246; na^Tal
categories
not to be applied to God.
Windelband - History of Philosophy
,
538 ff. , 661 ff.
Apuleius, 213, 216, 228.
Arabian Philosophy, 15, 316 f. , 310,
337 ff. , 600 (316 f. S. Arcesilaus, 103, 160 f. Archelaus, 76, 684 (30). Archytas, 31, 103, 123, 216. Ardigo, 631.
Aristarchus, 162.
Aristides, 217.
Aristippus, 70, 72, 86 ff, 03, 166, 170;
see also Cyrenaics.
Aristippus the Younger, 70, 72, 86. Aristobulus, 216, 220 f. Aristophanes, 81.
ment, 207 304 as ethical factor,
308.
Association (see also Psychology), in
recollection, Plato, 685 (110); John of Salisbury, 307 Hobbes, 413 Hart ley, 465; laws of, with Hume, 473; explains ideas of substance and cau sality, ace. to Hume, 473-476 of nineteenth century, 628 Mill and Bain, 635 in ethics, 662, 666 in Herbart's Pedagogic*, 586 in es thetics, 511.
Astrology, 373 ff.
Astronomy, of the Pythagoreans, 45.
66 of Anaxagoras, 54 of Plato, 130 of Aristotle, 147
tion of his doctrine the decisive factor in Scholasticism, 260, 311 f. ; cf. also 220, 236, 255, 320, 331, 340, 364, 308, 402, 420 see also Aristotelianism.
Aristoxenus, 160, 161.
Arius Didymus, 162, 216.
Arnobius, 214, 217, 224
Arnold, 445.
Arrian, 216.
Are inveniendi, 383-387.
Art, its influence on philosophy, 530,
668, 677 for theories of its origin,
purpose, and function, see ^Esthetics. Art of Lull see Lullus.
f. . ;
f, ; f.
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Index. 701 Aiaraxy, 106; of Epicurus, 166; of Batteux, 466.
Sceptics, 107 ; of Stoics, 168.
Atheism, 86, 493, 641,675.
Atbenagoras, 217, 824.
Atom, conception of, with Leucippus, Bazard, 628.
43 ; of Democritus, 107, 1 10 ft. ; with Beattie, 442, 637.
Epicurus, 184 ; compared with monad Beautiful soul, as ideal, 602.
of Bruno, 371 ; Button's, 480. Beauty, its relation to the good with
Atomism, of Leucippus, 42 ; of Democri Plato, 126 first treated indepen
tus, 108, llOff. ; of Epicurus, 183 f. ;
in Ethics, see Individualism. Atomists, 20, 42 ff. , 64, 688 (238); see
also Leucippus, Democritus. Attributes, the two, of Descartes, 406 f. ;
dently by Plotinus, 248 . of the universe emphasised in Renaissance, 368, 367 ff. and by Shaftesbury, 489 factor in ethics, 609 Home, Burke, Sulzer on, 610 Kant, 660-663 Schiller on, 600 Cf. Esthetics.
with Spinoza, 408 f. , 410.
Augustine, 264 ff. , 268, 270 ; life and Beck, 670, 679, 696 (670).
works, 273, 680 (273); doctrine, 276- Becker, 398.
287 ; influence of his theory of the Becoming see Cosmic processes.
will, 811 f. , 329 ff. , 894, 416 ; bis em Bede, 273.
phasis on personality and inner ex Being, early Greek conceptions of, 31-
perience, 303, 340, 344, 364 ; influence on Reformers, 337, 363, 364 ; cf. also 324, 326, 333, 337, 391, and Augus- tinianism.
47 as world-stuff with Milesians, 32 as corporeality or space-filling sub stance, Parmenides, 37 plurality of, assumed, 39 ff. = atoms, 42 plu
Baumgarten, 444, 484.
Bayle, 439, 442, 477, 491, 494, 496, 604 Baynes, 629.
