)
[541] “The annual change of generals was disastrous to the Romans.
[541] “The annual change of generals was disastrous to the Romans.
Napoleon - History of Julius Caesar - a
7, 11.
[488] Polybius, I. 16. --Zonaras, VIII. 16 _et seq. _
[489] We have seen before that Rome, after the capture of Antium (_Porto
d’Anzo_), had already a navy, but she had no galleys of three ranks or
five ranks of oars. Nothing, therefore, is more probable than the
relation of Titus Livius, who states that the Romans took for a model a
Carthaginian quinquireme wrecked on their coast. In spite of the
advanced state of science, we have not yet obtained a perfect knowledge
of the construction of the ancient galleys, and, even at the present
day, the problem will not be completely solved until chance furnishes us
with a model.
[490] The Romans employed the triremes of Tarentum, Locri, Elea, and
Naples to cross the Strait of Messina. The use of quinquiremes was
entirely unknown in Italy.
[491] Polybius, I. 20, 21.
[492] Each vessel carried 300 rowers and 120 soldiers, or 420 men, which
makes, for the Carthaginian fleet, 147,000 men, and, for the Roman
fleet, 138,600. (Polybius, I. 25 and 26. )
[493] Nearly thirteen millions of francs [£520,000]. (Polybius, I. 62. )
[494] Polybius, I. 36.
[495] Valerius Maximus, V. i. 2.
[496] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIX.
[497] Polybius, III. 10, 27, 28.
[498] The Sardinians owed their civilisation to the Phœnicians; the
Sicilians had received theirs from the Greeks. This difference explains
the attachment of the first for Carthage, and the repulsion of the
others for the Punic rule.
[499] Polybius, II. 4, 5, 10.
[500] Hahn, _Albanesische Studien_.
[501] Florus, II. 5. --Appian, _Wars of Illyria_, 7.
[502] Polybius, II. 11 _et seq. _
[503] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XX. , year of Rome 533. --Orosius, IV.
xiii.
[504] Polybius, III. 16 _et seq. _
[505] A people situated between the Rhone and the Alps. (Polyb. , II. 22,
34. )
[506] “It was not Rome alone that the Italians, terrified by the Gaulish
invasion, believed they had thus to defend; they understood that it was
their own safety which was in danger. ” (Polybius, II. 23. )
[507] The following, according to Polybius (II. 24), was the number of
the forces of Italy:--
FOOT. HORSE.
Two consular armies, each of two legions,
of 5,200 foot and 300 cavalry 20,800 1,200
Allied troops 30,000 2,000
Sabines and Etruscans 50,000 more than 4,000
Umbrians and Sarsinates, inhabitants of
the Apennines 20,000 --
Cenomani and Veneti 30,000 --
At Rome 20,000 1,500
Allies (of the reserve) 30,000 2,000
Latins 80,000 5,000
Samnites 70,000 7,000
Iapygians and Messapians 50,000 16,000
Lucanians 30,000 3,000
Marsi, Marrucini, Frentani, and Vestini 20,000 4,000
In Sicily and at Tarentum, two legions of
4,200 foot and 200 horse 8,400 400
Roman and Campanian citizens 250,000 23,000
------- ------
699,200 69,100
[508] See the Memoir of Zumpt, _Stand der Bevölkerung im Alterthum_.
Berlin, 1841.
[509] Polybius, III. 30.
[510] Titus Livius, XXI. 7.
[511] Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 10.
[512] Polybius, III. 90. --“The allies had till then remained firm in
their attachment. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 61. )--“This fidelity which they
have preserved towards us in the midst of our reverses. ” (_Speech of
Fabius_, Titus Livius, XXII. 39. )
[513] There were among the Roman troops Samnite cavalry. (Titus Livius,
XXVII. 43. )
[514] Titus Livius, XXII. 49; XXIII. 12. --“In the second Punic war, the
use of rings had already become common; otherwise it would have been
impossible for Hannibal to send three _modii_ of rings to Carthage. ”
(Pliny, XXXIII. 6. )--We read in Appian: “The tribunes of the soldiers
wear the gold ring, their inferiors have it of ivory. ” (_Punic Wars_,
VIII. cv. )
[515] “The Greek towns, inclined to maintain their alliance with Rome. ”
(Titus Livius, XXIV. 1. )--Even in Bruttium, the small town of Petelia
defended itself against Hannibal with the greatest energy; the women
fought like the men. (Appian, VII. 29. )
[516] Eutropius, III. 6.
[517] Titus Livius, XXVI. 1.
[518] Titus Livius, XXIV. 14.
