Ozouf, in her
otherwise
marvellous essay, shifts back and forth between dis- cussions of the "homme nouveau" and the "peuple neuf" or "peuple nou- veau" as if the terms were equivalent.
Cult of the Nation in France
e franc?
oise, I, 2.
Ibid. , xv; See also Turpin, Annales pittoresques, 1782 edition, 20.
See Franco Venturi, "From Montesquieu to the Revolution," in Utopia and Reform in the French Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1971), 70-94; Johnson Kent Wright, A Classical Republican in Eighteenth-Century France : The Political Thought of Mably (Stanford, 1997); Keith Michael Baker, "Transformations of Classical Republicanism in Eighteenth-Century France," The Journal of Mod- ern History LXXIII/I (2001), 32-53. In general on republicanism, see the clas- sic work of Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment (see Ch. 1, n. 83). Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (see Intro. , n. 41), 25-7.
See notably Landes, Women and the Public Sphere (see Intro. , n. 72); Hunt, Family Romance (see Intro. , n. 72); Sarah Maza, "Response to Daniel Gordon and David Bell" (see Intro. , n. 72).
The ARTFL database lists includes 1842 uses of the phrase "grand(s) homme(s)" for the eighteenth century, almost always in the sense of "great" rather than "tall" or "big. " The only comparable female appellation is "femme illustre. "
Maubuy, Les vies des femmes illustres, v-viii; quote from xviii.
The tradition extends back through Claude-Charles Guyonne de Vertron's La Nouvelle Pandore (Paris, 1703) to the works of Mlle. de Scude? ry and the proto-feminist texts discussed by Carolyn Lougee in Le paradis des femmes: Women, Salons and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976). See also the fascinating discussion of the Chevalier d'Eon's library in Gary Kates, Monsieur d'Eon Is a Woman: A Tale of Politique, Intrigue and Sexual Masquerade (New York, 1995), 150-58.
The queens Fredegonde, Brunhilda, Bertrande, and Bathilde. See [Sergent], Portraits.
Aublet de Maubuy, x-xi.
See the lists in Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 391-2, 395-6.
See the list of the collective biographies in Table 3, above.
See Furcy-Raynaud, ed. , "Correspondance de M. d'Angiviller avec Pierre. " Morvan de Bellegarde, unpaginated preface.
Du Castre d'Auvigny, Avis, 9.
Turpin, La France illustre, 1782 edition, I, i.
See Colin Jones, "The Great Chain of Buying: Medical Advertisement, the Bourgeois Public Sphere, and the Origins of the French Revolution," Ameri- can Historical Review, CI/1 (1996), 13-40.
See Tables 1 and 2, above.
On this subject, see particularly Gossman, Medievalism (see Ch. 1, n. 116).
85. Gautier Dagoty and Restout, Galerie Franc? oise (see Table 3, above).
86. Turpin, La France illustre, I, 2.
87. Manuel, L'anne? e franc? oise, I, viii.
88. Ibid. , I:62-66, 135-40, III, 12-15.
89. Ibid. , I, 99-120. On the earlier adoration of Charlemagne in the eighteenth century, see Morrissey, L'empereur a` la barbe fleurie, 265-348.
90. This evidence therefore suggests, incidentally, that Robert Darnton and his critics have perhaps focused too intently on illegal productions in their de- bates over the existence, and potential radicalism, of Grub Street. See most recently Mason, ed. , The Darnton Debate, esp. 105-88 and 251-94.
91. For an instance of plagiarism, these lines on the abbe? Suger (I:53)--"Un homme simple porte a` l'abbaye de Saint-Denis un enfant de neuf a` dix ans, le pose sur l'autel, le consacre ou pluto^t l'abandonne a` Dieu, & se retire pour ne plus reparoi^tre"--were taken verbatim from Dominique-Joseph Garat's Eloge de Suger, 8-9. Manuel, I, xi, admits some of his "borrowings. "
92. See above all Papenheim, Erinnerung, 214-301; Bonnet, Naissance du
Panthe? on, 255-98.