Augustinianism, contrasted with Aris- rality of, denied by Zeno, 44 found tntelianism, 303 ff. , 324, 326, 829 ff. , in numbers, Philolaus, 46 identified 334, 341, 344, 364, 661 note. with the good by Euclid, 96 equiva
Austin, 629. lent to atoms with Democritus, 108 Authority as philosophical principle, to Ideas with Plato, 109, 118; to
219 ff. , 602 f. , 614 f.
Autonomy of practical reason, 563 ; cf.
675, 680 ; see Will and Voluntarism. Avempace, 317.
Avenarius, 633, 6. '>1.
Arerroes and Averroism, 317 ff. , 320,
essence with Aristotle, 130 and fur ther to purs thought, 146 to spirit with Neo-Platonism and Patristic thought, 232; with Plotinus, 246; sought in the universal by John Scotus, 280 ff. treated as an attri bute of varying intensity, 291 and by Descartes. 405 God as infinite, bodies and minds as finite, 406 to be thought only as kind of con sciousness, 679 comprehensible only as product of reason, Fichte, 681 Eleatic conception of, in Herbart,
. 323, 829, 331, 330, 338 ff. , 354 Avicebron, 318, 332, 338 f. , 341. Avieenna, 299. 317, 340, 344. Axioms of perception, 546.
Baader, ■r>71. Babeuf, 623.
369.
Bacon, Francis, 379 life and writings. 584 only means, Fichte, 605 de
380, 602 (380) his method, 883-388
•• idols. " 383 aim, 386 attitude also Reality, Substance.
toward religion. 400; on final eauses, Bekker, 401.
401 "the New Atlantis," 387, 429. Belief. Hume's theory of, 476, 477. Cf. also 406, 412. 477, 494, 616. Bellarmin, 382.
Bacon, Koger, 314, 319, 333, 341, 344 Belsham, 628.
307. " Baer, von, 668.
Beneke, 573. 577, 637.
'«. . '■ Bentham, 441, 618, 622, 662-666, 666.
Bfthnten. 67S
Baifov;e».
Bain, 620. 636.
Baldwin, 630.
Ballanche, 628. 649.
Barbaro, 356.
Banleaanea, 217. 239. Barthez, 627, 636. Bartholnieas, 627.
Basedow, 446, 520. Buileides, 214, 217, 243, (68 Ba»»o. 355, 871, 406.
Berengar, 276, 207.
Berigard, 366.
Berkeley. 439 f. , 462, 469 f, 476 note. Bernard of Thames. 272, 274, 204.
302 367, 089 (274).
Bernard of Clairvaux, 273, 276, 301.
306.
Bernhard of Tours, 689 (274). Bernhard Silvestris, 689 (274). Bertrand, 627.
Beasarion, 864, 358
Bias. M.
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rived from freedom, Welsse, 633 see
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Index.
Biehat. 427, 636.
Bilfmger, 444- Bi^o, 886 '183,.
and Xegarians, 89.
Categories, Aristotle's, 142 Stoics.
Biran. Maine de. 627. 835 t
Boise*, a* portions of space. Pythag
Cm, 637.
Csrpocratea, 217, 26*.
Carriere. 632.
Cartesians and Cii nihilism. 414 ff.
448. 463. 467 ff. , 470, 477. 503. CaMV>iorua. 270.
oreans, 46L; Plato, 129; Descartes.
404 ; an complex of ideas, Berkeley, Caianeo. 631.
470 ; aa force. Leibniz, 421 ; phenom Catch questions among the Sophists
ena, Kant. 545 f.
Bodin, 382, 427. 431, 433, 528.
Bod; and Soul, 301 t. , wot SooL Boehme, 364. 357, 387 L, 369 L, 371,
198 f. ; of Plotmus.
246; na^Tal categories not to be applied to God. according to Augustine. 279 f. ; of Kant. 542 reduced to caaaair. y. Schopenhaner, 588 of nature, Scbel- ling, 596; Hegel's doctrine of, 611 Hartmann's. 647
374 t, 403, 01&
Boerhave, 454 t
Boethius, 270. 273, 288, 298.
