Ce
brillant
coup d'essai.
Poland - 1915 - Poland, a Study in National Idealism - Monica Gardner
Pomerania with Danzig ceded to the
Teutonic Knights.
1347. Statute of Wislica which codifies Polish
laws.
1352. Volhynia annexed by Poland.
1364. Foundation of the University of Cracow.
1370. Extinction of the Piast dynasty with the
death of Casimir III.
1386. The marriage of Jadwiga, Queen of
Poland, with Jagiello, Prince of Lithuania,
unites Lithuania and Ruthenia to Poland,
which latter consequently becomes the
greatest state in Eastern Europe. The
Jagiello dynasty is thus founded.
1410. Victory over the Teutonic Knights at
Granwald which has remained one of the
favourite episodes of Polish history.
1466. Peace of Thorn between Poland and the
Teutonic Knights. Western Prussia with
Danzig revert to Poland, the Teutonic
Knights retaining Eastern Prussia as a
fief under the Polish King.
1473. Birth of Copernicus.
1525. Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of
* With the exception of two of its duchies that the Poles re-
gained in the fifteenth century, Silesia never returned to Poland.
But to this day a large Polish population is to be found in Silesia
who have remained faithful to their language and their origin.
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? 230 POLAND
the Teutonic Knights, having embraced
Lutheranism, retains Eastern Prussia as
a secular and hereditary state held under
the Polish crown.
1561. Livonia passes to Poland.
1572. Death of Sigismund II. Augustus closes
the Jagiello line, and from being nominally,
the Polish crown becomes practically,
elective.
1574. The Pacta Conventa are drawn up by
which the rule of the state passes from the
hands of the king to those of the nation.
, 15 76-15 86. Reign of Stephen Batory strengthens
Poland. He organizes the Cossacks as a
defence to the Polish frontiers, and is
victorious over Russia and the Turks.
1587. Opening of the Vasa dynasty with the
accession of Sigismund III. , in whose
reign Warsaw becomes the capital and
wars are waged with Sweden, Russia,
Tartars, and Turks.
1595. Union of Brzes6, which unites the Greek
Church of Ruthenia to that of Rome, and
is the origin of the Ruthenian Uniates.
1621. Victory under Chodkiewicz over Turks
and Tartars at Chocim.
1648. Beginning of the Cossack revolt against
Poland.
1648. The disastrous reign of John Casimir
begins during which Poland fights Tar-
tars, Cossacks, Sweden, Russia, and Prussia.
1652. First exercise of the liberum veto by which
at the word of a single deputy the Polish
Diet could be dissolved.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 231
1655. Repulse of the Swedes at Czenstochowa
by the prior Kordecki, which saves the
whole of Poland.
1660. Treaty of Oliwa, by which Poland yields
most of Livonia to Sweden, and Prussia
formally renounces allegiance to Poland.
^1667. Treaty of Andruszowo, by which Smol-
ensk, Kiev and the left bank of the Dnieper
pass to Russia, and Poland loses her
suzerainty over the Cossacks.
1673. Victory under John Sobieski over the
Turks at Chocim.
1674. Accession of John Sobieski.
1683. Sobieski delivers Vienna and the whole
of Christendom from the Turks.
1697-1763. Decay of Poland under the rule of
the Electors of Saxony.
1763. With the death of Augustus III. the
struggle for Poland's existence against
Russia, Prussia, and Austria enters its
acute stage.
1764. Accession of Stanislas PoniatowsH, last
King of Poland.
1768-1772. Confederation of Bar, led by the
PulawsHs, fights against Russia in defence
of the national liberty and religion.
1772. First partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1788-1791. The Four Years' Diet, held in what
remained of independent Poland.
1791. On the third of May the Polish Diet
passes the Liberal Constitution of Poland.
1793. Second partition of Poland between
Russia and Prussia.
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? 232 POLAND
1794. Rising led by Kosciuszko for the national
independence.
1794. Defeat at Maciejowice, at which Kos-
ciuszko is taken prisoner, massacre of
Praga, and capture of Warsaw by Suvorov.
1795. Third partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1798. Birth of Adam Mickiewicz.
1807. Treaty of Tilsit, by which Napoleon
creates the Duchy of Warsaw.
1815. Treaty of Vienna, by which Poland is re-
divided between Austria, Russia, and
Prussia; autonomous Kingdom of Poland
under Russia guaranteed; and the Free
Republic of Cracow established.
1830. The first Polish Rising.
1831. Warsaw is taken by the Russians and the
Rising ends.
1846. The Galician massacres.
1846. Annexation of Cracow by Austria.
1855. Death of Adam Mickiewicz.
1861. Species of autonomy granted to Austrian
1863-64. The second Polish Rising. [Poland.
1871. Opening of the Kulturkampf by Bismarck,
and persecution of the national Church
in Prussian Poland.
1885. Expulsion by Bismarck of forty thousand
Poles from Prussian Poland.
1886. The Colonisation Bill passed by the
Prussian Diet for the purchase and Ger-
manization of Polish land.
1908. Expropriation Bill passed by which the
Polish landowner in Prussian Poland is
forcibly evicted.
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? PRESS NOTICES OF
"ADAM MICKIEWICZ, THE NATIONAL
POET OF POLAND"
"Miss Gardner, a devoted and accomplished
student of Polish literature, has performed a con-
siderable service in making better known the life
and work of the most famous of Polish poets. His
pathetic story is told . . . with deep sympathy
by Miss Gardner. . . . Some of her prose render-
ings are of great beauty--often with the wild and
wayward beauty which we associate with Chopin. "
--Manchester Guardian.
"Miss Gardner gives us a remarkably true
picture of the relations between the poet and his
country. . . . Miss Gardner has realized fully
what she attempted, and indeed few countrymen
of the poet could perform the task better. "--
Cambridge Review.
"The work is so admirably done that it would
be welcome, though we had other biographies
or other critical appreciations of the Polish poet.
This remarkable work. . . . "--Tablet.
"This is the first attempt which has been
made in our language to capture the imagination
by a critical study of the fine character and high
achievements of Adam Mickiewicz. Miss Monica
Gardner writes exceedingly well--with know-
ledge, with sympathy, and with vision. "--
Standard.
