published in full by Paul Popenoe in the _Journal of
Heredity_, October, 1917. It must be noted that, in spite of their small
salaries, the Methodist clergymen marry earlier and have more children
than do other men of equal education and social status, such as the
Harvard and Yale graduates. This difference in marriage and birth-rate
is doubtless to be credited in part to their inherent nature and in part
to the action of religious idealism. It confirms the belief of eugenists
that even under present economic circumstances the birth-rate of the
superior classes might be raised appreciably by a campaign of eugenic
education.
[127] For an official statement of the attitude of the birth-rate of the
Mormon church, see _Journal of Heredity_, VII, pp. 450-451, Oct. , 1916.
[128] Mecklin, John M. , _Democracy and Race Friction, a Study in Social
Ethics_, New York, 1914. p. 147.
[129] It would be more accurate to say the Nordic race. Other white
races have not uniformly shown this discrimination. The Mediterranean
race in particular has never manifested the same amount of race feeling.
The Arabs have tended to receive the Negro almost on terms of equality,
partly on religious grounds; it seems probable that the decadence of the
Arabs is largely due to their miscegenation.
[130] Mecklin, _op. cit. _, p. 147.
[131] Blascoer, Frances, _Colored School Children in New York_, Public
Education Association of the City of New York, 1915. The preface, from
which the quotation is taken, is by Eleanor Hope Johnson, chairman of
the committee on hygiene of school children.
[132] Mecklin, _op. cit. _, p. 32.
[133] The Negro's contribution has perhaps been most noteworthy in
music. This does not necessarily show advanced evolution; August
Weismann long ago pointed out that music is a primitive accomplishment.
For an outline of what the Negro race has achieved, particularly in
America, see the _Negro Year Book_, Tuskegee Institute, Ala.
[134] _Social Problems; Their Treatment, Past, Present and Future_, p.
8, London, 1912.
[135] Stetson, G. R. , "Memory Tests on Black and White Children,"
_Psych. Rev. _, 1897, p. 285. See also MacDonald, A. , in _Rep. U. S.
Comm. of Educ. ,_ 1897-98.
[136] Mayo, M. J. , "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro," _Arch.
of Psych. _, No. 28.
[137] Phillips, B. A. , "Retardation in the Elementary Schools of
Philadelphia," _Psych. Clinic_, VI, pp. 79-90; "The Binet Tests Applied
to Colored Children," _ibid. _, VIII, pp. 190-196.
[138] Strong, A. C. , _Ped. Sem. _, XX, pp. 485-515.
[139] Pyle, W. H. , "The Mind of the Negro Child," _School and Society_,
I, pp. 357-360.
[140] Ferguson, G. O. , Jr. , "The Psychology of the Negro," _Arch. of
Psych. _ No. 36, April, 1916.
[141] Though the Negro is not assimilable, he is here to stay; he should
therefore be helped to develop along his own lines. It is desirable not
to subject him to too severe a competition with whites; yet such
competition, acting as a stimulus, is probably responsible for part of
his rapid progress during the last century, a progress which would not
have been possible in a country where Negroes competed only with each
other. The best way to temper competition is by differentiation of
function, but this principle should not be carried to the extent of
pocketing the Negro in blind-alley occupations where development is
impossible. As mental tests show him to be less suited to literary
education than are the whites, it seems likely that agriculture offers
the best field for him.
[142] This letter, and much of the data regarding the legal status of
Negro-white amalgamation, are from an article by Albert Ernest Jenks in
the _Am. Journ. Sociology_, XXI, 5, pp. 666-679, March, 1916.
[143] A recent readable account of the races of the world is Madison
Grant's _The Passing of the Great Race_ (New York, 1916).
[144] _The Old World in the New. _ By E. A. Ross, professor of Sociology
in the University of Wisconsin, New York, 1914.
[145] Cf. Stevenson, Robert Louis, _The Amateur Emigrant_.
[146] Interview with W. Williams, former commissioner of immigration, in
the _New York Herald_, April 13, 1912.
[147] Of the total number of inmates of insane asylums of the entire U.
S. of Jan. 1, 1910, 28. 8% were whites of foreign birth, and of the
persons admitted to such institutions during the year 1910, 25. 5% were
of this class. Of the total population of the United States in 1910 the
foreign-born whites constituted 14. 5%. Special report on the insane,
Census of 1910 (pub. 1914).