Bolingbroke. 441, 523. Bolzano, 633.
Bonald, 628, 648.
Bonatelli. 831.
Bonaventura, 313, 333 t, 341.
Bonnet. 442, 458, 834. Boole, 820.
Bosanqnet, 630, 670. Bossuet. 486. 627.
Bouille, 358, 388, 372. Bouterwek, 573, 687, 636. Bowne, 630.
Boyle, 380.
Bradley. 830.
Broussais, 627. 634, 642 note.
Brown, Peter, 440 ; Thomas, 440. Bnicker. 10, 445.
Brnno. 364, 356, 360, 387 ff. , 389, 387,
402. 409, 422, 502, 691 (356). Buchanan. 433.
Buchez, 628.
BUchner, 632, 643.
Buckle, 854.
Budde, 444.
Buffon, 442, 480.
Buisson. 627.
Buridan, 315, 331, 600 (331). Burke, 441, 611.
Butler, 441, 513 f.
Cabanis, 442, 627, 634, 642. Cabbala, 317, 372.
Cawalpinus, 355, 369. Caird, E. , 630; J. , 630. Calderwood, 629. Catiicles, 75.
Callippus, 147.
Calvin. 366, 364.
Cambridge school, see Neo-Plattmism,
Causa mi, 408.
Cause and causality. Idea aa, with
English.
387, 391, 403, 413, 427, 430, 626, 691
(357). Cantoni, 631.
law of, with Heraclitus, 50 denied by Parmenides, 61 mathematical analy sis of, Galileo, 388 as contradiction, Herbart, 584.
Character, intelligible and empirical 555, 689, 676.
Cardaillac, 627.
Cardanug, 368, 372 1. , 431.
Carlyle, 629, 654, 863-666, 667, 674.
Carneades, 103, 160 f. , 194 f. , 201, 207. Charron, 366, 362 f. , 376, 391.
Plato, 128 four causes of Aristotle. 141 final and mechanical, 144 emphasised by Stoics, 181 concep tion of, criticized by Sceptics. 205 . God as final, formal, and efficient with Bruno, 367 God as rational ground and efficient cause with Boehme, 367 formal causes empha sised by Bacon, 384 ff. given a new meaning by Galileo and his succes sors, 399 ff. ; final, rejected by Bacon.
Descartes, Spinoza, 401 sought in motion, not in substances, by Gali leo, 410; God the sole true cause. Occasionalism. 415 occasional, 415 the central difficulty in the concep tion of causality. 415 equivalent to mathematical consequence with Spi noza, 418 analysed and declared the result of custom by Hume. 474- 476 re-examined by Kant, 542-646
Kant's unjustifiable use of. 577 . the only category recognised by Schopenhaner, 588 thing-in-itself not cause of phenomena, 689 ex pressed in principle of conservation of energy, 656
Celsus, 216.
Cerdo, 268.
Cerinthus, 257.
Chaignet, 627.
Chalmers, 629.
Chance and contingent, with Aristotle.
143, 148 in nature, with Hegel, 641 views, with Herbart, 686 see Contin
gency.
Campanula, 356, 370 f. , 373, 376 383, Change, as problem of philosophy, 47 ff. ;
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Cbassebceuf, tee Volney. Chateaubriand, 827.
Chesterfield, 616.
Christianity, relation to Greek thought,
212, 223 f. ; it* view of authority and revelation, 221 ff. ; of spirit and mat ter, 231 ft. ; of personality of God, 238, 261 ; it* view of history, 266 ff. ; the "true" of Deism, 487 ff. ; with Sclielling, 019 ; Duhringon, 671 ; see also Religion, Revelation, Theology, God.
Chrysippus, 160, 182, 168, 181, 187, 193 196, 203.
Chubb, 441.
Church, conceived as fellowship, 261
Common sense, doctrine of. 460. 482 f. , 690,649; cf. 203; 609; see also Scot tish School.
Communism, 428 f. . 522 f. , 668; sup posed, of Plato, 126.