93. [Thomas Rousseau, Le? onard Bourdon et al. ], Recueil des actions he? roiques et
civiques des re? publicains franc? ais, 5 issues (Paris, 1793-94). See Julia, Les trois couleurs (see Intro. , n. 11), 208-13. Julia calls the paper one of the rare in- stances "in which the Revolution was able to carry out decisions on a scale commensurate with its ambitions" (213).
94. This is the argument of Zizek's powerful "The Politics and Poetics of History" (see Ch. 2, n. 107).
95. Turpin, Histoire des illustres franc? ois (see Table 3).
96. See Ozouf, "Le Panthe? on. "
97. Quoted in ibid. , 158.
98. See Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 273-97, and Soboul, "Sentiment religieux";
more generally, Mathiez, L'origine des cultes re? volutionnaires (see Intro. , n. 54). 5. National Character
1. Castilhon, Conside? rations sur les causes physiques et morales . . . Castilhon was not the only author to plagiarize d'Espiard. See Griffin, "Oliver Goldsmith" (see Intro. , n. 38).
2. See Michaud, Biographie universelle, s. v. d'Espiard. Espiard published his pro- tests in the Journal encyclope? dique, and Castilhon responded in the slightly re- vised 1770 edition of his book, which now admitted in the title to have been "taken in part from a book called The Spirit of the Nations," and defended himself against the charge of plagiarism (xv, xxi-xxvi).
3. [d'Espiard de la Borde], L'esprit des nations (The Hague, 1753 ed. ), I, 144-45 (see Intro. , n. 38).
Notes to Pages 134-141 265
? Notes to Pages 134-141
? 266
Notes to Pages 141-143
? Notes to Pages 141-143
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
10.
Castilhon (1770 ed. ), I, 274.
D'Espiard, I, 238.
Castilhon II, 163.
D'Espiard, I, 155-56.
Castilhon, I, 295-96. By changing "socie? te? " to "brillante socie? te? ," he altered its meaning from society as a whole to a single social class.
[d'Espiard de la Borde], Essais sur le ge? nie et le caracte`re des nations (see Intro. , n. 37), II, bk IV, 41n.
Among the works of the major philosophes, Montesquieu's L'esprit des lois, Voltaire's Essai sur les moeurs, and Rousseau's Conside? rations sur le gouver- nement de Pologne devoted particular attention to the question of national character. Among the books that directly focused on the question of national character, see particularly Louis Legendre, Moeurs et coutumes des franc? ois dans les differents temps de la monarchie (Paris, 1712); Louis de Muralt's Let- tres sur les anglais et sur les franc? ais (Zurich, 1725) and the anonymous reply Apologie du caracte`re des anglois et des franc? ois (see Ch. 1, n. 100); d'Espiard's works; Denesle, Les pre? juge? s du public, avec des observations, par M. Denesle (Paris, 1747); [Pichon], La physique de l'histoire (see Ch. 3, n. 86); Se? bastien- Marie-Mathurin Gazon-Dourxigne? , Essai historique et philosophique sur les principaux ridicules des differentes nations (Amsterdam, 1766); de Sacy, L'honneur franc? ois (see Ch. 3, n. 7); Johann Georg Zimmerman, De l'orgueil national (Paris, 1769), a translation of Vom Nationalstolze (see Ch. 1, n. 111); James Rutledge [Rutlidge], Essai sur le caracte`re et les moeurs des franc? ois compare? s a` ceux des anglois (London, 1776), a translation and adaptation of John Andrews, An Account of the Character and Manners of the French (Lon- don, 1770); Lettre d'un jeune homme a` son ami, sur les Franc? ais et les Anglais (see Intro. , n. 70); Sobry, Le mode franc? ois (see Ch. 1, n. 63); Guiraudet, Qu'est- ce que la nation et qu'est-ce que la France (see Ch. 2, n. 106); Joseph-Antoine- Joachim Cerutti, Lettre sur les avantages et l'origine de la gaiete? franc? aise (Paris, 1762); Hugues Maret, Me? moire dans lequel on cherche a` de? terminer quelle influence les moeurs des Franc? ais ont sur leur sante? (Paris, 1771). Period- icals that paid most attention to the subject were the Journal encyclope? dique, the Me? moires de Tre? voux, and the Anne? e litte? raire. On travel literature, see Mona Ozouf, "La Re? volution franc? aise et la perception de l'espace national," and Bertho, "L'invention de la Bretagne" (see Ch. 4, n. 35). On historical writ- ing, see Blandine Barret-Kriegel, Les historiens et la monarchie, 4 vols. (Paris, 1989).