[148] _The Tide of Immigration. _ By Frank Julian Warne, special expert
on foreign-born population, 13th U. S. Census, New York, 1916.
[149] _Essays in Social Justice. _ By Thomas Nixon Carver, professor of
Political Economy in Harvard University, Cambridge, 1915.
[150] Fairchild's and Jenks' opinions are quoted from Warne, Chapter
XVI.
[151] _America and the Orient: A Constructive Policy_, by Rev. Sidney L.
Gulick, Methodist Book Concern. The _American Japanese Problem: a Study
of the Racial Relations of the East and West_, New York, Scribner's.
[152] _Oriental Immigration. _ By W. C. Billings, surgeon, U. S. Public
Health Service; Chief Medical Officer, Immigration Service; Angel Island
(San Francisco), Calif. , _Journal of Heredity_, Vol. VI (1915), pp.
462-467.
[153] _Assimilation in the Philippines, etc. _ By Albert Ernest Jenks,
professor of anthropology in the University of Minnesota. _American
Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XIX (1914), p. 783.
[154] Students of the inheritance of mental and moral traits may be
interested to note that while the ordinary Chinese mestizo in the
Philippines is a man of probity, who has the high regard of his European
business associates, the Ilocanos, supposed descendants of pirates, are
considered rather tricky and dishonest.
[155] An important study of this subject was published by Professor
Vernon L. Kellogg in _Social Hygiene_ (New York), Dec, 1914.
[156] Nasmyth, George, _Social Progress and the Darwinian Theory_, p.
146, New York, 1916. While his book is too partisan, his Chapter III is
well worth reading by those who want to avoid the gross blunders which
militarists and many biologists have made in applying Darwinism to
social progress; it is based on the work of Professor J. Novikov of the
University of Odessa. See also _Headquarters Nights_ by Vernon Kellogg.
[157] Jordan, D. S. , and Jordan, H. E. , _War's Aftermath_, Boston, 1915.
[158] Jordan, David Starr, _War and the Breed_, p. 164. Boston, 1915.
Chancellor Jordan has long been the foremost exponent of the dysgenic
significance of war, and this book gives an excellent summary of the
problem from his point of view.
[159] See Woods, Frederick Adams, and Baltzly, Alexander, _Is War
Diminishing_? New York, 1916.
[160] See an interesting series of five articles in _The American
Hebrew_, Jan and Feb. , 1917.
[161] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 277-283, June, 1917.
[162] _The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln_, New York, 1896. For the
Emancipator's maternal line see _Nancy Hanks_, by Caroline Hanks
Hitchcock. New York, 1899.
[163] _The Life of Pasteur_ by his son-in-law, Rene Vallery Radot,
should be read by every student of biology.
[164] Hollingworth, H. L. , _Vocational Psychology_, pp. 212-213, New
York, 1916.
[165] Sir Francis Galton and C. B. Davenport have called attention to
the probable inheritance of artistic ability and lately H. Drinkwater
(_Journal of Genetics_, July, 1916), has attempted to prove that it is
due to a Mendelian unit. The evidence alleged is inadequate to prove
that the trait is inherited in any particular way, but the pedigrees
cited by these three investigators, and the boyhood histories of such
artists as Benjamin West, Giotto, Ruskin and Turner, indicate that an
hereditary basis exists.
[166] The difficulty about accepting such traits as this is that they
are almost impossible of exact definition. The long teaching experience
of Mrs. Evelyn Fletcher-Copp (_Journal of Heredity_, VII, 297-305, July,
1916) suggests that any child of ordinary ability can and will compose
music if properly taught, but of course in different degree.
[167] Seashore, C. E. , in _Psychol. Monogs,_ XIII, No. 1, pp. 21-60,
Dec. , 1910. See also Fletcher-Copp, _ubi sup. _ Mrs. Copp declares that
the gift of "positive pitch" or "absolute pitch," i. e. , the ability to
name any sound that is heard, "may be acquired, speaking very
conservatively, by 80% of normal children," if they begin at an early
age. It may be that this discrepancy with Seashore's careful laboratory
tests is due to the fact that the pupils and teachers trained by Mrs.
Copp are a selected lot, to start with.
