Problem
discussed
in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p.
Abhidharmakosabhasyam-Vol-2-Vasubandhu-Poussin-Pruden-1991
370).
Here the kdrikd defines the position of the Sarvastivadins: whereas, according to the Sautrantikas, spuria is the "coming together of the three", according to the Sarvastivadins (and according to Buddhaghos^Atthasdlinf, 109), sparia is not the "coming together of the three", but the effect of this coming together, a mental {castasika) dharma, Koia, ii. 24.
The "three" are the eye, the object and the vijfidna. The vijHdna is produced by the eye and the object (plus an intellectual element, the samanvdhdra), Majjhima, i. 190, Madhyamakavrtti, 1554. The Sarvastivadin thesis is that the vtjndna (=citta)t "the mind," knows "the thing only" (arthamdtra)t whereas the "mental states" (caitta, castasika) (namely sparia, vedand, etc) know the "particulars of the thing" (arthaviiesa). Th. Stcherbatski {Central Conception, 15,17,55) defines vijHdna as "the mind viewed as a receptive faculty, pure consciousness (which renders well the idea of manodhdtu), pure sensation without any content," and sparia as "sensation," "real sensation". To not depart from the definitions furnished by our texts (Koia, ii. 34, note 178), vtjndna grasps the upalabhyatdrupa: this is the most rudimentary of the "gnosis" (as psychologists say), the idea that one perceives something; but, on the other hand, caksurvijrldnam nilam vijdndti, "the visual consciousness knows the blue" (One should explain that without doubt one should understand by caksurvijfidna the vijfiana with the caktas, sparia, etc, which necessarily accompany it).
Maung Tin recounts the definition of sparia of the Atthasdlins: tikasamnipdtasamkhdtassa pana attano kdranassa vasena paveditattd samnipdtapaccupatphdno (phasso) = Contact has coinciding as its manifestation, because it is revealed through its own cause, known as the coinciding
of the three (i. e. , the basis [that is to say, the organ], the object and consciousness). The meaning of
this appears to be: Contact appears, arises (paccupafphdti) by reason of the conjunction (literally:
has for its immediate cause this conjunction: yasya samnipdtah pratyupasthdnam sa sarhni- pdtapratyupasthdna iti), because it is sensed ("experienced") by reason of (and in conformity with)
its cause, which is what is called the conjunction of the three. " From another point of view phassa is vedandpaccupatthdna (=yo vedandydh pratyupasthdnam sa vedandpratyupasthdna iti) because it causes the vedand or agreeable impression to arise (paccapapfhdpeti = uppddett).
247. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 18al6: in the Pali sources, we need not read tmnam samgatiphasso, as does the Samyutta Index, but like Samyutta, iv. 68, and Majjhima, 1111: yd . . . hnesam tinnarh dhammdnam samgati samnipdto samavdyo ayarh vuccati cakkhusamphasso. Nettippaharana, 28: cakkhurupaviHn^nasamnipdtalakkhano phasso. Theorie des douze causes, p. 20.
248. Atthasdlmi, 109: na samgatimattam eva phasso.
249. fatfatka dharmaparydya, Majjhima, iii. 180 (Chachakkasutta) Digha, iii. 243.
250. See iv. 4a-b.
251. They readya esdm dharmdndm samgateh samnipdtdt samavaydt sa spariah. And not:. . . samgatih samnipdtah samavdyah . . .
252. Classic example: yathd buddhdndm sukha utpaddh (Dhammapada, 194), Visuddhimagga, in Warren, 194, Madhyamakavrtti, 70.
253. This discussion is atibahuvistaraprakdravisdrini.
254. Sparia = samsparia (Vydkhya).
255. Pratighasamsparia, so called because its diraya (the organ) is sapratigha (first opinion of the Vibhdfd, TD 27,p. 760cl3, which follows TD 28, no 1552 and Vasubandhu), because its diraya and
? its object (dlambana) are sapratigha (secondopinion of the Vibbdsd, which follows TD 28, number 1550 and Samghabhadra).
256. Adhwacanasarhphassa, Digha, ii. 62 (Warren, 206, Dialogues, ii. 59, and an attempt at translation in Theorie des dome causes, p. 19, a 2), Vibhanga, 6. Adhivacana in Dhammasangani 1306.
257. Vydkhya: adhyucyate' nenety adhivacanam / van ndmni pravartate ndmdrtham dyotayatity adhwacanam noma.
258. caksurvijfldnena nilam vijdndti no tu nilam iti / manovijndnena nilam nilam iti ca vijdndti (variant: caksurvijnanasamangi. . . manovijndnasamangi. . . ). On this text, which is without doubt excepted from the Abhidharma (Nydyabmdupu'rvapaksasamksepa, Mdo 111, foL 108b), see KoU, Ll4c, Madhyamakavrtti, p. 74, note.
259. This is the opinion of Fa-sheng in the Abhidharmahrdaya (6. 18), TD 28, number 1550. Fa-sheng jgjfjhas been reconstructed as Dharmakirti, Dharmajina (Nanjio), or Dharmottara (Takakusu); Peri, "Datede Vasubandhu," 25, mentions the transcription dha-ma-sli-ti (=? ).
260. Hsiian-tsang translates: with the vacana for its adhipati [pratyaya].
261. Vibbdsd, TD 27, p. 760b25. Two spar/as: sdsrava and andsrava; three sparSas: kuiala, akuial and avydkrta; four spars'as: traidhatuka and adhdtuparydpanna; etc From the point of view of nivarana and of its pratipaksa (the hindrance and its opposition): spar/as of avidyd and vidyd; from the point of view of the same nature of the sparia: spar/a of nebher-vufyd-tior-avidyd; from the point of view of what is pleasing and what is displeasing: sparias of sympathy and antipathy; from the point of view of association (samprayoga): agreeable sparfa, etc; from the point of view of its support: sparias of the eye, of the ear, etc
262. Abhiksnasamuddcdrin = nityasamuddcdrin (Vydkhya).
263. How sparia is vedantya, iv. 49.
Sukhavedya is explained: sukhasya vedah sukbavedab / sukhavede sddhuh sukhavedyah /
sukharh vd vedyam asmmn iti sukhavedyah.