Ozouf, "La Re? volution franc? aise et la formation de l'homme nouveau" (see Intro. , n. 4), 116.
Ozouf, in her otherwise marvellous essay, shifts back and forth between dis- cussions of the "homme nouveau" and the "peuple neuf" or "peuple nou- veau" as if the terms were equivalent.
11. 12.
Notes to Pages 143-146 267
? 13. For a summary of the debates, see Alex Inkeles, National Character: A Psycho- Social Perspective (New Brunswick, 1997).
14. Quoted in Julio Caro Baroja, Le mythe du caracte`re national, Jean-Paul Cortada, trans. (Lyon, 1975), 17. The book provides many more examples, as does Hale, The Civilization of the Renaissance (see Ch. 3, n. 13), 51-66.
15. See esp. Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, trans. Beatrice Reynolds (New York, 1945). See in general Pagden, The Fall of Natu- ral Man (see Ch. 3, n. 35); also Shackleton, Montesquieu (see Intro. , n. 39); 302-19, and Vyverberg, Human Nature, Cultural Diversity (see Ch. 3, n. 82).
16. Franc? ois de la Mothe le Vayer, "Discours de la contrarie? te? d'humeurs qui se trouve entre certaines nations, et singulie`rement entre la franc? oise et l'espagnole," in Oeuvres, 7 vols. (Dresden, 1757), IV, pt. II, 311-86, quote from 324.
17. Rousseau, for instance, believed that moeurs and religion alike depended largely on the form of government. For Voltaire, in the Essai sur les moeurs, both were heavily influenced by the development of civilization. Notes to Pages 143-146
18. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs (see Intro. , n. 41), VI, 230; Charles Duclos, Conside? rations sur les moeurs de ce sie? cle (Amsterdam, 1751), 16. Rousseau, Emile (see Ch. 2, n. 48), 615.
19. D'Espiard, Essai, I, pt. I, 60, 87. D'Espiard's was the first to use the word "cli- mate" for atmospheric conditions, as well as simply region. See Shackleton, 308-9.
20. For the evidence that Montesquieu read and was influenced by d'Espiard, see ibid.
21. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (see Intro. n. 41), 231-35.
22. Quoted in Shackleton, 302.
23. See Duchet, Anthropologie et histoire (see Ch. 3, n. 35); Anthony Pagden, Euro-
pean Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Romanticism (New Haven, 1993), 141-82. See also Robert Shackleton, "The Evolution of Montesquieu's Theory of Climate," Revue internationale de philosophie IX (1955), 317-29.
24. Montesquieu, 310.
25. Journal encyclope? dique, 1757, III, pt. III, 38 (the observation came in a review
of David Hume's essay on national character, which itself drew heavily on Montesquieu); Henri Gaillard, Histoire de la rivalite? de la France et de l'Angleterre, 3 vols. (Paris, 1771), III, 285; Turpin, Histoire des illustres franc? ois sorti du ci-devant tiers-e? tat (see Ch. 4, table 3), I, 1.
26. Rousseau, Confessions, in Oeuvres (see Intro. , n. 42), I, 404.
27. Rousseau, Conside? rations sur le gouvernement de la Pologne, in ibid. , III, 960.
See also his Projet de constitution pour la Corse.
28. Thomas, Essai sur les e? loges (see Ch. 4, n. 1), 21; P. -J. -B. Chaussard, La France
re? ge? ne? re? e (Paris, 1791), 4.
268
Notes to Pages 146-147
? 29. 30. 31.
32. 33.
34.
35.
Notes to Pages 146-147
36.
37.
38.
Mirabeau, L'ami des hommes (see Ch. 1, n. 90), 317.
Voltaire, Essai.