Comte, 624, 628, 660-664, 666, 665. Conception, its importance with Socra tes, 96 relation to Idea with Plato,
118 f. , 121; with Aristotle, 133. 142 derived from sense perception by Stoics and Epicureans, 203 Abe- lard's theory, 306 Locke's, 461 Berkeley's, 452 as knowledge of the Absolut*, Hegel. 611.
Index. 703
Concepts, Aristotle's doctrine of, 137; Occam, 342 pure concepts of un Thomas, Dante, Occam, 326-328 at derstanding, 642 ff. see Concep
titude toward Aristotle, 312, 364 and
state, theories of, 326, 433 487, 667
preserves ancient civilisation and edu
cates modern Europe, 263 ff. one of
the foci of Augustine's thought, 276,
283 doctrine definitively closed, 363
Catholic, revives Thomism, 661 note. Conscience, 234 Abelard'a view of,
tion, Universal*, Ideas,
Realism,
Nominalism, Termlnism. Conceptualism. 272 of Abelard, 298. Condillac, 439, 442, 456 ff. , 478 f. , 621,
527, 634, 650. Condoroet, 448, 627.
Cicero, 161 f. , 163, 177, 204, 223, 361,
686 (163).
Civilisation, as factor in history of
308 Thomas, 333 Butler, 614 Smith, 517 as synteresis. 333 in Traditionalism, 648, and Eclecticism, 649 Ree, 663.
philosophy, 13 influence on anthro
pological period of Greek thought,
66 ff. its worth denied by Cynics, tary function with Aristotle, 150 and
84 affirmed by Cyrenaics, 86 the Hellenistic, 156 ff. preserved by the
Bonnet, 458 characteristic of man, with Alcmsjon, 64 note certainty of, as starting-point with Augustine, 276 with Descartes, 391 one of the two attributes of all reality,
Church, 263 ff. of the Renaissance,
348 ff. modern, 386 problem of,
in Enlightenment, 618 ff. , 661 Man-
deville, 624 Rousseau, 626 Kant Descartes, 405 all minds modes of,
on, 669 Fichte on, 606 problem of, in nineteenth century, 661 ff. ; goal of. Hartmann, 673 individualistic views of, 676 ff.
Ciri tat dei, of Augustine,
Clarke, 441, 490, 604.
Clauberg, 381. 416.
Cleanthea, 169, 162, 188.
Clearness and distinctness, Descartes, f 392, 398, 450 Leibniz, 398, 462-464.
leidemus, 70.
Clement of Alexandria, 214, 217, 262,
688 (217).
Clement of Rome, 269. Clitomachus, 161. Cogan, 629.
Cogilo ergo turn, of Descartes, 391 Coinridenlia oppotitorum, of Nicolaus Cusanua, 346 of Bruno, 368 of Boebme, 376 referred to by Schel-
406, 408 modes of denied to God, 408 vi. unconscious, Leibniz, 462 " in general," of Kant, 646, 663 with Beck, 679 self-consciousness Fichte's first principle, 680 f. , 693
as intelligible space, Herbart, 585
Maimon's doctine of, 678.
Consensus gentium, 204, 436, 449 Conservation, of motion, 411 of force,
421 of substance, 545 of energy,
666 cf. 37-30.
Constantinus, 302.
Contarini, 355.
Contemplation, 306 esthetic, 260, 661,
600, 621 f. , 677; intellectual, 154,
286, 333.
Contingency of the finite, 347 in free
dom of the will, 330; of the individ ual, 341 of the particular laws of nature, 422, 666 of the world, 492.
Contract theory of the stale, 174 f. , 328. 432, 618 ff. , 668 ace also state. Contradiction, in the dialectical method,
691 real, 676 principle of, 61,
88, 138, 398, 583 f. , 591. Contrast, 473.
Copernicus, 36V.
ling, 692.
Coleridge, 629, 663-666. Collective consciousness, Collier, 471.
Collins, 441,496. Combe. 629, 635. C'omeuius, 306.
645, 64W.
286.