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? 234 PRESS NOTICES
"Her sympathies with that oppressed nation-
ality, a sinister monument of the triumph of
might over right, and her understanding of the
Polish spirit, make her pages inspiring reading.
Her work will do much to make the fame of a
great poet, already well enough known on the
continent, spread into England. "--Month.
"One would have been grateful for a moderate
biography of Poland's national poet. Miss Gardner's
work merits a more distinguished adjective, and
therefore is doubly worthy of attention. . . She
explains his masterpieces with sympathy and
skill, giving at the same time workmanlike trans-
lations of the more famous passages. "--Athenceum.
"Miss Gardner has not given us a literary book
alone, but the story of a soul, and of a soul which
mirrored in itself the travail and agony of a
nation. . . . This vivid and sympathetic record
. . . . Miss Gardner has done no small service
in making his rare nature and gifts known to the
English world. "--Dublin Review.
"His life Miss Gardner has admirably described.
She is to be congratulated on the courage and
perseverance which have produced such a good
book on a subject which has been too long neg-
lected. "--Times.
"C'est, a notre connaissance, le premier livre
anglais qui traite avec tant d'ampleur et tant
de conscience une question d'histoire litteraire
polonaise. . . .
Ce brillant coup d'essai. "--
Bulletin Polonais.
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? INDEX
ALBERT, of
Brandenburg, 229,
230
Alexander, I, of Russia,
Polish hopes of, 3,
4; his death, 4;
friendship with Adam
Czartoryski, 3, 4, 7;
illtreats Poland, 4, 5
Alexander, II, of Rus-
sia, his treatment of
Poland, 11-15; his
agreement with
Prussia, 12, 15
Andruszowo, Treaty of,
231
Augustus, III, 231
BAR, Confeder-
ation of, 89 and
n, 231
Batory, Stephen, 230
Bernhardi, 28
Bismarck, his influence
on Russia, 12; his
persecution of the
Poles, 14-17, 22, 232;
directs Kulturkampf,
16, 232; 19, 28
Bojan, in Spirit of the
Steppe, 202, 205,
206
Boleslaw, I, 228
Boleslaw, II, 228
Brzes'6 Union of, 230
Bulow, his anti-Polish
policy, 19, 20; his
insult to the Poles,
26
Byron, influence on
Mickiewicz, 51, 56,
62; 113; influence
on Slowacki, 176;
UjejsH's use of,
212, 213
CAESAR, Julius, in
Krasinski's theory,
146
Casimir, II, 228
Casimir, III, the Great,
229
Catherine, II, of Rus-
sia, 4, 104
Chocim, battle of, 230
Chodkiewicz, 230
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? 236
INDEX
Chopin, his national-
ism, 30, 31; friend-
ship with Delphina
Potocka, 146, 147,
147 n.
Colonization, Com-
mission of, 16-18,
20, 26, 232
Conrad, Duke of
Masovia, 228
Constantine, Grand
Duke, his treatment
of Poland, 4
Constitution of the
Third of May, 104 <<,
231
Copernicus, 229
Cracow, Free Republic
founded, 3, 232;
condition of Re-
public, 9, 10; head-
quarters of attempted
Rising, 10; annexed
by Austria, 10, 232;
bombarded by Aus-
tria, 10; 92, 96 n,
228, 229
Czarniecki, 151
Czartoryski, Adam,
friendship with
Alexander I, 4, 7;
in the Polish Emi-
gration, 7
Czenstochowa, out-
raged by William IPs
armies, 27, 96 n ; in
Tbaddeus, 96; in
Dawn,i$y, I53>>, 23l
DANTE, 112, 146,
147, 187
Danzig, 3, 229
Dombrowski, 103, 105
Domeyko, Ignacy,63,74
EXP ROPRI -
ATION, Law of,
18-21, 232
FREDERICK,
William, IV, of
Prussia, promises
Poles justice, 15
Frejend, 63, 64, 66
GALICIA, falls to
share of Austria, 3;
Austria's persecu-
tion of, 8, 9; at-
tempted insurrection
in, 9; massacres of,
9, 38, 163, 166, 168,
172, 208, 209, 215-
221, 232; autonomy
granted to, 10, 232;
229
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? INDEX
237
Gaszynski, Constantine,
Krasinski's letters
to, 31, 129, 144, 166,
! 74, l7S, }97', son-
net to his mother
and latter's death, 40
Gnesen, 16, 228
Gortchakov, his treat-
ment of the Poles,
11
Goszczynski, Severyn,
his Prayer of a Poet,
38
Grochow, battle of, 11
Grottger, 30
JADWIGA, Queen,
229
Jagiello, marriage with
Jadwiga, 229; dyn-
asty of, 88, 88 re, 203,
229, 230
Joachim, of Flora, 36
John Casimir, King of
Poland, 151, 153 re,
230
KALISZ, 27
Kallenbach, Dr. ,
on lhaddeus, 96, 100
Kingdom of Poland,
her foundation, 3, 4,
232; her organiza-
tion, 3, 4; Russia's
Kingdom, Poland--cont.
ill-treatment of, 4-7,
11-14, 107; her
name abolished by
Russia, 13
Klaczko, Julian, on the
Undivine Comedy,
115* I25
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus,
his Rising, 1, 30, 93,
232; 88
Kordecki, 231
Kowno, 46, 59
Krasinski, Vincent,
his part in the Polish
legions, 107; rela-
tions with his son,
107-110; attitude
before the Rising,
108; during the Ris-
ing, 109; relations
with Nicholas I, ib. ;
winter with son in
Petersburg, 127; 128
Krasinski, Zygmunt,
on the resurrection
of Poland, 31, 36, 37,
146, 174, 175; his
Temptation, 34, 127,
145; his Irydion, 34,
40, 41, 43, 112, 126-
145; his Summer
Night, 34, 145; 35;
? ? his Dawn, 36, 37,
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? 238 INDEX
Krasinski--continued KrasinsM--continued
112, 144-158, 170,
223; his teaching,
36, 37, 43, 44, in,
146,
174;
Good
121, 128, 145.
