No More Learning

He is described by Photius (Cod. 98, p. 84, ed. copying from him whole chapters. The style of
Bekker) as kóuns kai SAOPIO KOO Urhyopos (comes Zosimus is fairly described by Photius as concise,
et exadrocatus-fisci). He may possibly have been clear, pure, and not unpleasing. His chief fault as
the son of Zosimus, the prefect of Epeirus, who is an historical writer is that he neglects to notice
mentioned in the Theodosian Code, Zosimus was the chronology.
the author of a history of the Roman empire in six Zosimus was a pagan, and is by no means sparing
books, which is still extant. This work must have of the faults and crimes of the Christian emperors.
been written after the year 425, as an event is | In consequence of this his credibility has been
mentioned in it (v. 27) which took place in that fiercely assailed by several Christian writers, and
year. How long after cannot be determined with has been sometimes defended merely because his
certainty ; but his description of the condition of history tended to the discredit of many leading
the Greek empire at the time he wrote accords persons in the Christian party. Photius thus ex-
with the state of things in the latter part of the presses his opinion: έστι την θρησκείαν ασεβής
fifth century.
Further biographical particulars και πολλάκις εν πολλοίς υλακτών κατά των ευσε
have not come down to us.
6wv (l. c. ). Evagrius (iii. 40, 41) and Nicephorus
As Polybius had narrated the events by which (xvi. 41,
&c. ) also speak in the most unfavourable
the Roman empire had reached its greatness, so terms. The question does not, as has sometimes
Zosimus undertook the task of developing the been supposed, turn upon the credibility of the
events and causes which led to its decline (Zosim. historians whom Zosimus followed, for he did not
i. 57). As the commencement of this decline, he adhere in all cases to their judgment with respect
goes back to the change in the constitution of to events and characters. For instance he entirely
Rome introduced by Augustus. The first book differed from Eunapius in his account of Stilicho
comprises a sketch of the history of the early em- and Serena. Of modern writers, Baronius, Laelius
perors, down to the end of the reign of Diocletian Bisciola, C. v. Barth, J. D. Ritter, R. Bentley,
(A. n. 305). The second, third, and fourth books and St. Croix, have taken the derogatory side.
are devoted to the history of the fourth century, Bentley in particular (Remarks upon a late Discourse
which is treated much less concisely. The fifth of Freethinking, Part. ii. p. 21) speaks of Zosimus
and sixth books embrace the period from A. D. 395 with great contempt. On the other hand, his histo-
to A. D. 410, when Attalus was deposed. Though rical authority has been maintained by Leunclavius,
the decline of the Roman empire was the main G. B. von Schirach, J. Matth. Schröckh, and Reite-
subject which Zosimus selected, it was perhaps his meier. There are no doubt numerous errors of
ambition to imitate Polybius, which led him to judgment to be found in the work, and sometimes
introduce various matters connected with Persian, (especially in the case of Constantine) an intem-
Grecian, and Macedonian history, which are not perate expression of opinion, which somewhat ex-
very intimately connected with his main design. aggerates, if it does not distort the truth. But he
It is clear that Photius and Evagrius had not more does not seem fairly chargeable with deliberate in-
of the work than we have. Yet it seems likely on vention, or wilful misrepresentation. One passage
some accounts, either that a part of the work has in his history in particular has been fastened upon
been lost or, what is more likely, that Zosimus as evident proof of his untrustworthiness, where
did not live to finish it; for as we now have it, it (ii. 29) he gives his account of the conversion of
does not embrace all that Zosimus himself tells us Constantine, placing it after the murder of his son
he intended to take up (iv. 59. 4, 5, i. 58. $ 9, (A. D. 326), whereas Constantine had declared
iv. 28. & 3). There does not seem much probability himself a Christian much earlier. (Sainte-Croix,
in the conjecture that the monks and other ecclesi- Mém. de l'Académie des Inscr. vol. xlix. p. 466).