Consciousness, denned, 234 as uni
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704
Index.
538 ff. , 661 ff.
Apuleius, 213, 216, 228.
Arabian Philosophy, 15, 316 f. , 310,
337 ff. , 600 (316 f. S. Arcesilaus, 103, 160 f. Archelaus, 76, 684 (30). Archytas, 31, 103, 123, 216. Ardigo, 631.
Aristarchus, 162.
Aristides, 217.
Aristippus, 70, 72, 86 ff, 03, 166, 170;
see also Cyrenaics.
Aristippus the Younger, 70, 72, 86. Aristobulus, 216, 220 f. Aristophanes, 81.
ment, 207 304 as ethical factor,
308.
Association (see also Psychology), in
recollection, Plato, 685 (110); John of Salisbury, 307 Hobbes, 413 Hart ley, 465; laws of, with Hume, 473; explains ideas of substance and cau sality, ace. to Hume, 473-476 of nineteenth century, 628 Mill and Bain, 635 in ethics, 662, 666 in Herbart's Pedagogic*, 586 in es thetics, 511.
Astrology, 373 ff.
Astronomy, of the Pythagoreans, 45.
66 of Anaxagoras, 54 of Plato, 130 of Aristotle, 147
tion of his doctrine the decisive factor in Scholasticism, 260, 311 f. ; cf. also 220, 236, 255, 320, 331, 340, 364, 308, 402, 420 see also Aristotelianism.
Aristoxenus, 160, 161.
Arius Didymus, 162, 216.
Arnobius, 214, 217, 224
Arnold, 445.
Arrian, 216.
Are inveniendi, 383-387.
Art, its influence on philosophy, 530,
668, 677 for theories of its origin,
purpose, and function, see ^Esthetics. Art of Lull see Lullus.
f. . ;
f, ; f.
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Index. 701 Aiaraxy, 106; of Epicurus, 166; of Batteux, 466.
Sceptics, 107 ; of Stoics, 168.
Atheism, 86, 493, 641,675.
Atbenagoras, 217, 824.
Atom, conception of, with Leucippus, Bazard, 628.
43 ; of Democritus, 107, 1 10 ft. ; with Beattie, 442, 637.
Epicurus, 184 ; compared with monad Beautiful soul, as ideal, 602.
of Bruno, 371 ; Button's, 480. Beauty, its relation to the good with
Atomism, of Leucippus, 42 ; of Democri Plato, 126 first treated indepen
tus, 108, llOff. ; of Epicurus, 183 f. ;
in Ethics, see Individualism. Atomists, 20, 42 ff. , 64, 688 (238); see
also Leucippus, Democritus. Attributes, the two, of Descartes, 406 f. ;
dently by Plotinus, 248 . of the universe emphasised in Renaissance, 368, 367 ff. and by Shaftesbury, 489 factor in ethics, 609 Home, Burke, Sulzer on, 610 Kant, 660-663 Schiller on, 600 Cf. Esthetics.
with Spinoza, 408 f. , 410.
Augustine, 264 ff. , 268, 270 ; life and Beck, 670, 679, 696 (670).
works, 273, 680 (273); doctrine, 276- Becker, 398.
287 ; influence of his theory of the Becoming see Cosmic processes.
will, 811 f. , 329 ff. , 894, 416 ; bis em Bede, 273.
phasis on personality and inner ex Being, early Greek conceptions of, 31-
perience, 303, 340, 344, 364 ; influence on Reformers, 337, 363, 364 ; cf. also 324, 326, 333, 337, 391, and Augus- tinianism.
47 as world-stuff with Milesians, 32 as corporeality or space-filling sub stance, Parmenides, 37 plurality of, assumed, 39 ff. = atoms, 42 plu
Baumgarten, 444, 484.
Bayle, 439, 442, 477, 491, 494, 496, 604 Baynes, 629.