D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, II, 207; Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert, Le Conne? table de Bourbon, in Oeuvres dramatiques de Guibert (Paris, 1825), 22 (the heroine, Ade? lai? de, begins a line of verse by saying "Les hommes font les lois," and the hero, Bayard, completes it with the phrase "Les femmes font les moeurs"); Also Mignonneau, in Re? flexions politiques (see Ch. 2, n. 58), 22: "public moeurs in Europe, and especially in France, today depend solely on women. "
Montesquieu, 310.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts: Letter to M. d'Alembert on the Theater, trans. and ed. Allan Bloom (Ithaca, 1960), esp. 81-92, 100-113. Voltaire, quoted in Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty (see Ch. 1, n. 15), 75; Le Poe? me sur la bataille de Fontenoy, unpaginated; quoted in Goodman, The Republic of Letters (see Ch. 1, n. 60), 50.
See for instance Muralt, passim; Zimmermann, Vom Nationalstolze, 201, 256; and the discussion of British views in Newman, The Rise of English National- ism (see Intro. , n. 28), 74-84.
D'Holbach, quoted in Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty, 76; See also, for instance, [Joseph Servan], Le soldat citoyen, ou vues patriotiques sur la manie`re la plus avantageuse de pourvoir a` la de? fense du royaume ("Dans le pays de la liberte? ," 1780), 16, d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 62-64; Sobry, Le mode franc? ois, 18.
On the history of notions of sociability in eighteenth-century France, see Gordon's fundamental Citizens without Sovereignty. On the issue of the French as a particularly sociable people, see esp. 75-77.
Montesquieu, Lettres persanes (Paris, 1964), 145-46; Diderot, quoted in Gordon, 29; Voltaire, Cerutti, and Duclos also called the French the most so- ciable of nations: Voltaire, discussed in Gordon, 75, and also in Claude- Gilbert Dubois, "Fonction des mythes d'origine dans le de? veloppement des ide? es nationalistes en France," History of European Ideas, XVI/4-6 (1993), 419; Duclos, Conside? rations, 171. On Cerutti, see Antoine de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire: La culture des rieurs au XVIIIe sie`cle (Paris, 2000), 158. I am in- debted to Gordon's subtle and powerful analysis of sociabilite? for much of this discussion.
See Louis-Charles Fougeret de Montbron, Le cosmopolite ou le citoyen du monde (London, 1753), 42; Favart, L'anglois a` Bordeaux (see Ch. 1, n. 96), esp. 17-19; and the material discussed in Grieder, Anglomania (see Intro. , n. 55), 61-62, 89.
Quoted in Gordon, 76.
Quoted in Dupront, "Du sentiment national" (see Intro. , n. 34), 1435.
39.
40. 41.
Notes to Pages 147-150 269
? 42. D'Espiard, in his 1743 Essai, insisted that the "lightness of the nation" would have to be "corrected" for France to become a free state (II, bk. IV, 42). He re- turned to the theme often in L'esprit des nations (e. g. I, 62-64, 138, 154, 239). See also Mirabeau, L'ami des hommes, 250, 320; Louis-Se? bastien Mercier, Le tableau de Paris, ed. Jean-Claude Bonnet, 2 vols. (Paris, 1994), I, 1474.
43. See, for instance, Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 310; Rivarol, L'universalite? (see Ch. 3, n. 83), 23; Discours sur le patriotisme (see Intro. , n. 56), 82. Cerutti is discussed in de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire, 153-70.
44. Sobry, Le mode franc? ois, 19; Perrin quoted in Grieder, Anglomania, 95-96. See also, for instance, the defense of le? gerete? in Apologie du caracte`re des anglois et des franc? ois (esp. 105), whose anonymous author claimed that it made the French more witty and adventurous.
45. For instance, "the most polite and civilized nation": Antoine Court, and Antonie Court de Ge? belin, Le patriote franc? ois et impartial, ou re? ponse a` la lettre de Mr. l'eve^que d'Agen a` Mr. le Contro^leur ge? ne? ral, contre la Tole? rance des Huguenots, en datte du 1 mai 1751, 2 vols. (2d ed. , "Villefranche," 1753), iv; "a spiritual, easy-going politeness" is one of the "traits which have made us fa- mous": Lettre d'un jeune homme a` son ami, 10; "the model of politeness": [Servan], Le soldat citoyen, 16; "French politeness . . . is an almost general quality in the Nation": d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 153.