[168] The contributions on this subject are very widely scattered
through periodical literature. The most important is Karl Pearson's
memoir (1914), reviewed in the _Journal of Heredity_, VI, pp. 332-336,
July, 1915. See also Gini, Corrado, "The Superiority of the Eldest,"
_Journal of Heredity_, VI, 37-39, Jan. , 1915.
[169] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 299-302, July, 1917.
[170] _Biometrika_, IV, pp. 233-286, London, 1905.
[171] See, for example, _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 394-396,
September, 1917. A large body of evidence from European sources, bearing
on the relation between various characters of the offspring, and the age
of the parents, was brought together by Corrado Gini in Vol. II,
_Problems in Eugenics_ (London, 1913).
[172] Davenport, Charles B. , "The Personality, Heredity and Work of
Charles Otis Whitman," _American Naturalist_, LI, pp. 5-30, Jan. , 1917.
[173] Gillette, John M.
, _Constructive Rural Sociology_, p. 89, New
York, 1916.
[174] Cook, O. F. , "Eugenics and Agriculture," _Journal of Heredity_,
VII, pp. 249-254, June, 1916.
[175] Gillette, John M. , "A Study in Social Dynamics: A Statistical
Determination of the Rate of Natural Increase and of the Factors
Accounting for the Increase of Population in the United States,"
_Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association,_ n. s.
116, Vol. XV, pp. 345-380, December, 1916.
[176] The popular demand for "equality of opportunity" is, if taken
literally, absurd, in the light of the provable inequality of abilities.
What is wanted is more correctly defined as an equal consideration of
all with an _appropriate_ opportunity for each based on his demonstrated
capacities.
[177] _Essays in Social Justice. _ By Thomas Nixon Carver, Harvard
University Press, 1915, pp. 168-169.
[178] Answering the question "How Much is a Man Worth? " Professor Carver
states the following axioms:
"The value of a man equals his production minus his consumption. "
"His economic success equals his acquisition minus his consumption. "
"When his acquisition equals his production then his economic success
equals his value. "
"It is the duty of the state to make each man's acquisition equal his
production. That is justice. "
Of course, "production" is here used in a broad sense, to mean the real
social value of the services rendered, and not merely the present
exchange value of the services, or the goods produced.
[179] Kornhauser, A. W. , "Economic Standing of Parents and the
Intelligence of their Children," _Jour. of Educ. Psychology_, Vol. IX. ,
pp. 159-164, March, 1918.
[180] The coefficient of contingency is similar in significance to the
coefficient of correlation, with which readers have already become
familiar. Miss Perrin's study is in _Biometrika_, III (1904), pp.
467-469.
[181] "The Social Waste of Unguided Personal Ability. " By Erville B.
Woods, _American Journal of Sociology_, XIX (1913), pp. 358-369.
[182] See also "Eugenics: With Special Reference to Intellect and
Character," by E. L. Thorndike. In _Eugenics: Twelve University
Lectures_, pp. 319-342, New York, 1914.
[183] See U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau Publication, No.
7, "Laws Relating to Mothers' Pensions in the United States, Denmark and
New Zealand," Washington, 1914.
[184] _American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 96-103, July,
1914.
[185] According to Captain (now Lt. Col. ) E. B. Vedder of the Medical
Corps, U. S. A. , 50% of the Negroes of the class applying for enlistment
in the army are syphilitic. He believes that the amount of infection
among Negro women is about the same. (_Therapeutic Gazette_, May 15,
1916. ) Venereal disease must, then, play a much more important part than
is generally supposed, in cutting down the birth-rate of the Negro race,
but it would of course be a mistake to suppose that an abnormally low
birth-rate among Negroes is always to be explained on this ground.
Professor Kelly Miller points out (_Scientific Monthly_, June, 1917)
that the birth-rate among college professors at Howard University, the
leading Negro institution for higher education, is only 0. 7 of a child
and that the completed families will hardly have more than two children.
He attributes this to (1) the long period of education required of Negro
"intellectuals", (2) the high standard of living required of them, and
(3) the unwillingness of some of them to bring children into the world,
because of the feeling that these children would suffer from race
prejudice.
[186] One can not draw a hard and fast distinction between reason and
instinct in this way, nor deny to animals all ability to reason. We have
simplified the case to make it more graphic. The fact that higher
animals may have mental processes corresponding to some of those we call
reason in man does not impair the validity of our generalization, for
the present purpose.
[187] See _Jewish Eugenics and Other Essays_, By Rabbi Max Reichler, New
York, Bloch Publishing Co. , 1916.