[519] “The Oppian law, proposed by the tribune C. Oppius, under the
consulship of Q. Fabius and Tiberius Sempronius (539), in the height of
the second Punic war, forbad the women to have for their use more than
half an ounce of gold, to wear dresses of different colours, &c. , to be
driven or carried about Rome, within a radius of seven miles, in a
chariot drawn by horses, except to attend the public sacrifices. ” This
law, being only temporary, was revoked, in spite of the opposition of P.
Cato, in 559. (Titus Livius, XXXIV. 1, 6. )
[520] Valerius Maximus, I. i. 15.
[521] “It was in his cavalry that Hannibal placed all his hopes. ”
(Polybius, III. 101. )--“Hannibal’s cavalry alone caused the victories of
Carthage and the defeats of Rome. ” (Polybius, IX. 3. )--“The loss of 500
Numidians was felt more by Hannibal than any other check, and from that
time he had no longer the superiority in cavalry which had previously
given him so much advantage” (543). (Titus Livius, XXVI. 38. )
[522] “Hannibal remembered how he had failed before Placentia. ” (Titus
Livius, XXVII. 39. )
[523] Titus Livius, XXIII. 15 and 18. --Hannibal reduced by famine the
fortresses of Casilinum and Nuceria; as to the citadel of Tarentum, it
resisted five years, and could not be taken by force. (Titus Livius,
XXVII. 25. )
[524] “Hannibal descends towards Naples, having at heart to secure a
maritime place to receive succours from Africa. ” (Titus Livius, XXIII.
15. )
[525] Polybius, III. 106.
[526] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 26.
[527] Plutarch, _Marcellus_, 11, 33.
[528] Titus Livius, XXVII. 49.
[529] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 54.
[530] In 536, Rome had at sea 220 quinquiremes and 20 small vessels
(Titus Livius, XXI. 17), with which she protected efficiently the coasts
of Sicily and Italy. (Titus Livius, XXI. 49, 51. )--In 537, Scipio, with
35 vessels, destroyed a Carthaginian fleet at the mouth of the Ebro
(Titus Livius, XXII. 19), and the consul Servilius Geminus effected a
landing in Africa with 120 vessels, in order to prevent Carthage from
sending reinforcements to Hannibal. (Titus Livius, XXII. 31. )--In 538,
the fleet of Sicily is reinforced with 25 ships. (Titus Livius, XXII.
37. )--In 539, Valerius Lævinus had 25 vessels to protect the coast of
the Adriatic, and Fluvius the same number to watch the coast of Ostia
(Titus Livius, XXIII. 32) after which the Adriatic fleet, raised to 55
sails, is sent to act as a check upon Macedonia. (Titus Livius, XXIII.
38. )--The same year, the fleet of Sicily, under Titus Otacilius, defeats
the Carthaginians. (Titus Livius, XXIII. 41. )--In 540 Rome has 150
vessels (Titus Livius, XXIV. 11) this year and the following, the Roman
fleet defends Apollonia, attacked by the King of Macedonia, and lands
troops which ravage the territory of Utica. The effective strength of
the Roman fleet appears not to have varied until 543, the epoch at which
Greece again required the presence of 50 Roman ships and Sicily 100.
(Titus Livius, XXVI. 1. )--In 544, 20 vessels were stationed in the
waters of Rhegium, to secure the passage of provisions between Sicily
and the garrison of Tarentum. (Titus Livius, XXVI. 39. )--In 545, 30
sails are detached from the fleet of Sicily to cruise before that town.
(Titus Livius, XXVII. 22. )--In 546, Carthage was preparing a formidable
fleet of 200 sails (Titus Livius, XXVII. 22); Rome opposes it with 280
ships: 30 defend the coast of Spain, 50 guard Sardinia, 50 the mouths of
the Tiber, 50 Macedonia, 100 are stationed in Sicily, ready to make a
descent in Africa, and the Carthaginian fleet is beaten before Clupea.
(Titus Livius, XXVII. 29. )--Lastly, in 547, a second victory gained by
Valerius Lævinus renders the sea entirely free. (Titus Livius, XXVIII.
4. )
[531] “The Carthaginians, occupied only with the care of maintaining
themselves in Spain, sent no succour to Hannibal, as though he had had
nothing but successes in Italy. ” (Titus Livius, XXVIII. 12. )
[532] Titus Livius, XXIII. 13 and 41.
[533] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, liv.
[534] In 540, Rome had on foot eighteen legions; in 541, twenty legions;
in 542 and 543, twenty-three legions; in 544 and 546, twenty-one; in
547, twenty-three; in 551, twenty; in 552, sixteen; in 553, fourteen; in
554, the number is reduced to six. (Titus Livius, XXIV. 11-44; XXV. 3;
XXVI. 1, 28; XXVII. 22, 36; XXX. 2, 27, 41; XXXI. 8. )
[535] “The Romans raised their infantry and cavalry only in Rome and
Latium. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 37. )
[536] Titus Livius, XXIII. 23.