158, 162, 170,
his Psalm of
Will, 37, 38, 115,
168-172, 223; his
symbolization of Po-
land, 38, 204; his
grief for Poland, 40,
41, no, 112, 144,
145, 161; his Dream
of Cezara, 39; trag-
edy of position be-
tween patriotism and
filial allegiance, 40,
108-110, 113, 167;
moral influence, 43,
44; his Resurrec-
turis, 43, 112, 172-
174; birth, 107;
childhood, 107, 119;
rank as poet, 107,
ill, 176; episode
in University life,
108; leaves Poland,
108, 150; life at
Geneva and friend-
ship with Henry
Reeve, 108; position
during Rising, 109;
summary of life, 109-
iii; writes for Po-
land's sake, no, in,
158; his search for
light, in, 112, 145;
universal appeal of
his work, in, 148,
158; his sufferings,
in, 112, 126, 168,
174, 208; spiritual
wandering, 112, 144,
145, 147, 156, 157;
his spiritual victory,
112, 145, 156-158,
168, 174; his Psalms
of the Future, 112,
158, 159, 168, 223;
his Undivine Comedy,
112-126, 126 n, 130,
131, 143, 174; con-
ception of poet's call-
ing, 113-115; 113;
his style, 126, 152;
undaunted national
hope, 126, 166, 168,
174, 175; sadness
of poetry, 126, 161;
127; winter in
Petersburg, 127, 130;
temptation to hatred,
127-129, 144; let-
ter to Reeve, 128,
? ? 129; on Irydion, 129,
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? INDEX
239
Krasinski--continued
Mephistopheles, 133,
134; his Three
Thoughts, 145; his
logic, 145; his Bea-
trice, 146-155 ; his
Psalm of Faith, 159-
161; his Psalm of
Hope, 159, 161, 162;
his Psalm of Love,
159, 163-166; polit-
ical foresight, 163;
effect on him of Gal-
ician massacres, 166,
172 ; 167 ; his Psalm
of Grief, 167, 168;
173 n, 174 >>; summing
up of career, 174; on
Anhelli, 176, 177,
197; 208, 209
EDOCHOWSKI,
Cardinal, 16
Liberum Veto, 230
Lithuania, obtained by
Russia, 3; foundation
of its student societ-
ies, 4, 5, 46; perse-
cution of its youth,
5, 46, 49, 62-65, 74>
77, 82, 89; Murav-
iev's reign of terror
in, 13; Polish con-
quest of, 30, 229; in
Lithuania--continued
Mickiewicz's poetry,
34, 48, 51-55, 59,
60, 78, 83, 93-97,
99-103, 105; 39, 45,
89, 91, 94, 204, 205
Livonia, annexed by
Poland, 230; lost by
Poland to Sweden,
231
Louvain, 28
Lytton, Lord, 126 n.
Lw6w, obtained by
Poland, 229
MACIEJOW-
ICE, battle of, 1
Matejko, 30
Messianism, Polish,
35-39, 41* 77, 84,
87, 146, 154, 157,
165, 166, 178, 180,
198, 199, 223
Metternich, his treat-
ment of Austrian
Poland, 8, 9
Mickiewicz, Adam, his
imprisonment, 5, 46,
49, 59, 61-63, 74 5
exile, 5, 38-40, 43,
46, 49-52, 61, 90, 95-
97; his Ancestors, 5,
34, 39, 40, 48, 49,
? ? 59-84, 91-93, 223;
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? 240
INDEX
Mickiewicz--continued
25; conception of
Polish poets' voca-
tion, 33, 56, 114;
his Konrad Walien-
rod, 34, 50-56; 35;
his Books of the Polish
Pilgrimage, 37, 43,
84-90; his ideals for
the Polish Emigra-
tion, 37, 43, 44, 84-
86; his symboliza-
tion of Poland, 39,
77, 204; his grief
for Poland, 39-41, 57,
59, 61, 66, 67, 70,
90, 96; his domestic
troubles, 39, 84, 90;
his Book of the Polish
Nation, 41, 42; in-
fluence on Poland,
43, 44, 56, 84, 2? 9;
45; his rank in Po-
lish literature, 45,107,
in, 176; his life
devoted to Poland,
45, 46, 62, 84, 92;
love of his nation for
him, 45, 57, 84; char-
acter, 45, 50, 57, 84,
86, 90, 92, 97 ; birth,
45, 233 5 boyhood,
45, 46, 101, 102;
youth, 46, 59; his
Mickiewicz--continued
Ode to Youth, 46-
48; his. love for
Maryla, 48, 61, 62;
his Ballads and Graz-
yna, 48; life in Rus-
sia, 49-51, 55; friend-
ship with Russian
Liberals, 50; his To
my Russian Friends,
ib. ; his Crimean
Sonnets, 50, 51; his
Farys, 50; his word-
paintings of nature,
50, 93, 94, 99-101 5
his high morals, 55,
56; escape from
Russia, 55, 56; 57;
his To the Polish
Mother, 57-59; place
of intellect and'heart
in his scheme of
life, 57, 69; 58 n;
66; his Improvisa-
tion, 66-J2; 73 <<;
love for " Eva," 75 n,
76, 93. 5 under
Towianski's influ-
ence, 78, 91, 92;
78; his style, 78,
93, 99, 100, 105; his
genius silenced, 83,
91; life in Paris,
? ? 84, 90; his Chair at
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? INDEX
241
Mickiewicz--continued
Lausanne, 84, 90;
confidence in Poland's
resurrection, 85, 92;
his Ihaddeus, 90-106;
holds Chair in the
College de France,
90, 91; madness of
his wife, 90, 91; ex-
pelled from College
de France, 92; ab-
andons Towian-
ism, ib. ; organizes
Polish Legion in
Turkey, ib. ; death,
92, 232; grave, 92,
96 n; 96; his recol-
lections of 1812, 102,
103; 106; on the
Undivine Comedy,
112-115; 198; on
the Spirit of theSteppe,
207; 208; Ujejski's
poem on his death,
209, 210
Mickiewicz Ladislas,
70
Mieczyslaw, I, 228
Montalembert, 1
Muraviev, his persecu-
tion of Lithuania, 13