[188] Dublin, Louis I. , "Significance of the Declining Birth Rate,"
_Congressional Record_, Jan. 11, 1918.
[189] At the request of Alexander Graham Bell, founder and director of
the Genealogical Record Office, Paul Popenoe made an examination and
report on these records in the fall of 1916. Thanks are due to Dr. Bell
for permitting the use in this chapter of two portions of the
investigation.
[190] Beeton, Mary, and Karl Pearson, _Biometrika_ I, p. 60. The actual
correlation varies with the age and sex: the following are the results:
COLLATERAL INHERITANCE
Elder adult brother and younger adult brother . 2290 ? . 0194
Adult brother and adult brother . 2853 ? . 0196
Minor brother and minor brother . 1026 ? . 0294
Adult brother and minor brother -. 0262 ? . 0246
Elder adult sister and younger adult sister . 3464 ? . 0183
Adult sister and adult sister . 3322 ? . 0185
Minor sister and minor sister . 1748 ? . 0307
Adult sister and minor sister -. 0260 ? . 0291
Adult brother and adult sister . 2319 ? . 0145
Minor brother and minor sister . 1435 ? . 0251
Adult brother and minor sister -. 0062 ? . 0349
Adult sister and minor brother -. 0274 ? . 0238
[191] The method used is the ingenious one devised by J. Arthur Harris
(_Biometrika_ IX, p. 461). The probable error is based on n=100.
[192] A. Ploetz, "Lebensdauer der Eltern und Kindersterblichkeit,"
_Archiv fur Rassen-u Gesellschafts-Biologie_, VI (1909), pp. 33-43.
[193] Or it may be supposed that the environment is so good as to make a
non-selective death less likely, and therefore such deaths as do occur
must more frequently be selective.
[194] Hibbs, Henry H. , Jr. , _Infant Mortality: Its Relation to Social
and Industrial Conditions_, New York, 1916.
[195] See Castle, W. E. , _Heredity_, pp. 30-32, New York, 1911.
[196] Doll, E. A. , "Education and Inheritance," _Journal of Education_,
Feb. 1, 1917.
[197] Atwater's celebrated experiments proved that all the energy (food)
which goes into an animal can be accounted for in the output of heat or
work. They are conveniently summarized in Abderhalden's _Text-book of
Physiological Chemistry_, p. 335.
[198] In this connection see farther Raymond Pearl's review of Mr.
Redfield's "Dynamic Evolution" (_Journal of Heredity_) VI, p. 254, and
Paul Popenoe's review, "The Parents of Great Men," _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 400-408.
[199] See Dr. Hrdlicka's communication to the XIXth International
Congress of Americanists, Dec. 28, 1915 (the proceedings were published
at Washington, in March, 1917); or an account in the _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 98 ff. , March, 1917.
[200] Cf. Grant, Madison, _The Passing of the Great Race_p. 74 (New
York, 1916): "One often hears the statement made that native Americans
of Colonial ancestry are of mixed ethnic origin. This is not true. At
the time of the Revolutionary War the settlers in the 13 colonies were
not only purely Nordic, but also purely Teutonic, a very large majority
being Anglo-Saxon in the most limited meaning of that term. The New
England settlers in particular came from those counties in England where
the blood was almost purely Saxon, Anglian, and Dane. "
[201] Comprising Armenians, Croatians, English, Greeks, Russian Jews,
Irish, South Italians, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Rumanians and
Russians, 500 individuals in all.
[202] English data from K. Pearson, _Biometrika_ V, p. 124.
[203] Pearson (_ubi supra_) measured 12-year-old English school
children, and found the average cephalic index for 2298 boys to be
78. 88, with [Greek: s] = 3. 2, for 2188 girls 78. 43, with [Greek: s] =
3. 9. It is not proper to compare adolescents with adults, however.
[204] Sewall Wright has pointed out (_Journal of Heredity_, VIII, p.
376) that the white blaze in the hair can not be finally classed as
dominant or recessive until the progeny of _two_ affected persons have
been seen. All matings so far studied have been between an affected
person and a normal. It may be that the white blaze (or piebaldism)
represents merely a heterozygous condition, and that the trait is really
a recessive. The same argument applies to brachydactyly.
* * * * *
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_Journal of Heredity_, VII, pp. 119-128, March, 1916.