[537] Q. Metellus said “that the invasion of Hannibal had re-awakened
the slumbering virtue of the Roman people. ” (Valerius Maximus, VII. ii.
3. )
[538] The Senate demanded of thirty colonies men and money. Eighteen
gave both with eagerness, namely, Signia, Norba, Saticulum, Brundusium,
Fregellæ, Luceria, Venusia, Adria, Firmum, Ariminum, Pontia, Pæstum,
Cosa, Beneventum, Isernia, Spoletum, Placentia, and Cremona. The twelve
colonies which refused to give any succours, pretending that they had
neither men nor money, were: Nepete, Sutrium, Ardea, Cales, Alba,
Carseoli, Cora, Suessa, Setia, Circeii, Narnia, Interamna. (Titus
Livius, XXVII. 9. )
[539] “The quarrels and struggles between the two parties ended in the
second Punic war. ” (Sallust, _Fragments_, I. vii. )
[540] “Four tribes referred it to the Senate to grant the right of
suffrage to Formiæ, Fundi, and Arpinum; but they were told in reply that
to the people alone belonged the right of suffrage. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXVIII. 36.
)
[541] “The annual change of generals was disastrous to the Romans. They
recalled all those who had experience in war, as though they had been
sent not to fight, but only to practice. ” (Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII.
16. )
[542] Titus Livius, XXII. 29.
[543] Titus Livius, XXVII. 5, 7.
[544] Titus Livius, XXXII. 28.
[545] Titus Livius, XXXI. 4, 49.
[546] Titus Livius, XXIV. 49. --Polybius, III. 75.
[547] Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII. 16.
[548] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 3.
[549] Plutarch, _Marcellus_, 28.
[550] Titus Livius, XXIII. 30.
[551] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 54.
[552] “Et equites Romanos milites et negociatores. ” (Sallust,
_Jugurtha_, 65. )
[553] “In 342, a senator and two knights were charged, during a famine,
with the provisioning of Rome. ” (Titus Livius, IV. 3. )
[554] _Seminarium senatus. _ (Titus Livius, XLII. 61. )
[555] Titus Livius, XXIII. 49. --Valerius Maximus, V. vi. 8.
[556] Titus Livius, XXI. 63; XXV. 3.
[557] Valerius Maximus, IV. viii. 2.
[558] Valerius Maximus, IV. v. 1.
[559] They had no deliberative voice, because, according to the public
Roman law, no acting magistrate could vote. (See Mommsen, i. 187. )
[560] “Now you have still the comitia by centuries, and the comitia by
tribes. As for the comitia by curiæ, they are observed only for the
auspices. ” (Cicero, _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 9. )
[561] The ancient mode of division by curiæ had lost all significance
and ceased to be in use. (Ovid, _Fasti_, II. 1. 531. ) So Cicero says,
speaking of them: “The comitia, which are retained only for the sake of
form, and because of the auspices, and which, represented by the thirty
lictors, are but the appearance of what was before. _Ad speciem atque
usurpationem vetustatis. _” (_Oration on the Agrarian Law_, II. 12. )--In
the latter times of the Republic, the curiæ, in the election of the
magistrates, had only the inauguration of the flamens, of the king of
the sacrifices (_rex sacrificulus_), and probably the choice of the
grand curion (_curio maximus_). (Titus Livius, XXVII. 8. --Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, V. 1. --Aulus Gellius, XV. 27. --Titus Livius, XXVII. vi.
36. )
[562] “Achaia alone had twelve hundred for her share. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXIV. 50. )
[563] Titus Livius, XXXIII. 32.
[564] “The allies exclaimed that the war must be continued, and the
tyrant exterminated, without which the liberty of Greece would be always
in danger. It would have been better not to have taken up arms at all
than to lay them down without having attained the end. The consul
replied, ‘If the siege of Lacedæmon retained the army a long time, what
other troops could Rome oppose to a monarch (Antiochus) so powerful and
so formidable? ’” (Titus Livius, XXXIV. 33. )
[565] Titus Livius, XXXIII. 12.
[566] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 58.
[567] “Other peoples of Greece had shown in this way a no less culpable
forgetfulness of the benefits of the Roman people. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXVI. 22. )
[568] Titus Livius, XXXVII. 45.
[569] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 43.
[570] Titus Livius, XL. 38; XLII. 22.
[571] Roads from Arezzo to Bologna, from Placentia to Rimini (Titus
Livius, XXXIX. 2), and from Bologna to Aquileia.
[572] ROMAN COLONIES--488-608.
_Æsulum_ (507), or Æsium, according to Mommsen, _Jesi_ in Umbria,
on the River Æsis.