264 Vedand has been explained 114, ii. 24; here the author does not explain the characteristics (laksana) of vedand, but its type (prakdra).
On adukkhdsukhd, Majjhima, i. 397.
265. The Sautrantika does not reply, because the problem of shade has already been discussed ii. 50c
266. Prakarana, TD 26, p. 698cl0.
267. Samyukta, 8. 4. Saeki quotes TD 24, number 1451 (the Vinayaksudrakavastu, see S. Levi, Seize Arhats, p. 37) where the Bhagavat explains to Ananda the four principles of Anguttara, it 167.
268. The Vaibhasika theory of the mahdbhUmikas is presented ii23c and following; one should replace adhimukti with adhimoksa, p. 189,190.
269. The asarhskrtas are unconnected with cause, since they refer to the caittas.
270. Paramartha translates: "in the first three bhUmis"; Hsiian-tsang: "in the first bhUmis"; the
Vydkhya glosses: in the savitarka-savicdra bhUmi.
271. This is the thesis presented il trans, p. 192-3,204.
Here the Vydkhya quotes several definitions of the Parlcaskandhaka (of Vasubandhu) (Mdo,
58) whictfwe have reproduced ii trans, p. 189-190. (There is a Pancaskandhaka by Gmdrakirti, Mdo, 24).
272. The Prakaranapdda in effect arranges the "mental states" into four categories: mahdbhUmikas, ku/alamahdbhumikas, kUiainahdhhUmikas,parUtakleiabhUmikas (see ii trans, p. 195-6 and no 109).
Footnotes 521
? 522 Chapter Three
273. The Sutra opposes akusala to ku/ala.
214. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 72c9, p. 87c26.
We have Samyutta ii. 72, iv. 33 and passim: cakkhum ca paticca rupe ca uppajjati cakkhu-
vin~n~dnam/ tiHhamsamgatiphasso/ phassapaccaydvedand/ vedandpaccaydtanhd/ ayamkho dukkhassa samudayo.
Our Sutra, most probably, has: caksuh pratitya rupani cotpadyate caksurvi/fidnam / traydndmsamnipdtah sparfah / sahajdtd vedand samjHd cetand.
Vijfidnakdya in Etudes Asiatiques (BEFEO, 1925), i. 370.
275. The meaning of sahajata is not specified; we can understand it as parasparasahajdta, "arisen
one from the other. "
276. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 197cl8: maitrisahagatam smrtisambodhyangam bhdvayati.
Til. Madhyama, TD, p. 19lb\. yd vedandyd ca samjndfydca cetandyacca vijfidnam] samsrspdfime dharmd na visamsfspdh]. Saeki quotes this Sutra which has for its protagpnist Great-ko-thi-la (the same person to whom the Bhagavat teaches that dyus and usmaka are "mixed," below note 281): the Pali edition, Majjhima, 1293 (Mahdvedallasutta, where the protagonists are Mahakottita and Sariputta), omits the words yd ca cetand.
It is the doctrine of the Dhammasangannni, 1193, that the skandhas of vedandd, saflrid and samkhdra {-cetand) are cittasamsappha [that is, united to the mind from their origins to their end, Atthasdlmi, 49).
On samsrspa, villld.
278. This means, according to the Vydkhyd, in the same Sutra where we read: "vedand, samjfid,
cetand. . . "
279. Majjhima, i293 omits yam ceteti. . .
Compare Samyutta, iv. 68: phuppho vedeti phuppho ceteti phupppho samjdndti. 280. According to the Vydkhyd, this is a reply of Vasubandhu: dcdrya aha.
281. The Sutra is quoted viii. 3c, note 26. The formula is lacking in Majjhima, 1295. On dyus and usman (usmaka), ii. trans, p. 233.
282. The Pali sources know of six somanassupavicdras, domanassupavicdras, and upekkhupavicdras (Digha, iii. 244, Majjhima, iii. 218, Vibhanga, 381,etc): cakkhundrupamdisvd somanassatthdniyarh mpam upavicarati. . . manasddhammam vm'ntyasomanassapphdnryamdhammam upavicarati; but they ignore the word mana-upavicdra, as does the Mahdvyutpatti.
The Sanskrit text: caksusd rupani drspvd saumanasyasthdnrydni rupdny upavicarati. . . manasd dharmdn vijfldya saumanasyasthdntydn dharmdn upavicarati.
This grammatical explanation disappears in all the translations, but the Vydkhyd partially reproduces it. (We have manasa upavicdrah = mana-upavicdra - manopavicdra).
283. This thing (dravya) which is the mental vedand, of one single type by its being associated with the mental consciousness, is threefold by the triple variety of its nature, satisfaction, etc; and each one of these three is sixfold by the variety of its object, visibles, etc Thus we have 1 x 3 x 6 = 18.
284. The Bhdsyam says simply: trayo dharmopavicdrd uhhayathd, but we have translated the Vydkhydhere. ThesourceistheVibhdsd,TD21tp. 7l6c3. Whenthedharmamanopavicdrahasfor its object seven types oidharmas--the six internal dyatanas (eye. . . manadyatana) and the external dharmdyatana--either together, or not together, its object is not mixed; when it has for its object these seven dharmas (either together, or not together) plus one, two,. . . five of the external objects (visible things, etc), its object is mixed. Same doctrine on the subject of the smrtyupasthdnas: kdyasmrtyupasthdna is of an unmixed object, bearing only on the body; dharmasmrtyupasthdna can be of unmixed object, or mixed (sambhmna, miira), or universal (samasta) object, vi. ! 5c
285. The word kila indicates that Vasubandhu does not accept this etymology.
? 286. The prefix upa has the sense of repetition (punah punah).