Ibid. , xv; See also Turpin, Annales pittoresques, 1782 edition, 20.
See Franco Venturi, "From Montesquieu to the Revolution," in Utopia and Reform in the French Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1971), 70-94; Johnson Kent Wright, A Classical Republican in Eighteenth-Century France : The Political Thought of Mably (Stanford, 1997); Keith Michael Baker, "Transformations of Classical Republicanism in Eighteenth-Century France," The Journal of Mod- ern History LXXIII/I (2001), 32-53. In general on republicanism, see the clas- sic work of Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment (see Ch. 1, n. 83). Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (see Intro. , n. 41), 25-7.
See notably Landes, Women and the Public Sphere (see Intro. , n. 72); Hunt, Family Romance (see Intro. , n. 72); Sarah Maza, "Response to Daniel Gordon and David Bell" (see Intro. , n. 72).
The ARTFL database lists includes 1842 uses of the phrase "grand(s) homme(s)" for the eighteenth century, almost always in the sense of "great" rather than "tall" or "big. " The only comparable female appellation is "femme illustre. "
Maubuy, Les vies des femmes illustres, v-viii; quote from xviii.
The tradition extends back through Claude-Charles Guyonne de Vertron's La Nouvelle Pandore (Paris, 1703) to the works of Mlle. de Scude? ry and the proto-feminist texts discussed by Carolyn Lougee in Le paradis des femmes: Women, Salons and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976). See also the fascinating discussion of the Chevalier d'Eon's library in Gary Kates, Monsieur d'Eon Is a Woman: A Tale of Politique, Intrigue and Sexual Masquerade (New York, 1995), 150-58.
The queens Fredegonde, Brunhilda, Bertrande, and Bathilde. See [Sergent], Portraits.
Aublet de Maubuy, x-xi.
See the lists in Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 391-2, 395-6.
See the list of the collective biographies in Table 3, above.
See Furcy-Raynaud, ed. , "Correspondance de M. d'Angiviller avec Pierre. " Morvan de Bellegarde, unpaginated preface.
Du Castre d'Auvigny, Avis, 9.
Turpin, La France illustre, 1782 edition, I, i.
See Colin Jones, "The Great Chain of Buying: Medical Advertisement, the Bourgeois Public Sphere, and the Origins of the French Revolution," Ameri- can Historical Review, CI/1 (1996), 13-40.
See Tables 1 and 2, above.
On this subject, see particularly Gossman, Medievalism (see Ch. 1, n. 116).
85. Gautier Dagoty and Restout, Galerie Franc? oise (see Table 3, above).
86. Turpin, La France illustre, I, 2.
87. Manuel, L'anne? e franc? oise, I, viii.
88. Ibid. , I:62-66, 135-40, III, 12-15.
89. Ibid. , I, 99-120. On the earlier adoration of Charlemagne in the eighteenth century, see Morrissey, L'empereur a` la barbe fleurie, 265-348.
90. This evidence therefore suggests, incidentally, that Robert Darnton and his critics have perhaps focused too intently on illegal productions in their de- bates over the existence, and potential radicalism, of Grub Street. See most recently Mason, ed. , The Darnton Debate, esp. 105-88 and 251-94.
91. For an instance of plagiarism, these lines on the abbe? Suger (I:53)--"Un homme simple porte a` l'abbaye de Saint-Denis un enfant de neuf a` dix ans, le pose sur l'autel, le consacre ou pluto^t l'abandonne a` Dieu, & se retire pour ne plus reparoi^tre"--were taken verbatim from Dominique-Joseph Garat's Eloge de Suger, 8-9. Manuel, I, xi, admits some of his "borrowings. "
92. See above all Papenheim, Erinnerung, 214-301; Bonnet, Naissance du
Panthe? on, 255-98.
93. [Thomas Rousseau, Le? onard Bourdon et al. ], Recueil des actions he? roiques et
civiques des re? publicains franc? ais, 5 issues (Paris, 1793-94). See Julia, Les trois couleurs (see Intro. , n. 11), 208-13. Julia calls the paper one of the rare in- stances "in which the Revolution was able to carry out decisions on a scale commensurate with its ambitions" (213).