_Alsium_ (507), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Palo_,
near _Porto_.
_Fregenæ_ (509), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Torre
Maccarese_.
_Pyrgi_ (before 536), maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_);
_Santa Severa_.
_Castrum_ (555), _Pagus_, near Sylaceum; Bruttium, near
_Squillace_; united in 631 to the colony Minerviæ.
_Puteoli_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Pozzuoli_; Prefecture.
_Vulturnum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Castelamare_, or
_Castel di Volturno_; Prefecture.
_Liternum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Tor di Patria_, near
the _Lago di Patria_; Prefecture.
_Salernum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Salerno_; decreed
three years before.
_Buxentum_ (560), maritime colony, Lucania; _Policastro_.
_Sipontum_ (560), maritime colony, Apulia; _Santa Maria di
Siponto_; recolonised.
_Tempsa_ (Temesa) (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; perhaps near to
_Torre del Piano del Casale_.
_Croton_ (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; _Cotrone_.
_Potentia_ (570), maritime colony, Picenum; _Porto di Potenza_, or
_di Ricanati_.
_Pisaurum_ (570), maritime colony, Gaulish Umbria (_Via Flaminia_);
_Pesaro_.
_Parma_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Parma_; Prefecture.
_Mutina_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Modena_;
Prefecture.
_Saturnia_ (571), Etruria (centre); _Saturnia_.
_Graviscæ_ (573), maritime colony, Etruria (south) (_Via Aurelia_);
_San Clementino_ or _Le Saline_ (? ).
_Luna_ (577), Etruria (north), (_Via Aurelia_); _Luni_, near
_Sarzana_.
_Auximum_ (597), maritime colony, Picenum; _Osimo_.
LATIN COLONIES: 488-608.
_Firmum_ (490), Picenum (_Via Valeria_); _Fermo_.
_Æsernia_ (491), Samnium; _Isernia_.
_Brundisium_ (510), Iapygian Calabria (_Via Egnatia_); _Brindisi_.
_Spoletum_ (513), Umbria (_Via Flaminia_); _Spoleto_.
_Cremona_ (536), Transpadane Gaul; _Cremona_; reinforced in 560.
_Placentia_ (536), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Piacenza_.
_Copiæ_ (territory of Thurium) (561), Lucania.
_Vibo_, or _Vibona Valentia_, called also _Hipponium_, Bruttium
(565, or perhaps 515); _Bibona_. _Monte-Leone. _
_Bononia_ (565), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Bologna_.
_Aquileia_ (573), Transpadane Gaul; _Aquileia_.
_Carteia_ (573), Spain; St. Roque, in the Bay of Gibraltar.
[573] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 26.
[574] Titus Livius, XLI. 19.
[575] Titus Livius, XLI. 22.
[576] Titus Livius, XLII. 62.
[577] Titus Livius, XLI. 5.
[578] Titus Livius, XLV. 21 _et seq. _
[579] Titus Livius, XLV. 29.
[580] Titus Livius, XLV. 26.
[581] Titus Livius, XLV. 18. --“The laws given to the Macedonians by
Paulus Æmilius were so wisely framed, that they seemed to have been made
not for vanquished enemies, but for allies whose services it was desired
to reward; and in which, after a long course of years, use, the sole
reformer of laws, showed nothing defective. ” (Titus Livius, XLV. 32. )
[582] Polybius, XXX. 10; XXXV. 6.
[583] Titus Livius, XLII. 24. --We see by the following passage in Livy
that Masinissa feared the justice of the Senate as against his own
interest: “If Perseus had had the advantage, and if _Carthage had been
deprived of the Roman protection_, nothing would then have hindered
Masinissa from conquering all Africa. ” (Titus Livius, XLII. 29. )
[584] Titus Livius, XLV. 13.
[585] Titus Livius, XLV. 42.
[586] Titus Livius, XLV. 44.
[587] Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 45.
[588] Titus Livius, XLI. 7.
[589] Titus Livius, XLIII. 1.
[590] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 3.
[591] “It was commonly said that the masters of the Spanish provinces
themselves opposed the prosecution of noble and powerful persons. ”
(Titus Livius, XLIII. 2. )
[592] Valerius Maximus, VI. ix. 10.
[593] Montesquieu, _Grandeur et Décadence des Romains_, ix. 66.
[594] Scipio reproves the people, who wished to make him perpetual
consul and dictator. (Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 56. )
[595] Cato used interpreters in speaking to the Athenians, though he
understood Greek perfectly. (Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 18. )--It was
an old habit of the Romans, indeed, to address strangers only in Latin.
(Valerius Maximus, II. ii. 2. )
[596] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 8, 25.
[597] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVIII. --Valerius Maximus, IV. i. 10.