astics succeeded in suppressing that portion of the But on the other hand, the common story of the
work in which the evil influences of their body conversion of Constantine does not rest on any
were to be more especially touched upon (v. 23. & 8; authority that is worth much ; and though it is
Harles. ad Fabr. vol. viii. p. 65 ; comp. Voss. de pretty clear that Zosimus has committed an ana-
Hist. Gr. p. 312) If the work was thus left in chronism, it is not so gross as has been sometimes
complete, that circumstance would account for supposed; and there is thus much to be said in
some carelessness of style which is here and there excuse for Zosimus, that it was not till the latter
apparent. There may appear some difficulty at part of his life that Constantine received the rite of
first sight, however, in the statement of Photius, baptism ; and it appears from Sozomen (i. 3) that
that the work, in the form in which he saw it, a story similar to that told by Zosimus was current
appeared to him to be a second edition (véas ékdó- some time previously, so that the latter is not at
Gews). But it would seem that Photius was under any rate responsible for the origination of the tale.
some misapprehension. It is called in the MSS. It is not to be wondered at that one who held to
iotopía vea (in what sense is not quite clear). I the old faith should attribute the downfall of the
This may perhaps have misled Photius. He empire in great part to the religious innovations
himself remarks ihat he had not seen the first attendant upon the spread of Christianity.
edition.
The history of Zosimus was first printed in the
The work of Zosimus is mainly (though not | Latin translation of Leunclavius (Löwenklau), ac-
companied
1576, fol. ).
the transla
Stephanus,
The first cc
simus was
Rom. Min.
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and others
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## p. 1335 (#1351) ##########################################

ZOSIMUS
1335
ZOSIMUS.
ZYGIA.
an abridgest e compilation de
Tous bisconans. As far as the s
be first book he foloss Hero
From that point to the 11th caset
ok Eunapias is his guide, though be
ukes mention of him. Photins remain
terms of the work that it was so
story as a compilation from Eena.
-p:28 be foi otrs Olympiodorus, BIDEOS
pon him whole chapters
. The se di
larly described by Photius u cice,
, and not unpleasing. His che tanto
cal writer is that be neglects to Die
ogy
* was a pegan, and is by no means paring
18 and comes of the Constuan eszen
quence of this his credibuty i inn
skailed by several Christmas was, and
sometimes defended merely because is
Rended to the discredit of many into
en the Christian party. Photius ta *
is opinian: έστι την θρησκείας έστεί
λέεις στoλλος υλακτών κατά των εισο.
E) Evagrius (iii
. 40, 41) and Nigebung
,&c. ) also speak in the most záruka
The question does not, as has ke
apposed, turn upon the credibukty of the
uns whom Zosimes followed, for he dites
in all cases to their judgment with me
ots and characters For mstance been
from Eunapius in his account do
erena Of modern writers, Baronia. Les
12. C. v. Barth, J. D. Ritter, R Battery
52 Crois, have taken the derogatartas
py in particular ( Remarks upon a las
vtisning, Part
. ii. p. 21) speaks of Zesta
great contempt. On the other hand, as ist
authority has been maintained by Leita
ron Schirach, J. Matth. SchrochtRot
1. There are no doubt numerous eros de
ment to be found in the work, and Reedte
scially in the case of Constantine) an
te expression of opinion, which seevit e
rates, if it does not distort the truth. But he
| not seem fairly chargeable with deliberate is
tion, or wilful misrepresentation
. One per
is history in particular has been fastened up
erident proof of his untrustworthizes, Dhe
companied by a defence of the historian (Basel, and Simplicius of Vienne, he desired to make sub-
1. 576, fol. ). The first two books, in Greek, with ordinate to the see of Arles, at that time occupied
the translation of Leunclavius, were printed by H. by a certain Patroclus, a priest of very doubtful
Stephanus, in his edition of Herodian (Paris
, 1581). reputation. The bishops of Narbonne and Vienne
The first complete edition of the Greek text of Zo- gave way to a certain extent, or at least did not pe-
sinus was that by F. Sylburg (Scriptores Hist. remptorily refuse obedience, but Proculus, warmly
Rom. Min. vol. iii. ). Later editions are those supported by his clergy and people, bade open de-
published at Oxford (1679), at Zeitz and Jena, fiance to his commands and excommunications.