94. This is the argument of Zizek's powerful "The Politics and Poetics of History" (see Ch. 2, n. 107).
95. Turpin, Histoire des illustres franc? ois (see Table 3).
96. See Ozouf, "Le Panthe? on. "
97. Quoted in ibid. , 158.
98. See Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on, 273-97, and Soboul, "Sentiment religieux";
more generally, Mathiez, L'origine des cultes re? volutionnaires (see Intro. , n. 54). 5. National Character
1. Castilhon, Conside? rations sur les causes physiques et morales . . . Castilhon was not the only author to plagiarize d'Espiard. See Griffin, "Oliver Goldsmith" (see Intro. , n. 38).
2. See Michaud, Biographie universelle, s. v. d'Espiard. Espiard published his pro- tests in the Journal encyclope? dique, and Castilhon responded in the slightly re- vised 1770 edition of his book, which now admitted in the title to have been "taken in part from a book called The Spirit of the Nations," and defended himself against the charge of plagiarism (xv, xxi-xxvi).
3. [d'Espiard de la Borde], L'esprit des nations (The Hague, 1753 ed. ), I, 144-45 (see Intro. , n. 38).
Notes to Pages 134-141 265
? Notes to Pages 134-141
? 266
Notes to Pages 141-143
? Notes to Pages 141-143
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
10.
Castilhon (1770 ed. ), I, 274.
D'Espiard, I, 238.
Castilhon II, 163.
D'Espiard, I, 155-56.
Castilhon, I, 295-96. By changing "socie? te? " to "brillante socie? te? ," he altered its meaning from society as a whole to a single social class.
[d'Espiard de la Borde], Essais sur le ge? nie et le caracte`re des nations (see Intro. , n. 37), II, bk IV, 41n.
Among the works of the major philosophes, Montesquieu's L'esprit des lois, Voltaire's Essai sur les moeurs, and Rousseau's Conside? rations sur le gouver- nement de Pologne devoted particular attention to the question of national character. Among the books that directly focused on the question of national character, see particularly Louis Legendre, Moeurs et coutumes des franc? ois dans les differents temps de la monarchie (Paris, 1712); Louis de Muralt's Let- tres sur les anglais et sur les franc? ais (Zurich, 1725) and the anonymous reply Apologie du caracte`re des anglois et des franc? ois (see Ch. 1, n. 100); d'Espiard's works; Denesle, Les pre? juge? s du public, avec des observations, par M. Denesle (Paris, 1747); [Pichon], La physique de l'histoire (see Ch. 3, n. 86); Se? bastien- Marie-Mathurin Gazon-Dourxigne? , Essai historique et philosophique sur les principaux ridicules des differentes nations (Amsterdam, 1766); de Sacy, L'honneur franc? ois (see Ch. 3, n. 7); Johann Georg Zimmerman, De l'orgueil national (Paris, 1769), a translation of Vom Nationalstolze (see Ch. 1, n. 111); James Rutledge [Rutlidge], Essai sur le caracte`re et les moeurs des franc? ois compare? s a` ceux des anglois (London, 1776), a translation and adaptation of John Andrews, An Account of the Character and Manners of the French (Lon- don, 1770); Lettre d'un jeune homme a` son ami, sur les Franc? ais et les Anglais (see Intro. , n. 70); Sobry, Le mode franc? ois (see Ch. 1, n. 63); Guiraudet, Qu'est- ce que la nation et qu'est-ce que la France (see Ch. 2, n. 106); Joseph-Antoine- Joachim Cerutti, Lettre sur les avantages et l'origine de la gaiete? franc? aise (Paris, 1762); Hugues Maret, Me? moire dans lequel on cherche a` de? terminer quelle influence les moeurs des Franc? ais ont sur leur sante? (Paris, 1771). Period- icals that paid most attention to the subject were the Journal encyclope? dique, the Me? moires de Tre? voux, and the Anne? e litte? raire. On travel literature, see Mona Ozouf, "La Re? volution franc? aise et la perception de l'espace national," and Bertho, "L'invention de la Bretagne" (see Ch. 4, n. 35). On historical writ- ing, see Blandine Barret-Kriegel, Les historiens et la monarchie, 4 vols. (Paris, 1989).