[598] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 34. --Aulus Gellius, VI. 14.
[488] Polybius, I. 16. --Zonaras, VIII. 16 _et seq. _
[489] We have seen before that Rome, after the capture of Antium (_Porto
d’Anzo_), had already a navy, but she had no galleys of three ranks or
five ranks of oars. Nothing, therefore, is more probable than the
relation of Titus Livius, who states that the Romans took for a model a
Carthaginian quinquireme wrecked on their coast. In spite of the
advanced state of science, we have not yet obtained a perfect knowledge
of the construction of the ancient galleys, and, even at the present
day, the problem will not be completely solved until chance furnishes us
with a model.
[490] The Romans employed the triremes of Tarentum, Locri, Elea, and
Naples to cross the Strait of Messina. The use of quinquiremes was
entirely unknown in Italy.
[491] Polybius, I. 20, 21.
[492] Each vessel carried 300 rowers and 120 soldiers, or 420 men, which
makes, for the Carthaginian fleet, 147,000 men, and, for the Roman
fleet, 138,600. (Polybius, I. 25 and 26. )
[493] Nearly thirteen millions of francs [£520,000]. (Polybius, I. 62. )
[494] Polybius, I. 36.
[495] Valerius Maximus, V. i. 2.
[496] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIX.
[497] Polybius, III. 10, 27, 28.
[498] The Sardinians owed their civilisation to the Phœnicians; the
Sicilians had received theirs from the Greeks. This difference explains
the attachment of the first for Carthage, and the repulsion of the
others for the Punic rule.
[499] Polybius, II. 4, 5, 10.
[500] Hahn, _Albanesische Studien_.
[501] Florus, II. 5. --Appian, _Wars of Illyria_, 7.
[502] Polybius, II. 11 _et seq. _
[503] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XX. , year of Rome 533. --Orosius, IV.
xiii.
[504] Polybius, III. 16 _et seq. _
[505] A people situated between the Rhone and the Alps. (Polyb. , II. 22,
34. )
[506] “It was not Rome alone that the Italians, terrified by the Gaulish
invasion, believed they had thus to defend; they understood that it was
their own safety which was in danger. ” (Polybius, II. 23. )
[507] The following, according to Polybius (II. 24), was the number of
the forces of Italy:--
FOOT. HORSE.
Two consular armies, each of two legions,
of 5,200 foot and 300 cavalry 20,800 1,200
Allied troops 30,000 2,000
Sabines and Etruscans 50,000 more than 4,000
Umbrians and Sarsinates, inhabitants of
the Apennines 20,000 --
Cenomani and Veneti 30,000 --
At Rome 20,000 1,500
Allies (of the reserve) 30,000 2,000
Latins 80,000 5,000
Samnites 70,000 7,000
Iapygians and Messapians 50,000 16,000
Lucanians 30,000 3,000
Marsi, Marrucini, Frentani, and Vestini 20,000 4,000
In Sicily and at Tarentum, two legions of
4,200 foot and 200 horse 8,400 400
Roman and Campanian citizens 250,000 23,000
------- ------
699,200 69,100
[508] See the Memoir of Zumpt, _Stand der Bevölkerung im Alterthum_.
Berlin, 1841.
[509] Polybius, III. 30.
[510] Titus Livius, XXI. 7.
[511] Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 10.
[512] Polybius, III. 90. --“The allies had till then remained firm in
their attachment. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 61. )--“This fidelity which they
have preserved towards us in the midst of our reverses. ” (_Speech of
Fabius_, Titus Livius, XXII. 39. )
[513] There were among the Roman troops Samnite cavalry. (Titus Livius,
XXVII. 43. )
[514] Titus Livius, XXII. 49; XXIII. 12. --“In the second Punic war, the
use of rings had already become common; otherwise it would have been
impossible for Hannibal to send three _modii_ of rings to Carthage. ”
(Pliny, XXXIII. 6. )--We read in Appian: “The tribunes of the soldiers
wear the gold ring, their inferiors have it of ivory. ” (_Punic Wars_,
VIII. cv. )
[515] “The Greek towns, inclined to maintain their alliance with Rome. ”
(Titus Livius, XXIV. 1. )--Even in Bruttium, the small town of Petelia
defended itself against Hannibal with the greatest energy; the women
fought like the men. (Appian, VII. 29. )
[516] Eutropius, III. 6.
[517] Titus Livius, XXVI. 1.
[518] Titus Livius, XXIV. 14.
[519] “The Oppian law, proposed by the tribune C. Oppius, under the
consulship of Q. Fabius and Tiberius Sempronius (539), in the height of
the second Punic war, forbad the women to have for their use more than
half an ounce of gold, to wear dresses of different colours, &c. , to be
driven or carried about Rome, within a radius of seven miles, in a
chariot drawn by horses, except to attend the public sacrifices. ” This
law, being only temporary, was revoked, in spite of the opposition of P.