T^JA P O L E O N,
J. l| Bonaparte, Polish
Napoleon--continued
legions under, 2, 3,
6, 93, 94; betrays
Poland, 2; creates
Duchy of Warsaw,
2, 233; Polish hopes
of his Russian cam-
paign, 45, 94, 102;
64; 88 <<; passage
on him in Thaddeus,
101; 102, 106; in
Krasinski's theory,
146
Napoleon, III, relations
with Poland, 12, 78;
possibly foretold in
Ancestors, 78
Nicholas, I, of Russia,
4; his persecution
of Poland, 5-7, 72,
211; 108, 109, 127
Nicholas, II, of Russia,
6
Niemojowski, 181, 182
Norris, Frank, 210
Novosiltzov, his perse-
cution of Poland, 4,
5, 49; in Ancestors,
78, 81, 82
OLIWA, Treaty of,
231
Ordon, 6
? ? Ostrolenka, battle of, 6
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? 242
INDEX
T)ACTA Conventa, Rising, Polish, of 1863,
X 230
11-13, 15, 30, 209
Partitions of Poland, Ruthenia, Poland's an-
1-3, 14, 30, 35, 104, nexationof, 30, 229;
129, 146, 151, 154,
169, 231, 232
Piast, 193 and n, 194;
dynasty of, 203, 228,
229
Plater, Emilia, 48, 49
Poniatowski, Joseph, 2
PoniatowsH, Stanislaus,
231
Posen, passes to Prus-
sia, 3; 16, 25, 27
Potocka, Delphina, 146-
155, 147 n, 172
204, 230
SAND, George, on
Ancestors, 83, 84
Sienkiewicz, Henryk,
his letter on Prussia's
treatment of the
Poles, 18-21
Sigismund, Augustus,
II, 230
Sigismund, III, 230
Silesia, 25, 204, 229
and >>.
Praga, massacre of, 1, Slowacki, Julius, his
89, 105, 129, 232 Father of the Plague-
Prussia, her treatment
of the Poles, 14-28,
30, 232
Pulawski, Casimir, 89
n, 231
REEVE, Henry, 108,
127-129
Rising, Polish, of 1830,
4-7, *5, 3<>, 32. 41.
42, 48, 49, 57, 58 n,
83, 108, 109, 113,
126, 186 and <<, 198,
201, 232
stricken, 34; his
sufferings, 40, 177;
his Grave of Agam-
emnon and Hymn, 40;
his rank in Polish
literature, ill, 176;
his attack on Kras-
inski, 167; charac-
teristics, 176, 177;
his Anhelli, 176-197;
177; insistence on
hope, 180; 186 n;
his personal note in
Anhelli, ^187, 188,
189; 208
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? INDEX
243
Sobieski, John, 88, 231
Stanislas, St. , 228
Starczewski, Eugene,
on Poland, 29, 30;
43
Suvorov, his capture of
Warsaw and massacre
at Praga, 1, 104, 105,
232
TARGOWICA,
Confederation of,
104
Tarnowski, Count, on
Psalm of Love, 166
Teresa, St. , 173 n
Thorn, 3, 229
Tilsit, Treaty of, 2,
232
Towianski, Andrew,
foretold in Ancestors,
77, 78, 82; influ-
ence on Mickiewicz,
78, 91, 92
UJEJSKI, Kornel,
his Complaints of
Jeremias, 38, 217-
224; birth. , 208;
death, 208, 226 ; con-
ditions under which
he wrote, 208, 209;
private life, 208, 226;
sadness of his poetry,
Uj ejski--continued
208, 209; his Chor-
ale, 208, 219-221, 221
n; his vocation as
poet, 209-211, 217;
poem on Mickie-
wicz's death, 209,
210; Song of the
Grain, 210, 211 ;visit
to Warsaw, 211, 212;
his Marathon, 211-
215; his Lyre of
Jeremias, 211, 212;
effect on him of
Galician massacres,
215-217, 219, 221 n;
his The Earth, 216,
217; inspired by
Hebrew prophets,
217, 224; his moral
attitude, 219, 221-
224; work for peas-
ants, 221 n, 226;
lessons to youth, 222,
226; his Messian-
ism, 223; literary
characteristics, 224,
226; his Biblical
Melodies, 224; his
Angelus, J 224-226;
225; lovejof the soil,
225, 226; last years,
226; tenets of his
? ? life, 226, 227
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? INDEX
Ukraine, 40, 42, 198-
203, 205-207
VIENNA, Treaty
of, 2, 3, 8, 15, 232
Volhynia, annexed by
Poland, 229
WARSAW, taken
by Russia in 1794,
1, 41, 42, 104, 105,
233; and in 1831,
6, 42, 233; duchy
of, 2, 3, 102, 233;
passes to Russia, 3;
6; events there pre-
ceding Rising of
1863, 10, 11; 13,
78, 79, 107, 108, 211,
212; becomes cap-
ital of Poland, 230
Wereszczak, Maryla, 48
Wielopolski, his policy
in Poland, 11
William, II, of Ger-
many, 26, 96 n
Wilna, 4, 5, 46, 49, 66,
81
Wislica, Statute of, 229
Worcell, Stanislas,
100, 101
Wreschen^ affair of, 22
ZALESKI, Bohdan,
his symbolization
of Poland, 39, 199,
204; his Spirit of
the Steppe, 39, 198-
207; his exile, 40,
198, 201, 202; love
for Ukraine, 40, 42,
198; his Walk be-
yond Rome, 42; on
Ancestors, 83; na-
ture of patriotic
mysticism, 198, 207;
the "nightingale of
Polish literature,"
198; summary of
life, ib. ; poetical
description of boy-
hood and youth,
201; deep sense of
religion, 203; Mickie-
wicz, on, 207
Zan, Thomas, founds
Lithuanian student
societies, 4, 46;
friendshipwith Mick-
iewicz, 5, 46, 63 ; im-
prisonment, 49;
exile, 49, 63, 186 n;
in Ancestors, 63; in
Anhelli, 186
aug 2 ? im
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? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? ? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:09 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust.