Ozouf, "La Re? volution franc? aise et la formation de l'homme nouveau" (see Intro. , n. 4), 116.
Ozouf, in her otherwise marvellous essay, shifts back and forth between dis- cussions of the "homme nouveau" and the "peuple neuf" or "peuple nou- veau" as if the terms were equivalent.
11. 12.
Notes to Pages 143-146 267
? 13. For a summary of the debates, see Alex Inkeles, National Character: A Psycho- Social Perspective (New Brunswick, 1997).
14. Quoted in Julio Caro Baroja, Le mythe du caracte`re national, Jean-Paul Cortada, trans. (Lyon, 1975), 17. The book provides many more examples, as does Hale, The Civilization of the Renaissance (see Ch. 3, n. 13), 51-66.
15. See esp. Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, trans. Beatrice Reynolds (New York, 1945). See in general Pagden, The Fall of Natu- ral Man (see Ch. 3, n. 35); also Shackleton, Montesquieu (see Intro. , n. 39); 302-19, and Vyverberg, Human Nature, Cultural Diversity (see Ch. 3, n. 82).
16. Franc? ois de la Mothe le Vayer, "Discours de la contrarie? te? d'humeurs qui se trouve entre certaines nations, et singulie`rement entre la franc? oise et l'espagnole," in Oeuvres, 7 vols. (Dresden, 1757), IV, pt. II, 311-86, quote from 324.
17. Rousseau, for instance, believed that moeurs and religion alike depended largely on the form of government. For Voltaire, in the Essai sur les moeurs, both were heavily influenced by the development of civilization. Notes to Pages 143-146
18. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs (see Intro. , n. 41), VI, 230; Charles Duclos, Conside? rations sur les moeurs de ce sie? cle (Amsterdam, 1751), 16. Rousseau, Emile (see Ch. 2, n. 48), 615.
19. D'Espiard, Essai, I, pt. I, 60, 87. D'Espiard's was the first to use the word "cli- mate" for atmospheric conditions, as well as simply region. See Shackleton, 308-9.
20. For the evidence that Montesquieu read and was influenced by d'Espiard, see ibid.
21. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (see Intro. n. 41), 231-35.
22. Quoted in Shackleton, 302.
23. See Duchet, Anthropologie et histoire (see Ch. 3, n. 35); Anthony Pagden, Euro-
pean Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Romanticism (New Haven, 1993), 141-82. See also Robert Shackleton, "The Evolution of Montesquieu's Theory of Climate," Revue internationale de philosophie IX (1955), 317-29.
24. Montesquieu, 310.
25. Journal encyclope? dique, 1757, III, pt. III, 38 (the observation came in a review
of David Hume's essay on national character, which itself drew heavily on Montesquieu); Henri Gaillard, Histoire de la rivalite? de la France et de l'Angleterre, 3 vols. (Paris, 1771), III, 285; Turpin, Histoire des illustres franc? ois sorti du ci-devant tiers-e? tat (see Ch. 4, table 3), I, 1.
26. Rousseau, Confessions, in Oeuvres (see Intro. , n. 42), I, 404.
27. Rousseau, Conside? rations sur le gouvernement de la Pologne, in ibid. , III, 960.
See also his Projet de constitution pour la Corse.
28. Thomas, Essai sur les e? loges (see Ch. 4, n. 1), 21; P. -J. -B. Chaussard, La France
re? ge? ne? re? e (Paris, 1791), 4.
268
Notes to Pages 146-147
? 29. 30. 31.
32. 33.
34.
35.
Notes to Pages 146-147
36.
37.
38.
Mirabeau, L'ami des hommes (see Ch. 1, n. 90), 317.
Voltaire, Essai.