Cato, in 559. (Titus Livius, XXXIV. 1, 6. )
[520] Valerius Maximus, I. i. 15.
[521] “It was in his cavalry that Hannibal placed all his hopes. ”
(Polybius, III. 101. )--“Hannibal’s cavalry alone caused the victories of
Carthage and the defeats of Rome. ” (Polybius, IX. 3. )--“The loss of 500
Numidians was felt more by Hannibal than any other check, and from that
time he had no longer the superiority in cavalry which had previously
given him so much advantage” (543). (Titus Livius, XXVI. 38. )
[522] “Hannibal remembered how he had failed before Placentia. ” (Titus
Livius, XXVII. 39. )
[523] Titus Livius, XXIII. 15 and 18. --Hannibal reduced by famine the
fortresses of Casilinum and Nuceria; as to the citadel of Tarentum, it
resisted five years, and could not be taken by force. (Titus Livius,
XXVII. 25. )
[524] “Hannibal descends towards Naples, having at heart to secure a
maritime place to receive succours from Africa. ” (Titus Livius, XXIII.
15. )
[525] Polybius, III. 106.
[526] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 26.
[527] Plutarch, _Marcellus_, 11, 33.
[528] Titus Livius, XXVII. 49.
[529] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 54.
[530] In 536, Rome had at sea 220 quinquiremes and 20 small vessels
(Titus Livius, XXI. 17), with which she protected efficiently the coasts
of Sicily and Italy. (Titus Livius, XXI. 49, 51. )--In 537, Scipio, with
35 vessels, destroyed a Carthaginian fleet at the mouth of the Ebro
(Titus Livius, XXII. 19), and the consul Servilius Geminus effected a
landing in Africa with 120 vessels, in order to prevent Carthage from
sending reinforcements to Hannibal. (Titus Livius, XXII. 31. )--In 538,
the fleet of Sicily is reinforced with 25 ships. (Titus Livius, XXII.
37. )--In 539, Valerius Lævinus had 25 vessels to protect the coast of
the Adriatic, and Fluvius the same number to watch the coast of Ostia
(Titus Livius, XXIII. 32) after which the Adriatic fleet, raised to 55
sails, is sent to act as a check upon Macedonia. (Titus Livius, XXIII.
38. )--The same year, the fleet of Sicily, under Titus Otacilius, defeats
the Carthaginians. (Titus Livius, XXIII. 41. )--In 540 Rome has 150
vessels (Titus Livius, XXIV. 11) this year and the following, the Roman
fleet defends Apollonia, attacked by the King of Macedonia, and lands
troops which ravage the territory of Utica. The effective strength of
the Roman fleet appears not to have varied until 543, the epoch at which
Greece again required the presence of 50 Roman ships and Sicily 100.
(Titus Livius, XXVI. 1. )--In 544, 20 vessels were stationed in the
waters of Rhegium, to secure the passage of provisions between Sicily
and the garrison of Tarentum. (Titus Livius, XXVI. 39. )--In 545, 30
sails are detached from the fleet of Sicily to cruise before that town.
(Titus Livius, XXVII. 22. )--In 546, Carthage was preparing a formidable
fleet of 200 sails (Titus Livius, XXVII. 22); Rome opposes it with 280
ships: 30 defend the coast of Spain, 50 guard Sardinia, 50 the mouths of
the Tiber, 50 Macedonia, 100 are stationed in Sicily, ready to make a
descent in Africa, and the Carthaginian fleet is beaten before Clupea.
(Titus Livius, XXVII. 29. )--Lastly, in 547, a second victory gained by
Valerius Lævinus renders the sea entirely free. (Titus Livius, XXVIII.
4. )
[531] “The Carthaginians, occupied only with the care of maintaining
themselves in Spain, sent no succour to Hannibal, as though he had had
nothing but successes in Italy. ” (Titus Livius, XXVIII. 12. )
[532] Titus Livius, XXIII. 13 and 41.
[533] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, liv.
[534] In 540, Rome had on foot eighteen legions; in 541, twenty legions;
in 542 and 543, twenty-three legions; in 544 and 546, twenty-one; in
547, twenty-three; in 551, twenty; in 552, sixteen; in 553, fourteen; in
554, the number is reduced to six. (Titus Livius, XXIV. 11-44; XXV. 3;
XXVI. 1, 28; XXVII. 22, 36; XXX. 2, 27, 41; XXXI. 8. )
[535] “The Romans raised their infantry and cavalry only in Rome and
Latium. ” (Titus Livius, XXII. 37. )
[536] Titus Livius, XXIII. 23.