[126] The data are published in full by Paul Popenoe in the _Journal of
Heredity_, October, 1917. It must be noted that, in spite of their small
salaries, the Methodist clergymen marry earlier and have more children
than do other men of equal education and social status, such as the
Harvard and Yale graduates. This difference in marriage and birth-rate
is doubtless to be credited in part to their inherent nature and in part
to the action of religious idealism. It confirms the belief of eugenists
that even under present economic circumstances the birth-rate of the
superior classes might be raised appreciably by a campaign of eugenic
education.
[127] For an official statement of the attitude of the birth-rate of the
Mormon church, see _Journal of Heredity_, VII, pp. 450-451, Oct. , 1916.
[128] Mecklin, John M. , _Democracy and Race Friction, a Study in Social
Ethics_, New York, 1914. p. 147.
[129] It would be more accurate to say the Nordic race. Other white
races have not uniformly shown this discrimination. The Mediterranean
race in particular has never manifested the same amount of race feeling.
The Arabs have tended to receive the Negro almost on terms of equality,
partly on religious grounds; it seems probable that the decadence of the
Arabs is largely due to their miscegenation.
[130] Mecklin, _op. cit. _, p. 147.
[131] Blascoer, Frances, _Colored School Children in New York_, Public
Education Association of the City of New York, 1915. The preface, from
which the quotation is taken, is by Eleanor Hope Johnson, chairman of
the committee on hygiene of school children.
[132] Mecklin, _op. cit. _, p. 32.
[133] The Negro's contribution has perhaps been most noteworthy in
music. This does not necessarily show advanced evolution; August
Weismann long ago pointed out that music is a primitive accomplishment.
For an outline of what the Negro race has achieved, particularly in
America, see the _Negro Year Book_, Tuskegee Institute, Ala.
[134] _Social Problems; Their Treatment, Past, Present and Future_, p.
8, London, 1912.
[135] Stetson, G. R. , "Memory Tests on Black and White Children,"
_Psych. Rev. _, 1897, p. 285. See also MacDonald, A. , in _Rep. U. S.
Comm. of Educ. ,_ 1897-98.
[136] Mayo, M. J. , "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro," _Arch.
of Psych. _, No. 28.
[137] Phillips, B. A. , "Retardation in the Elementary Schools of
Philadelphia," _Psych. Clinic_, VI, pp. 79-90; "The Binet Tests Applied
to Colored Children," _ibid. _, VIII, pp. 190-196.
[138] Strong, A. C. , _Ped. Sem. _, XX, pp. 485-515.
[139] Pyle, W. H. , "The Mind of the Negro Child," _School and Society_,
I, pp. 357-360.
[140] Ferguson, G. O. , Jr. , "The Psychology of the Negro," _Arch. of
Psych. _ No. 36, April, 1916.
[141] Though the Negro is not assimilable, he is here to stay; he should
therefore be helped to develop along his own lines. It is desirable not
to subject him to too severe a competition with whites; yet such
competition, acting as a stimulus, is probably responsible for part of
his rapid progress during the last century, a progress which would not
have been possible in a country where Negroes competed only with each
other. The best way to temper competition is by differentiation of
function, but this principle should not be carried to the extent of
pocketing the Negro in blind-alley occupations where development is
impossible. As mental tests show him to be less suited to literary
education than are the whites, it seems likely that agriculture offers
the best field for him.
[142] This letter, and much of the data regarding the legal status of
Negro-white amalgamation, are from an article by Albert Ernest Jenks in
the _Am. Journ. Sociology_, XXI, 5, pp. 666-679, March, 1916.
[143] A recent readable account of the races of the world is Madison
Grant's _The Passing of the Great Race_ (New York, 1916).
[144] _The Old World in the New. _ By E. A. Ross, professor of Sociology
in the University of Wisconsin, New York, 1914.
[145] Cf. Stevenson, Robert Louis, _The Amateur Emigrant_.
[146] Interview with W. Williams, former commissioner of immigration, in
the _New York Herald_, April 13, 1912.
[147] Of the total number of inmates of insane asylums of the entire U.
S. of Jan. 1, 1910, 28. 8% were whites of foreign birth, and of the
persons admitted to such institutions during the year 1910, 25. 5% were
of this class. Of the total population of the United States in 1910 the
foreign-born whites constituted 14. 5%. Special report on the insane,
Census of 1910 (pub. 1914).