Augustinianism, contrasted with Aris- rality of, denied by Zeno, 44 found tntelianism, 303 ff. , 324, 326, 829 ff. , in numbers, Philolaus, 46 identified 334, 341, 344, 364, 661 note. with the good by Euclid, 96 equiva
Austin, 629. lent to atoms with Democritus, 108 Authority as philosophical principle, to Ideas with Plato, 109, 118; to
219 ff. , 602 f. , 614 f.
Autonomy of practical reason, 563 ; cf.
675, 680 ; see Will and Voluntarism. Avempace, 317.
Avenarius, 633, 6. '>1.
Arerroes and Averroism, 317 ff. , 320,
essence with Aristotle, 130 and fur ther to purs thought, 146 to spirit with Neo-Platonism and Patristic thought, 232; with Plotinus, 246; sought in the universal by John Scotus, 280 ff. treated as an attri bute of varying intensity, 291 and by Descartes. 405 God as infinite, bodies and minds as finite, 406 to be thought only as kind of con sciousness, 679 comprehensible only as product of reason, Fichte, 681 Eleatic conception of, in Herbart,
. 323, 829, 331, 330, 338 ff. , 354 Avicebron, 318, 332, 338 f. , 341. Avieenna, 299. 317, 340, 344. Axioms of perception, 546.
Baader, ■r>71. Babeuf, 623.
369.
Bacon, Francis, 379 life and writings. 584 only means, Fichte, 605 de
380, 602 (380) his method, 883-388
•• idols. " 383 aim, 386 attitude also Reality, Substance.
toward religion. 400; on final eauses, Bekker, 401.
401 "the New Atlantis," 387, 429. Belief. Hume's theory of, 476, 477. Cf. also 406, 412. 477, 494, 616. Bellarmin, 382.
Bacon, Koger, 314, 319, 333, 341, 344 Belsham, 628.
307. " Baer, von, 668.
Beneke, 573. 577, 637.
'«. . '■ Bentham, 441, 618, 622, 662-666, 666.
Bfthnten. 67S
Baifov;e».
Bain, 620. 636.
Baldwin, 630.
Ballanche, 628. 649.
Barbaro, 356.
Banleaanea, 217. 239. Barthez, 627, 636. Bartholnieas, 627.
Basedow, 446, 520. Buileides, 214, 217, 243, (68 Ba»»o. 355, 871, 406.
Berengar, 276, 207.
Berigard, 366.
Berkeley. 439 f. , 462, 469 f, 476 note. Bernard of Thames. 272, 274, 204.
302 367, 089 (274).
Bernard of Clairvaux, 273, 276, 301.
306.
Bernhard of Tours, 689 (274). Bernhard Silvestris, 689 (274). Bertrand, 627.
Beasarion, 864, 358
Bias. M.
-
*•
*:
rived from freedom, Welsse, 633 see
f. «
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702
Index.
Biehat. 427, 636.
Bilfmger, 444- Bi^o, 886 '183,.
and Xegarians, 89.
Categories, Aristotle's, 142 Stoics.
Biran. Maine de. 627. 835 t
Boise*, a* portions of space. Pythag
Cm, 637.
Csrpocratea, 217, 26*.
Carriere. 632.
Cartesians and Cii nihilism. 414 ff.
448. 463. 467 ff. , 470, 477. 503. CaMV>iorua. 270.
oreans, 46L; Plato, 129; Descartes.
404 ; an complex of ideas, Berkeley, Caianeo. 631.
470 ; aa force. Leibniz, 421 ; phenom Catch questions among the Sophists
ena, Kant. 545 f.
Bodin, 382, 427. 431, 433, 528.
Bod; and Soul, 301 t. , wot SooL Boehme, 364. 357, 387 L, 369 L, 371,
198 f. ; of Plotmus.
246; na^Tal categories not to be applied to God. according to Augustine. 279 f. ; of Kant. 542 reduced to caaaair. y. Schopenhaner, 588 of nature, Scbel- ling, 596; Hegel's doctrine of, 611 Hartmann's. 647
374 t, 403, 01&
Boerhave, 454 t
Boethius, 270. 273, 288, 298.
Bolingbroke. 441, 523. Bolzano, 633.