[537] Q. Metellus said “that the invasion of Hannibal had re-awakened
the slumbering virtue of the Roman people. ” (Valerius Maximus, VII. ii.
3. )
[538] The Senate demanded of thirty colonies men and money. Eighteen
gave both with eagerness, namely, Signia, Norba, Saticulum, Brundusium,
Fregellæ, Luceria, Venusia, Adria, Firmum, Ariminum, Pontia, Pæstum,
Cosa, Beneventum, Isernia, Spoletum, Placentia, and Cremona. The twelve
colonies which refused to give any succours, pretending that they had
neither men nor money, were: Nepete, Sutrium, Ardea, Cales, Alba,
Carseoli, Cora, Suessa, Setia, Circeii, Narnia, Interamna. (Titus
Livius, XXVII. 9. )
[539] “The quarrels and struggles between the two parties ended in the
second Punic war. ” (Sallust, _Fragments_, I. vii. )
[540] “Four tribes referred it to the Senate to grant the right of
suffrage to Formiæ, Fundi, and Arpinum; but they were told in reply that
to the people alone belonged the right of suffrage. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXVIII. 36.
)
[541] “The annual change of generals was disastrous to the Romans. They
recalled all those who had experience in war, as though they had been
sent not to fight, but only to practice. ” (Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII.
16. )
[542] Titus Livius, XXII. 29.
[543] Titus Livius, XXVII. 5, 7.
[544] Titus Livius, XXXII. 28.
[545] Titus Livius, XXXI. 4, 49.
[546] Titus Livius, XXIV. 49. --Polybius, III. 75.
[547] Zonaras, _Annales_, VIII. 16.
[548] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 3.
[549] Plutarch, _Marcellus_, 28.
[550] Titus Livius, XXIII. 30.
[551] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 54.
[552] “Et equites Romanos milites et negociatores. ” (Sallust,
_Jugurtha_, 65. )
[553] “In 342, a senator and two knights were charged, during a famine,
with the provisioning of Rome. ” (Titus Livius, IV. 3. )
[554] _Seminarium senatus. _ (Titus Livius, XLII. 61. )
[555] Titus Livius, XXIII. 49. --Valerius Maximus, V. vi. 8.
[556] Titus Livius, XXI. 63; XXV. 3.
[557] Valerius Maximus, IV. viii. 2.
[558] Valerius Maximus, IV. v. 1.
[559] They had no deliberative voice, because, according to the public
Roman law, no acting magistrate could vote. (See Mommsen, i. 187. )
[560] “Now you have still the comitia by centuries, and the comitia by
tribes. As for the comitia by curiæ, they are observed only for the
auspices. ” (Cicero, _Second Oration on the Agrarian Law_, 9. )
[561] The ancient mode of division by curiæ had lost all significance
and ceased to be in use. (Ovid, _Fasti_, II. 1. 531. ) So Cicero says,
speaking of them: “The comitia, which are retained only for the sake of
form, and because of the auspices, and which, represented by the thirty
lictors, are but the appearance of what was before. _Ad speciem atque
usurpationem vetustatis. _” (_Oration on the Agrarian Law_, II. 12. )--In
the latter times of the Republic, the curiæ, in the election of the
magistrates, had only the inauguration of the flamens, of the king of
the sacrifices (_rex sacrificulus_), and probably the choice of the
grand curion (_curio maximus_). (Titus Livius, XXVII. 8. --Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, V. 1. --Aulus Gellius, XV. 27. --Titus Livius, XXVII. vi.
36. )
[562] “Achaia alone had twelve hundred for her share. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXIV. 50. )
[563] Titus Livius, XXXIII. 32.
[564] “The allies exclaimed that the war must be continued, and the
tyrant exterminated, without which the liberty of Greece would be always
in danger. It would have been better not to have taken up arms at all
than to lay them down without having attained the end. The consul
replied, ‘If the siege of Lacedæmon retained the army a long time, what
other troops could Rome oppose to a monarch (Antiochus) so powerful and
so formidable? ’” (Titus Livius, XXXIV. 33. )
[565] Titus Livius, XXXIII. 12.
[566] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 58.
[567] “Other peoples of Greece had shown in this way a no less culpable
forgetfulness of the benefits of the Roman people. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXVI. 22. )
[568] Titus Livius, XXXVII. 45.
[569] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 43.
[570] Titus Livius, XL. 38; XLII. 22.
[571] Roads from Arezzo to Bologna, from Placentia to Rimini (Titus
Livius, XXXIX. 2), and from Bologna to Aquileia.
[572] ROMAN COLONIES--488-608.
_Æsulum_ (507), or Æsium, according to Mommsen, _Jesi_ in Umbria,
on the River Æsis.
_Alsium_ (507), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Palo_,
near _Porto_.