[148] _The Tide of Immigration. _ By Frank Julian Warne, special expert
on foreign-born population, 13th U. S. Census, New York, 1916.
[149] _Essays in Social Justice. _ By Thomas Nixon Carver, professor of
Political Economy in Harvard University, Cambridge, 1915.
[150] Fairchild's and Jenks' opinions are quoted from Warne, Chapter
XVI.
[151] _America and the Orient: A Constructive Policy_, by Rev. Sidney L.
Gulick, Methodist Book Concern. The _American Japanese Problem: a Study
of the Racial Relations of the East and West_, New York, Scribner's.
[152] _Oriental Immigration. _ By W. C. Billings, surgeon, U. S. Public
Health Service; Chief Medical Officer, Immigration Service; Angel Island
(San Francisco), Calif. , _Journal of Heredity_, Vol. VI (1915), pp.
462-467.
[153] _Assimilation in the Philippines, etc. _ By Albert Ernest Jenks,
professor of anthropology in the University of Minnesota. _American
Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XIX (1914), p. 783.
[154] Students of the inheritance of mental and moral traits may be
interested to note that while the ordinary Chinese mestizo in the
Philippines is a man of probity, who has the high regard of his European
business associates, the Ilocanos, supposed descendants of pirates, are
considered rather tricky and dishonest.
[155] An important study of this subject was published by Professor
Vernon L. Kellogg in _Social Hygiene_ (New York), Dec, 1914.
[156] Nasmyth, George, _Social Progress and the Darwinian Theory_, p.
146, New York, 1916. While his book is too partisan, his Chapter III is
well worth reading by those who want to avoid the gross blunders which
militarists and many biologists have made in applying Darwinism to
social progress; it is based on the work of Professor J. Novikov of the
University of Odessa. See also _Headquarters Nights_ by Vernon Kellogg.
[157] Jordan, D. S. , and Jordan, H. E. , _War's Aftermath_, Boston, 1915.
[158] Jordan, David Starr, _War and the Breed_, p. 164. Boston, 1915.
Chancellor Jordan has long been the foremost exponent of the dysgenic
significance of war, and this book gives an excellent summary of the
problem from his point of view.
[159] See Woods, Frederick Adams, and Baltzly, Alexander, _Is War
Diminishing_? New York, 1916.
[160] See an interesting series of five articles in _The American
Hebrew_, Jan and Feb. , 1917.
[161] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 277-283, June, 1917.
[162] _The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln_, New York, 1896. For the
Emancipator's maternal line see _Nancy Hanks_, by Caroline Hanks
Hitchcock. New York, 1899.
[163] _The Life of Pasteur_ by his son-in-law, Rene Vallery Radot,
should be read by every student of biology.
[164] Hollingworth, H. L. , _Vocational Psychology_, pp. 212-213, New
York, 1916.
[165] Sir Francis Galton and C. B. Davenport have called attention to
the probable inheritance of artistic ability and lately H. Drinkwater
(_Journal of Genetics_, July, 1916), has attempted to prove that it is
due to a Mendelian unit. The evidence alleged is inadequate to prove
that the trait is inherited in any particular way, but the pedigrees
cited by these three investigators, and the boyhood histories of such
artists as Benjamin West, Giotto, Ruskin and Turner, indicate that an
hereditary basis exists.
[166] The difficulty about accepting such traits as this is that they
are almost impossible of exact definition. The long teaching experience
of Mrs. Evelyn Fletcher-Copp (_Journal of Heredity_, VII, 297-305, July,
1916) suggests that any child of ordinary ability can and will compose
music if properly taught, but of course in different degree.
[167] Seashore, C. E. , in _Psychol. Monogs,_ XIII, No. 1, pp. 21-60,
Dec. , 1910. See also Fletcher-Copp, _ubi sup. _ Mrs. Copp declares that
the gift of "positive pitch" or "absolute pitch," i. e. , the ability to
name any sound that is heard, "may be acquired, speaking very
conservatively, by 80% of normal children," if they begin at an early
age. It may be that this discrepancy with Seashore's careful laboratory
tests is due to the fact that the pupils and teachers trained by Mrs.
Copp are a selected lot, to start with.