Bonald, 628, 648.
Bonatelli. 831.
Bonaventura, 313, 333 t, 341.
Bonnet. 442, 458, 834. Boole, 820.
Bosanqnet, 630, 670. Bossuet. 486. 627.
Bouille, 358, 388, 372. Bouterwek, 573, 687, 636. Bowne, 630.
Boyle, 380.
Bradley. 830.
Broussais, 627. 634, 642 note.
Brown, Peter, 440 ; Thomas, 440. Bnicker. 10, 445.
Brnno. 364, 356, 360, 387 ff. , 389, 387,
402. 409, 422, 502, 691 (356). Buchanan. 433.
Buchez, 628.
BUchner, 632, 643.
Buckle, 854.
Budde, 444.
Buffon, 442, 480.
Buisson. 627.
Buridan, 315, 331, 600 (331). Burke, 441, 611.
Butler, 441, 513 f.
Cabanis, 442, 627, 634, 642. Cabbala, 317, 372.
Cawalpinus, 355, 369. Caird, E. , 630; J. , 630. Calderwood, 629. Catiicles, 75.
Callippus, 147.
Calvin. 366, 364.
Cambridge school, see Neo-Plattmism,
Causa mi, 408.
Cause and causality. Idea aa, with
English.
387, 391, 403, 413, 427, 430, 626, 691
(357). Cantoni, 631.
law of, with Heraclitus, 50 denied by Parmenides, 61 mathematical analy sis of, Galileo, 388 as contradiction, Herbart, 584.
Character, intelligible and empirical 555, 689, 676.
Cardaillac, 627.
Cardanug, 368, 372 1. , 431.
Carlyle, 629, 654, 863-666, 667, 674.
Carneades, 103, 160 f. , 194 f. , 201, 207. Charron, 366, 362 f. , 376, 391.
Plato, 128 four causes of Aristotle. 141 final and mechanical, 144 emphasised by Stoics, 181 concep tion of, criticized by Sceptics. 205 . God as final, formal, and efficient with Bruno, 367 God as rational ground and efficient cause with Boehme, 367 formal causes empha sised by Bacon, 384 ff. given a new meaning by Galileo and his succes sors, 399 ff. ; final, rejected by Bacon.
Descartes, Spinoza, 401 sought in motion, not in substances, by Gali leo, 410; God the sole true cause. Occasionalism. 415 occasional, 415 the central difficulty in the concep tion of causality. 415 equivalent to mathematical consequence with Spi noza, 418 analysed and declared the result of custom by Hume. 474- 476 re-examined by Kant, 542-646
Kant's unjustifiable use of. 577 . the only category recognised by Schopenhaner, 588 thing-in-itself not cause of phenomena, 689 ex pressed in principle of conservation of energy, 656
Celsus, 216.
Cerdo, 268.
Cerinthus, 257.
Chaignet, 627.
Chalmers, 629.
Chance and contingent, with Aristotle.
143, 148 in nature, with Hegel, 641 views, with Herbart, 686 see Contin
gency.
Campanula, 356, 370 f. , 373, 376 383, Change, as problem of philosophy, 47 ff. ;
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Cbassebceuf, tee Volney. Chateaubriand, 827.
Chesterfield, 616.
Christianity, relation to Greek thought,
212, 223 f. ; it* view of authority and revelation, 221 ff. ; of spirit and mat ter, 231 ft. ; of personality of God, 238, 261 ; it* view of history, 266 ff. ; the "true" of Deism, 487 ff. ; with Sclielling, 019 ; Duhringon, 671 ; see also Religion, Revelation, Theology, God.
Chrysippus, 160, 182, 168, 181, 187, 193 196, 203.
Chubb, 441.
Church, conceived as fellowship, 261
Common sense, doctrine of. 460. 482 f. , 690,649; cf. 203; 609; see also Scot tish School.
Communism, 428 f. . 522 f. , 668; sup posed, of Plato, 126.