_Fregenæ_ (509), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Torre
Maccarese_.
_Pyrgi_ (before 536), maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_);
_Santa Severa_.
_Castrum_ (555), _Pagus_, near Sylaceum; Bruttium, near
_Squillace_; united in 631 to the colony Minerviæ.
_Puteoli_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Pozzuoli_; Prefecture.
_Vulturnum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Castelamare_, or
_Castel di Volturno_; Prefecture.
_Liternum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Tor di Patria_, near
the _Lago di Patria_; Prefecture.
_Salernum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Salerno_; decreed
three years before.
_Buxentum_ (560), maritime colony, Lucania; _Policastro_.
_Sipontum_ (560), maritime colony, Apulia; _Santa Maria di
Siponto_; recolonised.
_Tempsa_ (Temesa) (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; perhaps near to
_Torre del Piano del Casale_.
_Croton_ (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; _Cotrone_.
_Potentia_ (570), maritime colony, Picenum; _Porto di Potenza_, or
_di Ricanati_.
_Pisaurum_ (570), maritime colony, Gaulish Umbria (_Via Flaminia_);
_Pesaro_.
_Parma_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Parma_; Prefecture.
_Mutina_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Modena_;
Prefecture.
_Saturnia_ (571), Etruria (centre); _Saturnia_.
_Graviscæ_ (573), maritime colony, Etruria (south) (_Via Aurelia_);
_San Clementino_ or _Le Saline_ (? ).
_Luna_ (577), Etruria (north), (_Via Aurelia_); _Luni_, near
_Sarzana_.
_Auximum_ (597), maritime colony, Picenum; _Osimo_.
LATIN COLONIES: 488-608.
_Firmum_ (490), Picenum (_Via Valeria_); _Fermo_.
_Æsernia_ (491), Samnium; _Isernia_.
_Brundisium_ (510), Iapygian Calabria (_Via Egnatia_); _Brindisi_.
_Spoletum_ (513), Umbria (_Via Flaminia_); _Spoleto_.
_Cremona_ (536), Transpadane Gaul; _Cremona_; reinforced in 560.
_Placentia_ (536), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Piacenza_.
_Copiæ_ (territory of Thurium) (561), Lucania.
_Vibo_, or _Vibona Valentia_, called also _Hipponium_, Bruttium
(565, or perhaps 515); _Bibona_. _Monte-Leone. _
_Bononia_ (565), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Bologna_.
_Aquileia_ (573), Transpadane Gaul; _Aquileia_.
_Carteia_ (573), Spain; St. Roque, in the Bay of Gibraltar.
[573] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 26.
[574] Titus Livius, XLI. 19.
[575] Titus Livius, XLI. 22.
[576] Titus Livius, XLII. 62.
[577] Titus Livius, XLI. 5.
[578] Titus Livius, XLV. 21 _et seq. _
[579] Titus Livius, XLV. 29.
[580] Titus Livius, XLV. 26.
[581] Titus Livius, XLV. 18. --“The laws given to the Macedonians by
Paulus Æmilius were so wisely framed, that they seemed to have been made
not for vanquished enemies, but for allies whose services it was desired
to reward; and in which, after a long course of years, use, the sole
reformer of laws, showed nothing defective. ” (Titus Livius, XLV. 32. )
[582] Polybius, XXX. 10; XXXV. 6.
[583] Titus Livius, XLII. 24. --We see by the following passage in Livy
that Masinissa feared the justice of the Senate as against his own
interest: “If Perseus had had the advantage, and if _Carthage had been
deprived of the Roman protection_, nothing would then have hindered
Masinissa from conquering all Africa. ” (Titus Livius, XLII. 29. )
[584] Titus Livius, XLV. 13.
[585] Titus Livius, XLV. 42.
[586] Titus Livius, XLV. 44.
[587] Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 45.
[588] Titus Livius, XLI. 7.
[589] Titus Livius, XLIII. 1.
[590] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 3.
[591] “It was commonly said that the masters of the Spanish provinces
themselves opposed the prosecution of noble and powerful persons. ”
(Titus Livius, XLIII. 2. )
[592] Valerius Maximus, VI. ix. 10.
[593] Montesquieu, _Grandeur et Décadence des Romains_, ix. 66.
[594] Scipio reproves the people, who wished to make him perpetual
consul and dictator. (Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 56. )
[595] Cato used interpreters in speaking to the Athenians, though he
understood Greek perfectly. (Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 18. )--It was
an old habit of the Romans, indeed, to address strangers only in Latin.
(Valerius Maximus, II. ii. 2. )
[596] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 8, 25.
[597] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVIII. --Valerius Maximus, IV. i. 10.
[598] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 34. --Aulus Gellius, VI. 14.