[168] The contributions on this subject are very widely scattered
through periodical literature. The most important is Karl Pearson's
memoir (1914), reviewed in the _Journal of Heredity_, VI, pp. 332-336,
July, 1915. See also Gini, Corrado, "The Superiority of the Eldest,"
_Journal of Heredity_, VI, 37-39, Jan. , 1915.
[169] _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 299-302, July, 1917.
[170] _Biometrika_, IV, pp. 233-286, London, 1905.
[171] See, for example, _Journal of Heredity_, VIII, pp. 394-396,
September, 1917. A large body of evidence from European sources, bearing
on the relation between various characters of the offspring, and the age
of the parents, was brought together by Corrado Gini in Vol. II,
_Problems in Eugenics_ (London, 1913).
[172] Davenport, Charles B. , "The Personality, Heredity and Work of
Charles Otis Whitman," _American Naturalist_, LI, pp. 5-30, Jan. , 1917.
[173] Gillette, John M.
, _Constructive Rural Sociology_, p. 89, New
York, 1916.
[174] Cook, O. F. , "Eugenics and Agriculture," _Journal of Heredity_,
VII, pp. 249-254, June, 1916.
[175] Gillette, John M. , "A Study in Social Dynamics: A Statistical
Determination of the Rate of Natural Increase and of the Factors
Accounting for the Increase of Population in the United States,"
_Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association,_ n. s.
116, Vol. XV, pp. 345-380, December, 1916.
[176] The popular demand for "equality of opportunity" is, if taken
literally, absurd, in the light of the provable inequality of abilities.
What is wanted is more correctly defined as an equal consideration of
all with an _appropriate_ opportunity for each based on his demonstrated
capacities.
[177] _Essays in Social Justice. _ By Thomas Nixon Carver, Harvard
University Press, 1915, pp. 168-169.
[178] Answering the question "How Much is a Man Worth? " Professor Carver
states the following axioms:
"The value of a man equals his production minus his consumption. "
"His economic success equals his acquisition minus his consumption. "
"When his acquisition equals his production then his economic success
equals his value. "
"It is the duty of the state to make each man's acquisition equal his
production. That is justice. "
Of course, "production" is here used in a broad sense, to mean the real
social value of the services rendered, and not merely the present
exchange value of the services, or the goods produced.
[179] Kornhauser, A. W. , "Economic Standing of Parents and the
Intelligence of their Children," _Jour. of Educ. Psychology_, Vol. IX. ,
pp. 159-164, March, 1918.
[180] The coefficient of contingency is similar in significance to the
coefficient of correlation, with which readers have already become
familiar. Miss Perrin's study is in _Biometrika_, III (1904), pp.
467-469.
[181] "The Social Waste of Unguided Personal Ability. " By Erville B.
Woods, _American Journal of Sociology_, XIX (1913), pp. 358-369.
[182] See also "Eugenics: With Special Reference to Intellect and
Character," by E. L. Thorndike. In _Eugenics: Twelve University
Lectures_, pp. 319-342, New York, 1914.
[183] See U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau Publication, No.
7, "Laws Relating to Mothers' Pensions in the United States, Denmark and
New Zealand," Washington, 1914.
[184] _American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 96-103, July,
1914.
[185] According to Captain (now Lt. Col. ) E. B. Vedder of the Medical
Corps, U. S. A. , 50% of the Negroes of the class applying for enlistment
in the army are syphilitic. He believes that the amount of infection
among Negro women is about the same. (_Therapeutic Gazette_, May 15,
1916. ) Venereal disease must, then, play a much more important part than
is generally supposed, in cutting down the birth-rate of the Negro race,
but it would of course be a mistake to suppose that an abnormally low
birth-rate among Negroes is always to be explained on this ground.
Professor Kelly Miller points out (_Scientific Monthly_, June, 1917)
that the birth-rate among college professors at Howard University, the
leading Negro institution for higher education, is only 0. 7 of a child
and that the completed families will hardly have more than two children.
He attributes this to (1) the long period of education required of Negro
"intellectuals", (2) the high standard of living required of them, and
(3) the unwillingness of some of them to bring children into the world,
because of the feeling that these children would suffer from race
prejudice.
[186] One can not draw a hard and fast distinction between reason and
instinct in this way, nor deny to animals all ability to reason. We have
simplified the case to make it more graphic. The fact that higher
animals may have mental processes corresponding to some of those we call
reason in man does not impair the validity of our generalization, for
the present purpose.