Teutonic Knights.
1347. Statute of Wislica which codifies Polish
laws.
1352. Volhynia annexed by Poland.
1364. Foundation of the University of Cracow.
1370. Extinction of the Piast dynasty with the
death of Casimir III.
1386. The marriage of Jadwiga, Queen of
Poland, with Jagiello, Prince of Lithuania,
unites Lithuania and Ruthenia to Poland,
which latter consequently becomes the
greatest state in Eastern Europe. The
Jagiello dynasty is thus founded.
1410. Victory over the Teutonic Knights at
Granwald which has remained one of the
favourite episodes of Polish history.
1466. Peace of Thorn between Poland and the
Teutonic Knights. Western Prussia with
Danzig revert to Poland, the Teutonic
Knights retaining Eastern Prussia as a
fief under the Polish King.
1473. Birth of Copernicus.
1525. Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of
* With the exception of two of its duchies that the Poles re-
gained in the fifteenth century, Silesia never returned to Poland.
But to this day a large Polish population is to be found in Silesia
who have remained faithful to their language and their origin.
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? 230 POLAND
the Teutonic Knights, having embraced
Lutheranism, retains Eastern Prussia as
a secular and hereditary state held under
the Polish crown.
1561. Livonia passes to Poland.
1572. Death of Sigismund II. Augustus closes
the Jagiello line, and from being nominally,
the Polish crown becomes practically,
elective.
1574. The Pacta Conventa are drawn up by
which the rule of the state passes from the
hands of the king to those of the nation.
, 15 76-15 86. Reign of Stephen Batory strengthens
Poland. He organizes the Cossacks as a
defence to the Polish frontiers, and is
victorious over Russia and the Turks.
1587. Opening of the Vasa dynasty with the
accession of Sigismund III. , in whose
reign Warsaw becomes the capital and
wars are waged with Sweden, Russia,
Tartars, and Turks.
1595. Union of Brzes6, which unites the Greek
Church of Ruthenia to that of Rome, and
is the origin of the Ruthenian Uniates.
1621. Victory under Chodkiewicz over Turks
and Tartars at Chocim.
1648. Beginning of the Cossack revolt against
Poland.
1648. The disastrous reign of John Casimir
begins during which Poland fights Tar-
tars, Cossacks, Sweden, Russia, and Prussia.
1652. First exercise of the liberum veto by which
at the word of a single deputy the Polish
Diet could be dissolved.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 231
1655. Repulse of the Swedes at Czenstochowa
by the prior Kordecki, which saves the
whole of Poland.
1660. Treaty of Oliwa, by which Poland yields
most of Livonia to Sweden, and Prussia
formally renounces allegiance to Poland.
^1667. Treaty of Andruszowo, by which Smol-
ensk, Kiev and the left bank of the Dnieper
pass to Russia, and Poland loses her
suzerainty over the Cossacks.
1673. Victory under John Sobieski over the
Turks at Chocim.
1674. Accession of John Sobieski.
1683. Sobieski delivers Vienna and the whole
of Christendom from the Turks.
1697-1763. Decay of Poland under the rule of
the Electors of Saxony.
1763. With the death of Augustus III. the
struggle for Poland's existence against
Russia, Prussia, and Austria enters its
acute stage.
1764. Accession of Stanislas PoniatowsH, last
King of Poland.
1768-1772. Confederation of Bar, led by the
PulawsHs, fights against Russia in defence
of the national liberty and religion.
1772. First partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1788-1791. The Four Years' Diet, held in what
remained of independent Poland.
1791. On the third of May the Polish Diet
passes the Liberal Constitution of Poland.
1793. Second partition of Poland between
Russia and Prussia.
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? 232 POLAND
1794. Rising led by Kosciuszko for the national
independence.
1794. Defeat at Maciejowice, at which Kos-
ciuszko is taken prisoner, massacre of
Praga, and capture of Warsaw by Suvorov.
1795. Third partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1798. Birth of Adam Mickiewicz.
1807. Treaty of Tilsit, by which Napoleon
creates the Duchy of Warsaw.
1815. Treaty of Vienna, by which Poland is re-
divided between Austria, Russia, and
Prussia; autonomous Kingdom of Poland
under Russia guaranteed; and the Free
Republic of Cracow established.
1830. The first Polish Rising.
1831. Warsaw is taken by the Russians and the
Rising ends.
1846. The Galician massacres.
1846. Annexation of Cracow by Austria.
1855. Death of Adam Mickiewicz.
1861. Species of autonomy granted to Austrian
1863-64. The second Polish Rising. [Poland.
1871. Opening of the Kulturkampf by Bismarck,
and persecution of the national Church
in Prussian Poland.
1885. Expulsion by Bismarck of forty thousand
Poles from Prussian Poland.
1886. The Colonisation Bill passed by the
Prussian Diet for the purchase and Ger-
manization of Polish land.
1908. Expropriation Bill passed by which the
Polish landowner in Prussian Poland is
forcibly evicted.
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? PRESS NOTICES OF
"ADAM MICKIEWICZ, THE NATIONAL
POET OF POLAND"
"Miss Gardner, a devoted and accomplished
student of Polish literature, has performed a con-
siderable service in making better known the life
and work of the most famous of Polish poets. His
pathetic story is told . . . with deep sympathy
by Miss Gardner. . . . Some of her prose render-
ings are of great beauty--often with the wild and
wayward beauty which we associate with Chopin. "
--Manchester Guardian.
"Miss Gardner gives us a remarkably true
picture of the relations between the poet and his
country. . . . Miss Gardner has realized fully
what she attempted, and indeed few countrymen
of the poet could perform the task better. "--
Cambridge Review.
"The work is so admirably done that it would
be welcome, though we had other biographies
or other critical appreciations of the Polish poet.
This remarkable work. . . . "--Tablet.
"This is the first attempt which has been
made in our language to capture the imagination
by a critical study of the fine character and high
achievements of Adam Mickiewicz. Miss Monica
Gardner writes exceedingly well--with know-
ledge, with sympathy, and with vision. "--
Standard.