287. Problem discussed in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 716b6. The upavicara are proper to mental sensation:
there is thus saumanasya-upavicdra, not sukha-upavicdra.
288.
Problem discussed in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 715a3.
289. Madbyama, TD 1, p. 690c4. caksusd rupdnidrspva saumanasyasthdmydm rupdny upavkarati
290. According to the Lotsava: "The word ga signifies 'taking for an object', as in the expression: How does he go? He goes thus. " This gloss is omitted by Paramartha and Hsiian-tsang.
291. Hsiian-tsang adds: "The same in the prefatory absorptions of the Second, Third, and Fourth Arupya. "
292. According to the Vydkhyd, Vasubandhu; according to P'u-kuang, the Sautrantikas (TD 41, p. 179cl2).
293. Satatambava=satafa, vthdra-yogaviiesa.
Digha, iii. 250 (variants: satata, sattha, sassata), 281, Anguttara, iL198, iii. 279. SamgUfparydya
15. 6; Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 189al8 (so called because the Arhats always cultivate it).
294. Upeksako viharati, Attbasdlim, 172.
293. When the Arhat thinks of the dharmas which constitute the Buddha, buddbasamtdnika dharmas, he experiences a good satisfaction. Such a satisfaction is not forbidden, nor is it to be fought.
296. Anantavarman does not accept this theory: This is not correct, for, in the Sutra, the Bhagavat does not say that the satisfactions, etc, are upavicara solely when they are defiled (sdmklehka). He says in fact, "Oh Bhiksus, take support on the six upavicdras of satisfaction, abandon the upavicdras of dissatisfaaion; take support on the six upavicdras of equanimity, abandon the upavicdras of satisfaction. There are, Oh Bhiksus, two equanimities, the equanimity resting on unity (ekatvasamnis'rita), and equanimity resting on variety (ndndtvasamnis'rita): take support on the first, but abandon the second" (yaimesopsaumanasyopavicdrdstdnds'rityatdnadh daurmanasyopavicdrdstdnprajahUa. . . ). Majjhima,I364,inanothercontext:yd'yamupekhd ndnattdndttasitdtornabhimvajjetvdyd'yamupekhdekattdekattasitd. . . tornevupekhdmbhdveti.
But, says Ya? omitra, this Sutra does not prove that the satisfactions, etc, can be upavicara without being sdmkletika. One supports oneself on light (laghu) defilement in order to abandon heavy (guru) defilement; as he said, "Mdna or pride, is to be abandoned by supporting oneself on mono. " The text referred to in Nettippakarana, 87: "The mdna, supported on which one abandons mdna, is good (ku/ala). " According to this same work, thirst ("desire) can also be good, see below note 297. (We know the Tantric thesis of rdga expelled by raga, Cittavi/uddhiprakarana, JASB. ,
1898, p. 175.
To be sure, mdna is never purification (vydvaddnika). Nanda (who expelled desire for women
by desire for goddesses) is an example. The Bhagavat also teaches that one abandons the upavicdras of equanimity by the upavicdras of equanimity.
297. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 715bl: five explanations of the expression idstrpada; Vasubandhu adopts the first. (In taking into consideration the three time periods, 108 upavicdras. Vac chattimsa saUpadd of Majjhima, iii. 217.
AccordingtotheVydkhyd:taevdspadaiopavicdrab. . . "Theseeighteenupavicdras,throughthe distinction of those which have for their principle craving and naiskramya, make up the thirty-six points of the Master. " Understood in this way, the argument goes to prove that some of the upavicdras are good, others bad
Paramartha and Hsiian-tsang understand: "On the other hand, the satisfactions, etc (tony eva saumanasyddmi). . . "
Naiskramya is explained as "leaving" (niskrama) the samkle/as or getting out of the suffering
Footnotes 523
? 524 Chapter Three
of samsdra.
On gredbafrita, naifkramydfrita, Kola, it trans, p. 155, iv. 77b-c; Mahdvyutpatti, 245. 1145,
Samyutta, iv. 232, Vibhanga, 381, MUmda, gehanissha and nekkhammanissita (thirty-six vedands); Nettippakarana, 87, how good desire gets one out of dissatisfaction, nekkhammasita. Rhys Davids- Stede, nekkhamma, geha, gedha (confused with the words kdma and grha).
Somanassa, domanassa, upekkbd are sevkabba, asevitabba, Digha, ii. 278.
298. Same comparison, grain and husk, Vyasa ad Yogasutra, ii. 13.
299. This thesis is demonstrated in Chapter IX (page 297 of the French translation).
300. The term kle/a is to be understood as both the kle/as and the upaklefas, v. 46.
301. Cittacaittasamuddcdrddyapafutvdt. As we shall see, iil42d, upeksdydm cyutodbhavau.
302. See Chapter DC, French trans, p. 296-7.
303. It appears indeed that this is not exactly correct: the first moment of antardbhava is necessarily defiled
304. See above p. 383 and note 85.
305. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 123a24, Ekottara, TD 2, p. 772bl4. Digha, iii. 211 {Samgitisuttanta): sabbe sattddhdrapphitikdsabbesattdsamkhdrapthitikd/ ayarhkhoavusotenabhagavatdjdnatdpassatd arahatd samrndsambuddhena eko dhammo sammadakkhdto. The word sarhkharatthitika is omitted in Anguttara, v. 50,55. PaUsambhiddmagga, i. 122.