[187] See _Jewish Eugenics and Other Essays_, By Rabbi Max Reichler, New
York, Bloch Publishing Co. , 1916.
[188] Dublin, Louis I. , "Significance of the Declining Birth Rate,"
_Congressional Record_, Jan. 11, 1918.
[189] At the request of Alexander Graham Bell, founder and director of
the Genealogical Record Office, Paul Popenoe made an examination and
report on these records in the fall of 1916. Thanks are due to Dr. Bell
for permitting the use in this chapter of two portions of the
investigation.
[190] Beeton, Mary, and Karl Pearson, _Biometrika_ I, p. 60. The actual
correlation varies with the age and sex: the following are the results:
COLLATERAL INHERITANCE
Elder adult brother and younger adult brother . 2290 ? . 0194
Adult brother and adult brother . 2853 ? . 0196
Minor brother and minor brother . 1026 ? . 0294
Adult brother and minor brother -. 0262 ? . 0246
Elder adult sister and younger adult sister . 3464 ? . 0183
Adult sister and adult sister . 3322 ? . 0185
Minor sister and minor sister . 1748 ? . 0307
Adult sister and minor sister -. 0260 ? . 0291
Adult brother and adult sister . 2319 ? . 0145
Minor brother and minor sister . 1435 ? . 0251
Adult brother and minor sister -. 0062 ? . 0349
Adult sister and minor brother -. 0274 ? . 0238
[191] The method used is the ingenious one devised by J. Arthur Harris
(_Biometrika_ IX, p. 461). The probable error is based on n=100.
[192] A. Ploetz, "Lebensdauer der Eltern und Kindersterblichkeit,"
_Archiv fur Rassen-u Gesellschafts-Biologie_, VI (1909), pp. 33-43.
[193] Or it may be supposed that the environment is so good as to make a
non-selective death less likely, and therefore such deaths as do occur
must more frequently be selective.
[194] Hibbs, Henry H. , Jr. , _Infant Mortality: Its Relation to Social
and Industrial Conditions_, New York, 1916.
[195] See Castle, W. E. , _Heredity_, pp. 30-32, New York, 1911.
[196] Doll, E. A. , "Education and Inheritance," _Journal of Education_,
Feb. 1, 1917.
[197] Atwater's celebrated experiments proved that all the energy (food)
which goes into an animal can be accounted for in the output of heat or
work. They are conveniently summarized in Abderhalden's _Text-book of
Physiological Chemistry_, p. 335.
[198] In this connection see farther Raymond Pearl's review of Mr.
Redfield's "Dynamic Evolution" (_Journal of Heredity_) VI, p. 254, and
Paul Popenoe's review, "The Parents of Great Men," _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 400-408.
[199] See Dr. Hrdlicka's communication to the XIXth International
Congress of Americanists, Dec. 28, 1915 (the proceedings were published
at Washington, in March, 1917); or an account in the _Journal of
Heredity_, VIII, pp. 98 ff. , March, 1917.
[200] Cf. Grant, Madison, _The Passing of the Great Race_p. 74 (New
York, 1916): "One often hears the statement made that native Americans
of Colonial ancestry are of mixed ethnic origin. This is not true. At
the time of the Revolutionary War the settlers in the 13 colonies were
not only purely Nordic, but also purely Teutonic, a very large majority
being Anglo-Saxon in the most limited meaning of that term. The New
England settlers in particular came from those counties in England where
the blood was almost purely Saxon, Anglian, and Dane. "
[201] Comprising Armenians, Croatians, English, Greeks, Russian Jews,
Irish, South Italians, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Rumanians and
Russians, 500 individuals in all.
[202] English data from K. Pearson, _Biometrika_ V, p. 124.
[203] Pearson (_ubi supra_) measured 12-year-old English school
children, and found the average cephalic index for 2298 boys to be
78. 88, with [Greek: s] = 3. 2, for 2188 girls 78. 43, with [Greek: s] =
3. 9. It is not proper to compare adolescents with adults, however.
[204] Sewall Wright has pointed out (_Journal of Heredity_, VIII, p.
376) that the white blaze in the hair can not be finally classed as
dominant or recessive until the progeny of _two_ affected persons have
been seen. All matings so far studied have been between an affected
person and a normal. It may be that the white blaze (or piebaldism)
represents merely a heterozygous condition, and that the trait is really
a recessive. The same argument applies to brachydactyly.
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