Comte, 624, 628, 660-664, 666, 665. Conception, its importance with Socra tes, 96 relation to Idea with Plato,
118 f. , 121; with Aristotle, 133. 142 derived from sense perception by Stoics and Epicureans, 203 Abe- lard's theory, 306 Locke's, 461 Berkeley's, 452 as knowledge of the Absolut*, Hegel. 611.
Index. 703
Concepts, Aristotle's doctrine of, 137; Occam, 342 pure concepts of un Thomas, Dante, Occam, 326-328 at derstanding, 642 ff. see Concep
titude toward Aristotle, 312, 364 and
state, theories of, 326, 433 487, 667
preserves ancient civilisation and edu
cates modern Europe, 263 ff. one of
the foci of Augustine's thought, 276,
283 doctrine definitively closed, 363
Catholic, revives Thomism, 661 note. Conscience, 234 Abelard'a view of,
tion, Universal*, Ideas,
Realism,
Nominalism, Termlnism. Conceptualism. 272 of Abelard, 298. Condillac, 439, 442, 456 ff. , 478 f. , 621,
527, 634, 650. Condoroet, 448, 627.
Cicero, 161 f. , 163, 177, 204, 223, 361,
686 (163).
Civilisation, as factor in history of
308 Thomas, 333 Butler, 614 Smith, 517 as synteresis. 333 in Traditionalism, 648, and Eclecticism, 649 Ree, 663.
philosophy, 13 influence on anthro
pological period of Greek thought,
66 ff. its worth denied by Cynics, tary function with Aristotle, 150 and
84 affirmed by Cyrenaics, 86 the Hellenistic, 156 ff. preserved by the
Bonnet, 458 characteristic of man, with Alcmsjon, 64 note certainty of, as starting-point with Augustine, 276 with Descartes, 391 one of the two attributes of all reality,
Church, 263 ff. of the Renaissance,
348 ff. modern, 386 problem of,
in Enlightenment, 618 ff. , 661 Man-
deville, 624 Rousseau, 626 Kant Descartes, 405 all minds modes of,
on, 669 Fichte on, 606 problem of, in nineteenth century, 661 ff. ; goal of. Hartmann, 673 individualistic views of, 676 ff.
Ciri tat dei, of Augustine,
Clarke, 441, 490, 604.
Clauberg, 381. 416.
Cleanthea, 169, 162, 188.
Clearness and distinctness, Descartes, f 392, 398, 450 Leibniz, 398, 462-464.
leidemus, 70.
Clement of Alexandria, 214, 217, 262,
688 (217).
Clement of Rome, 269. Clitomachus, 161. Cogan, 629.
Cogilo ergo turn, of Descartes, 391 Coinridenlia oppotitorum, of Nicolaus Cusanua, 346 of Bruno, 368 of Boebme, 376 referred to by Schel-
406, 408 modes of denied to God, 408 vi. unconscious, Leibniz, 462 " in general," of Kant, 646, 663 with Beck, 679 self-consciousness Fichte's first principle, 680 f. , 693
as intelligible space, Herbart, 585
Maimon's doctine of, 678.
Consensus gentium, 204, 436, 449 Conservation, of motion, 411 of force,
421 of substance, 545 of energy,
666 cf. 37-30.
Constantinus, 302.
Contarini, 355.
Contemplation, 306 esthetic, 260, 661,
600, 621 f. , 677; intellectual, 154,
286, 333.
Contingency of the finite, 347 in free
dom of the will, 330; of the individ ual, 341 of the particular laws of nature, 422, 666 of the world, 492.
Contract theory of the stale, 174 f. , 328. 432, 618 ff. , 668 ace also state. Contradiction, in the dialectical method,
691 real, 676 principle of, 61,
88, 138, 398, 583 f. , 591. Contrast, 473.
Copernicus, 36V.
ling, 692.
Coleridge, 629, 663-666. Collective consciousness, Collier, 471.
Collins, 441,496. Combe. 629, 635. C'omeuius, 306.
645, 64W.
286.
Consciousness, denned, 234 as uni
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Index.