D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, II, 207; Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert, Le Conne? table de Bourbon, in Oeuvres dramatiques de Guibert (Paris, 1825), 22 (the heroine, Ade? lai? de, begins a line of verse by saying "Les hommes font les lois," and the hero, Bayard, completes it with the phrase "Les femmes font les moeurs"); Also Mignonneau, in Re? flexions politiques (see Ch. 2, n. 58), 22: "public moeurs in Europe, and especially in France, today depend solely on women. "
Montesquieu, 310.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts: Letter to M. d'Alembert on the Theater, trans. and ed. Allan Bloom (Ithaca, 1960), esp. 81-92, 100-113. Voltaire, quoted in Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty (see Ch. 1, n. 15), 75; Le Poe? me sur la bataille de Fontenoy, unpaginated; quoted in Goodman, The Republic of Letters (see Ch. 1, n. 60), 50.
See for instance Muralt, passim; Zimmermann, Vom Nationalstolze, 201, 256; and the discussion of British views in Newman, The Rise of English National- ism (see Intro. , n. 28), 74-84.
D'Holbach, quoted in Gordon, Citizens without Sovereignty, 76; See also, for instance, [Joseph Servan], Le soldat citoyen, ou vues patriotiques sur la manie`re la plus avantageuse de pourvoir a` la de? fense du royaume ("Dans le pays de la liberte? ," 1780), 16, d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 62-64; Sobry, Le mode franc? ois, 18.
On the history of notions of sociability in eighteenth-century France, see Gordon's fundamental Citizens without Sovereignty. On the issue of the French as a particularly sociable people, see esp. 75-77.
Montesquieu, Lettres persanes (Paris, 1964), 145-46; Diderot, quoted in Gordon, 29; Voltaire, Cerutti, and Duclos also called the French the most so- ciable of nations: Voltaire, discussed in Gordon, 75, and also in Claude- Gilbert Dubois, "Fonction des mythes d'origine dans le de? veloppement des ide? es nationalistes en France," History of European Ideas, XVI/4-6 (1993), 419; Duclos, Conside? rations, 171. On Cerutti, see Antoine de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire: La culture des rieurs au XVIIIe sie`cle (Paris, 2000), 158. I am in- debted to Gordon's subtle and powerful analysis of sociabilite? for much of this discussion.
See Louis-Charles Fougeret de Montbron, Le cosmopolite ou le citoyen du monde (London, 1753), 42; Favart, L'anglois a` Bordeaux (see Ch. 1, n. 96), esp. 17-19; and the material discussed in Grieder, Anglomania (see Intro. , n. 55), 61-62, 89.
Quoted in Gordon, 76.
Quoted in Dupront, "Du sentiment national" (see Intro. , n. 34), 1435.
39.
40. 41.
Notes to Pages 147-150 269
? 42. D'Espiard, in his 1743 Essai, insisted that the "lightness of the nation" would have to be "corrected" for France to become a free state (II, bk. IV, 42). He re- turned to the theme often in L'esprit des nations (e. g. I, 62-64, 138, 154, 239). See also Mirabeau, L'ami des hommes, 250, 320; Louis-Se? bastien Mercier, Le tableau de Paris, ed. Jean-Claude Bonnet, 2 vols. (Paris, 1994), I, 1474.
43. See, for instance, Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 310; Rivarol, L'universalite? (see Ch. 3, n. 83), 23; Discours sur le patriotisme (see Intro. , n. 56), 82. Cerutti is discussed in de Baecque, Les e? clats du rire, 153-70.
44. Sobry, Le mode franc? ois, 19; Perrin quoted in Grieder, Anglomania, 95-96. See also, for instance, the defense of le? gerete? in Apologie du caracte`re des anglois et des franc? ois (esp. 105), whose anonymous author claimed that it made the French more witty and adventurous.
45. For instance, "the most polite and civilized nation": Antoine Court, and Antonie Court de Ge? belin, Le patriote franc? ois et impartial, ou re? ponse a` la lettre de Mr. l'eve^que d'Agen a` Mr. le Contro^leur ge? ne? ral, contre la Tole? rance des Huguenots, en datte du 1 mai 1751, 2 vols. (2d ed. , "Villefranche," 1753), iv; "a spiritual, easy-going politeness" is one of the "traits which have made us fa- mous": Lettre d'un jeune homme a` son ami, 10; "the model of politeness": [Servan], Le soldat citoyen, 16; "French politeness . . . is an almost general quality in the Nation": d'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, I, 153.