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? 234 PRESS NOTICES
"Her sympathies with that oppressed nation-
ality, a sinister monument of the triumph of
might over right, and her understanding of the
Polish spirit, make her pages inspiring reading.
Her work will do much to make the fame of a
great poet, already well enough known on the
continent, spread into England. "--Month.
"One would have been grateful for a moderate
biography of Poland's national poet. Miss Gardner's
work merits a more distinguished adjective, and
therefore is doubly worthy of attention. . . She
explains his masterpieces with sympathy and
skill, giving at the same time workmanlike trans-
lations of the more famous passages. "--Athenceum.
"Miss Gardner has not given us a literary book
alone, but the story of a soul, and of a soul which
mirrored in itself the travail and agony of a
nation. . . . This vivid and sympathetic record
. . . . Miss Gardner has done no small service
in making his rare nature and gifts known to the
English world. "--Dublin Review.
"His life Miss Gardner has admirably described.
She is to be congratulated on the courage and
perseverance which have produced such a good
book on a subject which has been too long neg-
lected. "--Times.
"C'est, a notre connaissance, le premier livre
anglais qui traite avec tant d'ampleur et tant
de conscience une question d'histoire litteraire
polonaise. . . .
Ce brillant coup d'essai. "--
Bulletin Polonais.
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? INDEX
ALBERT, of
Brandenburg, 229,
230
Alexander, I, of Russia,
Polish hopes of, 3,
4; his death, 4;
friendship with Adam
Czartoryski, 3, 4, 7;
illtreats Poland, 4, 5
Alexander, II, of Rus-
sia, his treatment of
Poland, 11-15; his
agreement with
Prussia, 12, 15
Andruszowo, Treaty of,
231
Augustus, III, 231
BAR, Confeder-
ation of, 89 and
n, 231
Batory, Stephen, 230
Bernhardi, 28
Bismarck, his influence
on Russia, 12; his
persecution of the
Poles, 14-17, 22, 232;
directs Kulturkampf,
16, 232; 19, 28
Bojan, in Spirit of the
Steppe, 202, 205,
206
Boleslaw, I, 228
Boleslaw, II, 228
Brzes'6 Union of, 230
Bulow, his anti-Polish
policy, 19, 20; his
insult to the Poles,
26
Byron, influence on
Mickiewicz, 51, 56,
62; 113; influence
on Slowacki, 176;
UjejsH's use of,
212, 213
CAESAR, Julius, in
Krasinski's theory,
146
Casimir, II, 228
Casimir, III, the Great,
229
Catherine, II, of Rus-
sia, 4, 104
Chocim, battle of, 230
Chodkiewicz, 230
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? 236
INDEX
Chopin, his national-
ism, 30, 31; friend-
ship with Delphina
Potocka, 146, 147,
147 n.
Colonization, Com-
mission of, 16-18,
20, 26, 232
Conrad, Duke of
Masovia, 228
Constantine, Grand
Duke, his treatment
of Poland, 4
Constitution of the
Third of May, 104 <<,
231
Copernicus, 229
Cracow, Free Republic
founded, 3, 232;
condition of Re-
public, 9, 10; head-
quarters of attempted
Rising, 10; annexed
by Austria, 10, 232;
bombarded by Aus-
tria, 10; 92, 96 n,
228, 229
Czarniecki, 151
Czartoryski, Adam,
friendship with
Alexander I, 4, 7;
in the Polish Emi-
gration, 7
Czenstochowa, out-
raged by William IPs
armies, 27, 96 n ; in
Tbaddeus, 96; in
Dawn,i$y, I53>>, 23l
DANTE, 112, 146,
147, 187
Danzig, 3, 229
Dombrowski, 103, 105
Domeyko, Ignacy,63,74
EXP ROPRI -
ATION, Law of,
18-21, 232
FREDERICK,
William, IV, of
Prussia, promises
Poles justice, 15
Frejend, 63, 64, 66
GALICIA, falls to
share of Austria, 3;
Austria's persecu-
tion of, 8, 9; at-
tempted insurrection
in, 9; massacres of,
9, 38, 163, 166, 168,
172, 208, 209, 215-
221, 232; autonomy
granted to, 10, 232;
229
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? INDEX
237
Gaszynski, Constantine,
Krasinski's letters
to, 31, 129, 144, 166,
! 74, l7S, }97', son-
net to his mother
and latter's death, 40
Gnesen, 16, 228
Gortchakov, his treat-
ment of the Poles,
11
Goszczynski, Severyn,
his Prayer of a Poet,
38
Grochow, battle of, 11
Grottger, 30
JADWIGA, Queen,
229
Jagiello, marriage with
Jadwiga, 229; dyn-
asty of, 88, 88 re, 203,
229, 230
Joachim, of Flora, 36
John Casimir, King of
Poland, 151, 153 re,
230
KALISZ, 27
Kallenbach, Dr. ,
on lhaddeus, 96, 100
Kingdom of Poland,
her foundation, 3, 4,
232; her organiza-
tion, 3, 4; Russia's
Kingdom, Poland--cont.
ill-treatment of, 4-7,
11-14, 107; her
name abolished by
Russia, 13
Klaczko, Julian, on the
Undivine Comedy,
115* I25
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus,
his Rising, 1, 30, 93,
232; 88
Kordecki, 231
Kowno, 46, 59
Krasinski, Vincent,
his part in the Polish
legions, 107; rela-
tions with his son,
107-110; attitude
before the Rising,
108; during the Ris-
ing, 109; relations
with Nicholas I, ib. ;
winter with son in
Petersburg, 127; 128
Krasinski, Zygmunt,
on the resurrection
of Poland, 31, 36, 37,
146, 174, 175; his
Temptation, 34, 127,
145; his Irydion, 34,
40, 41, 43, 112, 126-
145; his Summer
Night, 34, 145; 35;
? ? his Dawn, 36, 37,
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? 238 INDEX
Krasinski--continued KrasinsM--continued
112, 144-158, 170,
223; his teaching,
36, 37, 43, 44, in,
146,
174;
Good
121, 128, 145.