Madhyamakavrtti, 40, quotes another Sutra: eko dharmah sattvasthitayeyadutacatvdra dhdrdh. Mahavastu, iii. 65.
The first section (Ekadharma) of the Samgitiparydya begins: "All beings last through food. "
306. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 102al3, Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 674b28, Lokaprajtidpti (analyzed in Cosmologie bouddhique); Mahdvyutpatti, 118; Beal, Catena, (interesting).
Digha, iii. 228 (kabalmkdro dhdro oldriko vd sukhumo vd. . . ) Majjhima, 148,261, Samyutta, ii. 98; Dhammasangani, 71,646, Atthasdlmi, 153, Visuddhimagga, 341, Nettippakarana, 114.
See the UddyisUtra, Kofa, ii. 44d, viil3c
307. MMrapurisa absent from among the Four Kings.
308. On the constituent elements of the molecule, ii. 22; the smallest part of the visible termed chdyd includes odor, taste, tangible.
Paramartha is not very dear: "How are the (odors) chdyd-dtapa-jvdld-prabhd, etc food? "; Hsiian-tsang: "How are chdyd-dtapa-flasne<o\d food? "
Hsuan-tsang translates the phrase ydny apt tu ndbhyavahriyante "which however are not swallowed," by a simplejw % (=punab).
309. According to the Vydkhyd, Vasubandhu now presents his own opinion (svdbhiprdya).
310. Vibhanga, TD 27, p. 675al3. Vibhanga, 13, atthi rOpam kabalmkdro dhdro / atthi rupam na
kabalmkdro dhdro: this refers to rupaskandha; Vasubandhu speaks of rupdyatana.
311. Vijnd, as one says prajnd; the meaning is vijridna.
Food by the mouthfuls, being, by its nature, the three dyatanas of odor, taste, and tangible, is
evidently sdsrava, impure; but spuria, manahsamcetand and the vijridna are sometimes impure, sometimes pure. It is only when they are impure that they are food.
312. The Lotsava does not explain the term vijridna. Paramartha explains it through manovijndana, Hsiian-tsang through vijridnaskandha.
313. Vydkhyd: catvdra dhdrd bhutdndm sattvdndm sthitaye sarhbhavaismdm cdnugrahaya / katame catvdrah / kavadikdrdhdra auddrikah suksmaJ cdhdrah prathamah / spar? o dvitryah / mana-
? hsarhcetand trtiyah / vijfidnam dhdrai caturtbah. (Comp. viii. 3c).
Ekottara, TD 2, p. 719al5: bbittdndm sthitaye ydpandyai sambhavaisindm cdnugrahdya;
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 676bl5; Samyutta, iLll,Majjbima, i-261: cattdro'me bhikkhavedhdrdbh&dndm fbitiyd sambhavesinam vd anuggahdya. . . kabaUmkdro dhdro oldriko vd sukhumo vd. . .
On the expression kdyassa fbitiyd ydpandya, Visuddhimagga, 52 and other sources in Rhys Davids-Stede (ydpand).
Sthitaye=avasthdpandya, anugrahdya=punarbhavdya sambhavdya (Vydkhyd).
314 See p. 442 line 27.
315. Manomaya, see K6sa, ii. 44d, viii. 3c
316. Above p. 393.
317. Hsifon-tsangvibhinirvrtti(ch'ife,utpdda),because,turnedtowardsfuturebirth,itisproduced in a short period of time.
318 a painful body. . . The Lotsava translates lus = kdya, dtmabhdva; the Chinese translators have svabhdva. Tbe Vydkhyd gives the words savydbddham (saduhkhatvdt) abhmirvartya.
319. This is a Sutra of four points (cdtuskotika): asti pudgalo yasydbfomitvrttisamyojanam prahhtam nopapattisamyojanam / asti yasyopapaPtiprayojammh prabinam ndbhimrvfttisamyo- janam / asti yasydbhmirvrttiprayojanam prabinam upapattisamyojanam ca / astiyasya ndbhi- nirvrtUprayojanam prabinam nopapattisarhojanam.
The distinction between abhinirvrtti and upapatti is elucidated in Kofa, vL3.
Rhys Davids and Stede have grouped many references under the words abhinibbatta, abhinibbatti, abbinibbatteti. One of the most interesting is Samyutta, iii. 152 (which slightly calls to mind the "embroiderer" of the Upanishad).
Let us add that, in Anguttara, ii. 134, we have (in addition to orambbdgtya samyojana which brings about rebirth in Kamadhatu): uppattipatildbhika samyojana (correct upapatti) and bhavapatildbhika samyojana: this second category is the abhinirvrttisamyojana of the Abhidharma bh&vzFantarabhava the Antaraparinibbayin has broken the bond which produces upapatti, but not the bond which produces bhava.
320. The words "when he is an AnagarnkT are necessary, for one can detach oneself from the two lower Dhatus through a worldly path, thus in a manner which is not definitive.
321. Anugraba. Here,by sambbavaisin,one should understand, conforming to the second explanation (above line 28), not the intermediate beings, but all beings not liberated from thirst (satfsna).
322. Four opinions in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 674c25; Vasubandhu follows the orthodox opinion (p'ing-chia says:. . . )
323. We see in fact that three of the four foods--manabsamcetand, which is action; the vijfidna considered as vijndnabija, "the seed which is the vyfidna" action which develops or perfumes (karmaparibhdvita); Mid spars'a, which is associated with action--have for their result anugraha or re-existence (anugrahdya bhavati). But how can food by the mouthfuls have this result?
324. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 103a5: rogasya gandasya falyasya catvdra dhdrd m&lam jardmarana pratyayah (? ). According to the Vydkhyd, the word jardmaranapratyayah belongs to another redaction of this same Sutra {Ekottara, TD 2, p. 656cl0). Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 677al7. Samyutta, iii. 189: rupam rogo tigando ti sallam ti. . .