edited by Cellarius, with annotations of his own Nothing discouraged by this repulsc, Zosimus,
and others (1679, 1713, 1729). The next edition within a very short period of his death, boldly ns-
is that by Reitemeier, who, though he consulted no scrted his absolute jurisdiction over the African
fresh manuscripts, made good use of the critical re- church by reinstating a certain Apiarius, a presbyter
marks of Heyne and other scholars (Leipzig, 1784). of Sicca, who had been regularly deposed for various
The last and best edition is by Bekker, Bonn, 1837. grave offences by his own diocesan, thus exciting a
There is a German translation by Seybold and ley- storm among the fiery Numidians, which must
ler, and also an English and a French translation. have produced a violent convulsion had the author
(Schöll, Gesch. d. Gricch. Lit. vol. iii. p. 232 ; of the decree lived to follow up this stretch of
Fabric. Bill. Gracc. vol. viii. p. 62. )
power by ulterior measures.
4. A native of Ascalon, or, according to cther Fourteen Epistolue et Decrcta of this pope ad-
accounts, of Gaza. He lived in the time of the dressed to various bishops and religious commu-
emperor Anastasius. According to Suidas (s. v. ) he nities, chiefly in regard to the events detailed
was the author of a négis entopen) Katà otoxelor above, have been preserved, together with a few
(of which Suidas himself made considerable use), short fragments of the Tractoria, and of some
and commentaries on Demosthenes and Lysias, other pieces, all of which will be found under their
some of which are still extant in MS. A life of best form in the Epistolac Pontificum Romanorum
Demosthenes by him is prefixed to most of the edi- edited by Coustant, fol. Paris, 1721, vol. i. pp. 934
tions of Demosthenes.
-1006, in the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galland, fol.
5. A native of Thasos, the author of some epi- Venet. 1773, vol. ix. pp. 1-20, and also in the
grams still extant in the Anthology (vol iii. p. 157, Conciliorum amplissima Collectio of Mansi, fol. Flo-
&c. , ed. Jacobs).
rent. 1760, vol. iv. pp. 348–372.
6. An abbot, whose dadoglio uol were edited
(See the Prolegomnena of Mansi and Galland ;
by P.
Possinus, in his Thesaurus Asceticus, p. 279. Schönemann, Bibliotheca Patrum Lat. vol. ii. $ 12;
The editor thinks that he flourished in Palestine Bähr, Geschichte der Röm. Litterat. Suppl. Band.
about A. D. 430.
2te Abtheil. § 141. )
[W. R. )
Several others of this name, not worth inserting ZOʻSIMUS, M. CANULEIUS, a gold and
here, are enumerated by Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. silver chaser, whose skill and probity are praised
vol. viii. p. 71, &c. ).
(C. P. M. ] in an extant inscription. (Gruter, p. dcxxxix ;
ZOʻSIMUS. The short pontificate of this Ro- Sillig. Catal. Artif. App. s. v. ) The name is also
man bishop, which lasted from the 18th of March, found on some ancient cameos ; and Raoul-Ro-
A. D. 417, until his death on the 26th of December chette, assuming the identity of the artist, takes
in the following year, was rendered more remark. this as a new proof that the art of engraving on
able by the rash activity with which he plunged metals and on precious stones was often practised
into delicate and irritating controversies than by by the same persons. (Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 158,
any display of sound judgment or high principle. 2d ed. )
[P. S. ]
His attention was first occupied by the represent- ZOSTEÒRIA (Zwotnpla), a surname of Athena
ations of Caelestius and Pelagius, who, having ap- among the Epicnemidian Locrians. (Steph. Byz.
pealed to his predecessor Innocentius against what s. v. Zwotúp; comp. Herod. viii. 107. ) The mas-
they termed the harsh and prejudiced sentence of culine form Zosterius occurs as a surname of Apollo
the Carthaginian synod, now earnestly demanded a in Attica, on the slip of land stretching into the
full investigation of the charges preferred against sea between Phaleron and Sunium. (Steph. Byz.
their orthodoxy. Zosimus not only pronounced I. c. )
[L. S. )
the complete acquittal of the accused, but inveighed ZOʻTICUS, AUREʻLIUS, surnamed The Cook,
in the strongest terms against the conduct of the from the profession of his father, was a native of
African clergy, and published a letter testifying Smyrna, remarkable for his personal attractions.