158, 162, 170,
his Psalm of
Will, 37, 38, 115,
168-172, 223; his
symbolization of Po-
land, 38, 204; his
grief for Poland, 40,
41, no, 112, 144,
145, 161; his Dream
of Cezara, 39; trag-
edy of position be-
tween patriotism and
filial allegiance, 40,
108-110, 113, 167;
moral influence, 43,
44; his Resurrec-
turis, 43, 112, 172-
174; birth, 107;
childhood, 107, 119;
rank as poet, 107,
ill, 176; episode
in University life,
108; leaves Poland,
108, 150; life at
Geneva and friend-
ship with Henry
Reeve, 108; position
during Rising, 109;
summary of life, 109-
iii; writes for Po-
land's sake, no, in,
158; his search for
light, in, 112, 145;
universal appeal of
his work, in, 148,
158; his sufferings,
in, 112, 126, 168,
174, 208; spiritual
wandering, 112, 144,
145, 147, 156, 157;
his spiritual victory,
112, 145, 156-158,
168, 174; his Psalms
of the Future, 112,
158, 159, 168, 223;
his Undivine Comedy,
112-126, 126 n, 130,
131, 143, 174; con-
ception of poet's call-
ing, 113-115; 113;
his style, 126, 152;
undaunted national
hope, 126, 166, 168,
174, 175; sadness
of poetry, 126, 161;
127; winter in
Petersburg, 127, 130;
temptation to hatred,
127-129, 144; let-
ter to Reeve, 128,
? ? 129; on Irydion, 129,
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? INDEX
239
Krasinski--continued
Mephistopheles, 133,
134; his Three
Thoughts, 145; his
logic, 145; his Bea-
trice, 146-155 ; his
Psalm of Faith, 159-
161; his Psalm of
Hope, 159, 161, 162;
his Psalm of Love,
159, 163-166; polit-
ical foresight, 163;
effect on him of Gal-
ician massacres, 166,
172 ; 167 ; his Psalm
of Grief, 167, 168;
173 n, 174 >>; summing
up of career, 174; on
Anhelli, 176, 177,
197; 208, 209
EDOCHOWSKI,
Cardinal, 16
Liberum Veto, 230
Lithuania, obtained by
Russia, 3; foundation
of its student societ-
ies, 4, 5, 46; perse-
cution of its youth,
5, 46, 49, 62-65, 74>
77, 82, 89; Murav-
iev's reign of terror
in, 13; Polish con-
quest of, 30, 229; in
Lithuania--continued
Mickiewicz's poetry,
34, 48, 51-55, 59,
60, 78, 83, 93-97,
99-103, 105; 39, 45,
89, 91, 94, 204, 205
Livonia, annexed by
Poland, 230; lost by
Poland to Sweden,
231
Louvain, 28
Lytton, Lord, 126 n.
Lw6w, obtained by
Poland, 229
MACIEJOW-
ICE, battle of, 1
Matejko, 30
Messianism, Polish,
35-39, 41* 77, 84,
87, 146, 154, 157,
165, 166, 178, 180,
198, 199, 223
Metternich, his treat-
ment of Austrian
Poland, 8, 9
Mickiewicz, Adam, his
imprisonment, 5, 46,
49, 59, 61-63, 74 5
exile, 5, 38-40, 43,
46, 49-52, 61, 90, 95-
97; his Ancestors, 5,
34, 39, 40, 48, 49,
? ? 59-84, 91-93, 223;
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? 240
INDEX
Mickiewicz--continued
25; conception of
Polish poets' voca-
tion, 33, 56, 114;
his Konrad Walien-
rod, 34, 50-56; 35;
his Books of the Polish
Pilgrimage, 37, 43,
84-90; his ideals for
the Polish Emigra-
tion, 37, 43, 44, 84-
86; his symboliza-
tion of Poland, 39,
77, 204; his grief
for Poland, 39-41, 57,
59, 61, 66, 67, 70,
90, 96; his domestic
troubles, 39, 84, 90;
his Book of the Polish
Nation, 41, 42; in-
fluence on Poland,
43, 44, 56, 84, 2? 9;
45; his rank in Po-
lish literature, 45,107,
in, 176; his life
devoted to Poland,
45, 46, 62, 84, 92;
love of his nation for
him, 45, 57, 84; char-
acter, 45, 50, 57, 84,
86, 90, 92, 97 ; birth,
45, 233 5 boyhood,
45, 46, 101, 102;
youth, 46, 59; his
Mickiewicz--continued
Ode to Youth, 46-
48; his. love for
Maryla, 48, 61, 62;
his Ballads and Graz-
yna, 48; life in Rus-
sia, 49-51, 55; friend-
ship with Russian
Liberals, 50; his To
my Russian Friends,
ib. ; his Crimean
Sonnets, 50, 51; his
Farys, 50; his word-
paintings of nature,
50, 93, 94, 99-101 5
his high morals, 55,
56; escape from
Russia, 55, 56; 57;
his To the Polish
Mother, 57-59; place
of intellect and'heart
in his scheme of
life, 57, 69; 58 n;
66; his Improvisa-
tion, 66-J2; 73 <<;
love for " Eva," 75 n,
76, 93. 5 under
Towianski's influ-
ence, 78, 91, 92;
78; his style, 78,
93, 99, 100, 105; his
genius silenced, 83,
91; life in Paris,
? ? 84, 90; his Chair at
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? INDEX
241
Mickiewicz--continued
Lausanne, 84, 90;
confidence in Poland's
resurrection, 85, 92;
his Ihaddeus, 90-106;
holds Chair in the
College de France,
90, 91; madness of
his wife, 90, 91; ex-
pelled from College
de France, 92; ab-
andons Towian-
ism, ib. ; organizes
Polish Legion in
Turkey, ib. ; death,
92, 232; grave, 92,
96 n; 96; his recol-
lections of 1812, 102,
103; 106; on the
Undivine Comedy,
112-115; 198; on
the Spirit of theSteppe,
207; 208; Ujejski's
poem on his death,
209, 210
Mickiewicz Ladislas,