Here the kdrikd defines the position of the Sarvastivadins: whereas, according to the Sautrantikas, spuria is the "coming together of the three", according to the Sarvastivadins (and according to Buddhaghos^Atthasdlinf, 109), sparia is not the "coming together of the three", but the effect of this coming together, a mental {castasika) dharma, Koia, ii. 24.
The "three" are the eye, the object and the vijfidna. The vijHdna is produced by the eye and the object (plus an intellectual element, the samanvdhdra), Majjhima, i. 190, Madhyamakavrtti, 1554. The Sarvastivadin thesis is that the vtjndna (=citta)t "the mind," knows "the thing only" (arthamdtra)t whereas the "mental states" (caitta, castasika) (namely sparia, vedand, etc) know the "particulars of the thing" (arthaviiesa). Th. Stcherbatski {Central Conception, 15,17,55) defines vijHdna as "the mind viewed as a receptive faculty, pure consciousness (which renders well the idea of manodhdtu), pure sensation without any content," and sparia as "sensation," "real sensation". To not depart from the definitions furnished by our texts (Koia, ii. 34, note 178), vtjndna grasps the upalabhyatdrupa: this is the most rudimentary of the "gnosis" (as psychologists say), the idea that one perceives something; but, on the other hand, caksurvijrldnam nilam vijdndti, "the visual consciousness knows the blue" (One should explain that without doubt one should understand by caksurvijfidna the vijfiana with the caktas, sparia, etc, which necessarily accompany it).
Maung Tin recounts the definition of sparia of the Atthasdlins: tikasamnipdtasamkhdtassa pana attano kdranassa vasena paveditattd samnipdtapaccupatphdno (phasso) = Contact has coinciding as its manifestation, because it is revealed through its own cause, known as the coinciding
of the three (i. e. , the basis [that is to say, the organ], the object and consciousness). The meaning of
this appears to be: Contact appears, arises (paccupafphdti) by reason of the conjunction (literally:
has for its immediate cause this conjunction: yasya samnipdtah pratyupasthdnam sa sarhni- pdtapratyupasthdna iti), because it is sensed ("experienced") by reason of (and in conformity with)
its cause, which is what is called the conjunction of the three. " From another point of view phassa is vedandpaccupatthdna (=yo vedandydh pratyupasthdnam sa vedandpratyupasthdna iti) because it causes the vedand or agreeable impression to arise (paccapapfhdpeti = uppddett).
247. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 18al6: in the Pali sources, we need not read tmnam samgatiphasso, as does the Samyutta Index, but like Samyutta, iv. 68, and Majjhima, 1111: yd . . . hnesam tinnarh dhammdnam samgati samnipdto samavdyo ayarh vuccati cakkhusamphasso. Nettippaharana, 28: cakkhurupaviHn^nasamnipdtalakkhano phasso. Theorie des douze causes, p. 20.
248. Atthasdlmi, 109: na samgatimattam eva phasso.
249. fatfatka dharmaparydya, Majjhima, iii. 180 (Chachakkasutta) Digha, iii. 243.
250. See iv. 4a-b.
251. They readya esdm dharmdndm samgateh samnipdtdt samavaydt sa spariah. And not:. . . samgatih samnipdtah samavdyah . . .
252. Classic example: yathd buddhdndm sukha utpaddh (Dhammapada, 194), Visuddhimagga, in Warren, 194, Madhyamakavrtti, 70.
253. This discussion is atibahuvistaraprakdravisdrini.
254. Sparia = samsparia (Vydkhya).
255. Pratighasamsparia, so called because its diraya (the organ) is sapratigha (first opinion of the Vibhdfd, TD 27,p. 760cl3, which follows TD 28, no 1552 and Vasubandhu), because its diraya and
? its object (dlambana) are sapratigha (secondopinion of the Vibbdsd, which follows TD 28, number 1550 and Samghabhadra).
256. Adhwacanasarhphassa, Digha, ii. 62 (Warren, 206, Dialogues, ii. 59, and an attempt at translation in Theorie des dome causes, p. 19, a 2), Vibhanga, 6. Adhivacana in Dhammasangani 1306.
257. Vydkhya: adhyucyate' nenety adhivacanam / van ndmni pravartate ndmdrtham dyotayatity adhwacanam noma.
258. caksurvijfldnena nilam vijdndti no tu nilam iti / manovijndnena nilam nilam iti ca vijdndti (variant: caksurvijnanasamangi. . . manovijndnasamangi. . . ). On this text, which is without doubt excepted from the Abhidharma (Nydyabmdupu'rvapaksasamksepa, Mdo 111, foL 108b), see KoU, Ll4c, Madhyamakavrtti, p. 74, note.
259. This is the opinion of Fa-sheng in the Abhidharmahrdaya (6. 18), TD 28, number 1550. Fa-sheng jgjfjhas been reconstructed as Dharmakirti, Dharmajina (Nanjio), or Dharmottara (Takakusu); Peri, "Datede Vasubandhu," 25, mentions the transcription dha-ma-sli-ti (=? ).
260. Hsiian-tsang translates: with the vacana for its adhipati [pratyaya].
261. Vibbdsd, TD 27, p. 760b25. Two spar/as: sdsrava and andsrava; three sparSas: kuiala, akuial and avydkrta; four spars'as: traidhatuka and adhdtuparydpanna; etc From the point of view of nivarana and of its pratipaksa (the hindrance and its opposition): spar/as of avidyd and vidyd; from the point of view of the same nature of the sparia: spar/a of nebher-vufyd-tior-avidyd; from the point of view of what is pleasing and what is displeasing: sparias of sympathy and antipathy; from the point of view of association (samprayoga): agreeable sparfa, etc; from the point of view of its support: sparias of the eye, of the ear, etc
262. Abhiksnasamuddcdrin = nityasamuddcdrin (Vydkhya).
263. How sparia is vedantya, iv. 49.
Sukhavedya is explained: sukhasya vedah sukbavedab / sukhavede sddhuh sukhavedyah /
sukharh vd vedyam asmmn iti sukhavedyah.