his entire satisfaction with the explanations of Pe Having been summoned to Rome by Elagabalus,
lagius. But scarcely had he given expression to who had conceived for him a violent affection, he
these feelings when a total change was wrought in entered the city escorted by a magnificent pro-
bir sentiments by the edict of Honorius, issued at cession, was received in the palace by the emperor
Ravenna on the last day of April, A. D. 418. Not with marks of the most exaggerated respect, and
satisfied with retracting the praise lavished on the was immediately appointed chamberlain.
two friends, he hastened to denounce them both as i speedily, however, fell into disgrace through the
incorrigible heretics, and despatched a circular epis- arts, it is said, of the rival favourite Hierocles, and
tle (Tractoria) to convey a formal announcement of was banished. (Dion Cass. lxxix. 16. ) (W. R. ]
this condemnation to all the ecclesiastical authorities ZYGIA and ZYGIUS (Zugía and Zuylos), are
in the Christian world.
surnames of Hera and Zeus, describing them as
His next encounter was with Proculus of Mar- presiding over marriage. (Hesych. s. v. ; comp.
seilles, whom, along with Hilarius of Narbonne, / Hera. )"
[L. S. ]

A
the
29) he gives his account of the caterina
Astantine, placing it after the murder of this was
D. 3:6), whereas Constantine had diedel
nself a Christian much earlier. (Szinte les
che de l'Académie des Inset, vel ilik a to
16 on the otber hand, the commia stary d ta
nversion of Constantine does not rest o
thority that is worth much ; and though it 1
retty clear that Zosimus bas committed an si
hronism, it is not so gross as has been meteen
upposed; and there is thus much to be said in
Icuse for Zosimus, that it was not till the bar
part of his life that Constantine received the site de
baptism ; and it appears from Soermen (1 9)
& story similar to that told by Zosis es va fer
some time previously, so that the latter is
any rate responsible for the origination of the se
le is not to be wondered at that one who belo
zhe old faith should attribute the doonful de
empire in great part to the religions innovation
attendant upon the spread of Christianit,
Latin translation of Leunclarias (Lörenklas)
494
The history of Zosimus was first parated in the


## p. 1336 (#1352) ##########################################

FROI
B. C.
176 Coroeb
foot
Oly
LIST OF TABLES.
the
piad
aers
772
fou
774 Pande
765
C
poe
761
753
Page
750 Milet
of
1337
a
748 Phei
0
an
1349
1395
1396
1400
w
:
lo
7451 The
ve
744
fil
743 The
Chronological Tables of Greek History, from the first Olympiad to the Fall of
Corinth, B. c. 146
Chronological Tables of Roman History, from the Foundation of the City, B. c. 753,
to the Fall of the Western Empire, A. D. 476 ·
List of the Genealogical Tables
Parallel Years
The Athenian Archons Eponymi, from B. C. 496, to B. c. 292
Lists of Kings :
1. Kings of Egypt
2. Kings of Media
3. Kings of Lydia
4. Kings of Persia
5. Kings of Sparta
6. Kings of Macedonia
7. Kings of Syria
8. Kings of Egypt
9. Kings of Pergamus
10. Kings of Bithynia
11. Kings of Pontus
12. Kings of Cappadocia
13. Kings of Parthia
14. Kings of Persia (Saspunidae)
15. Kings of Rome
16. Emperors of Rome
736
е
1401
1401
1401
1401
1402
1402
1403
1403
1403
1403
1403
1404
1404
1404
1404
1404
135 Na-
734 Syr
730 | Lec
728 Me
723 ED
721 | Sr
718 1
716G
712 A
710\CI
709 D


## p. 1337 (#1353) ##########################################

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF GREEK HISTORY,
FROM THE FIRST OLYMPIAD, B. C. 776, TO THE FALL OF CORINTH, B. C. 146
B. C.
770
BLES.
L'impiad to the Fall of
1,337
of the City, B. C 754
1449
1396
1400
1401
1401
100l
B. C.
776 Coroebus the Elean gains the victory in the 708 Tarentum founded by the Lacedaemonian
foot race at the Olympic games.
The
Parthenii, under Phalanthus.