70
Mieczyslaw, I, 228
Montalembert, 1
Muraviev, his persecu-
tion of Lithuania, 13
T^JA P O L E O N,
J. l| Bonaparte, Polish
Napoleon--continued
legions under, 2, 3,
6, 93, 94; betrays
Poland, 2; creates
Duchy of Warsaw,
2, 233; Polish hopes
of his Russian cam-
paign, 45, 94, 102;
64; 88 <<; passage
on him in Thaddeus,
101; 102, 106; in
Krasinski's theory,
146
Napoleon, III, relations
with Poland, 12, 78;
possibly foretold in
Ancestors, 78
Nicholas, I, of Russia,
4; his persecution
of Poland, 5-7, 72,
211; 108, 109, 127
Nicholas, II, of Russia,
6
Niemojowski, 181, 182
Norris, Frank, 210
Novosiltzov, his perse-
cution of Poland, 4,
5, 49; in Ancestors,
78, 81, 82
OLIWA, Treaty of,
231
Ordon, 6
? ? Ostrolenka, battle of, 6
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? 242
INDEX
T)ACTA Conventa, Rising, Polish, of 1863,
X 230
11-13, 15, 30, 209
Partitions of Poland, Ruthenia, Poland's an-
1-3, 14, 30, 35, 104, nexationof, 30, 229;
129, 146, 151, 154,
169, 231, 232
Piast, 193 and n, 194;
dynasty of, 203, 228,
229
Plater, Emilia, 48, 49
Poniatowski, Joseph, 2
PoniatowsH, Stanislaus,
231
Posen, passes to Prus-
sia, 3; 16, 25, 27
Potocka, Delphina, 146-
155, 147 n, 172
204, 230
SAND, George, on
Ancestors, 83, 84
Sienkiewicz, Henryk,
his letter on Prussia's
treatment of the
Poles, 18-21
Sigismund, Augustus,
II, 230
Sigismund, III, 230
Silesia, 25, 204, 229
and >>.
Praga, massacre of, 1, Slowacki, Julius, his
89, 105, 129, 232 Father of the Plague-
Prussia, her treatment
of the Poles, 14-28,
30, 232
Pulawski, Casimir, 89
n, 231
REEVE, Henry, 108,
127-129
Rising, Polish, of 1830,
4-7, *5, 3<>, 32. 41.
42, 48, 49, 57, 58 n,
83, 108, 109, 113,
126, 186 and <<, 198,
201, 232
stricken, 34; his
sufferings, 40, 177;
his Grave of Agam-
emnon and Hymn, 40;
his rank in Polish
literature, ill, 176;
his attack on Kras-
inski, 167; charac-
teristics, 176, 177;
his Anhelli, 176-197;
177; insistence on
hope, 180; 186 n;
his personal note in
Anhelli, ^187, 188,
189; 208
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? INDEX
243
Sobieski, John, 88, 231
Stanislas, St. , 228
Starczewski, Eugene,
on Poland, 29, 30;
43
Suvorov, his capture of
Warsaw and massacre
at Praga, 1, 104, 105,
232
TARGOWICA,
Confederation of,
104
Tarnowski, Count, on
Psalm of Love, 166
Teresa, St. , 173 n
Thorn, 3, 229
Tilsit, Treaty of, 2,
232
Towianski, Andrew,
foretold in Ancestors,
77, 78, 82; influ-
ence on Mickiewicz,
78, 91, 92
UJEJSKI, Kornel,
his Complaints of
Jeremias, 38, 217-
224; birth. , 208;
death, 208, 226 ; con-
ditions under which
he wrote, 208, 209;
private life, 208, 226;
sadness of his poetry,
Uj ejski--continued
208, 209; his Chor-
ale, 208, 219-221, 221
n; his vocation as
poet, 209-211, 217;
poem on Mickie-
wicz's death, 209,
210; Song of the
Grain, 210, 211 ;visit
to Warsaw, 211, 212;
his Marathon, 211-
215; his Lyre of
Jeremias, 211, 212;
effect on him of
Galician massacres,
215-217, 219, 221 n;
his The Earth, 216,
217; inspired by
Hebrew prophets,
217, 224; his moral
attitude, 219, 221-
224; work for peas-
ants, 221 n, 226;
lessons to youth, 222,
226; his Messian-
ism, 223; literary
characteristics, 224,
226; his Biblical
Melodies, 224; his
Angelus, J 224-226;
225; lovejof the soil,
225, 226; last years,
226; tenets of his
? ? life, 226, 227
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? INDEX
Ukraine, 40, 42, 198-
203, 205-207
VIENNA, Treaty
of, 2, 3, 8, 15, 232
Volhynia, annexed by
Poland, 229
WARSAW, taken
by Russia in 1794,
1, 41, 42, 104, 105,
233; and in 1831,
6, 42, 233; duchy
of, 2, 3, 102, 233;
passes to Russia, 3;
6; events there pre-
ceding Rising of
1863, 10, 11; 13,
78, 79, 107, 108, 211,
212; becomes cap-
ital of Poland, 230
Wereszczak, Maryla, 48
Wielopolski, his policy
in Poland, 11
William, II, of Ger-
many, 26, 96 n
Wilna, 4, 5, 46, 49, 66,
81
Wislica, Statute of, 229
Worcell, Stanislas,
100, 101
Wreschen^ affair of, 22
ZALESKI, Bohdan,
his symbolization
of Poland, 39, 199,
204; his Spirit of
the Steppe, 39, 198-
207; his exile, 40,
198, 201, 202; love
for Ukraine, 40, 42,
198; his Walk be-
yond Rome, 42; on
Ancestors, 83; na-
ture of patriotic
mysticism, 198, 207;
the "nightingale of
Polish literature,"
198; summary of
life, ib. ; poetical
description of boy-
hood and youth,
201; deep sense of
religion, 203; Mickie-
wicz, on, 207
Zan, Thomas, founds
Lithuanian student
societies, 4, 46;
friendshipwith Mick-
iewicz, 5, 46, 63 ; im-
prisonment, 49;
exile, 49, 63, 186 n;
in Ancestors, 63; in
Anhelli, 186
aug 2 ? im
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