264 Vedand has been explained 114, ii. 24; here the author does not explain the characteristics (laksana) of vedand, but its type (prakdra).
On adukkhdsukhd, Majjhima, i. 397.
265. The Sautrantika does not reply, because the problem of shade has already been discussed ii. 50c
266. Prakarana, TD 26, p. 698cl0.
267. Samyukta, 8. 4. Saeki quotes TD 24, number 1451 (the Vinayaksudrakavastu, see S. Levi, Seize Arhats, p. 37) where the Bhagavat explains to Ananda the four principles of Anguttara, it 167.
268. The Vaibhasika theory of the mahdbhUmikas is presented ii23c and following; one should replace adhimukti with adhimoksa, p. 189,190.
269. The asarhskrtas are unconnected with cause, since they refer to the caittas.
270. Paramartha translates: "in the first three bhUmis"; Hsiian-tsang: "in the first bhUmis"; the
Vydkhya glosses: in the savitarka-savicdra bhUmi.
271. This is the thesis presented il trans, p. 192-3,204.
Here the Vydkhya quotes several definitions of the Parlcaskandhaka (of Vasubandhu) (Mdo,
58) whictfwe have reproduced ii trans, p. 189-190. (There is a Pancaskandhaka by Gmdrakirti, Mdo, 24).
272. The Prakaranapdda in effect arranges the "mental states" into four categories: mahdbhUmikas, ku/alamahdbhumikas, kUiainahdhhUmikas,parUtakleiabhUmikas (see ii trans, p. 195-6 and no 109).
Footnotes 521
? 522 Chapter Three
273. The Sutra opposes akusala to ku/ala.
214. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 72c9, p. 87c26.
We have Samyutta ii. 72, iv. 33 and passim: cakkhum ca paticca rupe ca uppajjati cakkhu-
vin~n~dnam/ tiHhamsamgatiphasso/ phassapaccaydvedand/ vedandpaccaydtanhd/ ayamkho dukkhassa samudayo.
Our Sutra, most probably, has: caksuh pratitya rupani cotpadyate caksurvi/fidnam / traydndmsamnipdtah sparfah / sahajdtd vedand samjHd cetand.
Vijfidnakdya in Etudes Asiatiques (BEFEO, 1925), i. 370.
275. The meaning of sahajata is not specified; we can understand it as parasparasahajdta, "arisen
one from the other. "
276. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 197cl8: maitrisahagatam smrtisambodhyangam bhdvayati.
Til. Madhyama, TD, p. 19lb\. yd vedandyd ca samjndfydca cetandyacca vijfidnam] samsrspdfime dharmd na visamsfspdh]. Saeki quotes this Sutra which has for its protagpnist Great-ko-thi-la (the same person to whom the Bhagavat teaches that dyus and usmaka are "mixed," below note 281): the Pali edition, Majjhima, 1293 (Mahdvedallasutta, where the protagonists are Mahakottita and Sariputta), omits the words yd ca cetand.
It is the doctrine of the Dhammasangannni, 1193, that the skandhas of vedandd, saflrid and samkhdra {-cetand) are cittasamsappha [that is, united to the mind from their origins to their end, Atthasdlmi, 49).
On samsrspa, villld.
278. This means, according to the Vydkhyd, in the same Sutra where we read: "vedand, samjfid,
cetand. . . "
279. Majjhima, i293 omits yam ceteti. . .
Compare Samyutta, iv. 68: phuppho vedeti phuppho ceteti phupppho samjdndti. 280. According to the Vydkhyd, this is a reply of Vasubandhu: dcdrya aha.
281. The Sutra is quoted viii. 3c, note 26. The formula is lacking in Majjhima, 1295. On dyus and usman (usmaka), ii. trans, p. 233.
282. The Pali sources know of six somanassupavicdras, domanassupavicdras, and upekkhupavicdras (Digha, iii. 244, Majjhima, iii. 218, Vibhanga, 381,etc): cakkhundrupamdisvd somanassatthdniyarh mpam upavicarati. . . manasddhammam vm'ntyasomanassapphdnryamdhammam upavicarati; but they ignore the word mana-upavicdra, as does the Mahdvyutpatti.
The Sanskrit text: caksusd rupani drspvd saumanasyasthdnrydni rupdny upavicarati. . . manasd dharmdn vijfldya saumanasyasthdntydn dharmdn upavicarati.
This grammatical explanation disappears in all the translations, but the Vydkhyd partially reproduces it. (We have manasa upavicdrah = mana-upavicdra - manopavicdra).
283. This thing (dravya) which is the mental vedand, of one single type by its being associated with the mental consciousness, is threefold by the triple variety of its nature, satisfaction, etc; and each one of these three is sixfold by the variety of its object, visibles, etc Thus we have 1 x 3 x 6 = 18.
284. The Bhdsyam says simply: trayo dharmopavicdrd uhhayathd, but we have translated the Vydkhydhere. ThesourceistheVibhdsd,TD21tp. 7l6c3. Whenthedharmamanopavicdrahasfor its object seven types oidharmas--the six internal dyatanas (eye. . . manadyatana) and the external dharmdyatana--either together, or not together, its object is not mixed; when it has for its object these seven dharmas (either together, or not together) plus one, two,. . . five of the external objects (visible things, etc), its object is mixed. Same doctrine on the subject of the smrtyupasthdnas: kdyasmrtyupasthdna is of an unmixed object, bearing only on the body; dharmasmrtyupasthdna can be of unmixed object, or mixed (sambhmna, miira), or universal (samasta) object, vi. ! 5c
285. The word kila indicates that Vasubandhu does not accept this etymology.
? 286. The prefix upa has the sense of repetition (punah punah).