Olympic games were instituted by Iphitus Thasos and Parium on the Propontis founded
the Elean about B. C. 884, but the Olym-
by the Parians.
piads were not employed as a chronological
Archilochus, of Paros, the Iambic poet,
aera till the victory of Coroebus.
accompanied the colony to Tbasos, being
Arctinus of Miletus, the Cyclic poet,
then in the flower of his age.
flourished.
693 Simonides of Amorgos, the lyric poet,
774 Pandosia and Metapontum, in Italy, founded.
flourished.
765 Cinaethon of Laccdacmon, the Cyclic
Glaucus of Chios, a statuary in metal,
poet, flourished.
flourished. He was distinguished as tho
761 Eumelus flourished.
inventor of the art of soldering metals.
753 Antimachus of Teos flourished.
690 Foundation of Gela in Sicily, and of Phaselis
750 Miletus at the height of its power. Many in Pamphylia.
of its colonies founded about this time or 687 The empire of the Medes is computed by
a little later.
Herodotus to commence from this date,
748 Pheidon, tyrant of Argog, celebrates the 8th the 23rd year of their independence. It
Olympic games.
He introduced copper lasted 128 years, and terminated in B. C.
and silver coinage, and a new scale of
559.
weights and measures, throughout the Pe-
Archilochus flourished. See B. c. 708.
loponnesus.
685 The beginning of the second Messenian war
745 The first annual Prytanis at Corinth, 90 683 First annual Archon at Atheng.
years before the reign of Cypselus.
Tyrtaeus, the Athenian poet, came to
744 Eumelus of Corinth, the Cyclic poet, Sparta after the first success of the Mes-
flourished.
senians, and by his martial songs roused
743 The beginning of the first war between the the fainting courage of the Lacedaemo-
Messenians and the Lacedaemonians.
nians.
736 Callinus of Ephesus, the earliest Greek 678 Ardys, king of Lydia, succeeded Gyges.
elegiac poet, flourished.
675 Foundation of Cyzicus by the Megarians.
735 Naxos, in Sicily, founded by the Chalcidians 674 Foundation of Chalcedon by the Megarians,
of Euboea.
672 The Pisatae, led by Pantaleon, revolt from
734 Syracuse founded by Archias of Corinth.
the Eleans, and espouse the cause of the
730 Leontium and Catana, in Sicily, founded.
Messenjans.
728 Megara Hyblaea, in Sicily, founded.
Alcman, a native of Sardis in Lydia, and
Philolaus of Corinth, the Theban law-
the chief lyric poet of Sparta, flourished.
giver, flourished.
670 Psammetichus, king of Egypt, begins to
723 End of the first Messenian war. The Mes-
reign.
senians were obliged to submit after the 669 The Argives defeat the Lacedaemonians at
capture of Ithome, and to pay a heavy
Hysiae.
tribute to the Lacedaemonians.
668 End of the second Messenian war according
721 Sybaris, in Italy, founded by the Achaeans.
to Pausanias.
718 War between the Lacedaemonians and Ar- 665 Thaletas of Crete, the lyric poet and
gives.
musician, flourished.
716 Gyges begins to reign in Lydia. This dy- 664 A sea-fight between the Corinthians and
nasty reigned, according to Herodotus, Corcyraeans, the most ancient sea-fight
160 years, and terminated B. C. 546 by
recorded.
the fall of Croesus.
662 Zaleucus the law-giver in Locri Epizephyrii
712 Astacus founded by the Megarians.
flourished.
Callinus of Ephesus flourished.
657 | Byzantium founded by the Megarians.
710 Croton or Crotona, in Italy, founded by the 656 Phraortes, king of Media, succeeds Deïoces.
Achaeans. Soon after the foundation of 655 | The Bacchiadae expelled from Corinth.
Croton the Ozolian Locrians founded the
Cypselus begins to reign. He reigned 30
Epizephyrian Locri in Italy.
years.
709 Deïoces begins to reign in Media. The 654 Foundation of Acanthus, Stagira, Abdera,
Medes revolted from the Assyrians after and Lampsacus.
the death of Sennacherib in B. C. 711. 651 Birth of Pittacus according to Suidas.
The Assyrians according to Herodotus had 648 Himera in Sicily founded
governed Upper Asia for 520 years. This 647 Peisander, the epic poet, of Cameirus in
account gives B.