287. Problem discussed in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 716b6. The upavicara are proper to mental sensation:
there is thus saumanasya-upavicdra, not sukha-upavicdra.
288.
Problem discussed in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 715a3.
289. Madbyama, TD 1, p. 690c4. caksusd rupdnidrspva saumanasyasthdmydm rupdny upavkarati
290. According to the Lotsava: "The word ga signifies 'taking for an object', as in the expression: How does he go? He goes thus. " This gloss is omitted by Paramartha and Hsiian-tsang.
291. Hsiian-tsang adds: "The same in the prefatory absorptions of the Second, Third, and Fourth Arupya. "
292. According to the Vydkhyd, Vasubandhu; according to P'u-kuang, the Sautrantikas (TD 41, p. 179cl2).
293. Satatambava=satafa, vthdra-yogaviiesa.
Digha, iii. 250 (variants: satata, sattha, sassata), 281, Anguttara, iL198, iii. 279. SamgUfparydya
15. 6; Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 189al8 (so called because the Arhats always cultivate it).
294. Upeksako viharati, Attbasdlim, 172.
293. When the Arhat thinks of the dharmas which constitute the Buddha, buddbasamtdnika dharmas, he experiences a good satisfaction. Such a satisfaction is not forbidden, nor is it to be fought.
296. Anantavarman does not accept this theory: This is not correct, for, in the Sutra, the Bhagavat does not say that the satisfactions, etc, are upavicara solely when they are defiled (sdmklehka). He says in fact, "Oh Bhiksus, take support on the six upavicdras of satisfaction, abandon the upavicdras of dissatisfaaion; take support on the six upavicdras of equanimity, abandon the upavicdras of satisfaction. There are, Oh Bhiksus, two equanimities, the equanimity resting on unity (ekatvasamnis'rita), and equanimity resting on variety (ndndtvasamnis'rita): take support on the first, but abandon the second" (yaimesopsaumanasyopavicdrdstdnds'rityatdnadh daurmanasyopavicdrdstdnprajahUa. . . ). Majjhima,I364,inanothercontext:yd'yamupekhd ndnattdndttasitdtornabhimvajjetvdyd'yamupekhdekattdekattasitd. . . tornevupekhdmbhdveti.
But, says Ya? omitra, this Sutra does not prove that the satisfactions, etc, can be upavicara without being sdmkletika. One supports oneself on light (laghu) defilement in order to abandon heavy (guru) defilement; as he said, "Mdna or pride, is to be abandoned by supporting oneself on mono. " The text referred to in Nettippakarana, 87: "The mdna, supported on which one abandons mdna, is good (ku/ala). " According to this same work, thirst ("desire) can also be good, see below note 297. (We know the Tantric thesis of rdga expelled by raga, Cittavi/uddhiprakarana, JASB. ,
1898, p. 175.
To be sure, mdna is never purification (vydvaddnika). Nanda (who expelled desire for women
by desire for goddesses) is an example. The Bhagavat also teaches that one abandons the upavicdras of equanimity by the upavicdras of equanimity.
297. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 715bl: five explanations of the expression idstrpada; Vasubandhu adopts the first. (In taking into consideration the three time periods, 108 upavicdras. Vac chattimsa saUpadd of Majjhima, iii. 217.
AccordingtotheVydkhyd:taevdspadaiopavicdrab. . . "Theseeighteenupavicdras,throughthe distinction of those which have for their principle craving and naiskramya, make up the thirty-six points of the Master. " Understood in this way, the argument goes to prove that some of the upavicdras are good, others bad
Paramartha and Hsiian-tsang understand: "On the other hand, the satisfactions, etc (tony eva saumanasyddmi). . . "
Naiskramya is explained as "leaving" (niskrama) the samkle/as or getting out of the suffering
Footnotes 523
? 524 Chapter Three
of samsdra.
On gredbafrita, naifkramydfrita, Kola, it trans, p. 155, iv. 77b-c; Mahdvyutpatti, 245. 1145,
Samyutta, iv. 232, Vibhanga, 381, MUmda, gehanissha and nekkhammanissita (thirty-six vedands); Nettippakarana, 87, how good desire gets one out of dissatisfaction, nekkhammasita. Rhys Davids- Stede, nekkhamma, geha, gedha (confused with the words kdma and grha).
Somanassa, domanassa, upekkbd are sevkabba, asevitabba, Digha, ii. 278.
298. Same comparison, grain and husk, Vyasa ad Yogasutra, ii. 13.
299. This thesis is demonstrated in Chapter IX (page 297 of the French translation).
300. The term kle/a is to be understood as both the kle/as and the upaklefas, v. 46.
301. Cittacaittasamuddcdrddyapafutvdt. As we shall see, iil42d, upeksdydm cyutodbhavau.
302. See Chapter DC, French trans, p. 296-7.
303. It appears indeed that this is not exactly correct: the first moment of antardbhava is necessarily defiled
304. See above p. 383 and note 85.
305. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 123a24, Ekottara, TD 2, p. 772bl4. Digha, iii. 211 {Samgitisuttanta): sabbe sattddhdrapphitikdsabbesattdsamkhdrapthitikd/ ayarhkhoavusotenabhagavatdjdnatdpassatd arahatd samrndsambuddhena eko dhammo sammadakkhdto. The word sarhkharatthitika is omitted in Anguttara, v. 50,55. PaUsambhiddmagga, i. 122.
Madhyamakavrtti, 40, quotes another Sutra: eko dharmah sattvasthitayeyadutacatvdra dhdrdh. Mahavastu, iii. 65.
The first section (Ekadharma) of the Samgitiparydya begins: "All beings last through food. "
306. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 102al3, Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 674b28, Lokaprajtidpti (analyzed in Cosmologie bouddhique); Mahdvyutpatti, 118; Beal, Catena, (interesting).
Digha, iii. 228 (kabalmkdro dhdro oldriko vd sukhumo vd. . . ) Majjhima, 148,261, Samyutta, ii. 98; Dhammasangani, 71,646, Atthasdlmi, 153, Visuddhimagga, 341, Nettippakarana, 114.
See the UddyisUtra, Kofa, ii. 44d, viil3c
307. MMrapurisa absent from among the Four Kings.
308. On the constituent elements of the molecule, ii. 22; the smallest part of the visible termed chdyd includes odor, taste, tangible.
Paramartha is not very dear: "How are the (odors) chdyd-dtapa-jvdld-prabhd, etc food? "; Hsiian-tsang: "How are chdyd-dtapa-flasne<o\d food? "
Hsuan-tsang translates the phrase ydny apt tu ndbhyavahriyante "which however are not swallowed," by a simplejw % (=punab).
309. According to the Vydkhyd, Vasubandhu now presents his own opinion (svdbhiprdya).
310. Vibhanga, TD 27, p. 675al3. Vibhanga, 13, atthi rOpam kabalmkdro dhdro / atthi rupam na
kabalmkdro dhdro: this refers to rupaskandha; Vasubandhu speaks of rupdyatana.
311. Vijnd, as one says prajnd; the meaning is vijridna.
Food by the mouthfuls, being, by its nature, the three dyatanas of odor, taste, and tangible, is
evidently sdsrava, impure; but spuria, manahsamcetand and the vijridna are sometimes impure, sometimes pure. It is only when they are impure that they are food.
312. The Lotsava does not explain the term vijridna. Paramartha explains it through manovijndana, Hsiian-tsang through vijridnaskandha.
313. Vydkhyd: catvdra dhdrd bhutdndm sattvdndm sthitaye sarhbhavaismdm cdnugrahaya / katame catvdrah / kavadikdrdhdra auddrikah suksmaJ cdhdrah prathamah / spar? o dvitryah / mana-
? hsarhcetand trtiyah / vijfidnam dhdrai caturtbah. (Comp. viii. 3c).
Ekottara, TD 2, p. 719al5: bbittdndm sthitaye ydpandyai sambhavaisindm cdnugrahdya;
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 676bl5; Samyutta, iLll,Majjbima, i-261: cattdro'me bhikkhavedhdrdbh&dndm fbitiyd sambhavesinam vd anuggahdya. . . kabaUmkdro dhdro oldriko vd sukhumo vd. . .
On the expression kdyassa fbitiyd ydpandya, Visuddhimagga, 52 and other sources in Rhys Davids-Stede (ydpand).
Sthitaye=avasthdpandya, anugrahdya=punarbhavdya sambhavdya (Vydkhyd).
314 See p. 442 line 27.
315. Manomaya, see K6sa, ii. 44d, viii. 3c
316. Above p. 393.
317. Hsifon-tsangvibhinirvrtti(ch'ife,utpdda),because,turnedtowardsfuturebirth,itisproduced in a short period of time.
318 a painful body. . . The Lotsava translates lus = kdya, dtmabhdva; the Chinese translators have svabhdva. Tbe Vydkhyd gives the words savydbddham (saduhkhatvdt) abhmirvartya.
319. This is a Sutra of four points (cdtuskotika): asti pudgalo yasydbfomitvrttisamyojanam prahhtam nopapattisamyojanam / asti yasyopapaPtiprayojammh prabinam ndbhimrvfttisamyo- janam / asti yasydbhmirvrttiprayojanam prabinam upapattisamyojanam ca / astiyasya ndbhi- nirvrtUprayojanam prabinam nopapattisarhojanam.
The distinction between abhinirvrtti and upapatti is elucidated in Kofa, vL3.
Rhys Davids and Stede have grouped many references under the words abhinibbatta, abhinibbatti, abbinibbatteti. One of the most interesting is Samyutta, iii. 152 (which slightly calls to mind the "embroiderer" of the Upanishad).
Let us add that, in Anguttara, ii. 134, we have (in addition to orambbdgtya samyojana which brings about rebirth in Kamadhatu): uppattipatildbhika samyojana (correct upapatti) and bhavapatildbhika samyojana: this second category is the abhinirvrttisamyojana of the Abhidharma bh&vzFantarabhava the Antaraparinibbayin has broken the bond which produces upapatti, but not the bond which produces bhava.
320. The words "when he is an AnagarnkT are necessary, for one can detach oneself from the two lower Dhatus through a worldly path, thus in a manner which is not definitive.
321. Anugraba. Here,by sambbavaisin,one should understand, conforming to the second explanation (above line 28), not the intermediate beings, but all beings not liberated from thirst (satfsna).
322. Four opinions in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 674c25; Vasubandhu follows the orthodox opinion (p'ing-chia says:. . . )
323. We see in fact that three of the four foods--manabsamcetand, which is action; the vijfidna considered as vijndnabija, "the seed which is the vyfidna" action which develops or perfumes (karmaparibhdvita); Mid spars'a, which is associated with action--have for their result anugraha or re-existence (anugrahdya bhavati). But how can food by the mouthfuls have this result?
324. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 103a5: rogasya gandasya falyasya catvdra dhdrd m&lam jardmarana pratyayah (? ). According to the Vydkhyd, the word jardmaranapratyayah belongs to another redaction of this same Sutra {Ekottara, TD 2, p. 656cl0). Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 677al7. Samyutta, iii. 189: rupam rogo tigando ti sallam ti. . .
